Winds are often used to measure intensity as they commonly cause notable impacts over large areas, and most popular tropical cyclone scales are organized around sustained wind speeds. However, variations in the averaging period of winds in different basins make inter-comparison difficult. In addition, other impacts like rainfall, storm surge, area of wind damage, and tornadoes can vary significantly in storms with similar wind speeds. Pressure is often used to compare tropical cyclones because the measurements are easier and use consistent methodology worldwide, in contrast to difficult-to-estimate maximum sustained winds whose measurement methods vary widely. Tropical cyclones can attain some of the lowest pressures over large areas on Earth. However, although there is a strong connection between lowered pressures and higher wind speeds, storms with the lowest pressures may not have the highest wind speeds, as each storm's relationship between wind and pressure is slightly different.[1]
In the most recent and reliable records, most tropical cyclones which attained a pressure of 900 hPa (mbar) (26.56 inHg) or less have occurred in the Western North Pacific Ocean. The strongest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, as measured by minimum central pressure, was Typhoon Tip, which reached a pressure of 870sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 on October 12, 1979.[2] Furthermore, on October 23, 2015, Hurricane Patricia attained the strongest sustained winds on record at 185kn.[3]
The data below are subdivided by basin. Data listed are provided by the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre, unless otherwise noted.
See main article: Atlantic hurricane season. The most intense storm in the North Atlantic by lowest pressure was Hurricane Wilma. The strongest storm by 1-minute sustained winds was Hurricane Allen.
Storms which reached a minimum central pressure of 920mbar or less are listed. Storm information has been compiled back to 1851, though measurements were rarer until aircraft reconnaissance started in the 1940s, and inexact estimates were still predominant until dropsondes were implemented in the 1970s.[4]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 1-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Cuba" | 1924 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 910hPa | |
| "Cuba" | 1932 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 915hPa | |
| "Labor Day" | 1935 | bgcolor=# | 160kn | 892hPa | |
| "Great Atlantic" | 1944 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 918hPa | |
| Janet | 1955 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 914hPa | |
| Esther | 1961 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 919hPa | |
| Hattie | 1961 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 914hPa | |
| Camille | 1969 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 900hPa | |
| Allen | 1980 | bgcolor=# | 165kn | 899hPa | |
| Gloria | 1985 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 919hPa | |
| Gilbert | 1988 | bgcolor=# | 160kn | 888hPa | |
| Hugo | 1989 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 918hPa | |
| Opal | 1995 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 916hPa | |
| Mitch | 1998 | bgcolor=# | 155kn | 905hPa | |
| Isabel | 2003 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 915hPa | |
| Ivan | 2004 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 910hPa | |
| Katrina | 2005 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 902hPa | |
| Rita | 2005 | bgcolor=# | 155kn | 895hPa | |
| Wilma | 2005 | bgcolor=# | 160kn | 882hPa | |
| Dean | 2007 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 905hPa | |
| Irma | 2017 | bgcolor=# | 155kn | 914hPa | |
| Maria | 2017 | bgcolor=# | 150kn | 908hPa | |
| Michael | 2018 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 919hPa | |
| Dorian | 2019 | bgcolor=# | 160kn | 910hPa | |
| Iota | 2020 | bgcolor=# | 135kn | 917hPa | |
| Source: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851– (NHC) | |||||
The most intense storm in the Eastern Pacific Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was Hurricane Patricia. Its sustained winds of 345abbr=onNaNabbr=on are also the highest on record globally.
Storms with a minimum central pressure of 925sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1949, and most storms since are only estimated because landfalls (and related reconnaissance) are less common in this basin.[5]
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 1-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ava | 1973 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 915hPa | |
| Annette | 1976 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 925hPa | |
| Trudy | 1990 | bgcolor=# | 135kn | 924hPa | |
| Gilma | 1994 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 920hPa | |
| Olivia | 1994 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 923hPa | |
| Guillermo | 1997 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 919hPa | |
| Linda | 1997 | bgcolor=# | 160kn | 902hPa | |
| Juliette | 2001 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 923hPa | |
| Elida | 2002 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 921hPa | |
| Hernan | 2002 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 921hPa | |
| Kenna | 2002 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 913hPa | |
| Ioke | 2006 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 915hPa | |
| Rick | 2009 | bgcolor=# | 155kn | 906hPa | |
| Celia | 2010 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 921hPa | |
| Marie | 2014 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 918hPa | |
| Odile | 2014 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 918hPa | |
| Patricia | 2015 | bgcolor=# | 185kn | 872hPa | |
| Walaka | 2018 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 921hPa | |
| Willa | 2018 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 925hPa | |
| Otis | 2023 | bgcolor=# | 145kn | 922hPa | |
| Source: East Pacific Hurricane Best Track File 1949– (NHC) | |||||
The most intense storm by lowest pressure and peak 10-minute sustained winds was Typhoon Tip, which was also the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of minimum central pressure.
Storms with a minimum pressure of 899sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1950.
| Cyclone | Year | Peak 10-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | 1927 | bgcolor=# | 887hPa[6] | ||
| Allyn | 1949 | bgcolor=# | 884hPa | ||
| Clara | 1950 | bgcolor=# | 899hPa | ||
| Marge | 1951 | bgcolor=# | 886hPa | ||
| Wilma | 1952 | bgcolor=# | 893hPa | ||
| Nina | 1953 | bgcolor=# | 885hPa | ||
| Ida | 1954 | bgcolor=# | 890hPa | ||
| Ida | 1958 | bgcolor=# | 877hPa | ||
| Vera | 1959 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Joan | 1959 | bgcolor=# | 885hPa | ||
| Nancy | 1961 | bgcolor=# | 882hPa | ||
| Violet | 1961 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Emma | 1962 | bgcolor=# | 890hPa | ||
| Karen | 1962 | bgcolor=# | 894hPa | ||
| Sally | 1964 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Wilda | 1964 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Opal | 1964 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Kit | 1966 | bgcolor=# | 880hPa | ||
| Elsie | 1969 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Viola | 1969 | bgcolor=# | 896hPa | ||
| Hope | 1970 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Amy | 1971 | bgcolor=# | 890hPa | ||
| Irma | 1971 | bgcolor=# | 885hPa | ||
| Patsy | 1973 | bgcolor=# | 895hPa | ||
| Nora | 1973 | bgcolor=# | 875hPa | ||
| Elsie | 1975 | bgcolor=# | 900hPa | ||
| June | 1975 | bgcolor=# | 875hPa | ||
| Louise | 1976 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 895hPa | |
| Rita | 1978 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 880hPa | |
| Tip | 1979 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 870hPa | |
| Wynne | 1980 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 890hPa | |
| Elsie | 1981 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Mac | 1982 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Abby | 1983 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Forrest | 1983 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 885hPa | |
| Marge | 1983 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 895hPa | |
| Vanessa | 1984 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 880hPa | |
| Dot | 1985 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Betty | 1987 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 890hPa | |
| Flo | 1990 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 890hPa | |
| Ruth | 1991 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 895hPa | |
| Yuri | 1991 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Megi | 2010 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 885hPa | |
| Haiyan | 2013 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 895hPa | |
| Meranti | 2016 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 890hPa | |
| Surigae | 2021 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 895hPa | |
| Source: Western North Pacific Typhoon Best Track File 1951– (JMA) [7] | |||||
See main article: North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone. The most intense tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was the 1999 Odisha cyclone, with 3-minute sustained winds of 140kn and a minimum pressure of 912abbr=onNaNabbr=on.
Storms with an intensity of 950abbr=onNaNabbr=on or less are listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 3-min sustained winds | Pressure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two | 1963 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 947hPa | ||
| Three | 1963 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 920hPa | ||
| 1977 Andhra Pradesh | 1977 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 943hPa | [8] | |
| bgcolor=# | 110kn | 940hPa | [9] | |||
| 1978 Unnamed | 1978 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 938hPa | ||
| 1979 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 936hPa | [10] | ||
| BOB 01 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 940hPa | |||
| Gay | 1989 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 930hPa | ||
| 1990 Andhra Pradesh | 1990 | bgcolor=# | 127kn | 920hPa | ||
| 1991 Bangladesh | 1991 | bgcolor=# | 127kn | 918hPa | ||
| 1994 BOB 02 | 1994 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 940hPa | ||
| 1999 Pakistan | 1999 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 946hPa | ||
| 1999 Odisha | 1999 | bgcolor=# | 140kn | 912hPa | ||
| 2001 India | 2001 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 932hPa | ||
| Gonu | 2007 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 920hPa | ||
| Sidr | 2007 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 944hPa | ||
| Giri | 2010 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 950hPa | ||
| Phailin | 2013 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 940hPa | ||
| Hudhud | 2014 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 950hPa | ||
| Nilofar | 2014 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 950hPa | ||
| Chapala | 2015 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 940hPa | ||
| Fani | 2019 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 932hPa | ||
| Kyarr | 2019 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 922hPa | ||
| Amphan | 2020 | bgcolor=# | 130kn | 920hPa | ||
| Tauktae | 2021 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 950hPa | ||
| Mocha | 2023 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 938hPa | ||
The most intense tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Gafilo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Fantala.
Storms with an intensity of 920sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 10-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chris–Damia | 1981–82 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 898hPa | [11] | ||
| Geralda | 1993–94 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 905hPa | [12] | ||
| Litanne | 1993–94 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 910hPa | |||
| Marlene | 1994–95 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 920hPa | [13] | ||
| Bonita | 1995–96 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 920hPa | [14] | ||
| Daniella | 1996–97 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 915hPa | [15] | ||
| Hudah | 1999–2000 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 905hPa | [16] | ||
| Dina | 2001–02 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 910hPa | [17] | ||
| Guillaume | 2001–02 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |||
| Hary | 2001–02 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 905hPa | |||
| Kalunde | 2002–03 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 905hPa | |||
| Gafilo | 2003–04 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 895hPa | [18] | ||
| Adeline–Juliet | 2004–05 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 905hPa | [19] | ||
| Bento | 2004–05 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | [20] | ||
| Carina | 2005–06 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 915hPa | [21] | ||
| Hondo | 2007–08 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | [22] | ||
| Edzani | 2009–10 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 910hPa | [23] | ||
| Bruce | 2013–14 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 920hPa | |||
| Colin | 2013–14 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 915hPa | |||
| Hellen | 2013–14 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 915hPa | |||
| Bansi | 2014–15 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 910hPa | |||
| Eunice | 2014–15 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 915hPa | |||
| Fantala | 2015–16 | bgcolor=# | 250km/h | 910hPa | |||
| Darian | 2022–23 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 920hPa |
The most intense tropical cyclone(s) in the Australian Region were cyclones Gwenda and Inigo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest were Cyclone Orson, Cyclone Monica and Cyclone Marcus.
Storms with an intensity of 920sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 10-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahina | 1898–99 | bgcolor=# | Unknown | 880hPa[24] [25] | |
| Joan | 1975–76 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |
| Amy | 1979–80 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |
| Kathy | 1983–84 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 916hPa | |
| Orson | 1988–89 | bgcolor=# | 135kn | 904hPa | |
| Graham | 1991–92 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 915hPa | |
| Rewa | 1993–94 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |
| Theodore | 1993–94 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 910hPa | |
| Chloe | 1994–95 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 920hPa | |
| Pancho-Helinda | 1996–97 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |
| Thelma | 1998–99 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 920hPa | |
| Vance | 1998–99 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 910hPa | |
| Frederic-Evrina | 1998–99 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |
| Gwenda | 1998–99 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 900hPa | |
| John | 1999–2000 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 915hPa | |
| Paul | 1999–2000 | bgcolor=# | 120kn | 915hPa | |
| Chris | 2001–02 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 915hPa | |
| Inigo | 2002–03 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 900hPa | |
| Fay | 2003–04 | bgcolor=# | 115kn | 910hPa | |
| Floyd | 2005–06 | bgcolor=# | 105kn | 916hPa | |
| Glenda | 2005–06 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 910hPa | |
| Monica | 2005–06 | bgcolor=# | 135kn | 916hPa | |
| George | 2006–07 | bgcolor=# | 110kn | 902hPa | |
| Marcus | 2017–18 | bgcolor=# | 135kn | 905hPa | |
| Darian | 2022–23 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 915hPa | |
| Ilsa | 2022–23 | bgcolor=# | 125kn | 915hPa | |
| Source: Database of past tropical cyclone tracks (BOM) | |||||
See main article: South Pacific tropical cyclone season. A total of 16 cyclones are listed down below reaching/surpassing an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg), with most of them occurring during El Niño seasons. Tropical cyclones that have been recorded since the start of the 1969–70 Tropical Cyclone year and have reached their peak intensity to the west of 160E are included in the list. The most intense tropical cyclone in the south Pacific, Cyclone Winston of 2016, is also the most intense storm in the Southern Hemisphere.
Storms with an intensity of 920hPa or less are listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 10-min sustained winds | Pressure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1982–83 | bgcolor=# | 100kn | 920hPa | ||
| bgcolor=# | 120kn | 910hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 900hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 900hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 110kn | 920hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 130kn | 890hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 900hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 115kn | 915hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 135kn | 896hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 150kn | 884hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 920hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 917hPa | |||
| bgcolor=# | 125kn | 913hPa | |||
See main article: South Atlantic tropical cyclone. Until recently, it was not known that tropical cyclones could exist in the southern Atlantic. However, Hurricane Catarina in 2004, to date the only hurricane in the south Atlantic, brought additional review. A subsequent study found that there was an average of 1-2 subtropical or tropical cyclones per year in the Southern Atlantic in recent decades.[26] No official database of South Atlantic cyclones exists, but a partial list of notable tropical and subtropical systems is listed.
| Cyclone | Season | Peak 1-min sustained winds | Pressure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | 1991 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | |||
| 2004 | bgcolor=# | 85kn | ||||
| 2010 | bgcolor=# | 45kn | ||||
| 2011 | bgcolor=# | 45kn | ||||
| 2015 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | ||||
| 2015 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | ||||
| 2016 | bgcolor=# | 40kn | ||||
| 2016 | bgcolor=# | 55kn | ||||
| 2017 | bgcolor=# | 40kn | ||||
| 2019 | bgcolor=# | 45kn | ||||
| 2019 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | ||||
| Kurumí | 2020 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | |||
| Mani | 2020 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | |||
| Oquira | 2020 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | |||
| 01Q | 2021 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | |||
| Potira | 2021 | bgcolor=# | 40kn | |||
| Raoni | 2021 | bgcolor=# | 50kn | |||
| 2021 | bgcolor=# | 35kn | ||||
| 2022 | bgcolor=# | 50kn | ||||
| 2024 | bgcolor=# | 45kn |
Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers
Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers