List of modern obelisks explained

This is a list of all obelisks built after the 16th century. See List of obelisks in Rome, List of Egyptian obelisks for some ancient obelisks.

Modern obelisks

(Listed in date order)

18th century

Obelisk nameImageLocationCountryElevationCompletedCoordinatesNotes
mft
80disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1702 54.1363°N -1.5237°W The first large scale obelisk in Britain.[1]
Stillorgan Obelisk 100disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1727 53.2867°N -6.1813°W
St. Bartholomäi Church Germany 138disp=tableNaNdisp=table 51.8398°N 12.2739°W height of obelisk: 18 metres
United Kingdom 51.5252°N -0.0942°W
Queen Anne Obelisk England 1734 53.5219°N -1.5009°W Designed by James Gibbs for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
Ireland 53m (174feet) 1736 53.7254°N -6.4167°W Erected to commemorate William of Orange's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and was the tallest obelisk in Europe at the time of its construction. It was destroyed in 1923, with only the base remaining in place.
United Kingdom 15m (49feet) 1738 51.3834°N -2.3636°W
Ireland 140disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1740 53.3694°N -6.5599°W
Killiney Hill Obelisk Ireland 1742 53.2656°N -6.1118°W
United Kingdom 100disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1742–1745 50.6165°N -3.5206°W An aid to shipping.[2]
70disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1749 52.3423°N -1.788°W
General Wolfe's Obelisk United Kingdom 1754 52.0423°N -1.0177°W
United Kingdom 1761 51.2747°N 0.1663°W Lord Jeffery Amherst's Obelisk.[3]
St George's Circus Obelisk United Kingdom 1771 51.4987°N -0.1047°W Obelisk by Robert Mylne.
Russia 1772 59.7143°N 30.3921°W
Germany 33disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1773 49.6215°N 10.1162°W marked the end of the section of the road Würzburg-Ansbach in the Principality of Ansbach. Originally situated on a refuge island on the road Würzburg-Ansbach, rebuilt after collision with a truck on December 3, 2010, next to the road
Chesma Obelisk(ru) Russia 1775 59.5671°N 30.1048°W
Denmark 20m (70feet) 1788 55.6742°N 12.5633°W Erected in memory of the peasant reforms in 1788 which led to the abolition of adscription (Danish: Stavnsbåndet).
1790 41.9088°N 12.4832°W A 19th-century copy of the Egyptian obelisk moved to the Boboli Gardens in Florence
Obelisk Fountain Ireland 1790 53.3433°N -6.2903°W
Summerhill ObeliskDangan CastleIreland179053.5121°N -6.7485°WRestored and repaired to its original height in 2014 with the original brick and other materials.
Constable Obelisk Russia 1793 59.5601°N 30.113°W
Moore-Vallotton Incident marker Ireland 1793 52.3403°N -6.4719°W [4]
70disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1799 59.9384°N 30.2925°W
98disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1800 59.3259°N 18.0715°W Dismantled in 2017 and rebuilt in 2020.[5]

19th century

Obelisk nameImageLocationCountryElevationCompletedCoordinatesNotes
mft
Nelson memorial Springfield Park Liverpool, England circa 1805 53.4183°N -2.8983°W Erected to the memory of Admiral Lord Nelson[6]
United Kingdom 120disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1808 50.8606°N -1.1342°W
Germany circa 1810 49.0159°N 12.0924°W
Germany 36disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1813 50.0564°N 8.3839°W https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandersmann
United States 1814 29.8932°N -81.3043°W In commemoration of the Spanish Constitution of 1812
Brightling Needle United Kingdom 65disp=tableNaNdisp=table circa 1815 50.9661°N 0.377°W [7]
United States 1818
George IV Monument Ireland 1823 53.2938°N -6.1318°W
United Kingdom 80disp=tableNaNdisp=table circa 1825 55.9157°N -4.4959°W [8]
Workers MonumentGrochów, WarsawPoland182552.2461°N 21.0765°W
Lublin Union MonumentLublinPoland13 43182651.2482°N 22.5603°W[9]
Captain Cook's Monument United Kingdom 15.5m (50.9feet) 1827 54.483°N -1.0908°W [10]
United States 135disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1830 41.355°N -72.0794°W [11]
United States 221disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1827-43 42.3764°N -71.0614°W [12]
1831
35.8881°N 14.4981°W [13]
1832 59.8569°N 17.6322°W In memory of king Gustav II Adolf, donated by king Charles XIV John.[14]
United States 1833 38.0103°N -78.4522°W Erected by his family, Jefferson had willed that only three achievements be sketched onto it: Author of the Declaration of Independence, author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.[15]
Munich obelisk 29m (95feet) 1833 48.1447°N 11.5692°W
13.5m (44.3feet) 1834 47.1785°N 27.5669°W [16]
Italy 1842 41.9139°N 12.5119°W Two obelisks
Obelisk of Piazza Gioberti Italy 1842 44.7°N 10.6333°W Commemorates marriage of Francis V, Duke of Modena to princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
Rutherford's Monument United Kingdom 1842 54.8771°N -4.2029°W A memorial to Samuel Rutherford
Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland United Kingdom 90disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1844 55.9533°N -3.1858°W
United Kingdom 38m (125feet) 1845 51.4228°N -1.9327°W Erected by the 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne to commemorate Sir William Petty.[17]
The Obelisk 1850 -32.932°N 151.7788°W
United Kingdom 175disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1854 50.948°N -3.2293°W
Australia 12m (39feet) 1855
Stoodley Pike Monument United Kingdom 121disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1856 53.7142°N -2.0425°W [18]
Sydney, New South Wales Australia 22m (72feet) 1857 [19]
United States 21disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1860 38.9823°N -76.4859°W Erected by the US Naval Academy to commemorate the loss of William Lewis Herndon.
1860 47.6432°N 3.3125°W
Ireland 62m (203feet) 1861 53.3491°N -6.3031°W The tallest in Europe.
Prince of Wales' Obelisk -33.9777°N 25.6493°W Intended for one George Kemp but erected to commemorate the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark in 1861. Originally on Market Square, now in front of the Bayworld Museum Complex.
United States 117disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1865 39.8233°N -89.6558°W [20]
111disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1866 51.6589°N -2.3726°W
1866 29.9698°N -98.9138°W
40disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1868 33.7031°N 72.8248°W [21]
Hamilton MonumentSkerries, DublinIreland187053.5807°N 6.107°W
Captain Cook Obelisk , New South Wales Australia 1870 -34.0047°N 151.2176°W [22]
Obelisk of April's Peace 1873 -34.3395°N -56.7138°W
United States 110disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1876 40.263°N -76.8868°W [23]
United States 555disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1884 38.8895°N -77.0353°W [24]
Oriskany Battlefield monument United States 1884 43.1686°N -75.3689°W
48disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1886 38.7158°N -9.1417°W Erected to celebrate the victory in the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668).
1888 48.1519°N 16.44°W
United States 301or 1889 42.8892°N -73.2158°W [25]
Monolith "The Obelisk" 1889 41.55°N -5.1387°W
1891 1.2875°N 103.8522°W [26]
United States 1896 40.7953°N -77.8633°W
United States 1896 32.7756°N -96.7997°W [27]
Obelisk AnspachBrusselsBelgium1897 50.8536°N 4.3469°W

20th century

Obelisk nameImageLocationCountryElevationCompletedCoordinatesNotes
mft
William Dudley Chipley Memorial United States 1901 30.4088°N -87.214°W
United States 100order=flipNaNorder=flip 1901 42.4625°N -96.3775°W [28]
United States 50disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1905 43.8238°N -72.4724°W [29]
United States 96disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1907 [30]
United States 1904 36.3487°N -82.2105°W Dedicated to American Civil War veterans from Carter County, Tennessee.
Samuel Smith Monument 1909 53.386°N -2.9453°W Designed by C.J. Allen as a memorial to local MP and philanthropist. Granite, with bronze plaques.[31]
Finn's Point National CemeteryPennsville Township, New JerseyUnited States85disp=tableNaNdisp=table191039.6117°N -75.5561°WErected by the U.S. government in 1910 to memorialize Confederate soldiers buried at the cemetery.
Coronation Memorial India 28.723°N 77.1968°W To commemorate the founding of New Delhi in 1911 followed by other obelisks around the Rashtrapati Bhavan
United States 101disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1913 40.4132°N -84.7758°W
12.7m (41.7feet) 1913 built to commemorate the executed Filipino nationalist, José Rizal.
South Africa 1913 -29.1416°N 26.2083°W [32]
Various locations including Stroud, Oklahoma, Farwell, Dimmitt, Wellington, and Tulia, Texas United States 1913 Formerly a series of 21 obelisks
PAX Memorial 6m (20feet) 1919 -33.9744°N 25.5749°W A World War I memorial to local fallen soldiers.[33]
United Kingdom 75order=flipNaNorder=flip 1919 51.1569°N 1.3927°W Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
Flagler Monument Island, Miami Beach, Florida United States 110disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1920 25.7852°N -80.1527°W [34]
France 75order=flipNaNorder=flip 1922 50.9248°N 1.7099°W Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
London Square, Southport, Lancashire, England 67.5disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1923 53.6487°N -3.0043°W
United States 100disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1923 39.7736°N -86.1569°W [35]
United States 351disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1924 36.8421°N -87.3003°W
Australia 75order=flipNaNorder=flip 1924 -37.8334°N 144.9723°W https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/boer/display/33452-south-african-boer-war-memorial (dismantled?) [36]
United States 66order=flipNaNorder=flip 1924 40.9411°N -73.9768°W Monument dedicated to the soldiers who passed through Camp Merritt, New Jersey, en route to Europe in World War I, particularly those who died at the camp due to the influenza epidemic of 1918
Australia 75order=flipNaNorder=flip 1925 -42.8778°N 147.3366°W A World War I memorial[37]
United States 8order=flipNaNorder=flip 1925 34.5117°N -83.5266°W A short square obelisk with the world's largest apple on top stands[38]
Prague Castle Obelisk
(or Monolith from Mrákotín)
15.42m (50.59feet) 1930 50.0903°N 14.4003°W
Obelisk of Montevideo
(or Obelisco a los Constituyentes de 1830)
40m (130feet) 1930 -34.8975°N -56.1644°W [39]
United States 220order=flipNaNorder=flip 1930 41.3208°N -74.6617°W Located on top of New Jersey's highest point, 1803abbr=onNaNabbr=on above sea level.
United States 75order=flipNaNorder=flip 1931 40.6114°N -74.0342°W Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
Italy 1932 41.9319°N 12.4589°W Erected to honour Benito Mussolini.
1935 -41.1096°N 146.817°W Erected to commemorate the 1804 landing of William Paterson (explorer).[40]
Gefallenendenkmal Mühlbach 24m (79feet) 1935 49.0942°N 8.9056°W
71.5m (234.6feet) 1936 -34.6036°N -58.3817°W
Trujillo Obelisk 137disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1937 18.4646°N -69.8939°W
1938 35.8936°N 14.5081°W [41]
United States 172.92m (567.32feet) 1939 [42]
United States 190m (620feet) 1939 40.7463°N -73.8451°W Not a true obelisk, but an art deco variant.
1940 -36.9001°N 174.7832°W [43]
1941 13.7647°N 100.5386°W To commemorate the Thai victory in the Franco-Thai War, a brief conflict waged against the French colonial authorities in Indo-China, which resulted in Thailand annexing some territories in western Cambodia and northern and southern Laos. These were among the territories which the Kingdom of Siam had been forced to cede to France in 1893 and 1904, and patriotic Thais considered them rightfully to belong to Thailand.
1944 10.4964°N -66.8489°W
Banská Bystrica Obelisk 1945 48.7351°N 19.1446°W Commemorates the soldiers of the Red Army and those of the Romanian Army who fell while liberating the town.
25m (82feet) 1947 28.4667°N -16.2471°W
Cenotaph on Leinster Lawn 18.28m (59.97feet) 1950 53.3406°N -6.254°W Erected to commemorate the memories of Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Kevin O'Higgins;[44] and replaced an earlier temporary cenotaph, erected in 1923.[45]
Lucas Gusher Obelisk United States 1951 30.0335°N -94.0791°W Recognizes the 50th anniversary of the birth of the liquid fuel age as the Lucas Gusher came in at Spindletop on January 10, 1901.
41.15m (135.01feet) 1952-7.2461°N 112.7375°W Commemorate the events of November 10, 1945, at the Battle of Surabaya
1947–1949 Palestine war Memorial 32.9683°N 35.4954°W
72m (236feet) 1954 -23.5847°N -46.6547°W [46]
Obelisks outside the Palace of Culture and ScienceWarsawPoland195552.2306°N 21.0088°W
Monument to the abolition of slavery
(Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud)
100disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1956 18.0058°N -66.6128°W [47]
-16.4986°N -68.135°W
Russia 14m (46feet) 53.3288°N 83.7843°W
Victory Obelisk
(Poklonnaya Hill Obelisk)
Russia 141.8m (465.2feet) 1995 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B 55.7317°N 37.5069°W [48]
Russia 107m (351feet) 1964 55.8225°N 37.6396°W
Bayonet-Obelisk of the War Memorial 100m (300feet) 1971 52.0829°N 23.6568°W [49]
United States 12order=flipNaNorder=flip 33.6773°N -106.4754°W The location of the first atomic bomb explosion.[50]
Poland 90m (300feet) 1948 51.1075°N 17.0754°W original height 106 metres
Cairn to mark the Geographic Centre of North America United States 15order=flipNaNorder=flip 1971 48.3544°N -99.9981°W The structure is more like a cairn sited near the geographical center of North America (Mexico, US and Canada). The location of the geographical center is approximately 15miles for the location of the cairn.[51]
Pirulito da Praça Sete -19.9191°N -43.9386°W
United States 21 obelisks that mark the trail.[52] [53]
155disp=tableNaNdisp=table 1974 31.5603°N 74.325°W An obelisk-shape structure built to commemorate the Organisation of Islamic Conference.
United States 36.0955°N -115.1733°W The obelisk stands in front of the hotel, a pyramid-shaped hotel along The Strip
United States 1975 An obelisk stands in front of radio talk show host Clint Ferro's boyhood home
137m (449feet) 1975 -6.1754°N 106.8271°W Symbolizing the fight for the independence of Indonesia
170m (560feet) 1982 39.0176°N 125.7636°W
118order=flipNaNorder=flip 1985 59.9309°N 30.3618°W
45m (148feet) 1985 53.9159°N 27.5381°W
1948 Arab–Israeli War Memorial 31.7819°N 34.6664°W Memorial to Egypt's fallen soldiers[54]
Avis Obelisk United States 1998 42.2131°N -83.7461°W
Israel 1971 32.8228°N 34.9757°W Marking the site of the future Bahá'í House of Worship.
Independence Monument Obelisk 16.7731°N 96.1595°W [55]

21st century

Obelisk nameImageLocationCountryElevationCompletedCoordinatesNotes
mft
Ireland 120m (390feet) 2003 53.3498°N -6.2603°W
70m (230feet) 2003 15.3489°N 120.5452°W
6m (20feet) 2003 35.9097°N 14.4767°W Egyptian obelisk by Paul Vella Critien[56]
10disp=tableNaNdisp=table 2006 35.8606°N 14.4842°W Abstract art by Paul Vella Critien[57]
Plaza Salcedo Obelisk 17.5753°N 120.3875°W
Colony Park Monument Ridgeland, Mississippi United States 190disp=tableNaNdisp=table 32.4471°N -90.1464°W cellphone tower in shape of Washington Monument
Cyclisk Santa Rosa, California United States 65disp=tableNaNdisp=table 38.4265°N -122.7137°W Made of 340 bicycles[58]
Obelisco Novecento 2004 41.8229°N 12.4653°W Sculpture by Arnaldo Pomodoro
Armed Forces MemorialNational Memorial Arboretum, Staffordshire United Kingdom200752.7274°N -1.7274°W
92m (302feet) 2009 40.466°N -3.6893°W
Särkynyt lyhty 9m (30feet) 65.8464°N 24.1525°W Made of stainless steel
Angola 120m (390feet) 2012 -8.8237°N 13.2189°W
United States 2014 44.9395°N -123.033°W
Human rights obeliskBrusselsBelgium12m (39feet)201850.8689°N 4.3446°WThe monument, consists of a stack of 30 coloured stones, includes all the articles of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages - French, Dutch, German and English.[59]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Barnes, Richard . The Obelisk: A Monumental Feature in Britain. 2004. Frontier. 978-1-872914-28-2 . 18.
  2. Fewins, Clive, And so to the tower, via the medieval treacle mines in The Independent dated 19 January 1997, at findarticles.com, accessed 19 July 2008
  3. Web site: English Heritage | English Heritage . https://archive.today/20120717063852/http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/default.aspx?id=1132&rt=1&pn=93&st=a&ctype=all&crit= . dead . 17 July 2012 . Risk.english-heritage.org.uk . 14 June 2013 .
  4. [History of County Wexford#The Penal Laws & the 18th century|History of County Wexford: The Penal Laws & the 18th century]
  5. Willebrand . Peter . Återuppstånden . The Resurrection . sv . Sten. . Kristianstad, Sweden . Sveriges Stenindustriförbund . June 2020 . 82 . 2 . 30–31 . 20 September 2020.
  6. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1217963 Nelson Monument
  7. Web site: The Obelisk (Brightling Needle) . Richardson, Janet . Geograph, Britain and Ireland. 21 August 2015.
  8. Web site: Site Record for Erskine House & Blantyre Monument. Canmore.rcahms.gov.uk. 2014-07-18.
  9. Web site: Pomniki lubelskie – pomnik Unii Lubelskiej - Leksykon - Teatr NN. 2020-10-20. teatrnn.pl. pl.
  10. https://archive.today/20080119113037/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/local_guide/display.htm?pk_localguide=37 Captain Cook's Monument
  11. Book: The Stone Records of Groton . Applewood Books . Caulkins, Francis . 2010. 9781429022798 .
  12. Web site: Bunker Hill Monument . 2009-06-30 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090606042311/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=65&ResourceType=Structure . 6 June 2009 .
  13. Web site: Spencer Monument – Blata l-Bajda, Malta. Waymarking.com. 7 July 2013.
  14. Web site: Obelisken i Odinslund, en riktig skattgömma. 3 June 2021.
  15. Web site: Jefferson's Gravestone. 21 August 2015.
  16. Book: McAdam, Marika . Bainbridge, James . 2013 . Southeastern Europe . Iasi . online version / no page number . Lonely Planet.
  17. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/220145 The Lansdowne Monument near to Cherhill, Wiltshire, Great Britain
  18. Book: Richards, Robin . LE-JOG-ed: A mid-lifer's trek from Land's End to John O'Groats. 2013. Troubador Publishing. 978-1-78306-935-4. 138–139.
  19. Web site: Sewer Vent . . . 30 November 2001 . 27 December 2016 .
  20. Web site: Lincoln Tomb . 2007-10-11 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226230459/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=219&ResourceType=Structure . 26 December 2007 .
  21. Web site: Brigadier-General John Nicholson's Obelisk . www.azkhan.de . 16 January 2017 .
  22. Web site: Captain Cook's Landing Site . Monument Australia . 16 January 2017 .
  23. http://www.milvet.state.pa.us/DMVA/1509.htm Dauphin County Department of Military & Veterans' Affairs
  24. News: 13 Interesting Facts About the Washington Monument . I Hit The Button . 2014-10-30 . 2016-05-06.
  25. Web site: Bennington Monument - Historic Sites. historicsites.vermont.gov. 2019-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20170116061913/http://historicsites.vermont.gov/directory/bennington. 2017-01-16. dead.
  26. National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press,
  27. Web site: DallasNews.com: Hidden History of Dallas . 2019-04-05 . 2010-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204559/http://www.dallasnews.com/s/dws/spe/2002/hiddenhistory/1850-1875/070002dnhhpioneer.442cf291.html . dead .
  28. Web site: Sergeant Floyd Monument . 2007-10-08 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155558/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=227&ResourceType=Structure . 6 June 2011 .
  29. Keith A. . Erekson . The Joseph Smith Memorial Monument and Royalton's 'Mormon Affair': Religion, Community, Memory, and Politics in Progressive Vermont . Vermont History . 73 . 117–51 . 2005 .
  30. Book: McKinley Monument . Kowsky, Francis R. . Buffalo architecture : a guide . Cambridge, Mass. . MIT Press . 1981 . 978-0-262-02172-2 .
  31. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062528 Monument to Samuel Smith
  32. Web site: The Women's Monument entry in the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) Registry of Gazetted Sites, Objects and Shipwrecks . 2013-01-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303215735/http://196.35.231.29/sahra/HeritageSitesDetail.aspx?id=27292 . 3 March 2012 .
  33. Web site: The PAX Memorial in Walmer, Port Elizabeth . Blogging while allatsea . Walker, D. R. . 26 January 2014 . 19 January 2017 . 9 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111428/http://allatsea.co.za/blog/the-pax-memorial-in-walmer-port-elizabeth/ . dead .
  34. Web site: The City of Miami Beach. Flagler Monument History. The City of Miami Beach. 2006-06-13. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060518102433/http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/newcity/depts/arce/art_public/Flagler%20Monument%20History.pdf. 18 May 2006. dmy-all.
  35. Web site: Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District . 24 August 2008 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080621075305/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2069&ResourceType=District . 21 June 2008 .
  36. Web site: Boer War Memorial. eMelbourne. July 2008. 27 October 2015.
  37. Howard, A . Forgotten Landscape: Soldiers Memorial Avenue . THRA Papers and Proceedings . 52 . 2 . 95–106 .
  38. Web site: Big Red Apple . City of Cornellia . 19 January 2017.
  39. Web site: Obelisco a los Constituyentes | Intendencia de Montevideo . 2010-11-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110426044019/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/arquitectura/estatuas-y-monumentos/obelisco-los-constituyentes . 26 April 2011 . dmy-all .
  40. Web site: National Library of Australia - Trove Photograph - unveiling of monument to Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson, George Town.
  41. Web site: The War Memorial. Times of Malta. 23 June 2012. 7 July 2013.
  42. Web site: San Jacinto: Monument Fact Sheet]. San Jacinto Museum of History.
  43. News: Maori Memorial. Obelisk on One Tree Hill. Scheme to divert fund.. 21 April 2013. Auckland Star. 19 March 1931.
  44. Book: David J. . Griffin . Caroline . Pegum . Leinster House 1744 – 2000 An Architectural History . The Irish Architectural Archive in association with The Office of Public Works . 2000 . Dublin, Ireland .
  45. Web site: 1923 – Cenotaph, Leinster House, Dublin . Architecture of Dublin City & Lost Buildings of Ireland . Archiseek . February 2013. 23 January 2017 .
  46. https://archive.today/20121129023629/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/noticias/index.php?p=10689 Obelisco do Ibirapuera: Prefeitura e Estado unidos em prol do restauro
  47. http://www.visitaaponce.com/docs/SP/INFO%20DE%20PONCE-%20ESTUDIANTES.pdf Ponce: Informacion para estudiantes.
  48. Web site: Park Pobedy - a beautiful Victory memorial . Moscow Russia Insider's Guide . 2017 . 17 January 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160323220435/http://www.moscow-russia-insiders-guide.com/park-pobedy.html . 23 March 2016 . dmy-all .
  49. Web site: The Bayonet-Obelisk . Brest Hero-Fortress Memorial . 2013 . 19 January 2017 .
  50. Web site: Trinity Site Monument . . August 24, 2014.
  51. Web site: Geographic Centers. USGS Geography Products. U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. 19 November 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100527130434/http://edc2.usgs.gov/pubslists/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.php#Distances. 27 May 2010. dmy-all.
  52. Web site: Oregon Trail Monuments – Boise Arts & History . Boiseartsandhistory.org . 20 July 2016.
  53. Web site: Oregon Trail Monuments . Boise City Department of Arts & History . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205820/http://www.boiseartsandhistory.org/history/tours-maps/oregon-trail-monuments/ . dead . May 15, 2013 . March 2, 2014.
  54. News: Na'aman . Ayelet. 7 fascinating memorials . Ynetnews . 2009-04-28 . 2009-04-28 .
  55. Book: Seekins, Donald M.. State and Society in Modern Rangoon. Routledge. 2014. 36, 73. 9781317601548.
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