List of modern obelisks explained

This is a list of all obelisks built after the 16th century. See List of obelisks in Rome, List of Egyptian obelisks for some ancient obelisks.

Modern obelisks

(Listed in date order)

18th century

Obelisk name	Image	Location	Country	Elevation		Completed	Coordinates	Notes
	m			ft
				80disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1702	54.1363°N -1.5237°W	The first large scale obelisk in Britain.^[1]
Stillorgan Obelisk				100disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1727	53.2867°N -6.1813°W
St. Bartholomäi Church			Germany	138disp=tableNaNdisp=table		51.8398°N 12.2739°W	height of obelisk: 18 metres
			United Kingdom				51.5252°N -0.0942°W
Queen Anne Obelisk			England			1734	53.5219°N -1.5009°W	Designed by James Gibbs for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
			Ireland	53m (174feet)	1736	53.7254°N -6.4167°W	Erected to commemorate William of Orange's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and was the tallest obelisk in Europe at the time of its construction. It was destroyed in 1923, with only the base remaining in place.
			United Kingdom	15m (49feet)	1738	51.3834°N -2.3636°W
			Ireland	140disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1740	53.3694°N -6.5599°W
Killiney Hill Obelisk			Ireland			1742	53.2656°N -6.1118°W
			United Kingdom	100disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1742–1745	50.6165°N -3.5206°W	An aid to shipping.^[2]
				70disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1749	52.3423°N -1.788°W
General Wolfe's Obelisk			United Kingdom			1754	52.0423°N -1.0177°W
			United Kingdom			1761	51.2747°N 0.1663°W	Lord Jeffery Amherst's Obelisk.^[3]
St George's Circus Obelisk			United Kingdom			1771	51.4987°N -0.1047°W	Obelisk by Robert Mylne.
			Russia			1772	59.7143°N 30.3921°W
			Germany	33disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1773	49.6215°N 10.1162°W	marked the end of the section of the road Würzburg-Ansbach in the Principality of Ansbach. Originally situated on a refuge island on the road Würzburg-Ansbach, rebuilt after collision with a truck on December 3, 2010, next to the road
Chesma Obelisk(ru)			Russia			1775	59.5671°N 30.1048°W
			Denmark	20m (70feet)	1788	55.6742°N 12.5633°W	Erected in memory of the peasant reforms in 1788 which led to the abolition of adscription (Danish: Stavnsbåndet).
						1790	41.9088°N 12.4832°W	A 19th-century copy of the Egyptian obelisk moved to the Boboli Gardens in Florence
Obelisk Fountain			Ireland			1790	53.3433°N -6.2903°W
Summerhill Obelisk		Dangan Castle	Ireland			1790	53.5121°N -6.7485°W	Restored and repaired to its original height in 2014 with the original brick and other materials.
Constable Obelisk			Russia			1793	59.5601°N 30.113°W
Moore-Vallotton Incident marker			Ireland			1793	52.3403°N -6.4719°W	^[4]
				70disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1799	59.9384°N 30.2925°W
				98disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1800	59.3259°N 18.0715°W	Dismantled in 2017 and rebuilt in 2020.^[5]

19th century

Obelisk name	Image	Location	Country	Elevation		Completed	Coordinates	Notes
	m			ft
Nelson memorial		Springfield Park Liverpool, England				circa 1805	53.4183°N -2.8983°W	Erected to the memory of Admiral Lord Nelson^[6]
			United Kingdom	120disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1808	50.8606°N -1.1342°W
			Germany			circa 1810	49.0159°N 12.0924°W
			Germany	36disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1813	50.0564°N 8.3839°W	https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandersmann
			United States			1814	29.8932°N -81.3043°W	In commemoration of the Spanish Constitution of 1812
Brightling Needle			United Kingdom	65disp=tableNaNdisp=table	circa 1815	50.9661°N 0.377°W	^[7]
			United States			1818
George IV Monument			Ireland			1823	53.2938°N -6.1318°W
			United Kingdom	80disp=tableNaNdisp=table	circa 1825	55.9157°N -4.4959°W	^[8]
Workers Monument		Grochów, Warsaw	Poland			1825	52.2461°N 21.0765°W
Lublin Union Monument		Lublin	Poland	13	43	1826	51.2482°N 22.5603°W	^[9]
Captain Cook's Monument			United Kingdom	15.5m (50.9feet)	1827	54.483°N -1.0908°W	^[10]
			United States	135disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1830	41.355°N -72.0794°W	^[11]
			United States	221disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1827-43	42.3764°N -71.0614°W	^[12]
						1831	35.8881°N 14.4981°W	^[13]
						1832	59.8569°N 17.6322°W	In memory of king Gustav II Adolf, donated by king Charles XIV John.^[14]
			United States			1833	38.0103°N -78.4522°W	Erected by his family, Jefferson had willed that only three achievements be sketched onto it: Author of the Declaration of Independence, author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.^[15]
Munich obelisk				29m (95feet)	1833	48.1447°N 11.5692°W
				13.5m (44.3feet)	1834	47.1785°N 27.5669°W	^[16]
			Italy			1842	41.9139°N 12.5119°W	Two obelisks
Obelisk of Piazza Gioberti			Italy			1842	44.7°N 10.6333°W	Commemorates marriage of Francis V, Duke of Modena to princess Adelgunde of Bavaria
Rutherford's Monument			United Kingdom			1842	54.8771°N -4.2029°W	A memorial to Samuel Rutherford
		Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland	United Kingdom	90disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1844	55.9533°N -3.1858°W
			United Kingdom	38m (125feet)	1845	51.4228°N -1.9327°W	Erected by the 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne to commemorate Sir William Petty.^[17]
The Obelisk						1850	-32.932°N 151.7788°W
			United Kingdom	175disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1854	50.948°N -3.2293°W
			Australia	12m (39feet)	1855
Stoodley Pike Monument			United Kingdom	121disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1856	53.7142°N -2.0425°W	^[18]
		Sydney, New South Wales	Australia	22m (72feet)	1857		^[19]
			United States	21disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1860	38.9823°N -76.4859°W	Erected by the US Naval Academy to commemorate the loss of William Lewis Herndon.
						1860	47.6432°N 3.3125°W
			Ireland	62m (203feet)	1861	53.3491°N -6.3031°W	The tallest in Europe.
Prince of Wales' Obelisk							-33.9777°N 25.6493°W	Intended for one George Kemp but erected to commemorate the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark in 1861. Originally on Market Square, now in front of the Bayworld Museum Complex.
			United States	117disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1865	39.8233°N -89.6558°W	^[20]
				111disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1866	51.6589°N -2.3726°W
						1866	29.9698°N -98.9138°W
				40disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1868	33.7031°N 72.8248°W	^[21]
Hamilton Monument		Skerries, Dublin	Ireland			1870	53.5807°N 6.107°W
Captain Cook Obelisk		, New South Wales	Australia			1870	-34.0047°N 151.2176°W	^[22]
Obelisk of April's Peace						1873	-34.3395°N -56.7138°W
			United States	110disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1876	40.263°N -76.8868°W	^[23]
			United States	555disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1884	38.8895°N -77.0353°W	^[24]
Oriskany Battlefield monument			United States			1884	43.1686°N -75.3689°W
				48disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1886	38.7158°N -9.1417°W	Erected to celebrate the victory in the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668).
						1888	48.1519°N 16.44°W
			United States	301or	1889	42.8892°N -73.2158°W	^[25]
Monolith "The Obelisk"						1889	41.55°N -5.1387°W
						1891	1.2875°N 103.8522°W	^[26]
			United States			1896	40.7953°N -77.8633°W
			United States			1896	32.7756°N -96.7997°W	^[27]
Obelisk Anspach		Brussels	Belgium			1897	50.8536°N 4.3469°W

20th century

Obelisk name	Image	Location	Country	Elevation		Completed	Coordinates	Notes
	m			ft
William Dudley Chipley Memorial			United States			1901	30.4088°N -87.214°W
			United States	100order=flipNaNorder=flip	1901	42.4625°N -96.3775°W	^[28]
			United States	50disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1905	43.8238°N -72.4724°W	^[29]
			United States	96disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1907		^[30]
			United States			1904	36.3487°N -82.2105°W	Dedicated to American Civil War veterans from Carter County, Tennessee.
Samuel Smith Monument						1909	53.386°N -2.9453°W	Designed by C.J. Allen as a memorial to local MP and philanthropist. Granite, with bronze plaques.^[31]
Finn's Point National Cemetery		Pennsville Township, New Jersey	United States	85disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1910	39.6117°N -75.5561°W	Erected by the U.S. government in 1910 to memorialize Confederate soldiers buried at the cemetery.
Coronation Memorial			India				28.723°N 77.1968°W	To commemorate the founding of New Delhi in 1911 followed by other obelisks around the Rashtrapati Bhavan
			United States	101disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1913	40.4132°N -84.7758°W
				12.7m (41.7feet)	1913		built to commemorate the executed Filipino nationalist, José Rizal.
			South Africa			1913	-29.1416°N 26.2083°W	^[32]
		Various locations including Stroud, Oklahoma, Farwell, Dimmitt, Wellington, and Tulia, Texas	United States			1913		Formerly a series of 21 obelisks
PAX Memorial				6m (20feet)	1919	-33.9744°N 25.5749°W	A World War I memorial to local fallen soldiers.^[33]
			United Kingdom	75order=flipNaNorder=flip	1919	51.1569°N 1.3927°W	Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
		Flagler Monument Island, Miami Beach, Florida	United States	110disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1920	25.7852°N -80.1527°W	^[34]
			France	75order=flipNaNorder=flip	1922	50.9248°N 1.7099°W	Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
		London Square, Southport, Lancashire, England		67.5disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1923	53.6487°N -3.0043°W
			United States	100disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1923	39.7736°N -86.1569°W	^[35]
			United States	351disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1924	36.8421°N -87.3003°W
			Australia	75order=flipNaNorder=flip	1924	-37.8334°N 144.9723°W https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/boer/display/33452-south-african-boer-war-memorial (dismantled?)	^[36]
			United States	66order=flipNaNorder=flip	1924	40.9411°N -73.9768°W	Monument dedicated to the soldiers who passed through Camp Merritt, New Jersey, en route to Europe in World War I, particularly those who died at the camp due to the influenza epidemic of 1918
			Australia	75order=flipNaNorder=flip	1925	-42.8778°N 147.3366°W	A World War I memorial^[37]
			United States	8order=flipNaNorder=flip	1925	34.5117°N -83.5266°W	A short square obelisk with the world's largest apple on top stands^[38]
Prague Castle Obelisk (or Monolith from Mrákotín)				15.42m (50.59feet)	1930	50.0903°N 14.4003°W
Obelisk of Montevideo (or Obelisco a los Constituyentes de 1830)				40m (130feet)	1930	-34.8975°N -56.1644°W	^[39]
			United States	220order=flipNaNorder=flip	1930	41.3208°N -74.6617°W	Located on top of New Jersey's highest point, 1803abbr=onNaNabbr=on above sea level.
			United States	75order=flipNaNorder=flip	1931	40.6114°N -74.0342°W	Erected to honour Dover Patrol.
			Italy			1932	41.9319°N 12.4589°W	Erected to honour Benito Mussolini.
						1935	-41.1096°N 146.817°W	Erected to commemorate the 1804 landing of William Paterson (explorer).^[40]
Gefallenendenkmal Mühlbach				24m (79feet)	1935	49.0942°N 8.9056°W
				71.5m (234.6feet)	1936	-34.6036°N -58.3817°W
Trujillo Obelisk				137disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1937	18.4646°N -69.8939°W
						1938	35.8936°N 14.5081°W	^[41]
			United States	172.92m (567.32feet)	1939		^[42]
			United States	190m (620feet)	1939	40.7463°N -73.8451°W	Not a true obelisk, but an art deco variant.
						1940	-36.9001°N 174.7832°W	^[43]
						1941	13.7647°N 100.5386°W	To commemorate the Thai victory in the Franco-Thai War, a brief conflict waged against the French colonial authorities in Indo-China, which resulted in Thailand annexing some territories in western Cambodia and northern and southern Laos. These were among the territories which the Kingdom of Siam had been forced to cede to France in 1893 and 1904, and patriotic Thais considered them rightfully to belong to Thailand.
						1944	10.4964°N -66.8489°W
Banská Bystrica Obelisk						1945	48.7351°N 19.1446°W	Commemorates the soldiers of the Red Army and those of the Romanian Army who fell while liberating the town.
				25m (82feet)	1947	28.4667°N -16.2471°W
Cenotaph on Leinster Lawn				18.28m (59.97feet)	1950	53.3406°N -6.254°W	Erected to commemorate the memories of Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Kevin O'Higgins;^[44] and replaced an earlier temporary cenotaph, erected in 1923.^[45]
Lucas Gusher Obelisk			United States			1951	30.0335°N -94.0791°W	Recognizes the 50th anniversary of the birth of the liquid fuel age as the Lucas Gusher came in at Spindletop on January 10, 1901.
				41.15m (135.01feet)	1952	-7.2461°N 112.7375°W	Commemorate the events of November 10, 1945, at the Battle of Surabaya
1947–1949 Palestine war Memorial							32.9683°N 35.4954°W
				72m (236feet)	1954	-23.5847°N -46.6547°W	^[46]
Obelisks outside the Palace of Culture and Science		Warsaw	Poland			1955	52.2306°N 21.0088°W
Monument to the abolition of slavery (Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud)				100disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1956	18.0058°N -66.6128°W	^[47]
							-16.4986°N -68.135°W
			Russia	14m (46feet)		53.3288°N 83.7843°W
Victory Obelisk (Poklonnaya Hill Obelisk)			Russia	141.8m (465.2feet)	1995 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B	55.7317°N 37.5069°W	^[48]
			Russia	107m (351feet)	1964	55.8225°N 37.6396°W
Bayonet-Obelisk of the War Memorial				100m (300feet)	1971	52.0829°N 23.6568°W	^[49]
			United States	12order=flipNaNorder=flip		33.6773°N -106.4754°W	The location of the first atomic bomb explosion.^[50]
			Poland	90m (300feet)	1948	51.1075°N 17.0754°W	original height 106 metres
Cairn to mark the Geographic Centre of North America			United States	15order=flipNaNorder=flip	1971	48.3544°N -99.9981°W	The structure is more like a cairn sited near the geographical center of North America (Mexico, US and Canada). The location of the geographical center is approximately 15miles for the location of the cairn.^[51]
Pirulito da Praça Sete							-19.9191°N -43.9386°W
			United States					21 obelisks that mark the trail.^[52] ^[53]
				155disp=tableNaNdisp=table	1974	31.5603°N 74.325°W	An obelisk-shape structure built to commemorate the Organisation of Islamic Conference.
			United States				36.0955°N -115.1733°W	The obelisk stands in front of the hotel, a pyramid-shaped hotel along The Strip
			United States			1975		An obelisk stands in front of radio talk show host Clint Ferro's boyhood home
				137m (449feet)	1975	-6.1754°N 106.8271°W	Symbolizing the fight for the independence of Indonesia
				170m (560feet)	1982	39.0176°N 125.7636°W
				118order=flipNaNorder=flip	1985	59.9309°N 30.3618°W
				45m (148feet)	1985	53.9159°N 27.5381°W
1948 Arab–Israeli War Memorial							31.7819°N 34.6664°W	Memorial to Egypt's fallen soldiers^[54]
Avis Obelisk			United States			1998	42.2131°N -83.7461°W
			Israel			1971	32.8228°N 34.9757°W	Marking the site of the future Bahá'í House of Worship.
Independence Monument Obelisk							16.7731°N 96.1595°W	^[55]

21st century

Obelisk name	Image	Location	Country	Elevation		Completed	Coordinates	Notes
				m	ft
			Ireland	120m (390feet)	2003	53.3498°N -6.2603°W
				70m (230feet)	2003	15.3489°N 120.5452°W
				6m (20feet)	2003	35.9097°N 14.4767°W	Egyptian obelisk by Paul Vella Critien^[56]
				10disp=tableNaNdisp=table	2006	35.8606°N 14.4842°W	Abstract art by Paul Vella Critien^[57]
Plaza Salcedo Obelisk							17.5753°N 120.3875°W
Colony Park Monument		Ridgeland, Mississippi	United States	190disp=tableNaNdisp=table		32.4471°N -90.1464°W	cellphone tower in shape of Washington Monument
Cyclisk		Santa Rosa, California	United States	65disp=tableNaNdisp=table		38.4265°N -122.7137°W	Made of 340 bicycles^[58]
Obelisco Novecento						2004	41.8229°N 12.4653°W	Sculpture by Arnaldo Pomodoro
Armed Forces Memorial		National Memorial Arboretum, Staffordshire	United Kingdom			2007	52.7274°N -1.7274°W
				92m (302feet)	2009	40.466°N -3.6893°W
Särkynyt lyhty				9m (30feet)		65.8464°N 24.1525°W	Made of stainless steel
			Angola	120m (390feet)	2012	-8.8237°N 13.2189°W
			United States			2014	44.9395°N -123.033°W
Human rights obelisk		Brussels	Belgium	12m (39feet)	2018	50.8689°N 4.3446°W	The monument, consists of a stack of 30 coloured stones, includes all the articles of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages - French, Dutch, German and English.^[59]

See also

• Victory column
• List of Roman obelisks
• Obelisk

Notes and References

1. Book: Barnes, Richard . The Obelisk: A Monumental Feature in Britain. 2004. Frontier. 978-1-872914-28-2 . 18.
2. Fewins, Clive, And so to the tower, via the medieval treacle mines in The Independent dated 19 January 1997, at findarticles.com, accessed 19 July 2008
3. Web site: English Heritage | English Heritage . https://archive.today/20120717063852/http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/default.aspx?id=1132&rt=1&pn=93&st=a&ctype=all&crit= . dead . 17 July 2012 . Risk.english-heritage.org.uk . 14 June 2013 .
4. [History of County Wexford#The Penal Laws & the 18th century|History of County Wexford: The Penal Laws & the 18th century]
5. Willebrand . Peter . Återuppstånden . The Resurrection . sv . Sten. . Kristianstad, Sweden . Sveriges Stenindustriförbund . June 2020 . 82 . 2 . 30–31 . 20 September 2020.
6. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1217963 Nelson Monument
7. Web site: The Obelisk (Brightling Needle) . Richardson, Janet . Geograph, Britain and Ireland. 21 August 2015.
8. Web site: Site Record for Erskine House & Blantyre Monument. Canmore.rcahms.gov.uk. 2014-07-18.
9. Web site: Pomniki lubelskie – pomnik Unii Lubelskiej - Leksykon - Teatr NN. 2020-10-20. teatrnn.pl. pl.
10. https://archive.today/20080119113037/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/local_guide/display.htm?pk_localguide=37 Captain Cook's Monument
11. Book: The Stone Records of Groton . Applewood Books . Caulkins, Francis . 2010. 9781429022798 .
12. Web site: Bunker Hill Monument . 2009-06-30 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090606042311/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=65&ResourceType=Structure . 6 June 2009 .
13. Web site: Spencer Monument – Blata l-Bajda, Malta. Waymarking.com. 7 July 2013.
14. Web site: Obelisken i Odinslund, en riktig skattgömma. 3 June 2021.
15. Web site: Jefferson's Gravestone. 21 August 2015.
16. Book: McAdam, Marika . Bainbridge, James . 2013 . Southeastern Europe . Iasi . online version / no page number . Lonely Planet.
17. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/220145 The Lansdowne Monument near to Cherhill, Wiltshire, Great Britain
18. Book: Richards, Robin . LE-JOG-ed: A mid-lifer's trek from Land's End to John O'Groats. 2013. Troubador Publishing. 978-1-78306-935-4. 138–139.
19. Web site: Sewer Vent . . . 30 November 2001 . 27 December 2016 .
20. Web site: Lincoln Tomb . 2007-10-11 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226230459/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=219&ResourceType=Structure . 26 December 2007 .
21. Web site: Brigadier-General John Nicholson's Obelisk . www.azkhan.de . 16 January 2017 .
22. Web site: Captain Cook's Landing Site . Monument Australia . 16 January 2017 .
23. http://www.milvet.state.pa.us/DMVA/1509.htm Dauphin County Department of Military & Veterans' Affairs
24. News: 13 Interesting Facts About the Washington Monument . I Hit The Button . 2014-10-30 . 2016-05-06.
25. Web site: Bennington Monument - Historic Sites. historicsites.vermont.gov. 2019-04-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20170116061913/http://historicsites.vermont.gov/directory/bennington. 2017-01-16. dead.
26. National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press,
27. Web site: DallasNews.com: Hidden History of Dallas . 2019-04-05 . 2010-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204559/http://www.dallasnews.com/s/dws/spe/2002/hiddenhistory/1850-1875/070002dnhhpioneer.442cf291.html . dead .
28. Web site: Sergeant Floyd Monument . 2007-10-08 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606155558/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=227&ResourceType=Structure . 6 June 2011 .
29. Keith A. . Erekson . The Joseph Smith Memorial Monument and Royalton's 'Mormon Affair': Religion, Community, Memory, and Politics in Progressive Vermont . Vermont History . 73 . 117–51 . 2005 .
30. Book: McKinley Monument . Kowsky, Francis R. . Buffalo architecture : a guide . Cambridge, Mass. . MIT Press . 1981 . 978-0-262-02172-2 .
31. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062528 Monument to Samuel Smith
32. Web site: The Women's Monument entry in the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) Registry of Gazetted Sites, Objects and Shipwrecks . 2013-01-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303215735/http://196.35.231.29/sahra/HeritageSitesDetail.aspx?id=27292 . 3 March 2012 .
33. Web site: The PAX Memorial in Walmer, Port Elizabeth . Blogging while allatsea . Walker, D. R. . 26 January 2014 . 19 January 2017 . 9 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111428/http://allatsea.co.za/blog/the-pax-memorial-in-walmer-port-elizabeth/ . dead .
34. Web site: The City of Miami Beach. Flagler Monument History. The City of Miami Beach. 2006-06-13. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060518102433/http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/newcity/depts/arce/art_public/Flagler%20Monument%20History.pdf. 18 May 2006. dmy-all.
35. Web site: Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District . 24 August 2008 . National Historic Landmark summary listing . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080621075305/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2069&ResourceType=District . 21 June 2008 .
36. Web site: Boer War Memorial. eMelbourne. July 2008. 27 October 2015.
37. Howard, A . Forgotten Landscape: Soldiers Memorial Avenue . THRA Papers and Proceedings . 52 . 2 . 95–106 .
38. Web site: Big Red Apple . City of Cornellia . 19 January 2017.
39. Web site: Obelisco a los Constituyentes | Intendencia de Montevideo . 2010-11-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110426044019/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/ciudad/arquitectura/estatuas-y-monumentos/obelisco-los-constituyentes . 26 April 2011 . dmy-all .
40. Web site: National Library of Australia - Trove Photograph - unveiling of monument to Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson, George Town.
41. Web site: The War Memorial. Times of Malta. 23 June 2012. 7 July 2013.
42. Web site: San Jacinto: Monument Fact Sheet]. San Jacinto Museum of History.
43. News: Maori Memorial. Obelisk on One Tree Hill. Scheme to divert fund.. 21 April 2013. Auckland Star. 19 March 1931.
44. Book: David J. . Griffin . Caroline . Pegum . Leinster House 1744 – 2000 An Architectural History . The Irish Architectural Archive in association with The Office of Public Works . 2000 . Dublin, Ireland .
45. Web site: 1923 – Cenotaph, Leinster House, Dublin . Architecture of Dublin City & Lost Buildings of Ireland . Archiseek . February 2013. 23 January 2017 .
46. https://archive.today/20121129023629/http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/portal/a_cidade/noticias/index.php?p=10689 Obelisco do Ibirapuera: Prefeitura e Estado unidos em prol do restauro
47. http://www.visitaaponce.com/docs/SP/INFO%20DE%20PONCE-%20ESTUDIANTES.pdf Ponce: Informacion para estudiantes.
48. Web site: Park Pobedy - a beautiful Victory memorial . Moscow Russia Insider's Guide . 2017 . 17 January 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160323220435/http://www.moscow-russia-insiders-guide.com/park-pobedy.html . 23 March 2016 . dmy-all .
49. Web site: The Bayonet-Obelisk . Brest Hero-Fortress Memorial . 2013 . 19 January 2017 .
50. Web site: Trinity Site Monument . . August 24, 2014.
51. Web site: Geographic Centers. USGS Geography Products. U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. 19 November 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100527130434/http://edc2.usgs.gov/pubslists/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.php#Distances. 27 May 2010. dmy-all.
52. Web site: Oregon Trail Monuments – Boise Arts & History . Boiseartsandhistory.org . 20 July 2016.
53. Web site: Oregon Trail Monuments . Boise City Department of Arts & History . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205820/http://www.boiseartsandhistory.org/history/tours-maps/oregon-trail-monuments/ . dead . May 15, 2013 . March 2, 2014.
54. News: Na'aman . Ayelet. 7 fascinating memorials . Ynetnews . 2009-04-28 . 2009-04-28 .
55. Book: Seekins, Donald M.. State and Society in Modern Rangoon. Routledge. 2014. 36, 73. 9781317601548.
56. Book: Guillaumier. Alfie. Bliet u Rħula Maltin. 2005. Klabb Kotba Maltin. Santa Venera. 737. mt. 978-99932-39-40-6.
57. Borg Cardona, Ben (2010), "Cars pass by Colonna Mediterranea, a sculpture by Malta artist Paul Vella Critien", abc.net.au.
58. News: Kevin . McCallum . Hey, what's it all mean? . Santa Rosa Press Democrat . August 26, 2010 .
59. Web site: Human rights monument inaugurated at Tour & Taxis. McNally. Paul. 2018-12-10. The Bulletin. en. 2019-11-05.