List of modern historians of the Crusades explained

See main article: Historians and histories of the Crusades. The list of modern historians of the Crusades identifies those authors of histories of the Crusades from the 20th century through the present whose works are widely read. This is a continuation of the list of later historians of the Crusades which discusses historians from the 13th century through the end of the 19th century. That list was, in turn a continuation of the list of sources for the Crusades and the list of collections of Crusader sources. Two good references for these biographies are available. The first is The Routledge Companion to the Crusades by historian Peter Lock.[1] The second is the Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008),[2] an on-line database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies.

Early Twentieth Century

Historians from the early part of the 20th century include the following.

J. B. Bury. John Bagnell (J. B.) Bury (1861–1927), an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman (Byzantine) historian and philologist.[3]

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History. Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History, 6 volumes (1901). A collection published by the University of Pennsylvania that includes articles by Dana C. Munro on Urban II, letters from the Crusaders and the Fourth Crusade.[6]

Biographies. A number of biographies of Crusader figures were published in the 20th century, including the following:

Joseph Delaville Le Roulx. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855–1911), a French historian specializing on the Knights Hospitaller (Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem).[12]

Dana Carleton Munro. Dana Carleton Munro (1866–1933), an American historian.[19]

Girolamo Golubovich. Girolamo Golubovich (1865–1941), an Italian historian.[30]

William Miller. William Miller (1864–1945), a British-born medievalist and journalist, specializing in the period of Frankish rule in Greece following the sack of Constantinople in 1204.[34] [35]

Ferdinand Chalandon. Ferdinand Chalandon (1875–1921), a French medievalist and Byzantinist.[40]

Henry Gough. Henry Gough (1821–1906), a British barrister of the Middle Temple.

Marius André. Marius André (1868–1927), a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Marius André)[47]

Émile Bridrey. Émile Bridrey (1873-1943), a French historian.[49]

Jean-Baptiste Martin. Abbé Jean-Baptiste Martin (1864–1922), a French historian of the Catholic Church. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean-Baptiste Martin)[51]

Arturo Magnocavallo. Arturo Magnocavallo (fl. 1901), an Italian historian.[53]

Charles Bémont. Charles Bémont (1848–1939), a French scholar.[54] [55]

Early Twentieth Century Fiction. The Crusades continued to be a popular subject in twentieth-century fiction, including the following.

Edgar Blochet. Edgar Blochet (1870-1937), a French historian.[62]

Karl Zimmert. Karl Zimmert (fl. 1903), a German historian.[65]

Lucien Paulot. Lucien Paulot (1864-1938), a French historian.[67]

Charles Seignobos. Charles Seignobos (1854–1942), a French historian and historiographer. Considered as one of the leading proponents of the historical method along with French historian Charles-Victor Langlois (1863–1929). Seignobos' view of the Crusades is best summarized in a quote: "In the eleventh century ... the barbarous Christians penetrated the lands of the civilized Muslims".[69]

Achille Luchaire. Denis Jean Achille Luchaire (1846–1908), a French historian.[71] [72]

Jules Gay. Jules Gay (1867–1935), a French historian specializing in the medieval popes.[74]

Ernst Gerland. Ernst Gerland (1870–1934), a German historian.[76]

Giuseppe Gerola. Giuseppe Gerola (1877–1938), an Italian historian known for his involvement in monument restoration projects and his studies on the Kingdom of Candia (Venetian Crete).[78]

William Barron Stevenson. William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954), a British historian.[80]

James Rennell Rodd. James Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell (1858–1941), a British historian, poet and politician, serving as British Ambassador to Italy during the First World War.

Oliver J. Thatcher. Oliver Joseph Thatcher (1857–1937), an American historian.[83]

Edgar H. McNeal. Edgar Holmes McNeal (1874–1955), an American medieval historian.[86]

Maurice Prou. Maurice Prou (1861–1930), a French archivist, paleographer and numismatist.[88]

Alan Orr Anderson. Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958), a Scottish historian and compiler.[90]

August C. Krey. August Charles Krey (1887–1961), an American medievalist.[93]

T. E. Lawrence. Thomas Edward (T. E.) Lawrence (1888–1935), a British officer, archaeologist and author, famously known as Lawrence of Arabia. Member of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Lawrence was a British representative at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920.[100]

Harry Neal Baum. Harry Neal Baum (1889–1967), an American historian and author. He was the third son of L. Frank Baum.

Henri Dehérain. Henri Dehérain (1867–1941), a French historian and geographer.[105]

Charles Wendell David. Charles Wendell David (1885–1984), an American medievalist.[109]

E. S. Bouchier. Edmund Spenser Bouchier (born 1876), a British historian.[111]

Winston Churchill. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874–1965), a British statesman, army officer, and writer.[113]

Kate Norgate. Kate Norgate (1853–1935), a British historian and one of the first women to achieve comparable academic success. She is best known for her history of England under the Angevin kings and for coining the name Angevin Empire to describe their domains.[115]

René Grousset. René Grousset (1885–1952), a French historian.[117] [118]

H. A. R. Gibb. H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), a Scottish historian on orientalism.[124] [125]

Anton Chroust. Anton Chroust (1864–1945), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Anton Chroust)[131]

John L. La Monte. John L. La Monte (1902–1949), an American historian.[133]

Paul Deschamps. Paul Deschamps (1888–1974), a French medieval historian.[139]

Carl Erdmann. Carl Erdmann (1898–1945), a German historian specializing in medieval political and intellectual history.[140]

Joseph Reese Strayer. Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987), an American medievalist historian.[143]

Comprehensive studies

In the later half of the 20th century, a number of key, comprehensive studies of the Crusades were published. These works provide the basis of Crusader studies and were authored by many of the more prominent historians discussed here.

Runciman's History of the Crusades. A History of the Crusades is the first modern, comprehensive review of the Crusades published after 1950. It was written by Sir James Cochran Stevenson (Steven) Runciman (1903–2000), a British historian of the Middle Ages, specializing in the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. (cf. French Wikipedia, Steven Runciman). The work consists of three volumes covering the history of the Holy Land, including pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the rise of the Islamic caliphates and sultanates. The Crusades are covered from the First Crusade until 1464.[145] [146]

Wisconsin Collaborative History. The Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969–1989). Under the general editorship of Kenneth M. Setton.[147]

The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006). Edited by historian Alan V. Murray. A comprehensive treatment of the Crusades with over 1000 entries written by 120 authors from 25 countries. Highlights include entries by the following historians.[155]

The Oxford History of the Crusades. The Oxford History of the Crusades (1995). Edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades. A series of essays on the Crusades by contemporary historians as follows.[156] [157] [158]

God's War. God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006) is a 21st-century comprehensive study of the Crusades by British Crusader historian Christopher Tyerman (born 1953)The dust jacket announces God's War as "the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story" and compares it to Runciman's "well-loved and much-published classic study of the Crusades."[162]

Historians after the mid-Twentieth century

Individual historians from the later 20th century through the current time include the following.

Anna Sapir Abulafia. Anna Brechta Sapir Abulafia (born 1952), a British academic who specializes in religious history.[163]

Eugene N. Anderson. Eugene Newton Anderson (1900-1984), an American historian.[165]

Arthur John Arberry. Arthur John Arberry (1905–1969), a British orientalist.[168] [169]

Thomas S. Asbridge. Thomas S. Asbridge, a British medieval historian.[174]

Aziz Suryal Atiya. Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988), an Egyptian Coptologist and historian specializing in Islamic and Crusades studies.[176]

Marshall W. Baldwin. Marshall Whithed Baldwin (1903–1975), an American historian who was Professor Emeritus of History at New York University until his death.[186]

Malcolm Barber. Malcolm Barber (born 1943), a British medieval historian and leading expert on the Knights Templar.[191]

Richard Barber. Richard William Barber (born 1941), a British historian specializing in medieval history and literature.[195]

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.[196]

Virginia G. Berry. Virginia G. Berry, a Canadian historian.[201]

Charles Julian Bishko. Charles Julian Bishko, an American historian specializing on medieval Spain.[203]

Sheila Blair. Sheila Blair (born 1948), an American scholar of Islamic art.[205]

T. S. R. Boase. Thomas Sherrer Ross (T. S. R.) Boase (1898–1974), a British art historian.[209]

Clifford Edmund (C. E.) Bosworth. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1928–2015), an English historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic and Iranian studies.[215]

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.[219]

James A. Brundage. James Arthur Brundage, an American historian specializing in the Crusades.[229]

Marcus G. Bull. Marcus Graham Bull, a British historian.[233]

Claude Cahen. Claude Cahen (1909–1991), a French orientalist and historian, specializing in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages and Crusades sources.[234]

James Lea Cate. James Lea Cate (1899-1981), an American historian and part of the Air Force Historical Division during World War II.[241]

Fred A. Cazel. Fred A. Cazel (1921–2011), an American historian.[243]

Peter Charanis. Peter Charanis (1908–1985), a Greek-born American scholar of Byzantium.[245]

Martin Chasin. Martin Chasin, an American historian.[248]

Niall Christie. Niall Christie, an English historian of the Crusades.[250]

Giles Constable. Giles Constable (born 1929), a British historian and medievalist.[252]

Eugene L. Cox. Eugene L. Cox, an American historian.[254]

Farhad Daftary. Farhad Daftary (born 1938), an American historian specializing on medieval Persian history and the Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam.[256]

Norman Daniel. Norman Daniel (c. 1919 – 1992), a British historian.[258]

Frederic Duncalf. Frederic Duncalf (1882–1963), an American historian of the First Crusade.[261]

Peter W. Edbury. Peter W. Edbury (born 1947), A British historian.[266]

Susan B. Edgington. Susan B. Edgington, a British historian.[269] [270]

Carl Erdmann. Carl Erdmann (1898–1945), a German historian specializing in medieval political and intellectual history.[140]

Austin P. Evans. Austin Patterson Evans, an American medieval historian.[274]

Nabīh Amīn Fāris. Nabīh Amīn Fāris (1906–1968), an Arab historian.[278]

Harold S. Fink. Harold S. Fink (1903–1981), an American historian.[281]

Jean Flori. Jean Flori (1936–2018), a French medieval historian.

Alan John Forey. Alan John Forey (born 1933), a British historian and an authority on the history of the military orders of the Middle Ages.[286]

Alfred Foulet. Alfred Foulet (1900–1987), a French historian.[287]

Elizabeth Chapin Furber. Elizabeth Chapin Furber, an American historian.[291]

Richard N. Frye. Richard Nelson Frye (1920–2014), an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian studies.[293]

Francesco Gabrieli. Francesco Gabrieli (1904–1996), an Italian Arabist and orientalist.[294]

Deno Geanakoplos. Deno John Geanakoplos (1916–2007), an American scholar of Byzantine cultural and religious history and Italian Renaissance intellectual history.[297]

H. A. R. Gibb. H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), a Scottish historian on orientalism.[125]

Keith R. Giles. Keith Richard Giles is a British historian of the Crusades.

John Gillingham. John Gillingham (born 1940), a British historian specializing in the Angevin Empire.

Harry W. Hazard. Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989), an American numismatist and historian of the Crusades.[310]

Frederick G. Heymann. Frederick Gotthold Heymann (1900–1983), a Canadian historian.[313]

Carole Hillenbrand. Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943), a British Islamic scholar.[315]

Philip Khuri Hitti. Philip Khuri Hitti (1886–1978), a Lebanese-American authority on Arab and Middle Eastern history, Islam, and Semitic languages, helping to create the discipline of Arabic studies in the United States.[318]

Natasha Hodgson Natasha Hodgson, a British Historian specializing in the history of the Crusades.[324]

Urban Tigner Holmes. Urban Tigner Holmes Jr. (1900–1972), an American scholar focusing on medieval literature and romance philology.[326]

Peter Holt. Peter Malcolm Holt (1918– 2006), a historian of the Middle East.[330]

Norman Housley. Norman Housley, a British historian specializing in the Crusades.[331]

Kathryn Hurlock. Kathryn Hurlock, a British historian specializing in the role of crusades in medieval British life and the impact of warfare.[335]

Joan M. Hussey. Joan Mervyn Hussey (1907–2006), a British Byzantine scholar and historian.[337]

Halil İnalcık. Halil İnalcık (1916–2016), a Turkish historian of the Ottoman Empire.[341]

David Jacoby. David Jacoby (1928-2018), an Israeli historian of medieval studies.[344]

Edgar N. Johnson. Edgar Nathaniel Johnson (1901–1969), an American historian.[346]

Howard Kaminsky. Howard Kaminsky (born 1924), a British historian.[350]

Benjamin Z. Kedar. Benjamin Zeev Kedar (born 1938) is an Israeli historian of the Crusades and the Latin East. (Benjamin Kedar CV)[352]

Hugh N. Kennedy. Hugh N. Kennedy (born 1947), a British medieval historian specializing in the early Islamic Middle East and the Crusades.[354]

Hilmar Carl Krueger. Hilmar Carl Krueger, an American historian specializing in medieval Italy.[357]

Angeliki E. Laiou. Angeliki E. Laiou (1941–2008), a Greek-American Byzantinist.[359]

Ann Lambton. Ann Katharine Swynford Lambton (1912–2008), a British historian and expert on medieval and early modern Persian history.[361]

Bernard Lewis. Bernard Lewis (1916–2018), a British-American historian specialized in Oriental studies, particularly the Assassins.[362] [363]

Simon Lloyd. Simon Lloyd, a British historian.[369]

Peter Lock. Peter Lock, a British historian.[370]

Jean Longnon. Jean Longnon (1887–1979), a French bibliothécaire, historian and journalist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Longnon)[372]

Harry Luke. Sir Harry Charles Luke (1884–1969), an official in the British Colonial Office, serving in Cyprus and Palestine among others, and was the author of books on several of these countries.[375]

Anthony T. Luttrell. Anthony Thorton Luttrell, a British historian specializing in the military orders.[381]

Francis Lützow. Francis Lützow (1849–1916), a Bohemian historian.[384]

Thomas F. Madden. Thomas F. Madden (born 1960), an American historian of the Crusades. (cf. Thomas Madden CV)[388]

Archibald Main. Archibald Main (1876–1947), a Scottish ecclesiastical historian.[391]

Hans E. Mayer. Hans Eberhard Mayer (born 1932), a German historian.[393]

Edgar H. McNeal. Edgar Holmes McNeal (1874-1955), an American historian specializing on medieval Europe and the Crusades.[86]

David Michael Metcalf. David Michael Metcalf (1933–2018), a British numismatist.[402]

Laura Minervini. Laura Minervini, an Italian historian who is expert on the Gestes des Chiprois.[404] [405]

John L. La Monte. John L. La Monte (1902–1949), an American historian.[133]

Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. Roy Parviz Mottahedeh, an American historian.[413]

Alan V. Murray. Alan V. Murray, a British historian specializing on the Crusades. (cf. Alan V. Murray CV)[155]

Sirarpie Der Nersessian. Sirarpie Der Nersessian (1896–1989), an Armenian art historian specializing in Armenian and Byzantine studies.[416]

Helen J. Nicholson. Helen Jane Nicholson, a British historian of the Crusades and the Military Religious Orders.[418]

Robert L. Nicholson. Robert Lawrence Nicholson (1908-1985), an American historian of the Crusades.[422]

David C. Nicolle. David Charles Nicolle (born 1944) is a British historian specializing in the military history of the Middle East.[424]

George Ostrogorsky. George Ostrogorsky (1902–1976), a Russian-born Yugoslavian historian specializing in the Byzantine Empire.[425]

Sidney Painter. Sidney Painter (1902–1960), an American medievalist and historian.[427]

Jonathan P. Phillips. Jonathan P. Phillips (born 1965), a British historian and medievalist.[431]

James M. Powell. James M. Powell (1930–2011), an American historian.[433]

Joshua Prawer. Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), an Israeli historian.[434]

Jean Richard. Jean Barthélémy Richard (1921–2021), a French historian and medievalist.[437]

Jonathan Riley-Smith. Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades. (cf. Jonathan Riley-Smith CV)[158]

Louise Buenger Robbert. Louise Buenger Robbert, an American historian and numismatist, with an emphasis on medieval Venice.[444]

Ettore Rossi. Ettore Rossi (1894-1955), an Italian historian.[446]

Jay Rubenstein. Jay Rubenstein (born 1967), an American historian of the Middle Ages.[448]

Steven Runciman. Steven Runciman (1903–2000), a British historian of the Middle Ages, specializing in the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. (cf. French Wikipedia, Steven Runciman)[145]

Josiah Cox Russell. Josiah Cox Russell, an American historian.[457]

Henry L. Savage. Henry Lyttleton Savage (1892–1979), an American Arthurian scholar.[459]

Kenneth Meyer Setton. Kenneth Meyer Setton (1914–1995), an American historian and an expert on the history of medieval Europe and the Crusades.[461]

Moshe Sharon. Moshe Sharon (born 1937), an Israeli historian of Islam. Referred to as "Israel's greatest Middle East scholar."[469]

J. Elizabeth Siberry. J. Elizabeth Siberry, a British historian.[471]

Denis Sinor. Denis Sinor (1916–2011), a Hungarian scholar of the history of Central Asia.[475]

Raymond C. Smail. Raymond Charles Smail (1913-1986), a British historian and medievalist.[478]

Indrikis Sterns. Indrikis Sterns (1928–2005), a Latvian-American medieval historian.[479]

William Barron Stevenson. William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954), a British historian.[80]

Joseph R. Strayer. Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987) was an American medievalist, also serving as a member of the CIA's Office of National Estimates.[143]

Heinrich von Sybel. Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), a German historian.[485]

Taef El-Azhari. Taef El-Azhari, an Egyptian historian specializing in the history of the Seljuk and Zengid dynasties.[487]

James Westfall Thompson. James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941), an American historian specializing in the history of medieval and early modern Europe, particularly of the Holy Roman Empire and France.[491]

Robert W. Thomson. Robert William Thomson (1934–2018), a British-Armenian historian.[494]

Peter Topping. Peter Topping, a British historian.[495]

Barbara W. Tuchman. Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1912–1989), an American historian.[498]

Christopher Tyerman. Christopher Tyerman (born 1953), a British historian focusing on the Crusades.[162]

Thomas C. Van Cleve. Thomas Curtis Van Cleve (1888–1976), and American historian of the Middle Ages.[506]

Helene Wieruszowski. Helene Wieruszowski, an American scholar of medieval history.[512]

Robert L. Wolff. Robert L. Wolff (1915–1980), an American historian.[514]

Norman P. Zacour. Norman P. Zacour, an American historian of the Crusades.[517]

Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziyādaẗ. Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziyādaẗ (died 1968), an Egyptian medieval historian.[519]

Bibliography for the historiography of the Crusades

The historiography of the Crusades (literally, the history of histories) includes the original sources and subsequent histories, as well as the study of how historians have interpreted the Crusades. This is a complex subject that several contemporary historians have provided their perspective. Prominent ones are discussed below. These include Tyerman's Modern Historiography[503] and Constable's Historiography of the Crusades.[253]

Overview. Murray's The Crusades—An Encyclopedia includes a series of articles on the historiography of the Crusades, including the following.

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.[219]

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.[196]

Carole Hillenbrand. Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943), a British Islamic scholar.[315]

Konrad Hirschler. Konrad Hirschler, a German historian specializing on medieval Islam.[526]

Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography.[532] [533]

Bernard Lewis. Bernard Lewis (1916–2018), a British-American historian specialized in Oriental studies, particularly the Assassins.[362] [363]

Jonathan Riley-Smith. Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades.[158]

Christopher Tyerman. Christopher Tyerman (born 1953), a British historian focusing on the Crusades.[162]

Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov. Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov (20th century), a Russian historian of the Crusades.

Further works on the historiography of the Crusades, Western view. Additional works presenting the Western viewpoint of the topic of historiography, some previously cited, include the following.

Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish and Armenian views on the Crusades. Works that present the historiography of the Crusades from Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish or Armenian viewpoints included the following.

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lock, Peter (2006). Routledge, Abingdon. The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. 2013. 10.4324/9780203389638. 9781135131371.
  2. Web site: Resources for Studying the Crusades (2007-1008). Historians of the Crusades.
  3. Bibliothèque nationale de France . "John Bagnell Bury (1861-1927)".
  4. Gibbon, E., Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell). (1897-1900). The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire. New ed. London: Methuen.
  5. Bury, J. B. (John Bagnell). (1957–1959). The Cambridge medieval history: planned by J.B. Bury. Cambridge [Eng.]: University press.
  6. University of Pennsylvania. Department of History. Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history. Philadelphia, Pa.: Dept. of History, University of Pennsylvania
  7. Andressohn, J. Carl. (1947). The ancestry and life of Godfrey of Bouillon. Bloomington.
  8. Yewdale, R. Bailey. (1917). Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch. [s.l.: s.n.].
  9. French edition: Laurita et John Hill. Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles: 1041 ou 1042-1105. Edouard Privat. 1959.English translation: Hill John H. and Hill Laurita L. (1962) Raymond IV, count of Toulouse.
  10. Paetow, L. John. (1928). The Crusades, and other historical essays: presented to Dana C. Munro by his former students. New York: F.S. Crofts & co.
  11. David, C. Wendell. (1920). Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy. Cambridge: Harvard university press.
  12. Bibliothèque nationale de France . "Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855-1911)".
  13. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1913). Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes, 1310-1421. Paris: E. Leroux.
  14. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1882). Documents concernant les Templiers extraits des archives de Malte. Paris: [s.n.].
  15. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1883). Les archives la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte. Paris: E. Thorin.
  16. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1885). La France en Orient au xive siècle: expéditions du maréchal Boucicaut. Paris: E. Thorin.
  17. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1904). Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100-1310). Paris: E. Leroux.
  18. Delaville Le Roulx, J. (Joseph). (1913). Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu'à la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421). Paris: E. Leroux.
  19. http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90626667/ Munro, Dana Carleton (1866-1933)
  20. Munro, D. Carleton. (1896). The fourth crusade. Philadelphia, Pa.: The Department of history of the University of Pennsylvania.
  21. Munro, D. Carleton. (1899). A syllabus of medieval history, 395-1300. Philadelphia, Pa.: Pub. by the Department of history of the University of Pennsylvania.
  22. Strayer, J. Reese., Munro, D. Carleton. (1942). The middle ages, 395-1500. New York: D. Appleton-Century company, incorporated.
  23. Munro, D. Carleton. (1902). Letters of the crusaders. rev. ed Philadelphia, Pa.: The Dept. of history of the University of Pennsylvania.
  24. (1903). Essay on the Crusades. Burlington, Vt.
  25. Munro, D. Carleton. (1906). The speech of Pope Urban II. at Clermont, 1095. New York.
  26. Munro, D. Carleton. (1902). A history of the middle ages. New York: D. Appleton and company.
  27. Munro, D. Carleton., Sellery, G. C. (George Clarke). (1904). Medieval civilization: selected studies from European authors. New York: Century .
  28. Munro, Dana C. (1922). Did the Emperor Alexios I ask for aid at the Council of Piacenza, 1095? In, American Historical Review, XXVII (1922). pp. 731-733.
  29. Munro, D. Carleton., Krey, A. C. (August Charles). (1961). The kingdom of the crusaders. Ann Arbor, Mich.
  30. Bibliothèque nationale de France . "Girolamo Golubovich (1865-1941)".
  31. Golubovich, G. (1898). Serie cronologica dei reverendissimi superiori di Terra Santa: ossia, dei provinciali custodi e presidenti della medesima già Commissari Apostolici dell'Oriente e sino al 1847 in officio di Gran Maestri del S. Militare Ordine del SS. Sepolcro ... nuova serie compilata dal Girolamo Golubovich.Gerusalemma: Tip. del Convento di S. Salvatore.
  32. Suriano, F., Golubovich, G. (1900). Il trattato di Terra Santa e dell'Oriente. Edito per la prima volta nella sua integrità su due codici della comunale di Perugia e sul testo Bindoni. Milano: Tipografia editrice Artigianelli.
  33. Golubovich, G. (190627). Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente francescano ... Quaracchi presso Firenze: Collegio di s. Bonaventura.
  34. Steven Runciman (2012). "Miller, William (1864–1945)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  35. http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79056376/ Miller, William (1864-1945)
  36. Miller, W. (1971). Travels and politics in the Near East. New York: Arno Press.
  37. Miller, W. (1908). The Latins in the Levant: a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566). London: J. Murray.
  38. Miller, W. (1921). Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: The University Press.
  39. Miller, W. (1926). Trebizond, the last Greek empire. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
  40. Bibliothèque nationale de France . "Ferdinand Chalandon (1875-1921)".
  41. Chalandon, F. (1900). Essai sur le règne d'Alexis Ier Comnène (1081-1118). Paris: A. Picard et fils.
  42. Chalandon, F. (1907). Historie de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris: Librairie A. Picard et fils.
  43. Chalandon, F. (1912). Jean II Comnène (1118-1143) et Manuel I Comnène (1143-1180). Paris: A. Picard et fils.
  44. Chalandon, F. (1925). Histoire de la première croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon. Paris: A. Picard.
  45. Schlumberger, G. Léon. (1943). Sigillographie de l'Orient latin ... Paris: P. Geuthner.
  46. Gough, H. (1900). Itinerary of King Edward the First: throughout his reign, A. D. 1272-1307, exhibiting his movements from time to time, so far as they are recorded. Paisley: Gardner.
  47. Bibliothèque nationale de France . "Marius André (1868-1927)".
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