Mining accident explained

A mining accident is an accident that occurs during the process of mining minerals or metals. Thousands of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially from underground coal mining, although accidents also occur in hard rock mining. Coal mining is considered much more hazardous than hard rock mining due to flat-lying rock strata, generally incompetent rock, the presence of methane gas, and coal dust. Most of the deaths these days occur in developing countries, and rural parts of developed countries where safety measures are not practiced as fully. A mining disaster is an incident where there are five or more fatalities.[1]

Causes

Mining accidents can occur from a variety of causes, including leaks of poisonous gases such as hydrogen sulfide[2] or explosive natural gases, especially firedamp or methane,[3] dust explosions, collapsing of mine stopes, mining-induced seismicity, flooding, or general mechanical errors from improperly used or malfunctioning mining equipment (such as safety lamps or electrical equipment). The use of improper explosives underground can also cause methane and coal dust explosions.

Worst mining disaster in history

On April 26, 1942, during World War II, in the Benxihu (Honkeiko) coal mine in Liaoning Province, China, what is believed to be the worst mining disaster in history took the lives of over 1,500 people.[4]

The disaster occurred in an area that is now within the borders of modern-day China but was at the time part of the puppet state of Manchukuo established by Japan after it invaded and occupied northeast China in the 1930s. The Japanese administrators of the mine forced Chinese labourers to conduct the mining work under harsh conditions. The disaster began with a fire in the mine. In order to suppress it, the Japanese operators cut off the air in the ventilation shafts and blocked off the mine so as to deprive the blaze of oxygen. Most workers were not evacuated before these actions, and they were trapped within the sealed-off area of the mine; they suffocated to death as the fire burned off oxygen and led to carbon monoxide poisoning. Once the fire died out and the mine was re-opened, ten days were required for workers to remove debris and reach the bodies of those who had been trapped inside the mine.[5] The dead consisted of 1,518 Chinese and 31 Japanese. Most of the bodies were later buried in a mass grave. After the war and liberation of China by the Soviet Union, the disaster was investigated. The Soviet report concluded that the majority of the deaths were not caused directly by the initial fire but were the result of carbon monoxide poisoning and suffocation resulting from the decisions of the Japanese.[6]

Accidents by year

This is an incomplete list of notable mining accidents and disasters:

19th century

See main article: category.

20th century

See main article: category.

21st century

See main article: category.

Accidents by country

See main article: category.

Australia

See main article: category.

See also: List of environmental accidents in the fossil fuel industry in Australia.

22 miners drowned in December 1882 in the Australasian number 2 deep lead gold mine at Creswick in Victoria.[50] The mine was violently flooded by a burst of water when miners digging a new drive approached too close to the abandoned and flooded Australasian number 1 workings, due to an error in surveying by the manager of the mine.[51] 5 miners survived and were rescued after 50 hours trapped underground. This disaster, with the highest death toll from a gold mine disaster in Australian history, left 63 children without fathers and 18 widows.[52]

The Bulli Mine Disaster of 23 March 1887 involved a gas explosion in the mine that killed 81 men and boys, leaving 50 women widows and 150 children without fathers.

The Mount Kembla Mine Disaster of 31 July 1902 was an explosion resulting in the death of 96 miners, including two engaged in rescue work. It remains the worst mining disaster in Australian history.

A coal dust explosion at the Mount Mulligan mine on 19 September 1921 killed 75 or 76 workers.

Tasmania's Beaconsfield Mine collapse occurred on 25 April 2006. Of the 17 people who were in the mine at the time, 14 escaped immediately following the collapse, one was killed and the remaining two were found alive after five days. The survivors were trapped in a 1.5m x 1.2m cherry picker cage, which had saved them from being crushed by rocks.[53] As it was not safe for rescuers to blast their way through, a special borer was brought in to drill an escape shaft. They were finally released on 9 May after 14 days underground.

Three mining disasters occurred at Moura in a 20-year period. The first of these was in 1975, at the Kianga Mine, where 13 men died in an underground explosion. The mine was sealed without their bodies being retrieved. In 1986 a second disaster occurred, as an underground explosion, which took the lives of 12 miners.[54] The bodies of all those persons were retrieved. In Moura on 7 August 1994 a third major mining accident occurred with an explosion at Moura No. 2 Mine. A second explosion at the mine approximately a day and a half later saw rescue attempts abandoned, and the mine was sealed, with the bodies of the 11 miners unretrieved.[55]

In the 1996 Gretley coal mine disaster, near Newcastle, four men were killed when their mining machine broke into the flooded workings of an old coalmine, abandoned over 80 years earlier.[56] [57]

Four miners were killed in a windblast incident at the Northparkes mine outside the New South Wales town of Parkes in 1999.[58]

A mine collapsed at Ballarat Gold Mine in Victoria on March 14, 2024, resulting in a man dead, and another in critical condition. The two had been 'air legging' in a prohibited area under unsupported ground when the collapse occurred at 4:50pm. 29 other miners took refuge in a safety pod and were later brought to safety. The air legging technique is to be no longer used temporarily while a work safe investigation is underway. Australian Workers' Union organiser Ross Kenna said the geology of the mine is not suitable for the technique.[59] [60]

Belgium

See main article: category.

On March 4, 1887, 120 miners died in a coal mine in La Boule, Borinage due to a methane explosion.[61]

On the morning of August 8, 1956, a fire in the mine Bois du Cazier in Marcinelle caused 262 victims, with only 12 survivors.[62] A mining cart on an elevator cage hit an oil pipe and electricity lines, with the resulting fire trapping the miners. Most of the victims were immigrants (136 Italians, 8 Poles, 6 Greeks, 5 Germans, 5 Frenchmen, 3 Hungarians, 1 Englishman, 1 Dutchman, 1 Russian and 1 Ukrainian.[63])

Bosnia and Herzegovina

See main article: category.

On September 4, 2014, after a 3.5 Richter earthquake hit Zenica caused rock burst in coal mine "Raspotočje", 34 miners remained trapped inside the mine. It was later reported that 5 miners were killed in the accident.[64]

Canada

See main article: category.

Central African Republic

In June 2013, heavy rains provoked the collapse of a gold mine in Ndassima, killing 37 miners and injuring many others.

Chile

See main article: category. In June 1945, during a fire, 355 workers died in El Teniente by inhaling carbon monoxide, in what was called the "Tragedia del Humo" (English: The Smoke Tragedy).

In January 2006, an explosion occurred in a mine in Copiapó, leaving 70 miners trapped underground. The miners were rescued after a brief period of time, but two people died.

In August 2010, 33 miners were trapped underground in Copiapó. After two weeks communication was made with them but it was said at least four more months would pass before they could be rescued, though essential services could still be provided. The rescues began on October 12, 2010, and all the 33 miners were rescued within 22 hours of first rescue. News of the success of the team led to celebrations around the country and much of the region.[66]

China

See main article: List of coal mining accidents in China.

According to one source, in 2003 China accounted for the largest number of coal-mining fatalities, accounting for about 80% of the world's total, although it produced only 35% of the world's coal.[67] Between January 2001 and October 2004, there were 188 accidents that had a death toll of more than 10, about one such accident every 7.4 days.[67] After the 2005 Sunjiawan mine disaster, which killed at least 210 miners, a meeting of the State Council was convened to work on measures to improve work safety in coal mines. The meeting's statement indicated serious problems such as violation of safety standards and overproduction in some coal mines. Three billion yuan (360 million US dollars) were dedicated for technological renovation on work safety, gas management in particular, at state-owned major coal mines. The government also promised to send safety supervision teams to 45 coal mines with serious gas problems and invite colliery safety experts to evaluate safety situations in coal mines and formulate prevention measures.[68]

In 2006, according to the State Work Safety Supervision Administration, 4,749 Chinese coal miners were killed in thousands of blasts, floods, and other accidents. For example, a gas explosion at the Nanshan Colliery killed 24 people on November 13, 2006; the mine was operating without any safety license and the Xinhua News Agency claimed the cause was incorrect usage of explosives. However, the 2006 rate was 20.1% less than 2005 despite an 8.1% increase in production.[69]

The New York Times reported that China's lack of a free press, independent trade unions, citizen watchdog groups and other checks of official power has made cover-ups of mining accidents more possible, even in the Internet age. As a result, Chinese bureaucrats habitually hide scandals (such as mine disasters, chemical spills, the 2003 SARS epidemic, and tainted milk powder) for fear of being held accountable by the ruling Chinese Communist Party or exposing their own illicit deals with companies involved. Under China's authoritarian system, superiors reward subordinates for strict compliance with goals established by authorities, like reducing mine disasters. Indeed, should a mining accident occur, the incentive to hide it is often stronger than the reward for managing it well, as any disaster is almost surely considered a liability.[70]

In November 2009, a mining accident in Heilongjiang killed at least 104 people. It is thought to have been caused by a methane explosion followed by a coal dust explosion. Three top officials involved with the mining company were promptly dismissed.

On August 30, 2012, an explosion killed 45 people at the Xiaojiawan coal mine in Sichuan province.[71] [72] A few days later on September 3, 2012, 14 miners were killed at Gaokeng Coal Mine in Jiangxi province.[73]

On March 29, 2013, a landslide trapped 83 people in the Gyama Mine in Tibet.[74]

On 4 January 2014 The Chinese Government stated that 1,049 people died in the year 2013, down 24 percent from 2012.[75]

On 22 February 2023, China recorded four deaths and 49 missing cases due to collapse of a pit coal mine in vast Inner Mongolia region's Alxa League. Nearly 900 rescuers, including a team from Ministry of Emergency Management, were sent to search for people. General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping ordered “all-out efforts in search and rescue” of all people.[76] [77]

Ecuador

About 300 people were killed on May 9, 1993, in the Nambija mine disaster in Ecuador.[78]

On October 15, 2010, shortly after Chile completed its historic, successful rescue of 33 miners who had been stuck underground in the San Jose mine for a record period of nearly 10 weeks, four workers were trapped in an Ecuadoran gold mine following a tunnel collapse. All were confirmed dead by October 20.[79]

France

See main article: category.

The Courrières mine disaster was the worst ever pit mine disaster in Europe. It caused the death of 1,099 miners (including many children) in Northern France on 10 March 1906. It seems that this disaster was surpassed only by the Benxihu Colliery accident in China on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners. A dust explosion, the cause of which is not known with certainty, devastated a coal mine operated by the Compagnie des mines de houille de Courrières (founded in 1852) between the villages of Méricourt (404 killed), Sallaumines (304 killed), Billy-Montigny (114 killed), and Noyelles-sous-Lens (102 killed) about two kilometres (one mile) to the east of Lens, in the Pas-de-Calais département (about 220 km, or 140 miles, north of Paris).

A large explosion was heard shortly after 06:30 on the morning of Saturday 10 March 1906. An elevator cage at Shaft 3 was thrown to the surface, damaging pit-head workings; windows and roofs were blown out on the surface at Shaft 4; an elevator cage raised at Shaft 2 contained only dead and unconscious miners.

India

Japan

Mine disaster of a number occurs from the 1900s to 1980s in Japan, with introduce only large-scale disaster.

Netherlands

The twelve mines in the Netherlands, four of which were state owned, were considered among the safest in the world, with only three larger accidents occurring during 70 years of mining:

New Zealand

See main article: category. The most notable mining accident in New Zealand is the 1896 Brunner Mine disaster, which killed all 65 miners inside. On 19 November 2010, there were four explosions over nine days at Pike River mine; 29 miners were killed and two escaped with minor injuries.

On 19 January 1967, there was an explosion in the Strongman Mine, near Greymouth, on the West Coast. 19 people were killed.[81]

Niger

A gold mine collapse in Maradi Region in 2021, killed dozens.[82]

Poland

See main article: List of mining disasters in Poland. On November 25, 2006, the worst mining disaster occurred in modern Polish history, 23 miners lost their lives at Halemba Coal Mine, a colliery in the town of Ruda Śląska in the southern industrial province of Silesia. A methane explosion at a depth of 1,030 meters caused the November 21 tragedy. The miners were attempting to retrieve €17 million ($US22 million) worth of equipment from a tunnel when a blast caused the shaft to collapse. The tunnel was supposed to have been closed in March due to dangerously high methane concentrations, but was kept active because of the value of the equipment left behind.[83]

Russia

See main article: category.

Several major mining accidents have happened in Russia, particularly the Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster of 2007, which killed at least 106 miners. On January 20, 2013, at least four miners died and four more went missing following an accident at a coal mine in the Kuznetsk Basin, in western Siberia.[84] In November 2021, the Listvyazhnaya mine disaster took place in Listvyazhnaya; many people were trapped.

Spain

The history of mining in Spain has left a number of major mining accidents with hundreds of victims. The majority of the accidents and casualties have happened in the North of Spain and are particularly related to coal mining, mainly due to the collapse of structures and gas explosions. Though, the worst recorded accident took place in Villanueva del Río, Sevilla, in the Southwest of the country on 28 April 1904, killing 63 people and leaving several more injured.[85]

South Africa

A number of major mining accidents happened in South Africa including the following accidents:

Taiwan

The three worst mining accidents in Taiwan all happened in 1984:

Tanzania

At least 56 miners were killed in April 1998 after heavy rains flooded tanzanite mine shafts.[90] Five people were killed in July 2013 after the tanzanite quarry they were working in the Mererani mining hills collapsed above their heads. A sixth was admitted to hospital in critical condition.

Turkey

In March 1983, in the Armutçuk coal mine 103 miners died due to a methane gas explosion.[91]

In March 1992 at the TCC Kozla mine, 263 miners were killed due to a firedamp explosion[92]

In 2008 there was another disaster which resulted in one person losing their life. In November 2013, 300 workers barricaded the Zonguldak mine in order to protest the working conditions.

During the year of 2009, in December killed 19 miners due to a methane gas explosion in Bursa Province.

In 2010, there was a mining disaster in Zonguldak Province which resulted in the deaths of 30 workers in a coal mine. The explosion was caused by a firedamp explosion. Previous mining disasters have also occurred here, one in 1992 resulted in the deaths of 270 workers. This was the worst mining disaster until the Soma mine disaster.

In May 2014, in Soma, Manisa there was a major mine collapse caused by an explosion. More than 302 workers lost their lives in the collapse and at least 80 workers were injured.[93] [94] [95] [96]

In October 2022, at least 41 were killed in the 2022 Turkish Mine Explosion in Bartın.[97]

In recent years, the Turkish coal mining industry has had the highest number of fatal accidents per million tons of coal produced. When using the "deaths per million tons of coal production" measure, on any given day, a Turkish coal miner is 360 times more likely to be killed in a Turkish mine than an American coal miner is in an American mine, and 5 times more likely to die from the lax mine safety standards of the Turkish mines than even a Chinese coal miner, whose country places with a distant second in terms of safety related deaths per million tons of coal produced.[98]

United Kingdom

England

In England, The Oaks explosion remains the worst mining accident, claiming 388 lives on 12–13 December 1866 near Barnsley in Yorkshire although in the first and main explosion only 340 died, fewer than at the Hulton colliery, but subsequent explosions claimed other lives during the night and the following day.The Hulton Colliery explosion at Westhoughton, Lancashire, in 1910 claimed the lives of 344 miners.[99] An explosion in 1878, at the Wood Pit, Haydock, Lancashire, killed over 200 workers, although only 189 were included in the 'official list'.[100] Another disaster that killed many miners was the Hartley Colliery Disaster, which occurred in January 1862 when the beam of the pumping engine broke suddenly and fell into the single shaft serving the pit. The beam blocked the shaft and entombed hundreds of miners. The final death toll was 204, most of whom were suffocated by the lack of oxygen.

In the metalliferous mines of Cornwall, some of the worst accidents were at East Wheal Rose in 1846, where 39 workers were killed by a sudden flood; at Levant mine in 1919, where 31 were killed and many injured in a failure of the man engine; 12 killed at Wheal Agar in 1883 when a cage fell down a shaft and seven killed at Dolcoath mine in 1893 when a large stull collapsed.[101] [102] [103]

Scotland

The worst mining accident in Scotland is the 1877 Blantyre mining disaster in Blantyre, Lanarkshire, which claimed 207 lives. Other fatal incidents occurred in the town in 1878 and 1879.[104]

Another serious incident occurred in the small Ayrshire mining village of Knockshinnoch in September 1950. For several tense days rescuers battled bravely against all odds to reach the 129 men trapped deep underground when a field above where they were working caved-in, flooding the mine workings with thick liquid peat, cutting off all means of escape. 116 were rescued but 13 died.[105] A film, The Brave Don't Cry, was made about the disaster in 1952.[106]

The worst Scottish mining disaster in the 20th century took place at Auchengeich by Moodiesburn in September 1959, with 47 men killed.[107] The total surpassed the 40 who had died in flooding at Redding, Falkirk in September 1923.[108]

Wales

During the period 1850 to 1930 the South Wales coalfield had the worst disaster record. This was due to the increasing number of mines being sunk to greater depths into gas-containing strata, combined with poor safety and management practices. As a result, there were nearly forty underground explosions in the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire areas of the coalfield during this time. Each accident resulted in the deaths of twenty or more workers – either directly in the explosion or by suffocation by the poisonous gases formed. The total death toll from these disasters was 3,119 people. The four worst accidents in Wales were:

Some collieries, e.g. Morfa Colliery,[110] near Port Talbot, Glamorgan, and Black Vein Colliery, Risca, Monmouthshire, suffered three disasters before they were closed for being unsafe.

United States

See main article: category. The Scofield Mine disaster occurred on May 1, 1900, near Scofield, Utah. At least 200 men died making it the worst mining disaster in the United States at that point.[111]

The Fraterville mine disaster occurred on May 19, 1902, killing 216 miners making it one of the worst in American history. Fraterville is located in western Anderson County, Tennessee. Also in the same year on July 10, 1902, the Rolling Mill Mine Disaster happened in Johnstown, Pa. It killed 112, many of whom had just arrived in town. At the time it was one of the region's most productive mines.

The Monongah Mining Disaster was the worst mining accident of American history; 362 workers were killed in an underground explosion on December 6, 1907, in Monongah, West Virginia.

The Marianna Mine Disaster occurred on November 28, 1908, in a coal mine near Marianna, Pennsylvania resulting in the death of 154 men from the explosion. The explosion occurred during shift change, as men entered the mine before the previous shift had left. Consequently, the mine contained many more miners than usual. Another accident occurred in the same mine on September 23, 1957, when an explosion killed 6 of 11 men in the mine.[23]

The Cross Mountain Mine disaster occurred on December 9, 1911, near the community of Briceville, Tennessee, killing 84 miners.

The First Dawson Disaster was a mining accident on October 22, 1913, in Dawson, New Mexico in which 263 men died (146 were Italian and 36 were Greek).

The Second Dawson Disasters was a mining accident on February 8, 1923, in Dawson, New Mexico in which 123 men died.

The Speculator Mine Disaster occurred in the copper mines of Butte, Montana on June 8, 1917. An electric cable being lowered into the mine was accidentally ignited at 2,500 feet below the surface. The fire quickly climbed the cable, in turn igniting the shaft. The shaft thus became a chimney, eliminating the mine's primary source of oxygen. Nearly all of the 168 fatalities were due to asphyxia. It remains the deadliest underground hard rock mining event in American history.

The Hastings mine explosion was a fire at the Victor-American Fuel Company coal mine in Hastings, Las Animas Country, Colorado, On April 27, 1917, in which 121 people died.

The Cherry Mine disaster was a fire in the Cherry, Illinois, coal mine in 1909, and surrounding events, in which 259 men and boys died.

The Millfield Mine Disaster 1930 in Ohio killed 82 men.

From 1880 to 1910, mine accidents claimed thousands of fatalities. Where annual mining deaths had numbered more than 1,000 a year during the early part of the 20th century, they decreased to an average of about 500 during the late 1950s, and to 93 during the 1990s.[112] In addition to deaths, many thousands more are injured (an average of 21,351 injuries per year between 1991 and 1999), but overall there has been a downward trend of deaths and injuries.

In 1959, the Knox Mine Disaster occurred in Port Griffith, Pennsylvania. The swelling Susquehanna River collapsed into a mine under it and resulted in 12 deaths. In Plymouth, Pennsylvania, the Avondale Mine Disaster of 1869 resulted in the deaths of 108 miners and two rescue workers after a fire in the only shaft eliminated the oxygen in the mine. Federal laws for mining safety resulted from this disaster. Pennsylvania suffered another disaster in 2002 at Quecreek, 9 miners were trapped underground and subsequently rescued after 78 hours. During 2006, 72 miners died at work, 47 by coal mining. The majority of these fatalities occurred in Kentucky and West Virginia, including the Sago Mine Disaster.[113] [114] On April 5, 2010, in the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster an underground explosion caused the deaths of 29 miners.

The U.S. Bureau of Mines was created in 1910 to investigate accidents, advise industry, conduct production and safety research, and teach courses in accident prevention, first aid, and mine rescue. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Acts of 1969 and 1977 set further safety standards for the mining. Since the closure of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1996, this research function has been carried on by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH maintains a list of mine disasters which occurred in the United States since 1839.[115]

Venezuela

See main article: Bulla Loca mine disaster. On 21 February 2024, fourteen people are killed and eleven more injured during the collapse of an illegal gold mine in Angostura Municipality, Bolívar.[116]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mining Disasters NIOSH CDC . 2022-10-04 . wwwn.cdc.gov.
  2. Kucuker H. "Occupational fatalities among coal mine workers in Zonguldak, Turkey, 1994–2003". Occup Med (Lond) 2006 Mar;56(2):144–146.
  3. Terazawa K, Takatori T, Tomii S, Nakano K. Methane asphyxia. Coal mine accident investigation of distribution of gas. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1985 Sep;6(3):211–214.
  4. Web site: Ten Worst Mining Disasters . Retzer . John . Bogey Media . 17 May 2014 . Michigan, USA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100418115719/http://www.epicdisasters.com/index.php/site/comments/the_ten_worst_worldwide_mining_disasters . 18 April 2010 .
  5. Web site: The world's worst coal mining disasters. 15 May 2014 . 16 August 2015.
  6. Web site: Chinazhaoge Blog. sohu.com. 7 August 2010. zh.
  7. Lewis. E. D.. 1976. The Cymer (Rhondda) Explosion. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. 118–161. 10107/1419644.
  8. http://www.dmm.org.uk/reports/2924-02.htm Seaham Colliery disaster report
  9. Web site: Mine Disasters in the United States . 16 May 2022.
  10. Web site: Laurel Mine Explosion, Pocahontas, Virginia . 2022-09-28 . usminedisasters.miningquiz.com . en.
  11. Web site: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Google News Archive Search .
  12. Web site: Times 4 July 1890 – Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive. virginiachronicle.com. 2019-06-21.
  13. Book: Flynt. Wayne. Poor But Proud. 2016. University of Alabama Press. 2843.
  14. Web site: History.com. Mine explodes in Oklahoma. History.com. A+E Networks. 10 February 2016.
  15. Web site: Durham Mining Museum – Colliery Disaster.
  16. News: Los accidentes mineros más graves de la historia de España . The most serious mining accidents in the history of Spain . . 2013-10-28 . es . 1 March 2022.
  17. Web site: Sherard . Gerald E. . Pre-1963 Colorado Mining Fatalities . Denver Public Library . 27 September 2022.
  18. Book: Flynt, Wayne . Poor But Proud . 2016 . . 2875.
  19. Book: McAteer , Davitt . Monongah: The Tragic Story of the 1907 Monongah Mine Disaster, the Worst Industrial Accident in US History. West Virginia University Press. 2007. 332. 978-1-933202-29-7.
  20. News: Monongah Mine Disaster: Topics in Chronicling America . 28 April 2024 . Library of Congress . 2024 . The Monongah Mine Disaster is widely considered to be the worst mine disaster in American history. On December 6, 1907, mines 6 and 8 of the Monongah Mine in West Virginia suffered a devastating explosion. The explosion destroyed much of the mine as well as the surface..
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  24. [Dawson, New Mexico]
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  27. Kawabata, Tai, "Film mines rich seams of history", Japan Times, 14 August 2011, p. 8.
  28. News: 41 French Coal Miners Killed by Explosion and Fire. The New York Times. 1974-12-28.
  29. News: Japan's Big Energy Setback. The New York Times. 1984-10-27.
  30. News: Explosion Kills 13 in Tennessee Mine. The New York Times. 1981-12-09.
  31. News: Toll of Dead Rises to 83 in Mine Fire in Southern Japan. The New York Times. 1984-01-20.
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  33. Web site: Rajpur Dariba Mine on 28.8.1994. ismenvis.nic.in.
  34. http://www.novamining.com/knowledgebase/mining-accidents-analysis/inundations/rajpur-dariba-mine-on-28-8-1994/
  35. News: Sludge Spill Pollutes Ky., W. Va. Waters . ABC . 23 October 2000.
  36. Web site: Brookwood Mine Disaster Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) . www.msha.gov . US Department of Labor . 8 June 2022.
  37. News: Alabama mine blast kills thirteen . 26 January 2002.
  38. Web site: MSHA - Crandall Canyon Accident Investigation Summary and Conclusions . 2023-12-09 . arlweb.msha.gov.
  39. Web site: South African Press Association, "Illegal and lethal", iafrica.com (01:21pm 08 Jun 2009) . 2009-06-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110712235110/http://business.iafrica.com/news/1723474.htm . 2011-07-12 . dead .
  40. Web site: SA mine tragedy: Death toll rises. 2009-06-04. 2009-06-04. The Herald (Harare). https://web.archive.org/web/20090608164845/http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=5345&cat=1. 8 June 2009 . dead.
  41. News: https://www.nytime-s.com/2010/04/10/us/10westvirginia.html. The New York Times. 2014-01-28. Ian. Urbina. 9 April 2010.
  42. News: Afghan gold mine collapse kills 30. 2019-01-06. BBC News. 2019-01-07.
  43. News: Myanmar jade mine landslide kills more than 100 . BBC . 2 July 2020.
  44. News: Chinese coal miners killed by carbon monoxide poisoning . BBC . 5 December 2020.
  45. News: Colombia rescuers 'won't give up' search for miners after blast . BBC . 6 June 2022.
  46. Web site: 2022-08-06 . Ten miners trapped underground in Mexico; advocates say there was 'clear evidence' that mine could collapse . TPR . en.
  47. News: 2022-10-14 . Turkish mine explosion kills 28 and leaves dozens trapped . en-GB . BBC News . Merlyn . Thomas . Elsa . Maishman.
  48. News: 31 suspected illegal miners believed to be dead at Welkom mine. 23 June 2023. News24. Iavan. Pijoos.
  49. News: 2023-10-31 . ArcelorMittal asked to leave Kazakhstan following tragedy in Kostenko coal mine. Le Monde. Jean-Michel. Bezat.
  50. Diary of Disaster, Len Williams, 1982
  51. PROV Inquest (Number 494 of 1883)
  52. Mining Accident relief fund act 1884 (Victoria)
  53. Web site: Beaconsfield Miners 2006 – The Great Escape . www.angelofoz.com.
  54. Web site: Remembering Moura No 4 mine disaster . 2019-07-16. Australasian Mine Safety Journal. 2020-01-25.
  55. Web site: Moura No.2 Mine Disaster Written in Blood . 2016-02-14. Australasian Mine Safety Journal. 2020-01-25.
  56. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-08-12/charges-laid-over-gretley-coal-mine-disaster/1463042 "Charges laid over Gretley coal mine disaster" ABC news 12/8/2003
  57. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/09/1092022390689.html?from=storylhs "Mine found guilty over Gretley disaster"
  58. Web site: PM – North Parkes mine disaster. abc.net.au. 1999-11-25. 2014-01-28.
  59. Web site: Final moments before mine collapse explained as safety investigations get underway . The Australian . 20 March 2024.
  60. Web site: Ballarat Gold Mine no longer using air legging technique . ABC listen . 20 March 2024 . en-AU . 19 March 2024.
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