List of military alliances explained

This is the list of military alliances. A military alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, which are formed for a crisis that already exists. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of the most important alliances.

Before AD 1200

width=150pxYearsNameMembers
c. 7th century–338 BCLatin LeagueAbout 30 villages and tribes in the region of Latium
c. 6th century–338 BCPeloponnesian LeagueVarious city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta
493 BCFoedus CassianumRoman Republic
Latin League
478–404 BCDelian LeagueSee Members of the Delian League
215 BCMacedonian–Carthaginian TreatyMacedonia
Carthage
433–554Silla-Baekje Alliance Silla
Baekje
1123Pactum Warmundi
1167–1250Lombard LeagueNumerous cities in medieval Lombardy, modern Northern Italy

1200–1699

width=70pxYearsNameMembers
1266–1320 Byzantine-Mongol Alliance
1295–1560Auld Alliance[1] [2] Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Scotland
1367–1385Confederation of CologneCities of the Hanseatic League
1373Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Portugal
1386Treaty of Windsor[3] Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Portugal
1489Treaty of Dordrecht
1499Treaty of Blois Kingdom of France
1508–1510League of Cambrai Aragon

Kingdom of France
Papal States
1511–1513Catholic League (Italian) Aragon


Papal States
1524–1525Franco-Polish alliance
Kingdom of France
1528Franco-Hungarian alliance Kingdom of France
1531–1547Schmalkaldic LeagueVarious Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1536–1798Franco-Ottoman alliance Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire
1571–1573Holy League Papal States

Spain among others
1596–1604Triple Alliance (1596)

1608–1621Protestant UnionVarious Protestant German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1609–1635Catholic League (German)Various Catholic German States of the Holy Roman Empire
1631–1639Treaty of Fontainebleau
1635Treaty of Compiègne (1635)
Sweden
1654Anglo-Swedish Alliance England
Sweden
1654–1764Pereiaslav Agreement Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate
1656Treaty of Marienburg Brandenburg-Prussia
Sweden
1668–1672 Triple Alliance

Sweden
1684–1699Holy League


Tsardom of Russia
1689–1713League of Augsburg

1699Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye


Tsardom of Russia

1700–1899

width=70pxYearsNameMembers
1716–1731Anglo-French Alliance
1717–1718 Triple Alliance (1717)

1731–1756 Anglo-Austrian Alliance
1747–1748 Convention of Saint Petersburg

1756–1762Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)
Kingdom of Prussia
1756–1792Franco-Austrian Alliance
1764–1788 Russo-Prussian alliance
Kingdom of Prussia
1773–1810Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo
Denmark–Norway
1778–1800 Treaty of Alliance United States
1779–1783 Treaty of Aranjuez
1781–1790 Austro-Russian Alliance
1786Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship Morocco United States
1788–1791 Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1788)
Kingdom of Prussia
1788–1791 Triple Alliance (1788)
Kingdom of Prussia
1790–1792 Polish–Prussian alliance Kingdom of Prussia
1795Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Regency of Algiers United States
Regency of Algiers
1807 Russo-Serbian Alliance
1815–1818 The Quadruple Alliance


1815–1825[4] Holy Alliance

1865–1872 Triple Alliance of 1865 Brazil

1866–1868 First Balkan Alliance (1867)
(1866)
1867–1868 Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1867
1873Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
Peru
1873–1887 League of the Three Emperors
Austria-Hungary
1879–1918Dual Alliance Austria-Hungary
1881–1908Austro–Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary
1882–1914Triple Alliance
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Italy
1892 Treaty of Nice
Kingdom of Italy
1892–1917Franco-Russian Alliance

1900–1999

width=70pxYearsNameMembers
1902–1923Anglo-Japanese Alliance Japan
1904Entente Cordiale[5]
1904Treaty of Sofia
Kingdom of Serbia
1907–1917Triple Entente France

United Kingdom
1912–1913Balkan League
Greece
Kingdom of Montenegro
Kingdom of Serbia
1913–1914Greek–Serbian Alliance Greece
Serbia
1914–1918Central Powers Austria-Hungary


1914–1918Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
1915–1918Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)
1915–1918 German–Ottoman alliance
1916–1918 Treaty of Bucharest (1916) France
Italy
Romania

1920–1921Polish-Ukrainian Agreement Poland
Ukraine
1920–1938 Little Entente Czechoslovakia
Romania
Yugoslavia
1920–1940Franco-Polish Alliance (1921) France
Poland
1920–1921Georgian–Polish alliance Georgia
Poland
1921–1939Polish–Romanian alliance Poland
Romania
1922–1930Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 Iraq
1924–1938Treaty of Alliance and Friendship between France and Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
France
1930–1939/40Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation Estonia
1930–1947Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 Iraq
1934–1938 Balkan Pact Greece
Romania

Yugoslavia
1934–1938 Rome Protocols Austria
Hungary
Italy
1934–1935 Stresa Front France
Italy
1934-1940Baltic Entente Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
1935–1938Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
1935–1939 Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance France
Soviet Union
1936–1956 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 Egypt
1939–1944Anglo-Polish alliance Poland
United Kingdom
1939–1945Iberian Pact
Spain
1939–1940Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty Estonia
1939–1940Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty Latvia
1939–1940Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty Lithuania
1939–1949[6] Pact of Steel Germany
Italy
1940Ogdensburg Agreement Canada
United States
1936–1945Axis powers Germany
Italy
Japan
1940–1945Tripartite Pact Bulgaria
Croatia
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Japan
Romania
Slovakia
Yugoslavia[7]
1941–1945Anglo-Soviet Agreement
United Kingdom
1942–1945Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
United Kingdom
1942–1945Declaration by United Nations
1942–1945Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation Croatia
Romania
Slovakia
1943Five Eyes (FVEY) Australia
Canada
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
1946–1948Treaty of London (1946)[8] Jordan
United Kingdom
1947–1957UK–Ceylon Defence Pact[9] [10]
United Kingdom
1947–1997Treaty of Dunkirk France
United Kingdom
1947Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact)
1948–1954 Western Union (WU)[11]



1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)[12]
1949–1989Secret Swedish–American Alliance[13] Sweden
United States
1950–1979Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
1951Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America (MDT)
1951Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
(treaty lapsed with United States)
(treaty lapsed with New Zealand)
1951US–Japan Alliance
1952Brazil–United States Treaty Brazil
United States
1952US–Israel Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement[14] Israel
United States
1953Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea
1953United Nations Command (UNC)
1953–1956Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation Greece

Yugoslavia
1954Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement (United States–Pakistan)
1954–1977 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
1954–2011 Western European Union (WEU)
1955–1979 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), previously known as the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) Iran
(withdrew in 1959)


1955–1991Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, or Warsaw Pact (WP)
1955–1975Simonstown Agreement South Africa
United Kingdom
1955–1980Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China China (Republic of China)
1957–1967Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA)
United Kingdom
1958–1962Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement[15]
United Kingdom
1958Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for Cooperation on the uses of Atomic Energy for Mutual Defense Purposes, or 1958 UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement United Kingdom
United States
1960Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan
1961–1996Soviet-North Korean Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Treaty[16] [17]
1961Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
1962Thanat–Rusk Communiqué
1964–1979Anglo-Maltese Defence Agreement[18] Malta
United Kingdom
1967–1972Egypt–Jordan Mutual Defense Agreement[19] Egypt
Jordan
1968–1974Mauritius–United Kingdom Mutual Defence and Assistance Agreement[20] [21] Mauritius
United Kingdom
1970–1974Alcora Exercise

1971Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA)



1975–1994Israel–South Africa Agreement (ISSA) Israel
1979Taiwan Relations Act
1982Regional Security System (RSS)
1984Peninsula Shield Force Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
1987Ronald Reagan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Australia Australia
United States
1987Ronald Reagan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Egypt Egypt
United States
1987Ronald Reagan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Israel Israel
United States
1987Ronald Reagan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Japan Japan
United States
1987Ronald Reagan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for South Korea
United States
1994Compact of Free Association (COFA) Marshall Islands

Palau
United States
1992Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
1996Bill Clinton's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Jordan Jordan
United States
1997Bill Clinton's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for New Zealand New Zealand
United States
1997Union State of Russia and Belarus Belarus
1998Bill Clinton's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Argentina Argentina
United States
1999 (EU)[22] [23]

2000–present

width=70pxYearsNameMembers
2001Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)
2002George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Bahrain Bahrain
United States
2003George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for the Philippines Philippines
United States
2003George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Thailand Thailand
United States
2003George W. Bush's De Facto Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Taiwan
United States
2004George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Kuwait Kuwait
United States
2004George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Morocco Morocco
United States
2004George W. Bush's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Pakistan Pakistan
United States
2007-2008, 2017Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD/QSD)


2009Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO)



2010Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support[24] Azerbaijan
Turkey
2010Lancaster House Treaties France
United Kingdom
2010Central European Defence Cooperation (CEDC)




2012-2022Barack Obama's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Afghanistan Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)
United States
2014United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Israel
United States
2014Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) Philippines
United States
2015Barack Obama's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Tunisia Tunisia
United States
2015Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC)
2015Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition (RSII/4+1)

Iraq

2015–2020Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America, or U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement (SASPA)
2016United States's "Major Defense Partner" Designation for India India
United States
2019Donald Trump's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Brazil Brazil
United States
2019International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC)
2019Aachen Treaty, formerly the Treaty on Franco-German Cooperation and Integration France
Germany
2020Lublin Triangle Lithuania
Poland
Ukraine
2021Franco-Greek defence agreement France
Greece
2021Greece-United States Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement[25] Greece
United States
2021AUKUS

2021Shusha Declaration on allied relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Turkey Azerbaijan
Turkey
2021Russia-Saudi Arabia Military Cooperation Agreement[26]
Saudi Arabia
2021Israel-United Kingdom Defence Pact[27] [28] Israel
United Kingdom
2021Jordan-United States Defense Cooperation Agreement[29] Jordan
United States
2022Joe Biden's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Colombia Colombia
United States
2022Joe Biden's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Qatar Qatar
United States
2022British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact[30]

2022Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Russian Federation and the Lugansk People's Republic[31] [32] Luhansk
2022Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Russian Federation and the Donetsk People's Republic Donetsk
2022China-Solomon Islands Security Pact[33] [34] China
Solomon Islands
2022United Kingdom-Sweden Defence Agreement[35] [36] Sweden
United Kingdom
2022United Kingdom-Finland Defence Agreement[37] Finland
United Kingdom
2022Oman-United Kingdom Mutual Defence Agreement[38] Oman
United Kingdom
2022Egypt-Iraq-Jordan Entente[39] Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
2022Agreement between Japan and Australia concerning the facilitation of reciprocal access and cooperation between the Self-Defense Forces of Japan and the Australian Defence Force (RAA) Australia
Japan
2023Agreement between Japan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning the facilitation of reciprocal access and cooperation between the Self-Defense Forces of Japan and the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (RAA)[40] Japan
United Kingdom
2023Kenya-United States Defence Agreement[41] Kenya
United States
2023Anglo-Greek Defence Agreement[42] [43] Greece
United Kingdom
2023Papua New Guinea–United States Defence Agreement[44] [45] Papua New Guinea
United States
2023Pakistan-United States Security Pact[46] Pakistan
United States
2023United States-Vietnam Comprehensive Strategic Partnership[47] United States
2023Alliance of Sahel States (AES/ASS)[48] Burkina Faso
Mali
Niger
2023The Downing Street Accord between the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Norhern Ireland[49]
United Kingdom
2023Sweden–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement[50] Sweden
United States
2023Finland–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement[51] Finland
United States
2023Denmark–United States Defense Cooperation Agreement[52] Denmark
United States
2023American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (JAROKUS) Japan

United States
2024Australia-Papua New Guinea Security Agreement[53] Australia
Papua New Guinea
2024Ukraine–United Kingdom Security Cooperation Agreement[54] [55] Ukraine
United Kingdom
2024Philippines-United Kingdom Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)[56] Philippines
United Kingdom
2024France-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[57] France
Ukraine
2024Germany-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement Germany
Ukraine
2024Djibouti-Turkey Military Pact[58] Djibouti
Turkey
2024Somalia-Turkey Defense Pact[59] Somalia
Turkey
2024Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Defense Pact[60] Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
2024France-Moldova Defense Pact[61] France
2024Denmark-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[62] Denmark
Ukraine
2024Italy-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[63] Italy
Ukraine
2024Canada-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[64] Canada
Ukraine
2024Armenia-France Defence Cooperation Agreement[65] [66] Armenia
France
2024Netherlands-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[67] Netherlands
Ukraine
2024China-Maldives Military Pact[68] China
Maldives
2024Anglo–Australian Defense and Security Agreement[69] Australia
United Kingdom
2024Moldova–European Union Defense and Security Agreement[70]
2024Sweden-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[71] Sweden
Ukraine
2024Norway-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[72] Norway
Ukraine
2024Spain-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[73] Spain
Ukraine
2024Portugal-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[74] Portugal
Ukraine
2024Iceland-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[75] Iceland
Ukraine
2024Belgium-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[76] Belgium
Ukraine
2024Finland-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[77] Finland
Ukraine
2024Latvia-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[78] Latvia
Ukraine
2024Ukraine-United States Security Cooperation Agreement[79] Ukraine
United States
2024Japan-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[80] Japan
Ukraine
2024Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Russia and North Korea[81]
2024Estonia-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[82] Estonia
Ukraine
2024European Union-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[83]
Ukraine
2024Lithuania-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[84] Lithuania
Ukraine
2024Joe Biden's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) Designation for Kenya Kenya
United States
2024Poland-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[85] Poland
Ukraine
2024Romania-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[86] Romania
Ukraine
2024Luxembourg-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[87] Luxembourg
Ukraine
2024Czech Republic-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[88] Czech Republic
Ukraine
2024Slovenia-Ukraine Security Cooperation Agreement[89] Slovenia
Ukraine
2024Philippines-Singapore Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)[90] [91] [92] Philippines
Singapore
2024Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom[93] Germany
United Kingdom
2024Australia-Indonesia Defense Pact[94] [95] Australia
Indonesia

Proposed alliances

Name and descriptionCountries
CANZUK is a proposed alliance between four Commonwealth realms. Australia
Canada
New Zealand
United Kingdom
France–Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement is currently being negotiated to finalize a formal alliance between Japan and France.[96] France
Japan
EU–UK Mutual Defence Agreement is a proposal, most notably from the Labour Party, to sign a formal alliance between the EU and the UK.[97]
United Kingdom
Japan–Philippines Reciprocal Access Agreement was negotiated due to rising political tensions in the Pacific.[98] [99] Ratification by both countries' legislatures pending.[100] Japan
Philippines
South Korea–Japan Defense Pact[101] is a proposed alliance between South Korea and Japan in response to increased aggression from North Korea. Japan
Japan–Philippines–United States trilateral alliance is currently being negotiated in response to increased military build-up by China.[102] Japan
Philippines
United States
France–Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement is being negotiated.[103] France
Philippines
Germany–Philippines Defense Cooperation Agreement is currently being negotiated to increase military training and weapons procurement, slated to be signed and finalized this year.[104] [105] Germany
Philippines
Arab-Israeli alliance refers to an unofficial security coalition comprising Israel and various Arab countries. Bahrain
Egypt
Israel
Jordan
Morocco
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
The Saudi-US Security Pact is a long proposed official deal to deepen security relations, gaining momentum under the Biden administration.[106] Saudi Arabia
United States

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Franco-Scottish alliance against England one of longest in history (The University of Manchester) . https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093322/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=7313 . 2012-01-11 . www.manchester.ac.uk.
  2. Web site: Beyond "The Antiseptic Realm of Theoretical Economic Models": New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century Siobhan Talbott - Academia.edu . https://web.archive.org/web/20210815052223/https://www.academia.edu/1651364 . 2021-08-15 . www.academia.edu.
  3. See also Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
  4. Austro-Russian alliance broke off on 1853.
  5. See also Lancaster House Treaties
  6. Effectively ended in 1943
  7. (Two days only)
  8. Web site: Treaty of Alliance between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan . upload.wikimedia.org.
  9. Web site: United Kingdom And Ceylon (Defence Agreement) - Hansard - UK Parliament. 6 May 2023.
  10. 10.1080/03086534.2022.2084932 . free . 'In the Mutual Interest': The Making and Breaking of the United Kingdom-Ceylon Defence Agreement, 1947–1957 . 2022 . Barnes . Robert . . 50 . 6 . 1093–1122 . 249944469 .
  11. See also Treaty of Brussels
  12. See also North Atlantic Treaty
  13. SOU 1994:11 Om kriget kommit... Förberedelser för mottagande av militärt bistånd 1949–1969
  14. Web site: Technical Difficulties .
  15. Web site: Marco Wyss Marco Wyss . The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement | Postcolonial Security: Britain, France, and West Africa's Cold War | Oxford Academic . Academic.oup.com . 2021-04-22 . 2023-05-06.
  16. News: From Reluctant Enforcer to Outright Saboteur: Russia's Crusade Against North Korea Sanctions . Ramani . Samuel . The Henry L. Stimson Center . 38 North . 24 June 2024 . 18 July 2024.
  17. Web site: 1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between... . www.documentcloud.org . en. 2020-02-22.
  18. Web site: Anglo-Maltese Defence Agreement - Hansard - UK Parliament. 6 May 2023.
  19. News: Hussein and Nasser sign defence agreement - archive, 1967 | Middle East and north Africa . The Guardian . 31 May 2019. 2023-05-06 . Wall . Michael .
  20. Web site: MAURITIUS - UNITED KINGDOM Agreement on Mutual Defence and Assistance . The National Archives . 28 April 2023.
  21. Mauritius: Independence and Dependence. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 28 April 2023. 8 November 2008. 10.1017/S0022278X00054136 . Houbert . Jean . 19 . 75–105 . 154753371 .
  22. See also Common Security and Defence Policy
  23. Web site: TEU 42.7: "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States.". 22 February 2022. The Treaty on European Union.
  24. See also Shusha Declaration
  25. Web site: The United States and Greece: United by Democratic Values, Advancing Shared Goals for Peace and Prosperity . 2024-04-05.
  26. Web site: Saudis Sign Military Cooperation Agreement With Russia. 2021-08-24 . RadioFreeEurope.
  27. News: Britain and Israel to sign trade and defence deal | Trade policy . The Guardian . 28 November 2021. 2023-05-06 . Sabbagh . Dan . Defence . Dan Sabbagh .
  28. Web site: Millis . Joe . UK and Israel sign agreement on military cooperation . Jewish News . 2020-12-07 . 2023-05-06.
  29. https://www.state.gov/jordan-21-317 Jordan (21-317) – Defense Cooperation Agreement
  30. Web site: Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions. 17 February 2022.
  31. Web site: The State Duma ratified Treaties of Friendship with the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics . 22 February 2022 .
  32. News: Russia now has right to build military bases in eastern Ukraine - treaties . Reuters . 22 February 2022 .
  33. News: 20 April 2022 . Solomon Islands signs China pact, defying Australia . Taipei Times . 20 April 2022.
  34. Web site: Kim . Patricia M. . 6 May 2022 . Does the China-Solomon Islands security pact portend a more interventionist Beijing? . Brookings Institution.
  35. Web site: UK-Sweden Political Declaration of Solidarity . 11 May 2022 . GOV.UK .
  36. Web site: Sweden, Finland Sign Defense Treaty with the U.K. Ahead of Joining NATO . . 11 May 2022 .
  37. Web site: UNITED KINGDOM - FINLAND STATEMENT HELSINKI, 11 MAY 2022 . 11 May 2022 . GOV.UK .
  38. Web site: Oman, UK sign mutual defence agreement. Times of Oman. 6 May 2023.
  39. Web site: Arab Center Washington DC . Iraq-Jordan-Egypt Entente Moves Ahead Despite the GCC's Shadow. 2023-05-06.
  40. Web site: UK, Japan sign defense deal amid rising concern about China. ABC News. 6 May 2023.
  41. Web site: US, Kenya Sign Defense Agreement Ahead of Haiti Security Mission. Voice of America. 25 September 2023.
  42. Web site: UK and Greece seek strengthened Defence partnership . GOV.UK . 7 February 2023. 6 May 2023.
  43. Web site: UK, Greece Seek Strengthened Defence Partnership. 8 February 2023. Greek City Times. 6 May 2023.
  44. Web site: US and Papua New Guinea sign pact amid Pacific militarisation concerns. The Guardian. 22 May 2023. 14 August 2023.
  45. Web site: US, Papua New Guinea sign defence agreement as Modi pledges support for Pacific Islands. Reuters. 22 May 2023. 14 August 2023.
  46. Web site: Pakistan Cabinet approves signing of security pact with U.S.. 2023-08-03 . The Hindu.
  47. News: U.S. and Vietnam Mark Historic Milestone with Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 12 September 2023 . US-ASEAN Business Council . 12 September 2023 . en.
  48. News: Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso Sign Sahel Security Pact . 17 September 2023 . Voice of America . Reuters . 16 September 2023 . en.
  49. News: What's Next for the South Korea-UK Relationship?. The Diplomat. 7 December 2023. 17 February 2024.
  50. Web site: 2023-12-06 . NATO member-to-be Sweden and the US sign defense deal - ABC News . https://web.archive.org/web/20231207051019/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nato-member-sweden-us-sign-defense-deal-strengthens-105413931 . 2023-12-07 . ABC News.
  51. Web site: Secretary Antony J. Blinken at the Defense Cooperation Agreement Signing Ceremony .
  52. Web site: Denmark, U.S. reach defence agreement . . 2024-04-05.
  53. Web site: Needham. Kirsty. Hobson. Peter. Australia, Papua New Guinea sign security agreement, hail close ties. 7 December 2023. Reuters. 27 July 2024.
  54. Web site: Rishi Sunak announces UK military aid to Ukraine will increase to £2.5bn. 12 January 2024. Financial Times. 16 February 2024.
  55. Web site: Ukraine and Britain sign security agreement in Kyiv. 12 January 2024. Reuters. 16 February 2024.
  56. Web site: Rocamora. Joyce. PH, UK ink defense pact; focus set on maritime domain. Philippines New Agency. 16 January 2024.
  57. Web site: Ukraine Gets Long-Term German and French Security Guarantees. 16 January 2024. Bloomberg. 16 February 2024.
  58. Web site: Abdul. Kazim. Turkey and Djibouti sign military pacts to boost bilateral ties. 22 February 2024. Military Africa. 27 July 2024.
  59. Web site: Kendrick. Matthew. Somalia signs defense pact with Turkey amid tensions with Ethiopia. 22 February 2024. GZERO. 27 July 2024.
  60. Web site: Deal done after 14 years: Papua New Guinea & Indonesia finalise defence pact. 29 February 2024. Firstpost. 24 July 2024.
  61. Web site: Moldova signs defence pact with France amid Russia fears. 7 March 2024. Reuters. 24 July 2024.
  62. Web site: Denmark signs 10-year security agreement with Ukraine . 2024-04-05.
  63. Web site: Ukraine and Italy sign bilateral security agreement, Zelenskiy says . . 2024-04-05.
  64. Web site: Italy, Canada sign bilateral security agreements with Ukraine . 24 February 2024 . 2024-04-05.
  65. Web site: Armenian, French Defense Ministers sign a number of agreements .
  66. Web site: Armenia and France ink new defense co-op agreements .
  67. Web site: Salerno-Garthwaite . Andrew . 2024-02-26 . Ukraine and Netherlands sign 10-year security agreement . 2024-04-05 . Airforce Technology . en-US.
  68. Web site: Maldives signs China military pact in further shift away from India . 2024-03-04 . CNN.
  69. Web site: Australia and Britain sign defence pact in face of rising Chinese power. 21 March 2024. Financial Times. subscription. 21 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240321113611/https://www.ft.com/content/5ed52635-ea20-41f7-91c8-038fc6fedb41. 21 March 2024. live.
  70. Web site: Moldova signs security and defence partnership with EU | Reuters. .
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