List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation explained

List of Useful Microorganisms Used In preparation Of Food And Beverage

MICROORGANISM	TYPE (Bacterium / Fungus)	FOOD / BEVERAGE
Acetobacter aceti	bacterium	chocolate	^[1]
Acetobacter aceti	bacterium	vinegar	^[2]
Acetobacter cerevisiae	bacterium	beer	^[3]
Acetobacter fabarum	bacterium	chocolate
Acetobacter fabarum	bacterium	coffee
Acetobacter lovaniensis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Acetobacter malorum	bacterium	vinegar
Acetobacter orientalis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Acetobacter pasteurianus	bacterium	chocolate
Acetobacter pasteurianus	bacterium	vinegar
Acetobacter pomorum	bacterium	vinegar
Acetobacter syzygii	bacterium	chocolate
Acetobacter syzygii	bacterium	vinegar
Acetobacter tropicalis	bacterium	chocolate
Acetobacter tropicalis	bacterium	coffee
Arthrobacter arilaitensis	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)	^[4]
Arthrobacter bergerei	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Arthrobacter globiformis	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Arthrobacter nicotianae	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Arthrobacter nicotianae	bacterium	cheese (Tilsit)
Arthrobacter variabilis	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Aspergillus acidus	fungus	tea
Aspergillus niger	fungus	liquor awamori
Aspergillus fumigatus	fungus	chocolate
Aspergillus oryzae	fungus	soy miso	^[5]
Aspergillus oryzae	fungus	liquor sake
Aspergillus oryzae	fungus	soy sauce	^[6]
Aspergillus sojae	fungus	soy miso
Aspergillus sojae	fungus	soy sauce
Bacillus cereus	bacterium	chocolate
Bacillus coagulans	bacterium	chocolate	^[7]
Bacillus licheniformis	bacterium	chocolate
Bacillus pumilus	bacterium	chocolate
Bacillus sphaericus	bacterium	soy stinky tofu
Bacillus stearothermophilus	bacterium	chocolate
Bacillus subtilis	bacterium	chocolate
Bacillus subtilis	bacterium	soy natto
Bifidobacterium adolescentis	bacterium	dairy yogurt	^[8]
Bifidobacterium animalis	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium bifidum	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium breve	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium breve	bacterium	soy
Bifidobacterium infantis	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium lactis	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium longum	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum	bacterium	dairy
Bifidobacterium thermophilum	bacterium	dairy
Brachybacterium alimentarium	bacterium	cheese (Beaufort)	^[9]
Brachybacterium alimentarium	bacterium	cheese (Gruyère)	nol
Brachybacterium tyrofermentans	bacterium	cheese (Beaufort)
Brachybacterium tyrofermentans	bacterium	cheese (Gruyère)
Brevibacterium aurantiacum	bacterium	cheese
Brevibacterium casei	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Brevibacterium linens	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Candida colliculosa	fungus	cheese
Candida colliculosa	fungus	dairy kefir
Candida exiguus	fungus	bread (sourdough)
Candida humicola	fungus	chocolate
Candida kefyr	fungus	cheese (surface-ripened)
Candida krusei	fungus	cheese (surface-ripened)
Candida milleri	fungus	bread (sourdough)
Candida mycoderma^[10]	fungus	cheese (Limburger)	^[11]
Candida pelliculosa	fungus	chocolate
Candida rugosa	fungus	chocolate
Candida tropicalis	fungus	chocolate
Candida utilis	fungus	cheese
Candida valida	fungus	bread (sourdough)
Candida vini	fungus	cheese (Reblochon), wine
Candida zeylanoides	fungus	cheese (Reblochon)
Carnobacterium divergens	bacterium	cheese
Carnobacterium divergens	bacterium	fish
Carnobacterium divergens	bacterium	meat
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum	bacterium	dairy
Carnobacterium piscicola	bacterium	meat
Corynebacterium ammoniagenes	bacterium	cheese
Corynebacterium casei	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Corynebacterium flavescens	bacterium	cheese
Corynebacterium mooreparkense	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Corynebacterium variabile	bacterium	cheese
Cyberlindnera mrakii	fungus	wine
Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum	fungus	cheese
Debaryomyces hansenii	fungus	cheese (smear-ripened)
Debaryomyces hansenii	fungus	cheese (Reblochon)
Debaryomyces kloeckeri	fungus	cheese (Limburger)
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	cheese
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	dairy cream
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	meat ham
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	soy miso
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	meat sausage
Enterococcus faecalis	bacterium	soy sauce
Enterococcus faecium	bacterium	cheese (Manchego)	^[12]
Enterococcus faecium	bacterium	meat ham
Enterococcus faecium	bacterium	soy miso
Enterococcus faecium	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Enterococcus faecium	bacterium	soy sauce
Fusarium domesticum	fungus	cheese
Geotrichum candidum	fungus	cheese
Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans	bacterium	chocolate
Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans	bacterium	coffee
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus	bacterium	chocolate
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus	bacterium	coffee
Gluconacetobacter entanii	bacterium	vinegar
Gluconacetobacter europaeus	bacterium	vinegar
Gluconacetobacter hansenii	bacterium	vinegar
Gluconacetobacter johannae	bacterium	chocolate
Gluconacetobacter johannae	bacterium	coffee
Gluconacetobacter oboediens	bacterium	vinegar
Gluconacetobacter xylinus	bacterium	vinegar
Gluconobacter oxydans	bacterium	chocolate
Hafnia alvei	bacterium	cheese
Halomonas elongata	bacterium	meat
Issatchenkia orientalis	fungus	dairy kefir
Kazachstania exigua	fungus	dairy kefir
Kazachstania unispora	fungus	dairy kefir
Kloeckera africana	fungus	chocolate
Kloeckera apis	fungus	chocolate	.
Kloeckera javanica	fungus	chocolate
Kluyveromyces lactis	fungus	cheese
Kluyveromyces marxianus	fungus	cheese
Kluyveromyces marxianus	fungus	chocolate
Kocuria rhizophila	bacterium	cheese
Kocuria rhizophila	bacterium	meat
Kocuria varians	bacterium	dairy
Kocuria varians	bacterium	meat sausage
Komagataeibacter xylinus	bacterium	coconut (nata de coco)	^[13]
Lactobacillus acetotolerans	bacterium	fruit
Lactobacillus acetotolerans	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus acetotolerans	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus acidifarinae	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus acidipiscis	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus acidipiscis	bacterium	fish
Lactobacillus acidophilus	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus acidophilus	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Lactobacillus alimentarius	bacterium	fish
Lactobacillus alimentarius	bacterium	meat
Lactobacillus brevis	bacterium	cheese (canestrato pugliese)
Lactobacillus brevis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus brevis ssp. linens	bacterium	dairy kefir
Lactobacillus bucheri	bacterium	bread
Lactobacillus bucheri	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus cacaonum	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus casei	bacterium	cheese (Idiazabal)
Lactobacillus casei	bacterium	cheese (Manchego)
Lactobacillus casei	bacterium	cheese (Roncal)
Lactobacillus casei	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Lactobacillus casei ssp. pseudoplantarum	bacterium	cheese (Grana Padano)
Lactobacillus casei ssp. pseudoplantarum	bacterium	cheese (Parmigiano-Reggiano)
Lactobacillus cellobiosus	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus collinoides	bacterium	cider
Lactobacillus composti	bacterium	liquor shōchū
Lactobacillus coryniformis	bacterium	cheese
Lactobacillus crispatus	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus curvatus	bacterium	cheese (cacio di Fossa)
Lactobacillus curvatus	bacterium	cheese (canestrato pugliese)
Lactobacillus curvatus	bacterium	cheese (pecorino romano)
Lactobacillus curvatus	bacterium	cheese (pecorino sardo)
Lactobacillus curvatus	bacterium	meat sausage
Lactobacillus delbrueckii	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus	bacterium	cheese
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis	bacterium	cheese (pecorino romano)
Lactobacillus dextrinicus	bacterium	meat
Lactobacillus diolivorans	bacterium	liquor chicha
Lactobacillus fabifermentans	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus farciminis	bacterium	fish
Lactobacillus farciminis	bacterium	soy
Lactobacillus fermentum	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus fermentum	bacterium	cheese (pecorino romano)
Lactobacillus fermentum	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus gasseri	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus gasseri	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus ghanensis	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus hammesii	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus harbinensis	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus helveticus	bacterium	cheese (Emmental)
Lactobacillus helveticus	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus hilgardii	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus hilgardii	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus homohiochii	bacterium	liquor sake
Lactobacillus homohiochii	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus jensenii	bacterium	bread
Lactobacillus johnsonii	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus johnsonii	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens	bacterium	dairy kefir
Lactobacillus kefiri	bacterium	dairy kefir
Lactobacillus kimchii	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Lactobacillus kisonensis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus kunkeei	bacterium	wine	^[14]
Lactobacillus mali	bacterium	cider
Lactobacillus mali	bacterium	rum
Lactobacillus mali	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus manihotivorans	bacterium	liquor cassava
Lactobacillus mindensis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus mucosae	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus nagelii	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus namuresis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus nantesis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus nodensis	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus oeni	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus otakiensis	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus panis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus parabrevis	bacterium	cheese
Lactobacillus parabrevis	bacterium	dairy kefir
Lactobacillus parabrevis	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus parabuchneri	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus paracasei	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus paracasei	bacterium	meat
Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei	bacterium	cheese (cacio di Fossa)
Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei	bacterium	cheese (canestrato pugliese)
Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei	bacterium	cheese (pecorino sardo)
Lactobacillus parakefiri	bacterium	dairy kefir
Lactobacillus paralimentarius	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus paraplantarum	bacterium	cheese
Lactobacillus paraplantarum	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus pentosus	bacterium	cheese (canestrato pugliese)
Lactobacillus pentosus	bacterium	fish
Lactobacillus pentosus	bacterium	fruit
Lactobacillus pentosus	bacterium	wine
Lactobacillus perolens	bacterium	cheese
Lactobacillus perolens	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (cacio di Fossa)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (canestrato pugliese)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	chocolate
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (Idiazabal)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (Manchego)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (pecorino romano)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	cheese (Roncal)
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	meat sausage
Lactobacillus plantarum	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus pobuzihii	bacterium	fruit
Lactobacillus pontis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus rapi	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus rapi	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus reuteri	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	bacterium	cheese (Grana Padano)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	bacterium	cheese (Parmigiano-Reggiano)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	bacterium	meat
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus rossiae	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus sakei	bacterium	liquor sake
Lactobacillus sakei	bacterium	meat sausage
Lactobacillus salivarius	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus satsumensis	bacterium	liquor shōchū
Lactobacillus secaliphilus	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus senmaizukei	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus siliginis	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus similis	bacterium	liquor rum
Lactobacillus spicheri	bacterium	bread (sourdough)
Lactobacillus suebicus	bacterium	fruit
Lactobacillus spp.	bacterium	dairy butter
Lactobacillus spp.	bacterium	vegetable olive
Lactobacillus sunkii	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Lactobacillus tucceti	bacterium	dairy
Lactobacillus tucceti	bacterium	meat sausage
Lactobacillus vaccinostercus	bacterium	fruit
Lactobacillus vaccinostercus	bacterium	vegetables
Lactobacillus versmoldesis	bacterium	meat sausage
Lactobacillus yamanashiensis	bacterium	cider
Lactobacillus yamanashiensis	bacterium	wine
Lactococcus lactis	bacterium	dairy buttermilk
Lactococcus lactis	bacterium	chocolate
Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris	bacterium	cheese (Cheddar)
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis	bacterium	cheese
Lactococcus raffinolactis	bacterium	cheese
Lactococcus spp.	bacterium	dairy butter
Lecanicillium lecanii	fungus	cheese
Leuconostoc carnosum	bacterium	meat
Leuconostoc citreum	bacterium	cheese
Leuconostoc citreum	bacterium	fish
Leuconostoc fallax	bacterium	vegetable sauerkraut
Leuconostoc holzapfelii	bacterium	coffee
Leuconostoc inhae	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Leuconostoc kimchii	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Leuconostoc lactis	bacterium	cheese
Leuconostoc mesenteroides	bacterium	chocolate
Leuconostoc mesenteroides	bacterium	vegetables
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris	bacterium	cheese
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris	bacterium	vegetables
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum	bacterium	dairy butter
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum	bacterium	cheese (Idiazabal)
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum	bacterium	vegetable pickle
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum	bacterium	cheese (Roncal)
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides	bacterium	cheese (Idiazabal)
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides	bacterium	cheese (Roncal)
Leuconostoc palmae	bacterium	liquor palm wine
Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides	bacterium	dairy butter
Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides	bacterium	dairy buttermilk
Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides	bacterium	dairy sour cream
Leuconostoc spp.	bacterium	dairy butter
Leuconostoc spp.	bacterium	vegetable olive
Leuconostoc spp.	bacterium	wine
Macrococcus caseolyticus	bacterium	cheese
Macrococcus caseolyticus	bacterium	meat sausage
Microbacterium foliorum	bacterium	cheese (surface-ripened)
Microbacterium gubbeenense	bacterium	cheese (Limburger)
Microbacterium gubbeenense	bacterium	cheese (smear-ripened)
Microbacterium gubbeenense	bacterium	cheese (Tilsit)
Micrococcus luteus	bacterium	cheese
Micrococcus lylae	bacterium	meat sausage
Mucor hiemalis	fungus	soy bean curd
Mucor plumbeus	fungus	cheese
Mucor racemosus	fungus	cheese
Mucor racemosus	fungus	chocolate
Neurospora intermedia	fungus	soy oncom
Oenococcus oeni	bacterium	wine
Pediococcus acidilactici	bacterium	meat sausage
Pediococcus acidilactici	bacterium	vegetables
Pediococcus pentosaceus	bacterium	meat sausage
Penicillium album	fungus	cheese (farmhouse)
Penicillium camemberti	fungus	cheese	v
Penicillium caseifulvum	fungus	cheese
Penicillium chrysogenum	fungus	cheese
Penicillium chrysogenum	fungus	meat sausage
Penicillium commune	fungus	cheese (surface-ripened)
Penicillium nalgiovense	fungus	cheese
Penicillium nalgiovense	fungus	meat ham
Penicillium nalgiovense	fungus	meat sausage
Penicillium roqueforti	fungus	cheese
Penicillium solitum	fungus	meat
Pichia fermentans	fungus	dairy
Pichia fermentans	fungus	dairy kefir
Pichia fermentans	fungus	wine
Propionibacterium acidipropionici	bacterium	cheese
Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. freudenreichii	bacterium	dairy
Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii	bacterium	cheese (Emmental)
Propionibacterium jensenii	bacterium	cheese
Propionibacterium thoenii	bacterium	cheese
Proteus vulgaris	bacterium	cheese (surface-ripened)
Pseudomonas fluorescens	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Psychrobacter celer	bacterium	cheese
Rhizopus microsporus ssp. oligosporus	fungus	soy oncom
Rhizopus microsporus ssp. oligosporus	fungus	soy tempeh
Rhodosporidium infirmominiatum	fungus	cheese
Rhodotorula glutinis	fungus	chocolate
Rhodotorula minuta	fungus	cheese (smear-ripened)
Rhodotorula rubra	fungus	chocolate
Saccharomyces bayanus	fungus	beer
Saccharomyces bayanus	fungus	cider
Saccharomyces bayanus	fungus	wine
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis	fungus	beer (lager)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	beer (ale)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	bread
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	cider
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	cheese
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	chocolate
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	fungus	wine
Saccharomyces pastorianus	fungus	beer (lager)
Saccharomyces rouzii	fungus	soy miso
Saccharomyces uvarum	fungus	beer (lager)
Staphylococcus carnosus	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus carnosus ssp. carnosus	bacterium	meat sausage
Staphylococcus condimenti	bacterium	soy
Staphylococcus equorum	bacterium	meat
Staphylococcus equorum ssp. linens	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus fleurettii	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus piscifermentans	bacterium	fish
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus	bacterium	cheese (Harzer)
Staphylococcus sciuri ssp. carnaticus	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus simulans	bacterium	meat sausage
Staphylococcus succinus	bacterium	dairy
Staphylococcus succinus	bacterium	meat
Staphylococcus vitulinus	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus vitulinus	bacterium	meat
Staphylococcus warneri	bacterium	meat
Staphylococcus xylosus	bacterium	cheese
Staphylococcus xylosus	bacterium	meat sausage
Streptococcus gallolyticus	bacterium	dairy
Streptococcus salivarius	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Streptococcus thermophilus	bacterium	cheese
Streptococcus thermophilus	bacterium	dairy yogurt
Streptomyces griseus	bacterium	meat
Streptomyces mobaraensis	bacterium	meat, fish	^[15]
Tetragenococcus halophilus	bacterium	soy miso
Tetragenococcus halophilus	bacterium	soy sauce
Tetragenococcus koreensis	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Torulaspora delbrueckii	fungus	cheese (smear-ripened)
Torulopsis versatilis	fungus	soy miso
Thrichosporon beigelii	fungus	cheese (smear-ripened)
Verticillium lecanii	fungus	cheese (Tomme)
Weissella beninensis	bacterium	liquor cassava
Weissella cibaria	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Weissella fabaria	bacterium	chocolate
Weissella ghanesis	bacterium	chocolate
Weissella koreensis	bacterium	vegetable kimchi
Weissella paramesenteroides	bacterium	meat sausage
Weissella thailandensis	bacterium	fish
Yarrowia lipolytica	fungus	cheese (Raclette)
Yarrowia lipolytica	not applicable	cheese (smear-ripened)
Yarrowia lipolytica	fungus	dairy
Zygotorulaspora florentina	fungus	dairy kefir
Zymomonas mobilis	bacterium	liquor palm wine
Zymomonas mobilis	bacterium	liquor pulque

See also

• Fermentation (food)
• Food microbiology

Notes and References

1. Microbe Wiki, "Chocolate"
2. Egon Bech Hansen, Web site: Prof Egon Bech Hansen QPS IDF List Safety Food Microorganisms 11 Slides - Documents . https://web.archive.org/web/20161113175357/http://documents.mx/documents/prof-egon-bech-hansen-qps-idf-list-safety-food-microorganisms-11-slides.html . 13 November 2016 . dead . 28 June 2016 . 2016-11-13 .
3. Cleenwerck I . Vandemeulebroecke D . Janssens D . Swings J . Re-examination of the genus Acetobacter, with descriptions of Acetobacter cerevisiae sp. nov. and Acetobacter malorum sp. nov. . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 2002 . 52 . 5 . 1551–1558 . 10.1099/00207713-52-5-1551 . 12361257 . free .
4. Barry A. Law and Adnan Tamime, (2011) Technology of Cheesemaking. John Wiley & Sons, pp. Google Books preview
5. Robert Wayne Hutkins, (2006) Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 75–76. Google Books preview
6. Arthur P. Riley, (2005) New Developments in Food Policy, Control and Research. Nova Publishers, p. 35. Google Books preview
7. Christine L. Case, The Microbiology of Chocolate , Skyline College.
8. Kalidas Shetty, (2006) Food biotechnology. CRC Press, pp. 222, 226, 229. Google Books preview
9. Schubert . K. . etal . 1996 . Two coryneform bacteria isolated from the surface of French Gruyère and Beaufort cheeses are new species of the genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium alimentarium sp. nov. and Brachybacterium tyrofermentans sp. nov . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 46 . 1. 81–7 . 8573524 . 10.1099/00207713-46-1-81 . free .
10. NOTE: Candida mycoderma, Candida valida, and/or Candida vini are sometimes listed as a starter culture for wine, but this is not true. They only cause 'flowers of wine', a type of wine spoilage.
11. Hosono, A. and Tokita, F. (1970) "The lipolytic properties of Candida mycoderma and Debaryomyces kloeckeri isolated from Limburger cheese and some properties of the lipases produced by these yeasts." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 41 (10): 519–527.
12. P. F. Fox, (2004) Cheese: Major Cheese Groups. Academic Press, p. 59, 74. Google Books preview
13. Book: Sanchez, P.C. . Philippine Fermented Foods: Principles and Technology . University of the Philippines Press . 2008 . 978-971-542-554-4 . 378.
14. David Hendricks Bergey and David R. Boone, (2009) Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes. Springer–Verlag, p. 502 Google Books preview
15. Book: Robert J. Whitehurst. Oort. Maarten van. Enzymes in food technology. 2010. Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester, U.K.. 978-1-4443-0994-2. 2nd.