List of metonyms explained

The following is a list of common metonyms.[1] A metonym is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, "Westminster", a borough of London in the United Kingdom, could be used as a metonym for the country's government.

Objects

Word or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
barThe bar in a courtroom that separates judges and lawyers from laypeopleAll the lawyers licensed to practise law in a certain court or jurisdiction[2]
benchThe location in a courtroom where a judge sits when presiding over a courtAll the judges of a court or jurisdiction; members of a judiciary; the presiding officer (judge) in a court[3]
  Footwear worn by soldiersCombat troops deployed in a geographic area (as opposed to those awaiting deployment and/or in aircraft or ships offshore)[4]
box officeA place where tickets are sold, in this example, for movies.A term to describe how well a film is doing. "The film is a hit at the box office."
brassA metal alloy (used for or in the manufacture of e.g. buttons, insignia and a family of musical instruments)Military and police officers,[5] often also referring to managers/bosses outside the uniformed
bullpenThe area of a baseball field used by relief pitchers to warm up for a gameA baseball team's roster of relief pitchers[6]
capWhite silk hats given to players each time they played for the England national football teamA player's appearance in a game at the international level[7]
chinaThe country ChinaChinese porcelain or other types of ceramic
city hallA city's chief administrative buildingLocal government or, more pejoratively, government in general
corner officeAn office on a building corner with more windowsCorporate leadership,[8] or the Governor of Massachusetts (see below)[9]
A type of monarchical headwearMonarchy, especially the British monarchy (as "The Crown")[10]
dishAn item used for serving foodA course of a meal, or the foundation of a course (usually the main course)[11]
gunA firearmAn assassin, mercenary or soldier (as in "hired gun")[12]
leadA heavy metal used to manufacture ammunitionBullets[13]
mortalSubject to deathHuman[14]
pink slipA discharge notice (historically, a pink coloured slip of paper in an employee's pay envelope)A layoff or termination of employment[15]
pressA machine used to print newspapersJournalists, reporters, or others who write or announce the news
record labelThe circular label in the center of a vinyl record displaying the manufacturer's nameA music company involved in producing, marketing, and distributing music recordings and music videos[16]
red tapeTape that is coloured redAn over-bureaucratic process[17]
  Digging in the soil using a variety of tools or machinesCommencement of a construction project – usually one that is major or infrastructural[18]
suitsBusiness attire (plural)Business executives and lawyers
sweatPerspirationHard (physical) work[19]
tongueOral muscleA language or dialect[20]

Places

Africa

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
IkuluThe official residence of the president of TanzaniaThe State House and its administration[21]

Asia

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
BangaloreA city in Southern IndiaThe Indian technology industry[22]
BeijingThe capital of ChinaThe Chinese government, particularly the leadership[23]
FukushimaA city in JapanThe 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster[24]
Hiroshima and NagasakiTwo cities in southwestern JapanThe atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the Allied forces in August 1945
MalacañangOfficial Residence of the President of the PhilippinesThe Philippine Government, particularly the President, the Cabinet and his advisers, and the officials under Office of the President of the Philippines.
Raisina HillA Hill in Lutyens' Delhi, New DelhiThe seat of the Government of India[25]
ZhongnanhaiA former imperial garden adjacent to an eponymous lake in central Beijing, now used as residencesThe leadership of the Chinese government[26]
ZionA mountain located in IsraelThe city of Jerusalem or the people associated with it[27]

Europe

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
The official residence of the prime minister of the United Kingdom[28] The prime minister and his/her staff,[29] often meaning more broadly the UK Government
BrusselsThe capital of BelgiumThe government of the European Union[30]
Buckingham Palace or the PalaceA large building in London that is the official residence of the reigning British sovereignThe British royal family and its staff[31]
The CityThe City of London, the part of Central London, England, that has the longest continuous recorded historyThe financial (and related) institutions in the United Kingdom[32]
Fleet StreetA street in the City of LondonThe British national press[33]
The HagueA city in the NetherlandsThe International Criminal Court or International Court of Justice, both of which have their seat in the city[34] [35]
HillsboroughHillsborough an area of Sheffield, United Kingdom and location of Hillsborough Stadium.The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 where 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died in a human crush. Also used as a word for police corruption and cover-up.[36]
HolyroodAn area in EdinburghThe Scottish Parliament, which is located in that area, or more generally the Scottish Government[37]
Horse GuardsA cavalry barracks at Whitehall, LondonCommander-in-chief of the British army and his staff before 1857
Hrad ("The Castle")The Prague Castle and official residence and office of the president of the Czech RepublicThe president of the Czech Republic and his or her staff, and also the Czech Republic as a whole[38]
Kastilja or CastileThe Office of the Prime Minister of Malta[39]
The KremlinA historic type of Russian fortress or citadelThe Moscow Kremlin and/or the Russian presidential administration; historically, any Russian or Soviet government (e.g. Kremlinology)[40]
M25A motorway circling the London conurbationLondon, or the Greater London urban area, though the two boundaries do not precisely coincide[41] [42]
North of WatfordWatford Gap, a low point in a hill range used as a divide between North and South EnglandThe North of England[43]
Quai d'OrsayA wharf and adjoining street in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, FranceThe French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development, which is located at 37 Quai d'Orsay[44]
Savile RowA short street in central LondonThe high-quality bespoke men's suits made by tailors' shops on the street[45]
Scotland YardThe original public entrance (via "Great Scotland Yard") to the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police ServiceLondon or British police, especially detectives[46]
StormontAn estate in County Down, east of BelfastThe Northern Ireland Assembly[47]
Sublime PorteA gate giving access to a block of government buildings in Istanbul, TurkeyThe Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire (sometimes, more specifically, its foreign policies and relations)[48]
TamminiemiA villa in Helsinki and a former official residence of the president of FinlandHistorically the president of Finland, mostly associated with Urho Kekkonen[49]
Threadneedle StreetA street in the City of LondonThe Bank of England and/or its directors[50]
The VaticanA small sovereign state located in Rome, ItalyThe Holy See, and the Roman Catholic Church in general[51]
WestminsterA part of Central London, EnglandThe Parliament of the United Kingdom[52]
WhitehallA street in the City of Westminster borough of LondonThe Civil Service of the United Kingdom, or more generally the Government of the United Kingdom; the term is often used in a similar context to "Westminster" (above)[53]

North America

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
ArmonkArmonk, New York, where the headquarters of IBM is locatedIBM[54]
Bay StreetA street in downtown TorontoThe Canadian financial sector, since the Toronto Stock Exchange, and the headquarters of the five major Canadian banks, are located there[55]
Beacon HillA neighborhood in BostonThe state government of Massachusetts[56]
Beverly HillsBeverly Hills, California, a rich enclave of Los AngelesRich and famous people[57]
BroadwayA street in Manhattan, New York CityBroadway theatre
sometimes, although less accurately, commercial American theatre in general
Capitol Hill or the HillA neighborhood in Washington, D.C.The United States Congress[58]
CooperstownA village in upstate New YorkThe National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, located in Cooperstown, New York[59]
ColumbineAn unincorporated community in ColoradoThe Columbine High School massacre, or school shootings generally
Corner officeAn office on a building corner with more windowsCorporate leadership (see above) or the office of the Governor of Massachusetts in the Massachusetts State House
DetroitThe largest city in MichiganThe American automobile industry[60]
Fifth AvenueA street in Manhattan, New York CityThe upscale retailers that are generally located along it[61]
The fifth floorThe floor of a building above the fourth floorThe Mayor of Chicago and his or her staff, since their offices are on that floor of city hall[62]
Foggy BottomA neighborhood in Washington, D.C.The United States Department of State[63]
HollywoodA district of Los Angeles, CaliforniaThe American film industry
HoustonA city in TexasNASA's Johnson Space Center, its Mission Control Center within, or NASA in general (from the call sign used by astronauts to contact Mission Control)[64]
K StreetA street in downtown Washington, D.C.The American lobbying industry[65]
LangleyA small suburb of Washington, D.C., in VirginiaThe U.S. Central Intelligence Agency[66]
Madison AvenueA street in Manhattan, New York CityThe American advertising industry[67]
Main StreetShopping street of a town, traditionally the site of shops, banks, and local businessesLocal businesses or the "middle class" generally[68] [69]
MontlakeA neighborhood in Seattle, which gives its name to a section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, a bridge over the canal, and a section of a major road in the area.The Washington Huskies, the sports teams of the University of Washington, whose major facilities are in the vicinity of the aforementioned road (though not in the Montlake neighborhood).[70] [71] [72]
NashvilleThe capital of the U.S. state of TennesseeThe country music industry
OttawaThe capital of CanadaThe Government of Canada
Pearl HarborThe natural harbor on the coast of Oahu island, HawaiiThe attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on 7 December 1941
The PentagonA pentagonal building in Arlington County, VirginiaThe United States Department of Defense (whose headquarters is housed by the Pentagon building)[73]
Queen's ParkAn urban park in downtown Toronto, Ontario, CanadaThe Ontario Legislative Building (which is located within the park) and/or the provincial government of Ontario[74]
Sand Hill RoadA street in Menlo Park, CaliforniaThe venture capital firms that fund startups in the American high-tech industry[75]
Sandy HookAn elementary school in Newtown, ConnecticutThe mass shooting at the school on 14 December 2012
SelmaSelma, AlabamaThe U.S. civil rights movement or backlash against the movement[76]
Seventh AvenueA street in Manhattan, New York CityThe American fashion industry[77]
Silicon ValleySan Jose and its suburbs on the southwest side of San Francisco BayThe American high-tech industry[78]
Tin Pan AlleyA block along 28th Street in ManhattanThe American popular music industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[79]
Wall StreetA street in Manhattan, New York CityThe American financial markets or "big business" more generally
WashingtonWashington, D.C., the capital of the United StatesThe federal government of the United States
WatergateThe Watergate Hotel and Office Building in Washington, D.C.The political scandal exposed after a burglary at the Watergate Hotel
The White HouseThe official residence of the president of the United StatesThe Executive Office of the President of the United States (the president of the United States and staff)

South America

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
ItamaratyItamaraty Palace in Brasília, former headquarters of the Ministry of External Relations of Brazil.The Brazilian ministry of Foreign Affairs and its diplomats[80]
JonestownA remote settlement established by the Peoples Temple cult in northwestern GuyanaThe massacre which occurred on 18 November 1978 in which 918 people died[81]

Oceania

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
CanberraThe capital of AustraliaThe Government of Australia[82]

Numbers

width=160ptWord or phraseOriginal / literal useMetonymic use
9/11The date September 11 (in American date format)The September 11 attacks[83]

Notes and References

  1. Since metonymy – the process by which metonyms are formed – is a productive process, new metonyms can always be created. This list cannot include all metonyms, but only some of those that are identified as common.
  2. Book: Traugott . Elizabeth Closs . Dasher . Richard B. . Regularity in Semantic Change . 6 August 2013 . 2002 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-139-43115-6.
  3. Harris . Judith A. . Recognizing legal tropes: Metonymy as manipulative mode . The American University Law Review . 34 . 1985 . 1215–1229.
  4. News: Safire . William . Synecdoche . 12 September 2013 . The New York Times . 5 December 2008.
  5. Book: Ruhl, Charles . Acts of Arguing: A Rhetorical Model of Argument . 6 August 2013 . 1989 . SUNY Press . 978-1-4384-1827-8.
  6. News: Le . Tien . PETA wants MLB to rename the 'bullpen' to 'arm barn' . 7 November 2022 . NPR . 29 October 2021 . In baseball, a bullpen refers to both the group of relief pitchers and the physical area where the pitchers warm up..
  7. Web site: What does the term 'Cap' mean in sport?. 4 February 2014 . albionsports.wordpress.com. 13 January 2018.
  8. Frankel, Dr Lois P. Nice Girls Don't Get the Corner Office: 101 Unconscious Mistakes Women Make That Sabotage Their Careers. Business Plus, 2004
  9. Web site: Walker. Ryan. A Brief History: Governors of Massachusetts. live. 2021-07-21. www.sutori.com. en. Since the Governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office," rather than "Governor's mansion," is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of Governor.. https://web.archive.org/web/20210721143552/https://www.sutori.com/story/a-brief-history-governors-of-massachusetts--SXppw7HfkKStSo5ZAaqAsGv7 . 2021-07-21 .
  10. Book: Hogg . Richard M. . van Bergen . Linda . Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995 . 6 August 2013 . 1998 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-3667-8.
  11. Book: Paprotté . Wolf . Dirven . René . The Ubiquity of Metaphor: Metaphor in Language and Thought . 6 August 2013 . 1985 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-3521-3.
  12. Book: Killingsworth, M. Jimmie . Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-language Approach . 6 August 2013 . 2005 . SIU Press . 978-0-8093-8826-4.
  13. Book: Chandler, Daniel. Semiotics: The Basics. 124. Routledge. 2007. 978-1134324767.
  14. Book: Panther . Klaus-Uwe . Radden . Günter . Metonymy in Language and Thought . 6 August 2013 . 1999 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-2356-2.
  15. Greisdorf . Howard . O'Connor . Brian . Modelling what users see when they look at images: A cognitive viewpoint . Journal of Documentation . 2002 . 58 . 1 . 6–30 . 10.1108/00220410210425386.
  16. Web site: label (n.) . Online Etymological Dictionary . Douglas Harper . 4 April 2024.
  17. Book: Hood . Christopher . The Art of the State : Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management . 19 August 2015 . 1998 . Clarendon Press . 9780191521126. 184.
  18. News: unknown . unknown . Time to put shovels in the ground on Trans Mountain . 23 April 2021 . The Edmonton Sun . 19 January 2020.
  19. Book: Hanks, Patrick . Lexical Analysis: Norms and Exploitations . 6 August 2013 . 1 January 2013 . MIT Press . 978-0-262-01857-9.
  20. Book: Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez . Francisco José . Pérez Hernández . Lorena . Cognitive operations and pragmatic implication . Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg . Metonymy and Pragmatic Inferencing . 6 August 2013 . 2003 . John Benjamins . 978-90-272-5355-2.
  21. Book: Thomas Molony. Nyerere: The Early Years. 1 June 2014. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 978-1-84701-090-2. 23–.
  22. Web site: Cornish . Chloe . Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub . Financial Times . 15 September 2022 . 7 April 2022.
  23. Book: Kristian T.H. Jensen. S. Göpferich. A. Lykke Jakobsen. I. Mees. Behind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research. https://books.google.com/books?id=QtdzonpqAiAC&pg=PA61. 2009. Samfundslitteratur. 978-87-593-1462-3. 61–80. Indicators of text complexity.
  24. Arimitsu. Nami. 2015. Analisando a Colocação da Metonímia ("THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT") Objetivando Atenuação de Situações Negativas. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada. 15. 475–502. 10.1590/1984-639820156138. free.
  25. News: Independence Day 2023: What is the history of Raisina Hill and how did the term originate? . 21 February 2024 . . . Mumbai.
  26. Book: Lockwood. Robert. A Dragon Defanged. 2012. Xilibris Corporation. 9781479743827. 303. 11 June 2015.
  27. Book: Rom-Shiloni, Dalit. Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE). 2013. A&C Black. 978-0-567-12244-5. 54.
  28. Technically, 10 Downing Street is the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, not the prime minister. However, the two offices have been held by the same person since the early 20th century.
  29. Book: Kovecses, Zoltan . Metaphor: A Practical Introduction . 31 October 2013 . 2002 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-988842-9.
  30. News: EU Governments Must Decide on New Russia Sanctions, Brussels Says . 12 September 2018.
  31. Book: Geeraerts. Dirk. Cuyckens. Herbert. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. 2010. Oxford University Press. 9780199738632. 237–38. 11 June 2015.
  32. Web site: Oxford Dictionaries . https://web.archive.org/web/20121111060832/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/city?#city__10 . dead . 11 November 2012 . Oxford University Press . 5 November 2014.
  33. Lauren Laverne, "When the high street meets the internet", The Observer, London, 6 October 2013. Retrieved on 3 January 2014.
  34. Web site: Bosco. David. How to Avoid Getting Hauled Before The Hague. Foreign Policy. April 2015 . 8 June 2017. 1 April 2015.
  35. News: Banda. Mabvuto. Malawi plans to take lake dispute with Tanzania to The Hague. 8 June 2017. Business Day. 17 May 2017.
  36. News: The Guardian view on checking abuse of public power: after Hillsborough, count the value, not the cost. 8 May 2016. The Guardian. The Guardian. 27 April 2016.
  37. Higgins. Michael. Putting the Nation in the News: the Role of Location Formulation in a Selection of Scottish Newspapers. Discourse & Society. 15. 633–648. 2016. 5. 10.1177/0957926504045035. 144778466.
  38. Web site: Zantovské Murray. Irena. Our Slav Acropolis: Language and Architecture in the Prague Castle under Masaryk. McGill University. 12 February 2015.
  39. Web site: Deputat tal-PN tallega li hemm 'direct link' bejn Kastilja u l-MEPA. inewsmalta.com. 17 June 2015. 16 June 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150617205611/http://www.inewsmalta.com/dart/20150616-deputat-tal-pn-tallega-li-hemm-direct-link-bejn-kastilja-mepa. 17 June 2015. dmy-all. mt.
  40. Book: Lakoff, George. George Lakoff. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. https://books.google.com/books?id=CfCnzSF9de8C&pg=PA77. 7 January 2017. 2008. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-47101-3. 77. Metonymic models.
  41. News: M25: 10 ways it has changed lives. BBC. 29 October 2011. 4 June 2020.
  42. News: Do you really live in London? No one is sure where the boundary to the city is…. Metro. 14 September 2015. 4 June 2020.
  43. Web site: north of Watford | meaning of north of Watford in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE.
  44. Web site: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Directorate of Economic and Financial Affairs. Global Hand. 12 February 2015.
  45. Web site: What Makes a Savile Row Suit?. Birchbox. July 2013. 11 June 2015.
  46. Book: Newton, Stephen Leslie . German/English Lexicographical Contrasts: City, Queen (quean), Yard. 1992. University of California, Berkeley. 75.
  47. Web site: May's plan to give Stormont a backstop veto enrages EU envoys. The_Guardian_Weekly. 24 September 2018. 2 October 2018.
  48. Book: Christopher H. Johnson . David Warren Sabean . Simon Teuscher . Francesca Trivellato . Francesca Trivellato . Transregional and Transnational Families in Europe and Beyond: Experiences Since the Middle Ages . 15 August 2011 . Berghahn Books . 978-0-85745-184-2 . 52.
  49. Web site: Wadenström. Rolf. Innocent Metaphors and Less Innocent Ones. 30 January 2018.
  50. Book: Dreiser, Theodore . Theodore Dreiser . A Traveler at Forty . 2004 . University of Illinois Press . 978-0-252-02913-4.
  51. Web site: Moore. Dee. Vatican Ordered to Release Records for Sex-Abuse Case. Courthouse News Service. 25 April 2011. 11 June 2015.
  52. Web site: The Virtual Classroom Glossary of Literary Terms . Faculty of English: Classroom . University of Cambridge . 19 September 2013.
  53. Web site: Oxford Dictionaries . https://web.archive.org/web/20120725003626/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Whitehall . dead . 25 July 2012 . Oxford University Press . 19 September 2013.
  54. News: IBM: Linux is the 'logical successor' . CNet . 2003-01-29 . 30 January 2016 . Shankland, Stephen.
  55. News: Pomosrki. Chris. The Dragon's Den: Flashy Canadian Financier Takes Wing from Tribeca Pad for $4.08 M. The New York Observer. 24 November 2014. 1 August 2015. It's easy to forget that before 'Wall Street' became a metonym for all things investment banking-related, in the United States and beyond, it was merely a narrow east-west thoroughfare eight blocks long. It's still that, of course, in addition to all the rest, and other cities in other countries have their own Wall Streets, as well. Located in downtown Toronto, Bay Street represents Canada's equivalent..
  56. Web site: Beacon Hill has a money problem: too much of it. limited. The Boston Globe. 2022-08-30.
  57. Book: Weiner, Richard. The Skinny about Best Boys, Dollies, Green Rooms, Leads, and Other Media Lingo: The Language of the Media. registration. 2006. Random House Reference. 978-0-375-72147-2.
  58. Book: Swayne. Samuel. Coast to Coast Road Trip USA with Young Children. 2013. Grosvenor House Publishing. 9781781481844. 128.
  59. Book: Berstler, Brenda . Home Plate: The Culinary Road Trip of Cooperstown . 30 October 2013 . 2007 . Savor New York . 978-0-9796802-0-5.
  60. Web site: Detroit, MI . Forbes . 7 October 2014.
  61. Book: Solesbury. William. World Cities, City Worlds: Explorations With Metaphors, Icons And Perspectives. 2013. Troubadour Publishing Ltd.. 9781783060085. 101. 11 June 2015.
  62. Book: Throgmorton. James A.. Planning as Persuasive Storytelling: The Rhetorical Construction of Chicago's Electric Future. 1996. University of Chicago Press. 9780226799636. 50. 11 June 2015.
  63. Web site: Definition of Foggy Bottom. The American Heritage Dictionary. 1 November 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185319/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Foggy%20Bottom. 9 November 2013. dmy.
  64. Web site: Wall. Mike. Johnson Space Center (JSC): NASA's 'Houston'. space.com. 19 January 2018 . 22 September 2018. 18 January 2018.
  65. News: Dan . Zak . K Street: The route of all evil, or just the main drag? . 5 February 2012 . The Washington Post . 11 June 2015.
  66. Book: Knight. Gladys L.. Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture. 2014. ABC-CLIO. 9780313398834. 484. 11 June 2015.
  67. Book: March . Ivan . The Penguin guide to compact discs . 2001 . Penguin . London . 9780140514971 . 239 . 2002 . Too gleaming and slick, a kind of "Brahms on Madison Avenue".
  68. Book: Lempert. Michael . Silverstein. Michael . Creatures of Politics: Media, Message, and the American Presidency. 2012. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-00745-2. 191.
  69. Web site: Eichengreen . Barry . Barry Eichengreen . And Now the Great Depression . The Street . 23 September 2008 . 15 September 2022 . en.
  70. Web site: Mora's move generates intrigue. Thiel. Art. Columnist. P.-I.. 2007-01-22. seattlepi.com. 2019-12-02.
  71. Web site: Petersen To Step Down, Lake Named New Huskies' Head Coach. Washington Huskies. en. 2019-12-02. I will forever be grateful, honored and humbled to have had the opportunity to coach our fine young men on Montlake for these past six seasons..
  72. Web site: The Huskies have returned to prominence in the Pac-12, and so has the roar on Montlake. Allen. Percy. 2019-02-19. The Seattle Times. en-US. 2019-12-02.
  73. Web site: Oxford Dictionaries . https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124721/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pentagon?q=pentagon . dead . 13 April 2014 . Oxford University Press . 10 April 2014.
  74. Web site: Legacy of a People's Park. Education Portal. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. 21 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150121173830/http://educationportal.ontla.on.ca/en/about-parliament/history/queen-s-parc-150-years-1860-2010/legacy-of-a-people-s-park. 21 January 2015. dead.
  75. Web site: Gungey. Ergin. The Loop (Stanford). Bay Area Mountain Bike Roads. 11 June 2015.
  76. Book: Hinton, Laura. Jayne Cortez, Adrienne Rich, and the Feminist Superhero: Voice, Vision, Politics, and Performance in U.S. Contemporary Women's Poetics. 2016. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1-4985-2874-0. 69.
  77. Book: Ledbetter. James. James Ledbetter. Starving to Death on $200 Million: The Short, Absurd Life of The Industry Standard. 2003. PublicAffairs. 9781586481292. 251. registration. 11 June 2015. I doubt that many people among the Standards Silicon Valley readership would recognize that 'Seventh Avenue' is code for the fashion industry.
  78. Web site: The New Start-up Scene: From Silicon Strip to Silicon Mitten. Forbes.com. 19 December 2011. 11 June 2015.
  79. Book: Suisman. David. Selling Sounds: The Commercial Revolution in American Music. 2012. Harvard University Press. 9780674054684. 21. 11 June 2015.
  80. Web site: Itamaraty and the Foreign Service Careers . 2018 . [Brazil] Ministry of Foreign Affairs . https://web.archive.org/web/20191231160805/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/perguntas-frequentes-artigos/19384-itamaraty-and-the-foreign-service-careers . 31 December 2019 . dead . Until 1970, the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the Itamaraty Palace, in Rio de Janeiro – and, informally, the Ministry came to be known by the name of the building that housed it..
  81. Web site: What Happened After Jonestown? . 16 November 2018 . Rolling Stone . 27 January 2020.
  82. Web site: Canberra, Unloved City . 2017. Meanjin . https://web.archive.org/web/20221114202021/https://meanjin.com.au/blog/canberra-unloved-city/ . 2022-11-14. live. For many of them, their only experience of Canberra is as a metonym in the news for the government, Labor or Coalition, alongside some dubious decision of policy..
  83. News: Paulas . Rick . The Linguistics of Tragedy . Pacific Standard . en . 16 January 2015.