List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM explained

IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time.

The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in USD because IBM is based in the United States. If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed.

Precursors 1889–1910

Herman Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, specialising in punched card data processing equipment.^[1] In 1896 he incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company.

• 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated.
• 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated.
• 1893 Dey Patents Company (soon renamed the Dey Time Register Company) incorporated.
• 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated.
• 1896
  • Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated.
  • Hollerith incorporates the Tabulating Machine Company. Will be reincorporated in 1905.
• 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company.
• 1900
  • International Time Recording Company incorporated, acquiring the time-recording business of the Bundy Manufacturing Company and the Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester).
  • Chicago Time-Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
  • Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
  • Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
• 1905 Hollerith reincorporates as The Tabulating Machine Company.^[2]
• 1907 Dey Time Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
• 1908 Syracuse Time Recorder Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 1911

Since the 1960s or earlier, IBM has described its formation as a merger of three companies: The Tabulating Machine Company (1880s origin in Washington, DC), the International Time Recording Company (ITR; 1900, Endicott), and the Computing Scale Company of America (1901, Dayton, Ohio).^{[3] [4] [5]} However, there was no merger, it was an amalgamation, and an amalgamation of four, not three, companies.^[6] The 1911 CTR stock prospectus states that the Bundy Manufacturing Company was also included.^[7] While ITR had acquired its time recording business in 1900 Bundy had remained a separate entity producing an adding machine and other wares.

• The Tabulating Machine Company
• Computing Scale Corporation
• International Time Recording Company
• Bundy Manufacturing Company

CTR owned the stock of the four companies; CTR neither produced nor sold any product; the four companies continued to operate, as before, under their own names.

Acquisitions during 1912–1999

1912–1929

• 1917
  • American Automatic Scale Company acquired as International Scale Company.
  • CTR consolidates three already-existing Canadian companies: The Canadian Tabulating Machine Co., Ltd, the International Time Recording Co. of Canada, Ltd., and the Computing Scale Co. of Canada, Ltd., in a new holding company, International Business Machines Co., Ltd.^[8]
• 1921
  • Pierce Accounting Machine Company (asset purchase).
  • Ticketograph Company (of Chicago).
• 1923
  • Dehomag^[9]
• 1924
  • CTR was renamed "IBM".

1930–1949

• 1930 Automatic Accounting Scale Company.
• 1932 National Counting Scale Company.
• 1933 The separate companies were integrated in 1933 as IBM and the holding company eliminated.^[10]
• 1933 Electromatic Typewriters Inc. (See: IBM Electromatic typewriter)
• 1941 Munitions Manufacturing Corporation.

1950–1969

• 1959 Pierce Wire Recorder Corporation.
• 1964 Science Research Associates.

1970–1989

• 1974 CML Satellite Corporation; renamed Satellite Business Systems (SBS).
• 1984 ROLM
• 1986 RealCom Communications Corporation.

1990–1999

• 1993
  • CGI Informatique (France), bought in 1993, ran independently until 1996, and was then progressively absorbed by IBM, country by country, this process being achieved in 1999.
• 1994
  • Transarc (Transarc Corporation bought by IBM in 1994, became part of IBM proper in 1999 as the IBM Pittsburgh Lab)^[11]
• 1995
  • Lotus Development Corporation for $3.5 billion.
  • Information Systems Management Canada (ISM Canada)
  • K3 Group Ltd.
  • Chrysler Systems Leasing (February 1995)
• 1996
  • Wilkerson Group
  • Tivoli Systems, Inc. for $743 million.
  • Data Sciences Ltd, prior to 1991 comprising Thorn EMI Software, Datasolve and the Corporate Management Services Division of Thorn EMI, for £95 million.
  • Object Technology International (OTI) is acquired by IBM
  • Cyclade Consultants (Netherlands)
  • Fairway Technologies
  • Professional Data Management, Inc. / LifePRO^[12]
• 1997
  • Software Artistry for $200 million.
  • Unison Software.
  • Dominion Semiconductor (Manassas, VA) is created by forming a 50/50 joint venture with Toshiba to produce 64MB and 256MB DRAM chips. Administrative offices are located in Building 131 the former IBM Federal Systems campus now primarily owned by Lockheed Martin; the new state-of-the-art fabrication facility was built from on adjacent land.
• 1998
  • CommQuest Technologies.
  • DataBeam Corporation, Lexington, KY
  • Ubique Ltd., Israel
• 1999
  • Dascom Technologies (USA), A subsidiary of Dascom Holdings.
  • Mylex Corporation.
  • Sequent Computer Systems for $810 million.

Acquisitions since 2000

Number of acquisitions per year according to table below:

• In 2020 IBM acquired 5 companies
• In 2019 IBM acquired 1 companies
• In 2018 IBM acquired 3 companies
• In 2017 IBM acquired 3 companies
• In 2016 IBM acquired 12 companies
• In 2015 IBM acquired 13 companies
• In 2014 IBM acquired 4 companies
• In 2013 IBM acquired 9 companies
• In 2012 IBM acquired 9 companies
• In 2011 IBM acquired 8 companies

Acquired on	Company	Business	Country	Value (USD)	References
	Mainspring	Business strategy consulting	United States	$80,000,000	^[13]
	Informix Corporation	Database software	United States	$1,000,000,000	^[14]
	CrossWorlds Software, Inc.	Software	United States	$	^[15]
	Metamerge	Identity management	Norway		^[16]
	Trellisoft, Inc.	Enterprise storage	United States		^[17]
	Holosofx, Inc.	Business Process Management			^[18]
	PWC Consulting from PricewaterhouseCoopers	Business Consulting and Technology Services	United States	$3,500,000,000	^[19]
	Access360	Software	United States		^[20]
	EADS Matra Datavision	Product lifecycle management	United States		^[21]
	Tarian Software	Records Management	Canada		^[22]
	Rational Software Corporation	Software Development	United States	$2,100,000,000	^[23]
	Think Dynamics	Software	Canada		^[24]
	Information Laboratory	Software	United States		^[25]
	Aptrix	Software	Australia		^[26]
	CrossAccess Corporation	Enterprise Information Integration	United States		^[27]
	Productivity Solutions, Inc.	Automated Self-Checkout Systems	United States		^[28]
	Green Pasture Software, Inc.	Content management software	United States		^[29]
	Trigo Technologies	Product information management	United States		^[30]
	Daksh e-Services	BPO Services	India	$	^[31]
	Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger	IT Services	France		^[32]
	Candle Corporation	Infrastructure management	United States		^[33]
	Alphablox Corporation	Business Intelligence	United States		^[34]
	Cyanea Systems	Application management software	United States		^[35]
	Venetica	Enterprise Information Integration	United States		^[36]
	Systemcorp ALG Ltd.	Project Portfolio Management (PPM) software	Canada		^[37]
	Liberty Insurance Services	Business process services	United States		^[38]
	Maersk Data and DMdata from Maersk	IT Services			^[39]
	KeyMRO	Procurement Services	France		^[40]
	Systems Research & Development	Identity management	United States		^[41]
	Corio	Application Services	United States	$	^[42]
	Ascential Software Corporation	Enterprise Information Integration	United States	$1,100,000,000	^[43]
	Gluecode Software	Application Server	United States		^[44]
	Meiosys	Application Management	United States, France		^[45]
	PureEdge Solutions, Inc.	Electronic Forms	Canada		^[46]
	Isogon Corporation	Asset Management	United States		^[47]
	DWL	Enterprise Information Integration	United States, Canada		^[48]
	DataPower Technology, Inc.	Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)	United States		^[49]
	iPhrase Systems, Inc.	Information management software	United States		^[50]
	Network Solutions Pvt Ltd	IT Services	India
	Collation, Inc.	Network management	United States		^[51]
	Bowstreet, Inc.	Portal-based tools	United States		^[52]
	ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON	Semiconductor Manufacturing software	United States		^[53]
	CIMS Lab, Inc.	IT Financial Management	United States		^[54]
	Viacore, Inc.	Supply chain optimization	United States		^[55]
	Micromuse, Inc.	Network management	United States	$	^[56]
	Language Analysis Systems	Identity management	United States		^[57]
	BuildForge, Inc.	Software Development	United States		^[58]
	Unicorn Solutions, Inc.	Metadata management	United States		^[59] ^[60]
	Rembo Technology	Installation Software			^[61]
	Webify Solutions, Inc	Service Oriented Architecture software	United States		^[62]
	Global Value Solutions	IT Services	Brazil		^[63]
	DORANA product line from Ubiquity Pty Limited	Asset Management	Australia		^[64]
	MRO Software	Asset Management	United States	$	^[65]
	FileNet Corporation	Content management software	United States	$1,600,000,000	^[66]
	Internet Security Systems (ISS)	Information security	United States	$1,300,000,000	^[67]
	Palisades Technology Partners	Management consulting	United States		^[68]
	Consul Risk Management, Inc.	Information security			^[69]
	Vallent Corporation	Telecommunications Management	United States		^[70]
	Softek Storage Solutions Corporation	Data Mobility	United States		^[71]
	BlackDot Networks, Inc.	Enterprise Data Consulting	United States
	Unicible	IT Services		$	^[72]
	Watchfire Corporation	Security Software Testing	United States		^[73]
	WebDialogs	Web conferencing and communications	United States		^[74]
	DataMirror Corporation	Change Data Capture	Canada	$	^[75]
	Qinnova, Inc.	Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)	Canada		^[76]
	Princeton Softech, Inc.	Business Intelligence	United States		^[77]
	NovusCG	Storage Consulting and Technology Services	United States		^[78]
	XIV	Enterprise storage	Israel	Over $300M	^[79]
	AptSoft Corporation	Business Intelligence	United States		^[80]
	Solid Information Technology	Database software	United States, Finland		^[81]
	Cognos	Business Intelligence	Canada	$5,000,000,000	^[82]
	Arsenal Digital Solutions	Data backup services	United States		^[83]
	Net Integration Technologies Inc.	Business Server Software	Canada		^[84]
	Encentuate, Inc.	Enterprise Single Sign-On	United States		^[85]
	Telelogic AB	Enterprise software development	Sweden	$	^[86]
	Diligent Technologies	Data De-duplication	United States	$200,000,000	^[87]
	FilesX	Application Recovery Software	United States, Israel		^[88]
	InfoDyne Corporation	Data Feed Connectors	United States		^[89]
	Platform Solutions	Mainframe, System Z technologies	United States		^[90]
	ILOG	Business Rules Management Systems	France	$340,000,000	^[91]
	Transitive Corporation	Virtualization Software	United States,		^[92]
	Outblaze's E-Mail Service Assets	Online messaging and collaboration	Hong Kong		^[93]
	Exeros Assets	Data Discovery Software	United States		^[94]
	SPSS Inc.	Statistical analysis software	United States	$1,200,000,000	^[95]
	Ounce Labs	Source code analysis	United States		^[96]
	RedPill Solutions	Analytics and Optimisation	Singapore		^[97]
	Guardium	Database monitoring and protection	United States, Israel		^[98]
	Lombardi	Business Process Management	United States		^[99]
	National Interest Security Company, LLC	Public sector consulting	United States		^[100]
	Initiate Systems	Data integrity software	United States		^[101]
	Intelliden Inc.	Network Automation software	United States		^[102]
	Wilshire Credit Corporation Assets	Mortgage Business Processing Services	United States		^[103]
	Cast Iron Systems	Cloud Integration	United States	$190,000,000 ^[104]	^[105]
	Sterling Commerce	Business software integration	United States	$1,400,000,000	^[106]
	Coremetrics	Web Analytics	United States		^[107]
	BigFix, Inc.	Security and IT automation software	United States		^[108]
	Storwize	Data Compression	United States	$140,000,000	^[109]
	Datacap	Data capture and Content Management	United States		^[110]
	Unica Corporation	Marketing planning software	United States	$480,000,000	^[111]
	OpenPages	Integrated risk management solutions	United States		^[112]
	Netezza	Data warehousing and analytics	United States	$1,700,000,000	^[113]
	BLADE Network Technologies	Networking	United States		^[114]
	PSS Systems	Legal risk management	United States		^[115]
	Clarity Systems	Financial governance	Canada	$350,000,000	^[116]
	Tririga Inc.	Facility and Real Estate Management	United States		^[117]
	i2 Limited	Intelligence Analytics			^[118]
	Algorithmics Inc.^[119]	Risk Management	Canada	$387,000,000	^[120]
	Q1 Labs^[121]	Security Intelligence	United States		^[122]
	Platform Computing	Cluster and Grid Management Software	Canada		^[123]
	Cúram Software	Smarter Cities	Ireland		^[124]
	DemandTec	Cloud-based Retail Analytics	United States	$440,000,000	^[125]
	Emptoris	Supply Chain Analytics	United States		^[126]
	Green Hat (software company)^[127]	Cloud based software testing	United States,		^[128]
	Worklight	Software Development Firm	Israel	$70,000,000	^[129] ^[130]
	Varicent	Compensation and Sales Performance Management Software Solutions	Canada		^[131]
	Vivisimo	Enterprise Search Software	United States		^[132]
	Tealeaf Technology	Customer Experience Analytics Software	United States		^[133]
	Texas Memory Systems	Solid State Storage	United States		^[134]
	Kenexa Corporation	Human Capital Solutions	United States	$^[135]	^[136]
	Butterfly Software Ltd.	Data Analysis and Migration Software			^[137]
	StoredIQ	Big Data Analysis	United States		^[138]
	Star Analytics	Business Analytics	United States		^[139] ^[140]
	UrbanCode	Software delivery automation	United States		^[141]
	SoftLayer Technologies	Cloud Computing Infrastructure	United States	$2,000,000,000^[142]	^[143]
	CSL International	Cloud Computing	Israel	Not Disclosed	^[144]
	Trusteer	Cyber Security	Israel	$1,000,000,000^[145]	^[146]
	Daeja Image Systems	Viewer for document management systems		Not disclosed	^[147]
	The Now Factory	Mobile Networks Big Data Analytics	Ireland	Not disclosed	^[148]
	Xtify	In-app mobile messaging and push notification tools	United States	Not disclosed	^[149]
	Fiberlink Communications	Mobile Device Management	United States	$330,000,000	^[150]
	Aspera, Inc.	Data Transfer Technology	United States	Not disclosed	^[151]
		Database-as-a-Service	United States	Not disclosed	^[152]
	Silverpop Systems, Inc.	Behavioral Marketing Automation	United States	Not disclosed	^[153]
	Cognea	Cognitive computing (conversational artificial intelligence platform)	United States	Not disclosed	^[154]
	CrossIdeas	Cloud Security (Identity and Access Governance)	Italy	Not disclosed	^[155]
	Lighthouse Security Group	Cloud Security	United States	Not disclosed	^[156]
	AlchemyAPI	Natural language processing, big data	United States	Not disclosed	^[157]
Mar 25, 2015	Lufthansa's IT Infrastructure Unit (LHSystems)	IT Infrastructure servicing Lufthansa and its subsidiaries (Technik, Cargo, LSG Skychefs, etc.) Although purchase price is difficult to find, IBM positioned this acquisition as "winning "an outsourcing contract" worth US$1.25B^[158]	United States Germany		^[159]
	Blekko	Web Search Engine, Cognitive Computing	United States	Not disclosed	^[160]
	Explorys	Healthcare analytics		Not disclosed	^[161]
	Phytel	Health management software		Not disclosed	^[162]
	Bluebox	Private Cloud as a Service		Not disclosed	^[163]
	Compose Inc.	Database as a Service		Not disclosed	^[164]
	Merge Healthcare Inc.	Healthcare imaging software		$1,000,000,000	^[165]
	StrongLoop Inc.	Mobile API capabilities		Not disclosed	^[166]
	Meteorix LLC	Consulting services for Workday applications		Not disclosed	^[167]
	The Weather Company digital assets	Weather data sources and analytics, related online and mobile products		Not disclosed	^[168] ^[169] ^[170]
	Gravitant, Inc	Cloud brokerage software and cloud management		Not disclosed	^[171]
	Cleversafe	Object-based storage software		$1,309,000,000^[172]	^[173]
	Clearleap	Cloud-based video management		Not disclosed	^[174]
	Iris Analytics	Real time transaction fraud detection		Not disclosed	^[175]
	Ustream	Streaming video		Not disclosed	^[176]
	Resource/Ammirati	Digital marketing and creative agency		Not disclosed	^[177]
	Aperto AG	Digital marketing and creative agency		Not disclosed	^[178]
	ecx.io AG	Digital marketing and creative agency		Not disclosed	^[179]
	Truven Health Analytics	Provider of cloud-based healthcare data, analytics and insights		$2,600,000,000	^[180]
	Resilient Systems	Cyber security, incident response platform		Not disclosed	^[181]
	Optevia	Specialist provider of Microsoft Dynamics CRM based solutions and associated services to the public sector		Not disclosed	^[182]
	Blue Wolf Group LLC	Salesforce systems integrator and professional services		$200,000,000	^[183]
	EZSource	Application discovery and dashboard visualization	Israel	Not disclosed	^[184]
	Promontory Financial Group	Risk management and regulatory compliance		Not disclosed	^[185]
	Sanovi Technologies	Hybrid cloud recovery	India	Not disclosed	^[186]
	Agile 3 Solutions	Information security		Not disclosed	^[187]
	Verizon – Cloud services	Cloud services		Not disclosed	^[188]
	XCC (division of TIMETOACT)	Collaboration software		Not disclosed	^[189]
	Cloudigo	Data Center Company		Not disclosed	^[190]
	Vivant Digital	Innovation Consultancy	Australia	Not disclosed	^[191]
	Armanta, Inc.	Aggregation/analytics software for financial services firms		Not disclosed	^[192]
	Oniqua Holdings Pty Ltd.	Intelligent maintenance repair and operations (MRO) solutions	Australia	Not disclosed	^[193]
	Red Hat	Provider of open source software and solutions		$34,000,000,000	^[194] ^[195]
	Spanugo	US-based provider of cloud cybersecurity posture management solutions		Not disclosed	^[196]
	WDG	IBM to Acquire WDG Automation to Advance AI-Infused Automation Capabilities for Enterprises		Not disclosed	^[197]
November 16, 2020	TruQua Enterprises	Acquisition enhances IBM's expertise in migrating financial platforms to SAP		Not disclosed	^[198]
November 18, 2020	Instana	Acquisition continues to advance IBM's Hybrid Cloud and AIOps strategy with Application Performance Management and enterprise Observability capabilities		Not disclosed	^[199]
December 15, 2020	Expertus Technologies Inc.	Digital payments provider		Not disclosed	^[200]
December 21, 2020	Nordcloud	Acquisition enhances IBM's Hybrid Cloud Consulting capabilities		Not disclosed	^[201]
January 11, 2021	7Summits	Acquisition drives digital transformations for Salesforce clients		Not disclosed	^[202]
Jan 14, 2021	Taos	Acquisition to expand hybrid cloud consulting services		Not disclosed	^[203]
April 15, 2021	myInvenio	Acquisition to help Organizations Use AI-powered Automation to Better Streamline Business Processes		Not disclosed	^[204]
May 18, 2021	Waeg	Acquisition to expand Salesforce consulting services		Not disclosed	^[205]
June 17, 2021	Turbonomic	Acquisition to expand AIOps (the use of AI to automate IT Operations) to application and infrastructure observability. This also included SevOne, a network performance management solution as part of the acquisition.		Estimated $1,500,000,000 - $2,000,000,000 ^[206]	^[207] ^[208]
July 8, 2021	BoxBoat Technologies	DevOps consultancy and enterprise Kubernetes certified service provider		Not disclosed	^[209]
July 15, 2021	Bluetab Solutions Group, S.L.	Hybrid cloud data and analytics consulting		Not disclosed	^[210]
Feb 15, 2022	Neudesic	Cloud services consultancy specializing primarily in the Microsoft Azure platform, along with bringing skills in multicloud		Not disclosed	^[211]
September 22, 2022	Dialexa	Digital product engineering services		Not disclosed	^[212]
December 2022	Octo			Not disclosed
February 8, 2023	StepZen	GraphQL-as-a-Service		Not disclosed	^[213]
	Apptio	Software-as-a-service		$4,600,000,000	^[214]
December 18, 2023	Streamsets	Data integration			^[215]
March 20, 2024	Pliant	Network and IT infrastructure automation		Not disclosed	^[216]
April 24, 2024	HashiCorp	Infrastructure and security automation		$6,400,000,000	^[217]

Spin-offs

• 1934 – Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company.
• 1942 – Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company.
• 1958 – Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company.
• 1974 – Service Bureau Corporation sold to Control Data Corporation
• 1984 – Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears, Roebuck and Company.
• 1985 – Satellite Business Systems sold to MCI Communications
• 1988 – Copier/Duplicator business, including service and support contracts, sold to Eastman Kodak.^{[218] [219]}
• 1990 – ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. Motorola buys IBM's 50% interest in 1994. Now Motient.
• 1991 – Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). IBM retained a 10% interest. Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses.
• 1991 – Kaleida, a joint Multimedia software venture with Apple Computer.
• 1992 – Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer.
• 1992 – IBM's personal computer manufacturing divisions, combined and spun off to form the autonomous subsidiary IBM Personal Computer Company (later IBM Personal Systems Group).
• 1992 – IBM Commercial Multimedia Technologies Group, spun off to form private company Fairway Technologies.
• 1992 – IBM sells its remaining 50 percent stake in the Rolm Company to Siemens A.G. of Germany.^[220]
• 1994 – Xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems and network technology, formed in a management buy-out from IBM.
• 1995 – Advantis (Advanced Value-Added Networking Technology of IBM & Sears), a voice and data network company. Joint Venture with IBM holding 70%, Sears holding 30%. IBM buys Sears' 30% interest in 1997. AT&T acquires the infrastructure portion of Advantis in 1999, becoming the AT&T Global Network. IBM retained business and strategic outsourcing portions of the joint venture.
• 1994 – Federal Systems Division sold to Loral becoming Loral Federal Systems. The Federal Systems Division performed work for NASA. Loral was later acquired by Lockheed Martin.
• 1996 – Celestica, Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS).
• 1998 – IBM Global Network sold to AT&T to form AT&T Business Internet.
• 1999 – Dominion Semiconductor (DSC) IBM sells its 50% share to JV partner Toshiba. DSC becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba.
• 2001 – Information Services Extended department, developer of specialized databases and software for telephone directory assistance, is spun off to form privately held company ISx, Inc (later sold to Local Matters).
• December 31, 2002 – IBM sells its HDD business to Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for approximately $2 billion. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage devices formerly provided by IBM, including IBM hard drives and the Microdrive. IBM continues to develop storage systems, including tape backup, storage software and enterprise storage.
• December 2004 – Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo: Lenovo acquires 90% interest in IBM Personal Systems Group, 10,000 employees and $9 billion in revenue.
• April 3, 2006 – Web analytics provider Coremetrics acquires SurfAid Analytics, a standalone division of IBM Global Services. The deal was said to be in the "eight-figure" range, making it worth at least $10 million. (Note: Since then Coremetrics has in turn been acquired by IBM)
• January 25, 2007 – Three-year joint venture with IBM Printing Systems division and Ricoh to form new Ricoh-owned subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company, for $725 million.
• September 2009 – IBM launches online business IT video advice service in association with GuruOnline.
• September 2009 – IBM sells its U2 multivalue database and application development products (created by VMark, UniData, System Builder and Prime Computer, obtained via the Informix acquisition) to Rocket Software
• April 2012 – IBM sells its Retail Store Solutions division (Point-of-Sales) to Toshiba TEC^[221]
• January 2014 – IBM sells its IBM System x business to Lenovo for $2.3 billion.^[222]
• October 2014 – IBM sells its Microelectronics (semiconductor) branch to GlobalFoundries. IBM will pay GlobalFoundries $1.5 billion over 3 years to take over the business.^[223]
• December 2014 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational Focal Point and IBM Rational Purify Plus.^[224]
• January 2015 – IBM sells Algorithmics Collateral to SmartStream Technologies ^[225]
• December 2015 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational System Architect ^[226]
• December 2018 – HCL Technologies to acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B.^[227]
• July 2019 – IBM Watson Marketing business spins off into standalone company Acoustic, after acquisition by Centerbridge Partners^{[228] [229]}
• October 8, 2020 – IBM announced it was spinning off the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company, an action expected to be completed by the end of 2021.^[230]
• January 21, 2022 – IBM announced that it would sell Watson Health to the private equity firm Francisco Partners.^[231]
• August 22, 2023 — IBM announced that the private equity firm Francisco Partners would acquire The Weather Company assets.^[232]

See also

• List of largest mergers and acquisitions
• Lists of corporate acquisitions and mergers

External links

• IBM list of selected acquisitions

Notes and References

1. Austrian, 1982, p. 153.
2. Engelbourg, 1954, p. 52.
3. Austrian (1982) p.312
4. Belden, Martin; Belden, Marva (1961). The Lengthening Shadow – The Life of Thomas J. Watson, Little, Brown; p.92
5. Web site: IBM Archives: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911–1924). 23 January 2003.
6. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf NY Times June 10, 1911 Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital
7. Book: Bennett. Frank P. . Company . United States Investor . 22, Part 2 . 17 June 1911 . 1298 (26) .
8. Moody's 1918 Manual of Railroads and Corporation Securities
9. Book: Aspray . William . Computing Before Computers . Iowa State University Press . 1990 . 0-8138-0047-1 . 137.
10. Book: Rodgers, Williams . THINK . Stein and Day . 1969 . 83.
11. Web site: Acquisition To Bolster Ibm's Networking . Bloomberg Business News . SunSentinel.com . 17 August 1994 . 2 November 2011.
12. http://www.insurancetech.com/pdma-acquires-lifepro-assets-from-ibm/d/d-id/1307155d41d.html PDMA Acquires LifePRO Assets from IBM (March 03 2001)
13. IBM Completes Mainspring Acquisition . . 2001-06-07 . 2008-06-02.
14. IBM Completes Acquisition of Informix Database Assets . . 2001-07-02 . 2008-06-02.
15. IBM buys CrossWorlds Software for $129 million . . 2002-01-14 . 2021-05-17.
16. IBM Acquires Metamerge, Adds Directory Integration Software to IBM's Infrastructure Portfolio . . 2002-06-25 . 2008-06-02.
17. IBM Acquires TrelliSoft, Extends Leadership in Storage Management Software Market . . 2002-08-29 . 2008-06-02.
18. IBM Acquires Holosofx to Extend WebSphere Business Integration Software Portfolio . . 2002-09-12 . 2008-06-02.
19. IBM, PricewaterhouseCoopers Complete Sale of PwC Consulting . . 2002-10-02 . 2008-06-02.
20. IBM to Acquire Access360 . . 2002-09-03 . 2008-06-02.
21. IBM To Acquire EADS Matra Datavision . . 2002-10-07 . 2008-06-02.
22. IBM Completes Acquisition Of Tarian Software. . 2002-11-15 . 2008-06-02.
23. IBM Completes Acquisition of Rational Software . . 2003-02-21 . 2008-06-02.
24. IBM Acquires Think Dynamics . . 2003-05-13 . 2008-06-02.
25. Missing Ref . .
26. IBM Acquires Aptrix; Strengthens its Software Portfolio with Web Content Management Software . . 2003-07-15 . 2008-06-02.
27. IBM to Acquire CrossAccess Technology, Extends Leadership in Information Integration . . 2003-10-14 . 2008-06-02.
28. IBM Acquires Retail Self-Checkout Leader, PSI . . 2003-11-13 . 2008-06-02.
29. IBM Acquires Green Pasture Software, Extends Leadership in Enterprise Content Management . . 2003-12-17 . 2008-06-02.
30. IBM Completes Acquisition of Trigo Technologies . . 2004-04-06 . 2008-06-02.
31. IBM in $170m Indian call centre deal . . 2004-04-07 . 2008-10-27 .
32. IBM Acquires the Business Continuity Services unit of Schlumberger . . 2004-04-13 . 2008-06-02.
33. IBM Completes Acquisition of Candle Corporation . . 2004-06-07 . 2008-06-02.
34. IBM to Acquire Alphablox Corporation, Strengthens Leadership in Business Intelligence . . 2004-07-14 . 2008-06-02.
35. IBM To Acquire Cyanea . . 2004-07-29 . 2008-06-02.
36. IBM Completes Acquisition of Venetica . . 2004-10-07 . 2008-06-02.
37. IBM Completes Acquisition of Systemcorp . . 2004-12-19 . 2008-06-02.
38. IBM to Acquire Liberty Insurance Services . . 2004-11-23 . 2008-06-02.
39. IBM Increases Consulting and IT Services Capability with Acquisitions and Seals Services Deals Worth in Excess of $1 Billion . . 2004-12-01 . 2008-06-02.
40. IBM to Acquire KeyMRO, Procurement Services Leader in Europe and North America . . 2004-12-13 . 2008-06-02.
41. IBM Acquires SRD, Breaks New Ground in Identity Resolution Software . . 2005-01-07 . 2008-06-02.
42. IBM Completes Acquisition of Corio . . 2005-03-16 . 2008-06-02.
43. IBM Completes Acquisition Of Ascential Software . . 2005-05-02 . 2008-06-02.
44. IBM Acquires Gluecode Software; Acquisition Builds On IBM Support For Open Source Technology; Expands Customer And Business Partner Choice For WebSphere Software . . 2005-05-10 . 2008-06-02.
45. IBM Acquires Meiosys . . 2005-06-23 . 2008-06-02.
46. IBM Formally Acquires PureEdge Solutions Inc., Pledges Support for Emerging Electronic Forms Standard Called Xforms . . 2005-08-05 . 2008-06-02.
47. IBM Completes Acquisition of Isogon Corporation . . 2005-07-27 . 2008-06-02.
48. IBM Formally Acquires DWL, Enhancing Data Integration Portfolio . . 2005-09-01 . 2008-06-02.
49. IBM Acquires DataPower . . 2005-10-18 . 2008-06-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051225024834/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7934.wss . 25 December 2005.
50. IBM Acquires the Business of iPhrase Systems, Inc. . . 2005-11-01 . 2008-06-02.
51. IBM Acquires Collation . . 2005-11-16 . 2008-06-02.
52. IBM Acquires Bowstreet, Inc. to Help Customers Quickly Create Portals that Integrate Existing Business Applications . . 2005-12-20 . 2008-06-02.
53. IBM Acquires ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON . . 2006-01-27 . 2008-06-02.
54. IBM Acquires CIMS Lab, Inc. . . 2006-01-25 . 2008-06-02.
55. IBM to Enhance Its Supply Chain BTO Offering . . 2006-02-08 . 2008-06-02.
56. IBM Completes Acquisition of Micromuse Inc. . . 2006-02-15 . 2008-06-02.
57. Ibm To Acquire Language Analysis Systems, Inc. . . 2006-03-16 . 2008-06-02.
58. IBM Acquires BuildForge, Inc. to Help Organizations Meet Compliance Demands . . 2006-05-02 . 2008-06-02.
59. IBM Acquires the Business of Unicorn Solutions, Inc. . . 2006-05-08 . 2008-06-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024008/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/swnews/swnews.nsf/n/hhal6pgmpm?OpenDocument&Site=software . 2008-06-19 .
60. IBM Acquires the Business of Unicorn Solutions, Inc. Archived version from web.archive.org . . 2008-06-19 . 2008-06-02 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024008/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/swnews/swnews.nsf/n/hhal6pgmpm?OpenDocument&Site=software . 2008-06-19 .
61. IBM To Acquire Rembo Technology to Automate Software Installation . . 2006-05-18 . 2008-06-02.
62. IBM Acquires Webify . . 2006-08-02. 2008-06-02.
63. IBM Acquires Full Ownership of Brazilian SMB Services Firm Global Value Solutions . . 2006-09-06. 2008-06-02.
64. IBM Acquires Ubiquity's DORANA Product Line . . 2006-10-04 . 2008-06-02.
65. IBM Completes Acquisition of MRO Software, Inc. . . 2006-10-05 . 2008-06-02.
66. IBM Completes Acquisition of FileNet Corporation . . 2006-10-12 . 2008-06-02.
67. IBM Completes Acquisition of Internet Security Systems . . 2006-10-20 . 2008-06-02.
68. IBM Completes the Acquisition of Palisades Technology Partners . . 2006-11-10 . 2008-06-02.
69. IBM Completes Acquisition of Consul . . 2007-01-24 . 2008-06-02.
70. IBM Completes Acquisition of Vallent . . 2007-02-14 . 2008-06-02.
71. IBM Completes Acquisition of Softek . . 2007-03-01 . 2008-06-02.
72. IBM and Switzerland's Banque Cantonale Vaudoise in $460 Million, 5-Year Services Agreement . . 2007-04-20 . 2010-09-27.
73. IBM Completes Acquisition of Watchfire . . 2007-07-23 . 2008-06-02.
74. IBM Acquires WebDialogs to Expand Web Conferencing Capabilities in Industry-Leading Lotus Sametime . . 2007-08-22 . 2008-06-02.
75. IBM Completes Acquisition of DataMirror . . 2007-09-04 . 2008-06-02.
76. IBM Formally Acquires PureEdge Solutions Inc., Pledges Support for Emerging Electronic Forms Standard Called Xforms . . 2005-09-13 . 2008-06-02.
77. IBM Completes Acquisition of Princeton Softech . . 2007-09-13 . 2008-06-02.
78. IBM Acquires Storage Solutions Company NovusCG . . 2007-10-24 . 2008-06-02.
79. IBM Acquires XIV . . 2008-01-02 . 2008-06-02.
80. IBM Acquires AptSoft to Expand Portfolio in Burgeoning Business Events Software Market . . 2008-01-23 . 2008-06-02.
81. IBM to Acquire Solid Information Technology to Broaden Information on Demand Portfolio . . 2007-12-21 . 2008-06-02.
82. IBM Completes Acquisition of Cognos . . 2008-01-31 . 2008-06-02.
83. IBM Completes Acquisition of Arsenal Digital Solutions . . 2008-02-01 . 2008-06-02.
84. IBM Reaches Agreement to Acquire Net Integration Technologies Inc. . . 2008-01-18 . 2008-06-02.
85. IBM Acquires Encentuate . . 2008-03-12 . 2008-06-02.
86. IBM Completes Acquisition of Telelogic AB . . 2008-04-03 . 2008-06-02.
87. IBM Acquires Storage Company Diligent Technologies . . 2008-04-18 . 2008-06-02.
88. Web site: IBM Acquires FilesX Network Computing . 2022-04-16 . www.networkcomputing.com . en.
89. IBM Acquires InfoDyne to Create World-Class Platform for Market Data Delivery . . 2008-04-29 . 2008-06-02.
90. IBM Acquires Platform Solutions . . 2008-07-02 . 2009-03-23.
91. IBM Announces Plans to Acquire ILOG . . 2008-07-28 . 2008-07-29.
92. IBM Announces Plans to Acquire Transitive . . 2008-11-18 . 2009-03-23.
93. IBM Announces Intent to Acquire Outblaze's E-Mail Service Assets . . 2009-01-15 . 2009-03-23.
94. IBM Acquires Exeros Assets . . 2009-05-05 . 2009-05-05.
95. IBM to Acquire SPSS Inc. to Provide Clients Predictive Analytics Capabilities . . 2009-07-28 . 2009-07-28.
96. IBM Acquires Ounce Labs, Inc. . . 2009-07-28 . 2009-07-28.
97. IBM Acquires RedPill Solutions . . 2009-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20021001091706/http://www.redpillsolutions.com/ . dead . 2002-10-01 . 2009-09-22 .
98. News: IBM Acquires Guardium . Taume News . 2009-11-30 . 2009-12-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091202093051/http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/ibm-acquires-guardium-13777 . 2009-12-02 .
99. IBM to Acquire Lombardi . . 2009-12-16 . 2009-12-16.
100. IBM to National Interest Security Company . . 2010-01-20 . 2010-01-20.
101. IBM to Acquire Initiate Systems . . 2010-02-03 . 2010-02-04.
102. IBM to Acquire Intelliden Inc. . . 2010-02-16 . 2010-02-16.
103. IBM Closes Acquisition of Wilshire Credit Corporation Assets . . 2010-03-01 . 2010-02-16.
104. News: The Huge Value Sequoia Capital And Other Venture Capitalists Help Create . . 2010-09-27 . 2012-01-21.
105. IBM Advances Cloud Initiatives with Acquisition of Cast Iron Systems. . 2010-02-16 . 2010-05-03.
106. IBM Agrees to Acquire Sterling Commerce from AT&T for $1.4 Billion . . 2010-05-24 . 2010-05-24.
107. IBM Advances Analytics With Acquisition of Coremetrics . . 2010-06-15 . 2010-06-15 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121009143710/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/31885.wss . 2012-10-09 .
108. IBM to Acquire BigFix to Advance Smarter Data Centers. . 2010-07-01 . 2010-07-01.
109. IBM to Acquire Storwize for Data Compression Capabilities. . 2010-07-29 . 2010-07-29.
110. IBM Acquires Datacap. . 2010-08-10 . 2010-08-10.
111. IBM to Acquire Unica Corporation. . 2010-08-13 . 2010-08-13.
112. IBM to Acquire OpenPages. . 2010-09-15 . 2010-09-15.
113. IBM to Acquire Netezza. . 2010-09-20 . 2010-09-20.
114. IBM to Acquire BLADE Network Technologies. . 2010-09-27 . 2010-12-09.
115. IBM Acquires PSS Systems. . 2010-10-13 . 2010-10-13.
116. IBM Acquires Clarity Systems. . 2010-10-21 . 2010-10-21.
117. IBM to Acquire TRIRIGA, Inc. to Accelerate Smarter Buildings Transformation. . 2011-03-22 . 2011-03-22.
118. IBM to Acquire i2 to Accelerate Big Data Analytics to Transform Global Cities. . 2011-08-31 . 2011-08-31.
119. http://www.algorithmics.com Algorithmics Inc. official website
120. IBM to Acquire Algorithmics. . 2011-08-31 . 2011-09-01.
121. http://q1labs.com Q1 Labs official website
122. IBM to Acquire Q1 Labs to Drive Greater Security Intelligence. . 2011-10-04 . 2011-10-31.
123. IBM to Acquire System Software Company Platform Computing to Extend Reach of Technical Computing. . 2011-10-12 . 2011-10-12.
124. IBM extends Smarter Cities initiative through acquisition of Cúram Software. . 2011-12-05 . 2012-02-23.
125. IBM to Acquire DemandTec to Expand Cloud-Based Analytics for Smarter Commerce. . 2011-12-08 . 2011-12-13.
126. IBM Acquisition of Emptoris Bolsters Smarter Commerce Initiative, Helps Reduce Procurement Costs and Risks. . 2011-12-15 . 2011-12-15.
127. http://www.greenhat.com/ Green Hat official website
128. IBM to Acquire Green Hat. . 2011-01-04 . 2012-01-04.
129. IBM Advances Mobile Capabilities with Acquisition of Worklight. . 2012-01-31. 2012-01-31.
130. Web site: Rao. Leena. IBM's Mixed Q1 2012: Revenue Flat At $24.7B; Net Income Up 7 Percent To $3.1B. TechCrunch. 10 May 2012. 17 April 2012. While the company revealed layoffs in February, IBM has spent some cash in the first quarter on acquisitions, buying Worklight for $70 million and Green Hat..
131. IBM Broadens Analytics Portfolio with Acquisition of Varicent Software . . 2012-04-13 . 2012-04-13.
132. IBM Advances Big Data Analytics with Acquisition of Vivisimo. . 2012-04-25 . 2012-04-25.
133. IBM to Acquire Tealeaf Technology, Inc. to Help Marketers Deliver Exceptional Digital Experience for Smarter Commerce. . 2012-05-02 . 2012-05-25.
134. IBM Plans to Acquire Texas Memory Systems . . 2012-08-16 . 2012-08-16.
135. http://softwareequitygroup.wordpress.com/category/saas/ IBM's acquisition of Kenexa ($1.4 billion, 4.1x)
136. News: IBM To Buy Social-Business Company Kenexa For $1.3 Billion . . 2012-08-28 . 2012-08-28.
137. IBM Advances Storage Capabilities with Acquisition of Butterfly Software . . 2012-09-24 . 2012-09-24.
138. IBM To Acquire StoredIQ . . 2012-12-19 . 2012-12-19.
139. IBM To Acquire Star Analytics, Inc. . 2013-02-01 . 2013-02-01.
140. IBM Completes Acquisition of Star Analytics, Inc.. . 2013-03-19 . 2013-03-19.
141. IBM Acquires UrbanCode to Help Businesses Rapidly Deliver Mobile, Cloud, Big Data and Social Software. . 2013-04-22 . 2013-02-01.
142. https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/i-b-m-buys-cloud-computing-firm-in-deal-said-to-be-worth-2-billion/ I.B.M. Buys Cloud Computing Firm in Deal Said to Be Worth $2 Billion
143. IBM to Acquire SoftLayer to Accelerate Adoption of Cloud Computing in the Enterprise. . 2013-06-04 . 2013-06-04.
144. IBM Accelerates Cloud Computing on System z with Acquisition of CSL International. . 2013-07-09 . 2013-07-09.
145. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trusteer-ibm-idUSBRE97E13I20130815/ IBM says it will buy Trusteer, source says paying close to $1 billion
146. IBM to Acquire Trusteer to Help Companies Combat Financial Fraud and Advanced Security Threats. . 2013-08-15 . 2013-08-15.
147. IBM Acquires Daeja Image Systems Ltd.. . 2013-09-19 . 2013-09-25.
148. IBM Acquires The Now Factory. . 2013-10-01 . 2013-10-01.
149. IBM Acquires Xtify to Help Digital Marketers Reach Mobile Customers. . 2013-10-03 . 2013-10-03.
150. IBM to Acquire Fiberlink Communications, Transforming the Mobile Management and Security Market. . 2013-11-13 . 2013-11-13.
151. IBM to acquire Aspera, Inc. . . 2013-12-19 . 2013-12-19.
152. IBM to Acquire Cloudant: Open, Cloud Database Service Helps Organizations Simplify Mobile, Web App and Big Data Development . . 2014-02-24 . 2014-02-24.
153. IBM To Acquire Silverpop To Help Marketers Deliver Personalized Customer Engagements. . 2014-04-10 . 2014-04-10.
154. IBM Watson Acquires Artificial Intelligence Startup Cognea. . 2014-05-19 . 2014-05-19.
155. IBM acquires CrossIdeas to Expand Security Offerings with Identity Intelligence. . 2014-07-31 . 2014-07-31.
156. IBM Acquires Cloud Security Services Provider Lighthouse Security Group . . 2014-08-11 . 2014-08-11.
157. IBM buys AlchemyAPI to boost Watson computing unit . . 2015-04-04 . 2015-03-05.
158. News: 2014-11-18 . Lufthansa signs $1.25 billion outsourcing deal with IBM . en . Reuters . 2022-07-22.
159. IBM buys AlchemyAPI to boost Watson computing unit . . 2015-04-04 . 2022-07-22.
160. Data, Data, Everywhere – Now a Better Way to Understand It . . 2015-03-27 . 2016-01-09.
161. Web site: IBM Acquires Explorys to Accelerate Cognitive Insights for Health and Wellness. 2015-04-13. 2015-04-13.
162. Web site: IBM to Acquire Phytel to Help Healthcare Providers Deliver Higher Value Care. 2015-04-13. 2015-04-13.
163. Web site: IBM Acquires Blue Box to Accelerate Open Hybrid Clouds. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-06-17.
164. Web site: IBM Acquires Compose Inc. . www-03.ibm.com. 2015-06-17.
165. Web site: Watson to Gain Ability to "See" with Planned $1B Acquisition of Merge Healthcare. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-08-06.
166. Web site: IBM Acquires StrongLoop to Extend Enterprise Reach using IBM Cloud. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-09-10.
167. Web site: IBM Plans to Acquire Meteorix, a Leading Workday Services Partner. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-09-28.
168. News: IBM to Acquire the Weather Company. 28 October 2015. The New York Times. 28 October 2015 . Hardy . Quentin .
169. News: IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets. 28 October 2015. Bloomberg.
170. News: Storms Are In, Reality Shows Out As Weather Channel Gets Back to Basics. 29 October 2015. Variety.
171. Web site: IBM Plans to Acquire The Weather Company's Product and Technology Businesses; Extends Power of Watson to the Internet of Things. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-11-02.
172. Web site: Report of Financials: International Business Machines Corporation and Subsidiary Companies . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
173. Web site: IBM Completes Acquisition of Cleversafe. www-03.ibm.com. 2015-11-06. 2015-11-30. en-US.
174. Web site: IBM Snags Clearleap Video Service As It Continues To Pick Off Strategic Cloud Properties. TechCrunch. 8 December 2015 . 21 January 2016.
175. Web site: IBM Acquires IRIS Analytics, Strengthening Fraud Detection Analytics. www-03.ibm.com. 2016-01-15. 2016-01-15. en-US.
176. Web site: IBM Confirms Acquisition Of UStream, Forms New Cloud Video Unit. TechCrunch. 21 January 2016 . 21 January 2016.
177. Web site: IBM Plans to Acquire Resource/Ammirati to Address Surging Client Demand for the Next Great Customer Experience. www-03.ibm.com. 2016-01-28. 2016-01-28. en-US.
178. Web site: IBM Signs Agreement to Acquire Aperto to Meet Growing Client Need for Digital Transformation. www-03.ibm.com. 2016-02-02. 2016-02-03. en-US.
179. Web site: IBM Signs Agreement to Acquire ecx.io to Deliver Stellar Customer Experiences. www-03.ibm.com. 2016-03-02. 2016-02-03. en-US.
180. Web site: IBM Watson Health Announces Plans to Acquire Truven Health Analytics for $2.6B, Extending Its Leadership in Value-Based Care Solutions. www-0e.ibm.com. 19 February 2016.
181. Web site: IBM Security To Expand Incident Response Capabilities With Plans To Acquire Resilient Systems. www-0e.ibm.com. 9 March 2016.
182. Web site: IBM Acquires Optevia, Expanding Role as Solutions Provider for Public Sector Clients. 1 June 2016.
183. Web site: IBM to Acquire Bluewolf, Boost Consumer-grade Experiences. 2016-03-31. www-03.ibm.com. en-US. 2016-04-09.
184. News: IBM buys EZSource to help transform your mainframe apps for the digital world. PCWorld. 2016-12-06.
185. Web site: IBM to Acquire Promontory & Launch Watson Financial Services. 2016-09-29. www-03.ibm.com. en-US. 2016-12-06.
186. News: IBM acquires Sanovi Technologies to boost hybrid cloud – The Economic Times. The Economic Times. 2016-12-06.
187. News: IBM Closes Acquisition of Agile 3 Solutions. Yahoo! Finance. 2017-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20170506020041/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ibm-closes-acquisition-agile-3-210100477.html. 2017-05-06. dead.
188. Web site: IBM收购Verizon云计算及主机托管业务. 2017-05-04. sohu.com. 2018-11-17.
189. News: IBM Acquires TIMETOACT GROUP's XCC to Launch IBM Connections Engagement Center – a Single Destination for Internal Communications, Collaboration and Employee Engagement . 2017-06-27.
190. News: IBM Acquires Israel's Cloudigo Data Center Company. Algemeiner.com. 2018-11-17. en-US.
191. News: IBM buys Sydney innovation consultancy. 2017-10-05. Financial Review. 2017-10-04. en-US.
192. News: IBM Acquires Armanta to Help Financial Services Firms Meet Regulatory, Business Demands – THINK Blog. 2018-05-03. THINK Blog. 2018-09-28. en-US.
193. News: IBM Acquires Oniqua, Strengthens Leading IoT Capabilities to Help Businesses Proactively Maintain Vital Assets. IBM News Room. 2018-09-28. en-us.
194. Web site: IBM TO ACQUIRE RED HAT, COMPLETELY CHANGING THE CLOUD LANDSCAPE AND BECOMING WORLD'S #1 HYBRID CLOUD PROVIDER . 28 October 2018 . 29 October 2018.
195. Web site: IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future . 2019-07-09. 2019-10-09.
196. News: IBM Acquires Spanugo, Strategic acquisition further positions IBM to deliver secure, compliance-ready and industry-specific public cloud capabilities to clients in highly regulated industries. IBM News Room. 2020-06-15. en-us.
197. News: IBM to Acquire WDG Automation to Advance AI-Infused Automation Capabilities for Enterprises. IBM News Room. 2020-07-08. en-us.
198. News: IBM to Acquire SAP Consulting Partner TruQua. IBM News Room. 2020-11-16. en-us.
199. News: IBM to Acquire Instana. IBM News Room. 2020-11-18. en-us.
200. Web site: IBM Acquires Expertus Technologies Inc. to Expand Hybrid Cloud Digital Payment Solutions.
201. Web site: IBM to Acquire Nordcloud to Turbocharge Its Hybrid Cloud Consulting Capability . IBM News Room . en-us.
202. Web site: IBM Acquires 7Summits to Drive Digital Transformations for Salesforce Clients. 2021-01-12. IBM News Room. en-us.
203. Web site: IBM Boosts Its Hybrid Cloud Consulting Capability with Taos.
204. Web site: IBM to Acquire myInvenio to help Organizations Use AI-powered Automation to Better Streamline Business Processes.
205. Web site: IBM Acquires Waeg to Deepen Expertise Across the Salesforce Platform in Europe.
206. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-ibm-acquire-software-provider-145518210.html
207. Web site: IBM to Acquire Turbonomic Building Industry's Most Comprehensive AIOps Capabilities for Hybrid Cloud.
208. Web site: IBM Closes Acquisition of Turbonomic to Deliver Comprehensive AIOps Capabilities for Hybrid Cloud.
209. Web site: IBM to Acquire Premier Hybrid Cloud Consulting Firm.
210. Web site: IBM to Acquire Bluetab to Expand Data and Hybrid Cloud Consulting Services in Europe and Latin America.
211. Web site: IBM Acquires Neudesic, Leading Microsoft Azure Consultancy.
212. Web site: Walters . Natalie . 2022-09-22 . IBM acquires Dallas tech firm Dialexa for digital product expertise. The Dallas Morning News.
213. Web site: IBM Acquires StepZen to Help Enterprises Get More Business Value from Their Data and APIs.
214. News: Malik . Yuvraj . June 26, 2023 . IBM to buy software co Apptio for $4.6 bln to bolster cloud offerings . Reuters.
215. Web site: Sawers . Paul . December 18, 2023 . IBM to acquire StreamSets and WebMethods from Software AG for $2.3B . TechCrunch.
216. Web site: IBM Acquires Pliant to Further Enhance Network IT Automation Capabilities . . March 20, 2024 . 3 May 2024.
217. Web site: IBM to Acquire HashiCorp, Inc. Creating a Comprehensive End-to-End Hybrid Cloud Platform . . 24 April 2024.
218. Web site: IBM Archives: 1980s . 23 January 2003 . 03.ibm.com . 2013-12-20.
219. Web site: APPublished: October 20, 1988 . COMPANY NEWS; Kodak Buys I.B.M. Copier Agreements . New York Times . 1988-10-20 . 2013-12-20.
220. Web site: Rolm Sale By I.B.M. To Siemens. Lohr, S.. New York Times. May 8, 1992.
221. Toshiba TEC to Acquire IBM's Retail Store Point-of-Sale Solutions Business; Agreement Allows Both to Tap Growing Smarter Commerce Opportunity . . 2012-04-17 . 2012-04-17.
222. Web site: Lenovo Plans to Acquire IBM's x86 Server Business. 2014-01-24. IBM.
223. GLOBALFOUNDRIES to Acquire IBM's Microelectronics Business . . 2014-10-20 . 2014-10-21.
224. Web site: UNICOM® Global Acquires IBM® Rational® Focal Point and Rational® PurifyPlusTM Solutions from IBM Corp.: Transaction Brings Over 2,000 Customers in 40 Countries to UNICOM. 2015-01-01. UNICOM Global.
225. Web site: SmartStream Acquires Algorithmics Collateral Assets From IBM to Further Expand its Cash and Liquidity Management Offerings. 2015-02-04. SmartStream.
226. Web site: UNICOM® Global Acquires IBM® Rational® System Architect from IBM Corp.: Acquisition is the 7th Transaction between IBM and UNICOM in 24 months. 2015-12-31. UNICOM Systems, Inc.
227. Web site: [HCL Technologies to Acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B HCL Technologies to Acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B]. 2018-12-06. IBM.
228. Web site: IBM's Watson Marketing breaks off into separate company . ZDNet . 2020-12-10.
229. Web site: IBM Watson Marketing is now Acoustic . IBM . 2020-12-10.
230. Web site: TECH IBM shares soar on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business. 2020-10-08. www.cnbc.com. en-US. 2020-10-08.
231. News: IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners. ZDNet. Condon. Stephanie. January 21, 2022. January 21, 2022.
232. News: Francisco Partners to Acquire The Weather Company Assets from IBM. August 22, 2023. June 16, 2024.