List of megathrust earthquakes explained

Megathrust earthquakes are large seismic events that take place along convergent plate boundaries, particularly at subduction zones. Examples of subduction zones include the Sumatra and Java trenches, Nankai Trough and Peru–Chile Trench which are frequent sources of these earthquakes.

List

The inclusion criteria in this list is any notable subduction earthquake of at least magnitude 8.0.

Pre-11th century

Date	Time‡	Location	Fatalities		Effects/notes	More information
60 BC		Cabo de São Vicente, Portugal	Unknown	8.5	Possible tsunami. Considered the oldest record of an earthquake in the Portuguese earthquake catalogs.^[1]
21 July 365 AD		Crete, Greece	Thousands	8.5	Devastation in Cyrene & Alexandria by a tsunami. Uplift of up to 9 metres in Crete. Maximum intensity XI (Extreme).	365 Crete earthquake
26 November 684 AD		Nankai Trough, Japan	Unknown	8.4		684 Hakuhō earthquake
13 July 869 AD			1,000	9.0	Major tsunami. Several hundred villages destroyed.	869 Jōgan earthquake
26 August 887 AD			Unknown	8.6	Major tsunami recorded in Osaka Bay. Landslides reported.	Tōkai earthquakes
11 December 1096 AD		Nankaido, Japan	Unknown	8.4	Destructive earthquake and tsunami, damaging many homes and shrines.
22 February 1099 AD		Nankai Trough, Japan	Unknown	8.4		Nankai earthquakes

11th–18th century

Date	Time‡	Location	Fatalities		Effects/notes	More information
8 August 1303	"dawn"	Crete, Greece	4,000	8.0	Maximum intensity IX (Violent). Tsunami damage in Alexandria, Egypt and along the Syrian coast. Many buildings damaged in Cairo due to the earthquake.	1303 Crete earthquake
3 August 1361		Tokai region, Japan	Unknown	8.5		1361 Shōhei earthquake
31 August 1420	02:00	Caldera, Chile	Unknown	9.4		1420 Caldera earthquake
20 September 1498	08:00	Nankaido, Japan	41,000	8.6	Major tsunami.	1498 Nankai earthquake
6 June 1505			Thousands	8.8^[2]	At least 30% of the Nepalese population perished. Extreme damage in Nepal and northern India.	1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
16 December 1575	14:30	Valdivia, Chile	1,500	9.0	Maximum intensity X (Extreme).	1575 Valdivia earthquake
22 January 1582	16:30	Arequipa, Peru	"many"	8.4	Maximum intensity X (Extreme). Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.
17 March 1584		Lima, Peru	Unknown	8.4	Maximum intensity VII (Very strong). Severe damage in Lima.
11 June 1585		Aleutian subduction zone, Alaska	Unknown	9.2	Tsunami killed natives in the Hawaiian Islands and reported in Japan.	1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake
9 July 1586		Lima, Peru	22	8.5	Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1,000 km by 120 km area of Peruvian coastline severely affected. A significant local tsunami was reported in Lima. The tsunami was confused with that of the Aleutian Islands event in tsunami catalogs.	1586 Lima-Callao earthquake
28 February 1600	20:00	Omate, Peru	Unknown	8.1
24 November 1604	13:30	Arica, Chile	100	9.0		1604 Arica earthquake
20 October 1609	01:00		Unknown	8.6
2 December 1611	10:30	Sanriku Coast, Japan	5,000	8.1		1611 Sanriku earthquake
14 February 1619	16:30	Trujillo, Peru	350	8.6
1 August 1629	Nighttime		5	8.8	Major tsunami.	1629 Banda Sea earthquake
13 May 1647	22:30	Santiago, Chile	1,000	8.5		1647 Santiago earthquake
15 March 1657	20:00	Concepción, Chile	40	8.3	Destructive tsunami. Concepción totally destroyed.	1657 Concepción earthquake
20 October 1687	10:30	Lima, Peru	5,000	8.7	8-meter tsunami in Peru. Tsunami reported in Japan.	1687 Peru earthquake
16 April 1690		Leeward Islands	Unknown	8.0	Maximum intensity IX.
26 January 1700	21:00	Cascadia subduction zone, United States and Canada	Unknown	9.2	Tsunami in Japan and the Pacific Northwest.	1700 Cascadia earthquake
31 December 1703	02:00	Boso Peninsula, Japan	10,000	8.2	Maximum intensity IX.	1703 Genroku earthquake
28 October 1707	14:00		5,000	8.7	Tsunami	1707 Hōei earthquake
4 May 1714	Night	Main Himalayan Thrust, Bhutan	Many	8.1	^[3]	1714 Bhutan earthquake
8 July 1730	04:45	Valparaíso, Chile	Unknown	9.3	16-meter-high tsunami.	1730 Valparaíso earthquake
17 October 1737	03:00	Kamchatka, Russian Empire	Many	9.3		1737 Kamchatka earthquake
28 October 1746	22:30	Lima, Peru	5,941	8.8		1746 Lima-Callao earthquake
25 May 1751	01:00	Concepción, Chile	65	8.5		1751 Concepción earthquake
1 November 1755	09:40	Lisbon, Portugal	50,000	9.0	Tsunami.	1755 Lisbon earthquake
31 March 1761	12:01		Unknown	8.5	Tsunami.	1761 Lisbon earthquake
22 January 1780		Java, Indonesia	Unknown	8.5^[4]	Severe damage
28 March 1787	11:30		Unknown	8.6	Tsunami.	1787 New Spain earthquake
July and August 1788			Unknown	8.0	Intensity VII. Major tsunami, 10 to 30 meters high. Many native Russians killed. The second earthquake triggered a 91-meter tsunami. Thought to be one earthquake rather than two.^[5]
22 August 1792		Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	Unknown	8.2	^[6]
10 February 1797	22:00	Sumatra, Indonesia	Numerous	8.4	^[7]	1797 Sumatra earthquake

19th century

Date	Time‡	Location	Fatalities		Effects/notes	More information
11 April 1819	15:00	Copiapó, Chile	Unknown	8.5	^[8] Copiapó totally destroyed by the earthquake. Caldera suffered massive damage. Minor tsunami.	1819 Copiapó earthquake
19 November 1822		Valparaíso Region, Chile	300	8.5		1822 Valparaíso earthquake
25 November 1833	22:00	Sumatra, Indonesia	Unknown	9.2	Destructive tsunami.	1833 Sumatra earthquake
20 February 1835	11:30	Concepción, Chile	50	8.5	Large tsunami.	1835 Concepción earthquake
7 November 1837		Valdivia, Chile	12	9.5		1837 Valdivia earthquake
11 January 1839	06:00	, Lesser Antilles	4,000	8.0		1839 Martinique earthquake
17 May 1841	08:00	Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	Unknown	9.0	6-meter tsunami.	1841 Kamchatka earthquake
8 February 1843	10:37	, Lesser Antilles	5,000	8.5		1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
7 April 1845		Oaxaca and Guerrero, Mexico	Unknown	8.0	Felt strongly in Mexico City, resulting in significant damage.^[9]
25 November 1852	22:40		60	8.8	Tsunami up to 8 meters tall. Felt IX in Banda Neira.
23 December 1854	09:00	Nankai Trough, Japan	5,000	8.4	Major damage caused by tsunami inundation.	1854 Tōkai earthquake 1854 Nankai earthquake
24 December 1854	16:00			8.4
16 February 1861		Sumatra, Indonesia	Thousands	8.5		1861 Sumatra earthquake
17 November 1865		Pacific Ocean, Tonga	0	8.0	Felt in ships as well. Two-meter tsunami caused limited damage.^[10]
13 August 1868	16:45		25,000	9.3		1868 Arica earthquake
1873			"Some"	8.0	Felt IX. Some damage to villages and people killed. Minor tsunami.
28 March 1875		Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia	25	8.2^[11]	Four-meter tsunami caused at least 25 deaths.
9 May 1877	21:16	Iquique, Chile	2,385	8.9	Fiji accounts for most of the deaths attributed to the tsunami.	1877 Iquique earthquake
7 September 1882	03:50	San Blas Islands, Panama	250	8.3	Destructive tsunami	1882 Panama earthquake
6 September 1889	12:00	Celebes Sea, Indonesia		8.0	Damaging tsunami up to 4 meters in height.
15 June 1896	19:32	Sanriku, Japan	22,066	8.5	Weakly felt earthquake but a major tsunami up to 38 meters in height.	1896 Sanriku earthquake
10 September 1899	12:22	Yakutat Bay, Alaska	0	8.6	Large coastal uplift and tsunami.	1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes

20th century

Date	Time‡	Location	Fatalities		Effects/notes	More information
22 September 1902	01:46	Guam, United States	0	8.1	Felt IX. No tsunami.
27 February 1903	01:46	Java, Indonesia	0	8.1
31 January 1906	15:36		500–1,000	8.8	^[12]	1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
17 August 1906	00:40	Valparaíso, Chile	4,000	8.2	^[13]	1906 Valparaíso earthquake
14 September 1906	16:04	Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea	"Hundreds"	8.0	^[14] Felt X. Many landslides and tsunamis triggered.^[15]
4 January 1907	12:20	Nias Island, Indonesia	2,188	8.2	^[16] Destructive tsunami, up to 15 meters high, killing most of the inhabitants.	1907 Sumatra earthquake
26 June 1917	05:49	Pacific Ocean, Samoa	2	8.5	12.2-meter tsunami.	1917 Samoa earthquake
15 August 1918	20:18	Mindanao, Philippines	52	8.3	^[17]	1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
10 November 1922	23:53	Atacama Region, Chile	~500	8.5	^[18] ^[19]	1922 Vallenar earthquake
3 February 1923	04:01	Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	3	8.4	^[20] Felt XI. Tsunami.	February 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
14 April 1923	02:31	Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	36	8.2	^[21] Felt X. Tsunami up to 30 meters.	April 1923 Kamchatka earthquake
1 September 1923	11:58	Kantō Plain, Japan	148,000	7.9	^[22] Felt XI. A conflagration and firenado killed tens of thousands in the Kantō Plain. Tsunami up to 12 meters caused extensive damage. One of the deadliest earthquakes in human history.	1923 Great Kantō earthquake
14 April 1924	16:20	Mindanao, Philippines	0	8.0	^[23]
3 June 1932	04:36	Jalisco, Mexico	400+	8.1	^[24] Multiple mainshocks.	1932 Jalisco earthquakes
15 January 1934	08:43	Himalayas, Nepal and India	12,000	8.0	^[25] Major damage in both countries. Widespread liquefaction.	1934 Nepal-India earthquake
24 May 1940	11:35	Lima, Peru	300	8.2	^[26] Majority of the deaths were from Callao and Lima.	1940 Lima earthquake
13 May 1942	21:13	Manabí Province, Ecuador	200+	8.3	^[27]	1942 Ecuador earthquake
24 August 1942	17:40	Lima, Peru	30	8.1	^[28]	1942 Peru earthquake
6 April 1943	12:07	Coquimbo Region, Chile	11	8.1	^[29]	1943 Ovalle earthquake
7 December 1944	13:35	Tōkai region, Japan	3,538	8.1	^[30]	1944 Tōnankai earthquake
28 November 1945	01:26		4,000	8.0	^[31] Tsunami.	1945 Balochistan earthquake
1 April 1946	03:29	Aleutian Islands, Alaska	173	8.6	^[32] Majority of the deaths was the result of the tsunami hitting Hawaii. One tsunami fatality in California.	1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
21 December 1946	04:19	Nankaidō, Japan	1,362+	8.3	^[33]	1946 Nankai earthquake
4 March 1952	10:22	Hokkaido, Japan	33	8.1	^[34]	1952 Tokachi earthquake
5 November 1952	03:58	Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia	2,500	9.0	^[35] 5th largest in recorded history.	1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
9 March 1957	04:22	Andreanof Islands, Alaska	0	8.6	^[36]	1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake
21 March 1960	02:07	Miyako, Japan	0	8.0	^[37]
21 May 1960	06:02	Concepción, Chile	125	8.1–8.3	^[38] Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May.	1960 Concepción earthquakes
22 May 1960	15:11	Valdivia, Chile	6,000	9.5	^[39] The largest earthquake in recorded history.	1960 Valdivia earthquake
13 October 1963	15:17		0	8.5	^[40] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.	1963 Kuril Islands earthquake
4 November 1963	10:17	Banda Sea, Indonesia	0	8.1	^[41]
27 March 1964	17:36	Prince William Sound, Alaska	131	9.2	^[42] The second largest earthquake in recorded history.	1964 Alaska earthquake
24 January 1965	09:11	North Maluku, Indonesia	71	8.2	^[43]	1965 Ceram Sea earthquake
3 February 1965	19:01	Rat Islands, Alaska	0	8.7	^[44] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.	1965 Rat Islands earthquake
17 October 1966	16:42	Huacho, Peru	100	8.1	^[45]	1966 Peru earthquake
16 May 1968	09:49	Hokkaido, Japan	52	8.2	^[46]	1968 Tokachi earthquake
12 August 1969	08:27	Kuril Islands, USSR	0	8.2	^[47]
3 October 1974	09:21	Lima, Peru	78	8.1	^[48]	1974 Lima earthquake
14 January 1976	16:47	Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	0	8.0	^[49]
16 August 1976	00:11	Mindanao, Philippines	5,000–7,000	8.0		1976 Moro Gulf earthquake
12 December 1977	02:59		300–600	8.2	^[50]	1979 Tumaco earthquake
3 March 1985	19:47	Valparaíso Region, Chile	177	8.0	^[51]	1985 Algarrobo earthquake
19 September 1985	07:17	Michoacan, Mexico	9,500–45,000	8.0	^[52]	1985 Mexico City earthquake
30 July 1995	14:59	Antofagasta, Chile	2	8.0	^[53]	1995 Antofagasta earthquake
9 October 1995	10:35	Jalisco, Mexico	49–58	8.0	^[54]	1995 Colima-Jalisco earthquake
17 February 1996	14:59	Irian Jaya, Indonesia	166	8.1	^[55]	1996 Biak earthquake

21st century

Date	Time‡	Location	Fatalities		Effects/notes	More information
23 June 2001	15:33	Department of Arequipa, Peru	145	8.4	^[56]	2001 southern Peru earthquake
26 September 2003	04:50	Hokkaido, Japan	0	8.3	^[57] Two missing, more than 840 injured.	2003 Tokachi earthquake
26 December 2004	07:58	Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia	227,898	9.2	^[58] Indian Ocean basin-wide by teletsunami.	2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
28 March 2005	23:09	Nias and Simeulue, North Sumatra, Indonesia	1,314	8.6	^[59]	2005 Nias-Simeulue earthquake
15 November 2006	20:14	Kuril Islands, Russia	0	8.3	^[60]	2006 Kuril Islands earthquake
2 April 2007	07:39		112	8.1	^[61] Including 60 missing.	2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
15 August 2007	18:40	Department of Ica, Peru	595	8.0	^[62]	2007 Peru earthquake
12 September 2007	18:10	Bengkulu, Indonesia	25	8.5	^[63]	2007 Bengkulu earthquakes
29 September 2009	06:48	near Samoa and American Samoa, Pacific Ocean	189	8.1	^[64] Doublet earthquake rupturing an outer rise normal fault and the megathrust.^[65]	2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
27 February 2010	03:34	Maule Region, Chile	550	8.8	^[66] Including 25 missing.	2010 Chile earthquake
11 March 2011	14:46	Tohoku region, Japan	22,312	9.1	^[67] Including 2,553 missing. One death each in Papua, Indonesia and California by tsunami.	2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
6 February 2013	12:12	Temotu Province, Solomon Islands	16	8.0	^[68] Including 6 missing.	2013 Solomon Islands earthquake
1 April 2014	20:46	Iquique, Chile	11	8.2	^[69]	2014 Iquique earthquake
16 September 2015	19:54	Coquimbo Region, Chile	22	8.4	^[70] Including 6 missing in Chile.	2015 Illapel earthquake
5 March 2021	08:28	Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	0	8.1	^[71] Was preceded by an 7.4 foreshock and unrelated 7.3 event a few hours earlier.	2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes
28 July 2021	22:15	Alaska, United States	0	8.2	^[72] Was preceded by two foreshocks in 2020—7.8 and 7.6.	2021 Chignik earthquake
12 August 2021	16:35	South Sandwich Islands	0	8.1	^[73] Complex earthquake with multiple subevents, including one that was characterized as a tsunami earthquake. Earthquake released seismic energy in the form of low-frequency seismic waves with a period of 500 seconds.^[74]	2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes

See also

• Lists of earthquakes
• Megathrust earthquake

References

Sources

• NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database . National Geophysical Data Center . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 20 June 2021 . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K. National Geophysical Data Center .

Notes and References

1. Web site: NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database . 2022-04-22 . National Geophysical Data Center . en.
2. News: Metcalfe. John. 14 June 2016. Study: Nepal Could Be Due for Another Major Earthquake. Bloomberg News. 12 Dec 2020.
3. György Hetényi, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf Théo Berthet Rodolphe Cattin Carlo Cauzzi Karma Phuntsho Remo Grolimund . Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5 . Geophysical Research Letters . 2016 . 43 . 20 . 10,695–10,702 . 10.1002/2016GL071033. 2016GeoRL..4310695H . free . 20.500.11850/123025 . free .
4. Jonathan Griffin . Ngoc Nguyen . Phil Cummins . Athanasius Cipta . Historical Earthquakes of the Eastern Sunda Arc: Source Mechanisms and Intensity-Based Testing of Indonesia's National Seismic Hazard Assessment . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 2019 . 109 . 1 . 43–65 . 10.1785/0120180085. 2019BuSSA.109...43G . 134096659 .
5. Book: Holly F. Ryan . Roland E. von Huene . Ray E. Wells . David W. Scholl . Stephen Kirby . Amy E. Draut . Julie A. Dumoulin . C. Dusel-Bacon . History of earthquakes and tsunamis along the eastern Aleutian-Alaska megathrust, with implications for tsunami hazards in the California Continental Borderland . 2012 . United States Geological Survey . Reston, VA . A . 10.3133/pp1795A . Professional Paper . 1795. i-31 .
6. Tatiana K. Pinegina . Lilya I. Bazanova . Egor A. Zelenin . Joanne Bourgeois . Andrey I. Kozhurin . Igor P. Medvedev . Danil S. Vydrin . Holocene Tsunamis in Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia . Pure and Applied Geophysics . 2018 . 175 . 4 . 1485–1506 . 10.1007/s00024-018-1830-0. 2018PApGe.175.1485P . 135393333 .
7. . Sumatran Megathrust Earthquakes – From Science to Saving Lives . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences . 2006 . 364 . 1845 . 1947–1963 . 10.1098/rsta.2006.1807. 16844643 . 2006RSPTA.364.1947S . 10356/95539 . 8562675 . free .
8. Jin Junfang . Yin Shuyan . Yan Junping . Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile . Geodesy and Geodynamics . 2014 . 5 . 1 . 34–40 . 10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034. 2014G&G.....5...34J . free .
9. América Molina del Villar . 19th century earthquakes in Mexico: three cases, three comparative studies . Annals of Geophysics . 2004 . 47 . 2–3 . 10.4401/ag-3316 . free .
10. Emile A. Okal . Jos´e Borrero . Costas E. Synolakis . The earthquake and tsunami of 1865 November 17: evidence for far-field tsunami hazard from Tonga . Geophysical Journal International . 2004 . 157 . 1 . 164–174 . 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02177.x . 2004GeoJI.157..164O . free .
11. Mansour Ioualalen . Bernard Pelletier . Gabriela Solis Gordillo . Investigating the March 28th 1875 and the September 20th 1920 earthquakes/tsunamis of the Southern Vanuatu arc, offshore Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia . Tectonophysics . 2017 . 709 . 20–38 . 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.006 . 2017Tectp.709...20I . 11 July 2021.
12. Web site: M 8.8 – 1906 Ecuador-Colombia Earthquake . United States Geological Survey . 12 July 2021.
13. July 12, 2021. cs1.
14. Web site: M 8.0 – 61 km NNE of Lae, Papua New Guinea . United States Geological Survey . 12 July 2021.
15. Kevin McCue . Horst Letz . THE LAST OF THE GREAT EARTHQUAKES OF 1906 – FINISTERRE RANGES NEW GUINEA . Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2019 Conference . 2019 . 12 July 2021.
16. Kanamori H. . Rivera L. . Lee W.H.K. . 2010 . Historical seismograms for unravelling a mysterious earthquake: The 1907 Sumatra Earthquake . Geophysical Journal International . 183 . 1 . 358–374 . 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04731.x. 2010GeoJI.183..358K . free .
17. Web site: M 8.3 – 14 km SW of Mabay, Philippines . United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
18. Web site: M 8.5 – 94 km ENE of Vallenar, Chile . United States Geological Survey . 12 July 2021.
19. M. Carvajal, M. Cisternas, A. Gubler, P. A. Catalán, P. Winckler, R. L. Wesson . Reexamination of the magnitudes for the 1906 and 1922 Chilean earthquakes using Japanese tsunami amplitudes: Implications for source depth constraints . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 2017 . 122 . 1 . 4–17 . 10.1002/2016JB013269. 2017JGRB..122....4C . free .
20. Web site: M 8.4 – 121 km ESE of Mil'kovo, Russia . United States Geological Survey . 12 July 2021.
21. Bourgeois, Joanne & Pinegina, Tatiana K. . The 1997 Kronotsky earthquake and tsunami and their predecessors, Kamchatka, Russia . Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences . 2018 . 18 . 1 . 335–350 . 10.5194/nhess-18-335-2018 . 2018NHESS..18..335B . 5 June 2021 . free .
22. Web site: M 8.1 – 1 km NW of Isehara, Japan . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
23. Web site: M 8.0 – 5 km WNW of La Union, Philippines . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
24. Web site: M 8.1 – 0 km NW of Jiquilpan, Mexico . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
25. Web site: M 8.0 – 15 km NW of Triyuga, Nepal . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
26. Web site: M 8.2 – 12 km ESE of Huaura, Peru . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
27. Villacres. Alex. 1996. The 1942 Guayaquil earthquake, recent evidences. Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. 131. 0-08-042822-3. Elsevier.
28. Web site: M 8.1 – 10 km SSW of Tambo Quemado, Peru . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
29. Web site: M 8.1 – 36 km NW of Illapel, Chile . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
30. Web site: M 8.1 – 21 km ESE of Shing?, Japan . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
31. Web site: M 8.1 – 39 km SSE of Pasni, Pakistan . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
32. Web site: M 8.6 – 1946 Aleutian Islands (Unimak Island) Earthquake, Alaska . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
33. Web site: M 8.3 – 1946 Nankai Earthquake, Japan . United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
34. Web site: M 8.1 – 106 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
35. Web site: M 9.0 – 89 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
36. Web site: M 8.6 – 81 km ESE of Adak, Alaska. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
37. Web site: M 8.0 – 113 km ENE of Miyako, Japan. United States Geological Survey . 12 December 2023.
38. Web site: M 8.1 – 4 km ESE of Cañete, Chile. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
39. Web site: M 9.5 – 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake). United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
40. Web site: M 8.5 – 132 km ESE of Kuril'sk, Russia. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
41. Web site: M 8.1 – Banda Sea. United States Geological Survey . 12 December 2023.
42. Ichinose . Gene . Somerville . Paul . Thio . Hong Kie . Graves . Robert . O'Connell . Dan . 2007 . Rupture process of the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake from the combined inversion of seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . en . 112 . B7 . 10.1029/2006JB004728 . 2007JGRB..112.7306I . 0148-0227.
43. Web site: M 8.2 – 275 km WNW of Ambon, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
44. Web site: M 9.2 – 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake, Alaska. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
45. Web site: M 8.1 – 43 km W of Paramonga, Peru. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
46. Web site: M 8.2 – 168 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
47. Web site: M 8.2 – 100 km ESE of Shikotan, Russia. United States Geological Survey. July 15, 2021 . August 11, 1969.
48. Book: International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology . Part A, Volume 81A . Global seismicity: 1900–1999 . E. R. . Engdahl . A. . Vallaseñor . 2002 . https://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/centennial/centennial.pdf . . First . 978-0124406520 . 683.
49. Web site: M 8.0 – Kermadec Islands region . United States Geological Survey . 15 July 2021.
50. Kanamori. H.. Hiroo Kanamori. K.C.. McNally. Karen Cook McNally. 1982. [ftp://ftp.gps.caltech.edu/pub/avouac/Ge277-2007-fall/KanamoriMcNally1982-Ecuador.pdf Variable rupture model of the subduction zone along the Ecuador-Colombia coast]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 72. 4. 1241–1253. 26 August 2012.
51. Web site: M 8.0 – 25 km WSW of Valparaíso, Chile. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
52. Web site: M 8.0 – 26 km NW of El Habillal, Mexico. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
53. Web site: M 8.0 – 36 km NNE of Antofagasta, Chile. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
54. Web site: M 8.0 – 5 km E of El Colomo, Mexico. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
55. Web site: M 8.1 – 101 km ENE of Biak, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
56. Web site: M 8.4 – 6 km SSW of Atico, Peru. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
57. Web site: M 8.2 – 134 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
58. Web site: M 9.1 – 2004 Sumatra – Andaman Islands Earthquake. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
59. Web site: M 8.6 – 78 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
60. Web site: M 8.3 – Kuril Islands. United States Geological Survey.
61. Web site: M 8.1 – 45 km SSE of Gizo, Solomon Islands. United States Geological Survey.
62. Web site: M 8.0 – 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru. United States Geological Survey.
63. Web site: M 8.4 – 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey.
64. Web site: M 8.1 – 168 km SSW of Matavai, Samoa. United States Geological Survey.
65. . Charles J. Ammon . . Luis Rivera . Keith D. Koper . Alexander R. Hutko . The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet . Nature . 2010 . 466 . 7309 . 964–968 . 10.1038/nature09214 . 20725038 . 2010Natur.466..964L . 205221482 . 14 July 2021.
66. Web site: M 8.8 – 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile . United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
67. Web site: M 9.1 – 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
68. Web site: M 8.0 – 75 km W of Lata, Solomon Islands. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
69. Web site: M 8.2 – 93 km NW of Iquique, Chile. United States Geological Survey . 14 July 2021.
70. Web site: M 8.3 – 48 km W of Illapel, Chile. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
71. Web site: M 8.1 – Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. United States Geological Survey . 13 July 2021.
72. Web site: M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska . United States Geological Survey . 29 July 2021.
73. Web site: M 8.1 – South Sandwich Islands region. United States Geological Survey. August 14, 2021.
74. Zhe . Jia . Zhan . Zhongwen . Hiroo . Kanamori . The 2021 South Sandwich Island Mw 8.2 Earthquake: A Slow Event Sandwiched Between Regular Ruptures . 2022 . 10.1029/2021GL097104 . Geophysical Research Letters . 49 . 3 . 2022GeoRL..4997104J . 244736464 . free .