List of medieval stone churches in Finland explained

This is a list of medieval stone churches in Finland. A total number of 104 fieldstone churches were built between the 13th and 16th century, of which 83 have been preserved. Numbers include the sacristies of uncompleted churches as well as three churches in Vyborg which is now part of Russia.

The construction years for each church are listed in accordance with ('Finnish Medieval Stone Churches') by historian Markus Hiekkanen.^[1] The book, first published in 2003, builds on the chronology first put forth in Hiekkanen's 1994 doctoral thesis "The Stone Churches of the Medieval Diocese of Turku: A Systematic Classification and Chronology."^[2] Until Hiekkanen's research, which is based in statistical interpretation of field observations using "a systematic database of comparative criteria,"^[3] most of the churches were generally considered 100–200 years older.

While Hiekkanen's dates represent those most frequently used by state museums^[4] and the Finnish Heritage Agency, his work is not universally accepted and scholars have disagreed with various elements of his research, including his methods and certain dates offered. Åsa Ringbom of Åbo Akademi University, an art historian and one of the principal researchers of the Åland Churches Project, has offered dates for the construction of the stone churches of Åland that, in some cases, differ from Hiekkanen's by a century or more. Hiekkanen has consistently dismissed the interdisciplinary methods used by Ringbom and his colleagues – which include a combined study of written sources, stylistic dating, archeological finds, dendrochronology, and mortar dating, among other modes – and, conversely, Ringbom has called into question Hiekkanen's lack of transparency regarding his methodological principals and limited incorporation of data which fall outside of his model.^[3]

The provinces in this list refer to the historical provinces of Finland, which were replaced by the regions of Finland in 1634, and differ from the former provinces of Finland, which were in use during 1634 to 2009.

The official international name for cities, towns and municipalities in bilingual Finland follows the naming of the majority language of that area. But using the other name version is equal. During historical period the naming was mainly the Swedish one. The list follows the main rule as giving the official name first. But also giving the name in the other official language in the following column. This is of significant help for the reader as the names might very a lot. Medieval churches are historical and that is the reason a few of the names in Swedish that are considered out of use nowadays are entered as this is the way the churches might originally be named in sources and literature.^[5]

Number of churches by province

Province	Churches	Sacristies	Total
	align=center	26	align=center	4	align=center	30
	align=center	13	align=center	6	align=center	19
	align=center	14	align=center	–	align=center	14
	align=center	9	align=center	4	align=center	13
	align=center	13	align=center	–	align=center	13
	align=center	7	align=center	1	align=center	8
	align=center	4	align=center	1	align=center	5
	align=center	–	align=center	1	align=center	1

Finland Proper

Church	Church name based on the other official language of Finland	Image	Original parish	Parish named based the other official language of Finland	Current municipality	Municipality in the other official language of Finland	Built	Notes
Halikko Church	Swedish: [[Halikko Church]]		Halikko	(Swedish: Halikko)	Halikko	Swedish: Halikko	1460–1475	expanded 1813–1815
Kalanti Church	Swedish: [[Kalanti Church|Kaland Church]]		Kalanti	Swedish: [[Kalanti|Kaland]]	Uusikaupunki	Swedish: [[Uusikaupunki|Nystad]]	1430–1450
	Finnish: [[Kimito Church|Kemiönsaari Church]]			Finnish: [[Kimito|Kemiö]]		Swedish: [[Kimitoön|Kemiönsaari]]	1460s
Kisko Sacristy	Swedish: [[Kisko Sacristy]]		Kisko	Swedish: [[Kisko]]	Kisko	Swedish: [[Kisko]]	1510–1530
Koroinen Church	Swedish: [[Koroinen Church|Korois Church]]		Diocese of Finland	Diocese of Finland	Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	1266–1286	foundations, destroyed 1396
	Finnish: [[Korpo Church|Korppoo Church]]			Finnish: [[Korpo|Korppoo]]		Finnish: [[Pargas|Parainen]]	1430s–1440s
Laitila Church	Swedish: [[Laitila Church|Letala Church]]		Laitila	Swedish: [[laitila|Letala]]	Laitila	Swedish: [[Laitila|Letala]]	1460–1483
Lemu Church	Swedish: [[Lemu Church]]		Lemu	Swedish: [[Lemu, Finland|Lemu]]	Masku	Swedish: [[Masku]]	1460–1480
Lieto Church	Swedish: [[Lieto Church|Lundo Church]]		Lieto	Swedish: [[lieto|Lundo]]	Lieto	Swedish: [[Lieto|Lundo]]	1470s–1480s
Marttila Sacristy	Swedish: [[Marttila Sacristy|S:t Mårtens acristy]]		Marttila	(Swedish: [[Marttila|S:t Mårtens]]	Marttila	Swedish: [[Marttila|S:t Mårtens]]	1500–1540	ruins
Masku Church	Swedish: [[Masku Church]]		Masku	Swedish: [[Masku]] formerly in Swedish Masko	Masku	Swedish: [[Masku]] Formerly in Swedish Masko	1490–1510
Mynämäki Church	Swedish: [[Mynämäki Church|Virmo Church]]		Mynämäki	Swedish: [[Mynämäki|Virmo]]	Mynämäki	Swedish: [[Mynämäki|Virmo]]	1425–1440
Naantali Church	Swedish: [[Naantali Church|Nådendals Church]]		Nådendal Abbey	Swedish: [[Nådendal Abbey]]	Naantali	Swedish: [[Naantali|Nådendal]]	1480s
	Finnish: [[Nagu Church|Nauvo Church]]			Finnish: [[Nagu|Nauvo]]		Finnish: [[Nagu|Nauvo]]	1430–1450
Nousiainen Church	Swedish: [[Nousiainen Church|Nousis Church]]		Nousiainen	Swedish: [[Nousiainen|Nousis]]	Nousiainen	Swedish: [[Nousiainen|Nousis]]	1420s–1430s
	Finnish: [[Pargas Church|Parainen Church]]			(Finnish: [[Pargas|Parainen]]]		Finnish: [[Pargas|Parainen]]	1440s/1450s
Perniö Church	Swedish: [[Perniö Church|Bjärnå Church]]		Perniö	(Swedish: [[Perniö|Bjärnå]]	Salo		1460–1480
Pertteli Church	Swedish: [[Pertteli Church|S:t Bertils Church]]		Pertteli	Swedish: [[Pertteli|S:t Bertils]]	Salo	Salo	1500–1520
Piikkiö Sacristy	Swedish: [[Piikkiä Sacristy|Pikis Sacristy]]		Piikkiö	Swedish: [[Piikkiö|Pikis]]	Kaarina	Swedish: [[Kaarina|S:t Karins]]	1500–1560	demolished, no remains found
Pöytyä Sacristy	Finnish: [[Pöytis Sacristy]]		Pöytyä	Swedish: [[Pöytyä|Pöytis]]	Pöytyä	Swedish: [[Pöytyä|Pöytis]]	1500–1560	demolished 1805, no remains found
Raisio Church	Swedish: [[Raisioin Church|Reso Church]]		Raisio	Swedish: [[Raisio|Reso]]	Raisio	Swedish: [[Raisio|Reso]]	1500–1520
Rusko Church	Swedish: [[Rusko Church]]		Rusko	Swedish: [[Rusko]]	Rusko	Swedish: [[Rusko]]	1510–1530
Rymättylä Church	Swedish: [[Rymättylä Church|Rimito Church]]		Rymättylä	Swedish: [[Rymättylä|Rimito]]	Naantali	Swedish: [[Naantali|Nådendal]]	1510s
Sauvo Church	Swedish: [[Sauvo Church|Sagu Church]]		Sauvo	Swedish: [[Sauvo|Sagu]]	Sauvo	Swedish: [[Sauvo|Sagu]]	1460–1472
St. Ann's Chapel	Swedish: [[St. Ann's Chapel, Salo|S:t Annas Chapel]]		Uskela	Swedish: [[Uskela]]	Salo	Swedish: [[Salo, Finland]]	1500–1520	demolished 1832, memorial 1953
St. Catherine's Church	Swedish: [[St. Catherine's Church, Turku|S:ta Catherin's Church]]		Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	1440s–1450s
St. Mary's Church	Swedish: [[St. Mary's Church, Turku|S:t Marie Church]]		Maaria	Swedish: [[Maaria|S:t Marie]]	Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	1440s
Taivassalo Church	Swedish: [[Taivassalo Church|Tövsala Church]]		Taivassalo	Swedish: [[Taivassalo|Tövsala]]	Taivassalo	Swedish: [[Taivassalo|Tövsala]]	1425–1440
Turku Cathedral	Swedish: [[Turku Catedral|Åbo Cathedral]]		Archdiocese of Turku	Swedish: [[Archdiocese of Turku|Archdiocese of Åbo]]	Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	1400s–1410s
Turku Dominican Church	Swedish: [[Turku Dominican Church|Åbo Dominican Church]]		Dominican Convent in Turku	Domincan convent in Åbo, Finland	Turku	Swedish: [[Turku|Åbo]]	1430s	no wisible remains. Place known under present street
Vehmaa Church	(Swedish: [[Vehmaa Church|Vemo Church]])		Vehmaa	Swedish: [[Vehmaa|Vemo]]	Vehmaa	Swedish: [[Vehmaa|Vemo]]	1425–1440

Karelia

Church	Church name based on the other official language of Finland	Image	Original parish	Parish name based on the other official language of Finland	Current municipality	Municipality in the other official language	Built	Notes
Dominican Church of Vyborg	Swedish: [[Dominican Church of Vyborg|Dominican Church of Viborg]]		Dominican Convent in Vyborg	Swedish: [[Dominican Convent in Viborg|Dominican Convent]]<br /> [[Dominican Convent in Viborg|in Viborg]]	Vyborg	Swedish: [[Vyborg|Viborg]]	1481	destroyed by fire 1738, rebuilt 1828-1833, destroyed by fire 1989
Franciscan Church of Vyborg	Franciscan Church of Viborg		Franciscan Convent in Viborg	Swedish: [[Franciscan Convent in Vyborg|Franciscan Convent in Viborg]]	Vyborg	Swedish: [[Vyborg|Viborg]]	1495–1497	demolished 1741
St. Mary's Church	Swedish: [[St. Mary's Church, Hamina|S:ta Maria Church, Fredrikshamn]]		Vehkalahti	Swedish: [[Vehkalahti|Veckelax]]	Hamina	Swedish: [[Hamina|Fredrikshamn]]	1430–1470	destroyed by fire 1821, rebuilt
Virolahti Sacristy	Swedish: [[Virolahti Sacristy|Vederlax Sacristy]]		Virolahti	Swedish: [[Virolahti|Vederlax]]	Virolahti	Swedish: [[Virolahti|Vederlax]]	1500–1530
Vyborg Old Cathedral	Swedish: [[Vyborg Old Cathedral|Viborg Old Cathedral]]		Vyborg	Swedish: [[Vyborg|Viborg]]	Vyborg	Swedish: [[Vyborg|Viborg]]	1435–1445	ruins, destroyed 1940

Ostrobothnia

Church	Church name based on the other official language in Finland	Image	Original parish	Parish name based on the other official language in Finland	Current municipality	Munisipality in the other official language in Finland	Built	Notes
Alatornio Church	Swedish: [[Alatornio Chuch|Nedertorneå Church]]		Alatornio	Swedish: [[Alatornio|Nedertorneå]]	Tornio	Swedish: [[Tornio|Torneå]]	1500–1513	expanded 1794–1797
Isokyrö Old Church	Swedish: [[Isokyrön vanha kirkko|Storkyro Old Church]]		Isokyrö	Swedish: [[Isokyrö|Storkyro]]	Isokyrö	Swedish: [[Isokyrö|Storkyro]]	1513–1533
Kaarlela Church	Swedish: [[Kaarlela Church|Karleby Church]] | [[File:Kaarlela church.jpg|100px]] | [[Kaarlela]] | {{lang-sv|[[Kaarlela|Karleby]] Satakunta Church Church name based on the second official language in Finland Image Original parish Parish name based on the second official language in Finland Current municipality Municipality in the other official language in Finland Built Notes Church of the Holy Cross Swedish: [[Church of the Holy Cross, Rauma|Helga korskyrkan Church]] Franciscan Convent in Rauma Swedish: [[Franciscan Convent in Rauma|Franciscan Convent in Raumo]] Rauma Swedish: [[Rauma, Finland|Raumo]] 1515–1520 Huittinen Church Swedish: [[Huittinen Church|Vittis Church]] Huittinen Swedish: [[Huittinen|Vittis]] Huittinen Swedish: [[Huittinen|Vittis]] 1500 expanded 1793 and 1860 Kokemäki Sacristy Kokemäki Swedish: [[Kokemäki|Kumo]] Kokemäki Swedish: [[Kokemäki|Kumo]] 1500–1540 Köyliö Sacristy Swedish: [[Köyliö Sacristy|Kjulo Sacristy]] Köyliö Swedish: [[Köyliö|Kjulo]] Köyliö Swedish: [[Köyliö|Kjulo]] early 16th century no remains found Lempäälä Church Lempäälä Swedish: [[Lempäälä|Lembois]] Lempäälä Swedish: [[Lempäälä|Lembois]] 1502–1505 expanded 1806 and 1835–1838 Loimaa Sacristy Swedish: [[Loimaa Sacristy|Loimaa Sacristy or Loimijoki Sacristy]] Loimaa Swedish: [[Loimaa]] Loimaa Swedish: [[Loimaa]] 1500–1560 demolished 1751, no remains found Messukylä Old Church Swedish: [[Messukylä Old Church|Messuby Old Church]] Messukylä Swedish: [[Messukylä|Messuby]] Tampere Swedish: [[Tampere|Tammerfors]] 1510–1530 Nokia Manor Chapel Swedish: [[Nokia Manor Chapel|Nokia gård´s Church]] Nokia Manor Swedish: [[Nokia Manor|Nokia Gård]] Nokia Swedish: [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]] 1505–1529 foundations, demolished 1760s Sastamala Church Swedish: [[Sastamala Church]] Karkku Swedish: [[Karkku]] Sastamala Swedish: [[Karkku]] 1497–1505 St. Olaf's Church Swedish: [[St. Olaf's Church in Tyrvää|St. Olaf's Church]] Tyrvää Swedish: [[Tyrvää|Tyrvis]] Sastamala Swedish: [[Sastamala]] 1506–1516 interior destroyed by fire 1997 St. Olaf's Church St. Olaf's Church Ulvila Swedish: [[Ulvila|Ulvsby]] Ulvila Swedish: [[Ulvila|Ulvsby]] 1495–1510 Trinity Church Swedish: [[Trinity Church, Rauma|Treenighets Church]] Rauma Swedish: [[Raumo, FInland|Raumo]] Rauma Swedish: [[Raumo, FInland|Raumo]] 1495–1505 ruins, destroyed by fire 1640 Vesilahti Sacristy Swedish: [[Vesilahti Sacristy|Vesilax Sacristy]] Vesilahti Swedish: [[Vesilahti|Vesilax]] Vesilahti Swedish: [[Vesilahti|Vesilax]] 1485–1500 demolished 1839 Tavastia Church Church name based on the second official language in Finland Image Original parish Original Parish name based on the second official language in Finland Current municipality Municipality name based on the second official language in Finland Built Notes Akaa Sacristy Swedish: [[Akaa Sacristy|Ackas Sacristy]] Akaa Swedish: [[Akaa|Ackas]] Akaa Swedish: [[Akaa|Ackas]] ca. 1510 Hauho Church Swedish: [[Hauho Church]] Hauho Swedish: [[Hauho]] Hämeenlinna Swedish: [[Hämeenlinna|Tavastehus]] 1500–1520 Hollola Church Swedish: [[Hollola Church]] Hollola Swedish: [[Hollola]] Hollola Swedish: [[Hollola]] 1495–1510 Holy Cross Church Swedish: [[Holy Cross Church, Hattula|Heliga Korset's Church]] Hattula Swedish: [[Hattula]] Hattula Swedish: [[Hattula]] 1472–1490 Hämeenkoski Church Swedish: [[Hämeenkoski Church]] KoskiSwedish: [[Koski Hl|Koskis]] Hämeenkoski Swedish: [[Hämeenkoski]] 1510–1560 ruins, abandoned early 17th century Janakkala Church Swedish: [[Janakkala Church]] Janakkala Swedish: [[Janakkala]] Janakkala Swedish: [[Janakkala]] 1510–1520 expanded 1840s Kalvola Sacristy Swedish: [[Kalvola Sacristy]] Kalvola Swedish: [[Kalvola]] Hämeenlinna Swedish: [[Hämeenlinna|Tavastehus]] 1495–1505 Lammi Church Swedish: [[Lammi Church|Lampis Church]] Lammi Swedish: [[Lampis]] Hämeenlinna Swedish: [[Hämeenlinna|Tavastehus]] 1510s Padasjoki Sacristy Swedish: [[Padasjoki Sacristy]] Padasjoki Swedish: [[Padasjoki]] Padasjoki Swedish: [[Padasjoki]] 1520–1560 demolished 1660s, present church 1670 Renko Church Swedish: [[Renko Church|Rengo Church]] Renko Swedish: [[Renko, FInlnad|Rengo]] Hämeenlinna Swedish: [[Hämeenlinna|Tavastehus]] 1510–1550 Somero Sacristy Swedish: [[Somero Sacristy]] Somero Swedish: [[Somero]] Somero Swedish: [[Somero]] 1490s St. Michael's Church Swedish: [[St. Michael's Church, Pälkäne]] Pälkäne Swedish: [[Pälkäne]] Pälkäne Swedish: [[Pälkäne]] 1495–1505 ruins, abandoned 1839 Sysmä Church Swedish: [[Sysmä Church]] Sysma Swedish: [[Sysmä]] Sysmä Swedish: [[Sysmä]] 1510–1520 expanded 1833–1834 Sääksmäki Church Swedish: [[Sääksmäki Church]] Sääksmäki Swedish: [[Sääskmäki]] Valkeakoski Swedish: [[Valkeakoski]] 1495–1500 destroyed by fire 1929, rebuilt 1933 Tammela Church Swedish: [[Tammela Church]] Tammela Swedish: [[Tammela, Finlnad|Tammela]] Tammela Swedish: [[Tammela, Finlnad|Tammela]] 1530–1550 Tuulos Church Swedish: [[Tuulos Church]] Tuulos Swedish: [[Tuulos]] Hämeenlinna Swedish: [[Hämeenlinna|Tavastehus]] 1510–1540 Tyrväntö Sacristy Swedish: [[Tyrväntö Sacristy|TYrväntö Sacristy or Tyrvändö Sacristy]] Tyrväntö Swedish: [[Tyrväntö| Tyrväntö or Tyrvändö]] Hattula Swedish: [[Hattula]] early 16th century Urjala Sacristy Swedish: [[Urjala Sacristy]] Urjala Swedish: [[Urjala]] Urjala Swedish: [[Urjala]] 1520–1540 Vanaja Church Swedish: [[Vanaja Church|Vånå Church]] Vanaja Swedish: [[Vanaja (Finland)|Vånå]] Hämeenlinna 1495–1510 Uusimaa Church Church name based on the second official language in Finland Image Original parish Parish name based on the second official language in Finland Current municipality Municipality name in the second official language in Finland Built Notes Espoo Cathedral Swedish: [[Espoo Cathedral|Esbo Cathedral]] Espoo Swedish: [[Espoo|Esbo]] Espoo Swedish: [[Espoo|Esbo]] 1485–1490 expanded 1821–1823 Ingå Church Finnish: [[INgå Church|Inkoo Church]] Ingå Swedish: [[Ingå|Inkoo]] Ingå Swedish: [[Ingå|Inkoo]] 1430–1520 Karis Church Finnish: [[Karis Church|Karjaa Church]] Karis Finnish: [[Karis|Karjaa]] Raseborg Finnish: [[Raseborg|Raasepori]] 1465–1470 Kirkkonummi Church Swedish: [[Kirkkonummi Church|Kyrslätt Church]] Kirkkonummi Swedish: [[Kirkkonummi|Kyrkslätt]] Kirkkonummi Swedish: [[Kirkkonummi|Kyrkslätt]] 1400–1490 expanded 18th and 19th century Lohja Church Swedish: [[Church of St. Lawrence, Lohja|Lojo Church]] Lohja Swedish: [[Lohja|Lojo]] Lohja Swedish: [[Lohja|Lojo]] 1470–1490 Pernå Church Finnish: [[Pernå Church|Pernaja Church]] Pernå Finnish: [[Pernå|Pernaja]] Loviisa Swedish: [[Loviisa|Lovisa]] 1410–1442 Pojo Church Finnish: [[Pojo Church|Pohja Church]] Pojo Finnish: [[Pojo, Finland|Pohja]] Raseborg Finnish: [[Raseborg|Raasepori]] 1475–1480 Porvoo Cathedral Swedish: [[Porvoo Cathedral|Borgå Cathedral]] Porvoo Swedish: [[Porvoo|Borgå]] Porvoo Swedish: [[Porvoo|Borgå]] 1414–1450 Pyhtää Church Swedish: [[Pyhtää Church|Pyttis Church]] Pyhtää Swedish: [[Pyhtää|Pyttis]] Pyhtää Swedish: [[Pyhtää|Pyttis]] 1462 Sipoo Old Church Swedish: [[Sipoo Old Church|Sibbo gamla kyrka]] Sipoo Swedish: [[Sipoo|Sibbo]] Sipoo Swedish: [[Sipoo|Sibbo]] 1450–1454 Siuntio Church Swedish: [[Siuntio Church|Sjundeå Church]] Siuntio Swedish: [[Siuntio|Sjundeå]] Siuntio Swedish: [[Siuntio|Sjundeå]] 1460–1489 Tenala Church Finnish: [[Tenala Church|Tenhola Church]] Tenala Finnish: [[Tenala|Tenhola]] Raseborg Finnish: [[Raseborg|Raasepori]] 1460–1480 Church of St. Lawrence Swedish: [[Church of St. Lawrence, Vantaa|Church of St. Lawrence, Vanda]] Helsingin pitäjän kirkonkylä Swedish: [[Helsingin pitäjä|Helsinge]] Vantaa Swedish: [[Vantaa|Vanda]] 1450s Vihti Church Swedish: [[Vihti Church|Vichtis Church]] Vihti Swedish: [[Vihti|Vichtis]] Vihti Swedish: [[Vihti|Vichtis]] 1500–1520 ruins, abandoned 1801 Åland Åland is officially monolingual Swedish speaking and the names are just according to the Swedish language. Church Image Original parish Current municipality Built Notes Church of St. Olaf Jomala Jomala 1275–1285 Eckerö Church Eckerö Eckerö 1380–1420 Finström Church Finström Finström 1440–1470 Föglö Church Föglö Föglö 1500–1520 expanded 1859–1860 Geta Church Geta Geta 1510–1540 Hammarland Church Hammarland Hammarland 14th century Kumlinge Church Kumlinge Kumlinge 1500–1510 Kökar Church Franciscan Convent in Kökar Kökar 1500–1520 abandoned late 16th century, present church 1784 Lemböte Chapel Lemland Lemland 1500–1530 abandoned late 16th century, renovated 1890s Lemland Church Lemland Lemland 1290–1310 Saltvik Church Saltvik Saltvik 1350s–1370s Sund Church Sund Sund late 13th century Vårdö Church Vårdö Vårdö 1520–1550 See also Architecture of Finland External links

Notes and References

1. Book: Hiekkanen, Markus . Suomen keskiajan kivikirkot . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . 2007 . 2nd . Helsinki . fi . 978-951-746-861-9.
2. Book: Hiekkanen, Markus . The Stone Churches of the Medieval Diocese of Turku: A Systematic Classification and Chronology . 1994 . Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistys [Finnish Antiquarian Society] . Helsinki . en . Kokkonen . Jüri . Doctoral dissertation . 978-951-9057-11-8.
3. Ringbom . Åsa . January 2012 . A reply to Hiekkanen regarding the Medieval churches of Åland . . 107 . 1 . 50–53 . ResearchGate.
4. Book: Tulkki . Carita . Ulvilan kirkko ja tapuli: Ulvilan kirkon ja tapulin restaurointi- ja korjaustyön arkeologinen valvonta 2004–2005 . 2006 . Satakunnan Museo . Pori . 2022-09-05 . fi.
5. https://sprakbruk.fi/artiklar/vad-heter-jakobstad-pa-engelska/