List of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa explained
The list of marine heterobranch gastropods of South Africa is a list of saltwater mollusc species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of South Africa. This list does not include the land or freshwater molluscs.
This is a sub-list of the list of marine gastropods of South Africa, which is in turn a sub-list of the list of marine molluscs of South Africa.
Heterobranchia
Architectonicidae
- Variegated sundial shell Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin, 1791) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)[1]
Siphonariidae - False limpets
- Siphonaria annaea Tomlin, 1944 (Durban northwards)
- Cape False limpet Siphonaria capensis Quoy and Gaimard (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
- Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958[2]
- Siphonaria concinna Sowerby, 1824 (Cape Point to Zululand)
- Siphonaria nigerrima Smith, 1903 (Zululand to Mozambique)
- Siphonaria oculus Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to Zululand)
- Siphonaria serrata Fischer, 1807 (Saldanha Bay to Zululand)
- Siphonaria tenuicostulata Smith, 1903 (Durban to Mozambique)
Ringiculidae
- Ringicula turtoni Bartsch, 1915[3]
Acteonidae
- Acteon fortis Thiele, 1925
- Acteon flammeus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Acteon pudicus (A. Adams, 1854)
- Rictaxis albis (Sowerby, 1873)
- Japonacteon sp.
- Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1854)
- Pupa niecaensis (Barnard, 1963)
- Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pupa sulcata (Gmelin, 1791)
- Pupa suturalis (A. Adams, 1854)
- Pupa tessellata (Reeve, 1842)
Bullinidae
- Bullina scabra Gmelin, 1791
- Bullina oblonga Sowerby, 1897
Hydatinidae
Cylichnidae
- Cylichnella agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925)
- Cylichnella meridionalis (Smith, 1902)
- Cylichnella miniscula (Turton, 1932)
- Cylichnella natalensis (Barnard, 1963)
- Cylichnella nitens (Smith, 1872)
- Cylichnella smithi (Bartsch, 1915)
- Cylichna africana Bartsch, 1915
- Cylichna bistriata Tomlin, 1920
- Cylichna dulcis Thiele. 1925
- Cylichna nitens Smith, 1903
- Cylichna remissa Smith, 1890
- Cylichna tubulosa Gould, 1859
- Scaphander punctostriatus (Mighels. 1841)
Retusidae
- Retusa agulhasensis Thiele, 1925
- Retusa natalensis Barnard, 1963
- Retusa sp. cf. nicobarica Thiele, 1925
- Retusa sp. cf. semen Thiele, 1925
- Retusa truncatula Bruguiere, 1792
- Volvulella mutabilis (Barnard, 1963)
- Volvulella pia (Thiele, 1925)
- Volvulella rostrata (A. Adams, 1854)
Philinidae
- Sand slug Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1767) (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)[4] [5]
- Philine berghi Smith, 1910
Gastropteridae
Aglajidae
Haminoeidae
- Atys cylindrica (Heibling, 1779)
- Green bubble shell Haminoea alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 (Namaqualand to Eastern Cape)
- Haminoea natalensis (Krauss, 1848) (KwaZulu-Natal)
- Roxania utriculus (Brocchi, 1814)
- Smaragdinella sieboldi A. Adams, 1864
- Smaragdinella calyculata (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829)
- Phenerophthalmus smaragdinus (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1831)
Runcinidae
Bullidae
Cavoliniidae
- Cavolinia gibbosa (Orbigny, 1836)
- Cavolinia globosa (Gray, 1850)
- Cavolinia inflexa (Lesueur, 1813)
- Cavolinia tridentata (Niebuhr, 1775)
- Clio andreae (Boas, 1886)
- Clio chaptalii Gray, 1850
- Clio cuspidata (Bosc, 1802)
- Clio pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767
- Creseis acicula (Rang, 1828)
- Creseis virgula (Rang, 1828)
- Cuvierina columnella (Rang, 1827)
- Diacria quadridentata (Blainville, 1821)
- Diacria trispinosa (Blainville, 1821)
- Styliola subula (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827)
Peraclididae
- Peraclis moluccensis (Tesch, 1903)
- Peraclis reticulata (Orbigny, 1836)
Cymbuliidae
Desmopteridae
- Desmopterus papilio Chun 1889
Clionidae
Pneumodermatidae
Akeridae
Aplysiidae
Oxynoidae
Juliidae
Volvatellidae
- Ascobulla fischeri (Adams & Angas, 1864)
- Volvatella laguncula Sowerby, 1894
Placobranchidae
- Elysia halimedae Macnae, 1954
- Elysia marginata (Pease, 1871)
- Elysia moebii (Bergh, 1888)
- Elysia livida Baba, 1955
- Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871)
- Elysia vatae Risbec, 1928
- Elysia virgata (Bergh, 1888)
- Plant-sucking nudibranch Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) (Namaqualand to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
- Plant-sucking nudibranch Elysia sp. This may be the same species as listed above as E. viridis. There may be question of identification.
- Elysia spp. (7)
Limapontiidae
- Dendritic nudibranch Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
- Stiliger ornatus Ehrenberg, 1831
Caliphyllidae
Hermaeidae
Umbraculidae
- Tylodina alfredensis Turton, 1932
- Umbrella pleurobranch Umbraculum sinicum (Gmelin, 1783) (transkei to Mozambique)
Pleurobranchidae
- Berthella plumula (Montagu, 1803)
- Berthella tupala Marcus, 1957
- Berthella sp.
- Lemon pleurobranch Berthellina citrina (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Cape Point to Mozambique)
- Lemon pleurobranch Berthellina granulata (Krauss, 1848) (This may replace previous entry B. citrina)
- Euselenops luniceps (Cuvier, 1817)
- Pleurobranchaea algoensis Thiele, 1925
- Pleurobranchaea brockii Bergh, 1897
- Pleurobranchaea melanopus Bergh, 1907
- Pleurobranchaea pleurobrancheana (Bergh, 1907)
- Dwarf warty pleurobranch Pleurobranchaea tarda Verrill, 1880
- Warty pleurobranch Pleurobranchaea bubala Marcus and Gosliner, 1984 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)
- Pleurobranchella nicobarica Thiele, 1925
- Mosaic pleurobranch Pleurobranchus albiguttatus (Bergh, 1905)
- Pleurobranchus disceptus O'Donoghue, 1929
- Pleurobranchus inhacae Macnae, 1962
- Pleurobranchus moebii Vayssiere, 1898
- Pleurobranchus nigropunctatus (Bergh, 1907)
- Pleurobranchus papillosa (O'Donoghue, 1929)
- Pleurobranchus peroni Cuvier, 1804
- Pleurobranchus perrieri Vayssiere, 1896
- Pleurobranchus sculptata (O'Donoghue, 1929)
- Pleurobranchus xhosa Macnae, 1962
Nudibranchia - Nudibranchs
Bathydorididae
- Doridoxa benthalis Barnard, 1963
Dorididae
- Aldisa benguelae Gosliner, 1985
- Three-spot nudibranch Aldisa trimaculata Gosliner, 1985
- ?Alloiodoris inhacae O'Donoghue, 1929
- Archidoris capensis Bergh, 1907
- Archidoris scripta Bergh, 1907
- Rugby ball dorid or Spined dorid Atagema rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951
- Atagema gibba Pruvot-Fol, 1951
- Warty dorid Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 Orange river to Eastern Cape
- Doris granosa (Bergh, 1907)
- Doris spp. (2)
- Doriopsis pecten (Collingwood, 1881)
- ? Ocellate dorid Gargamella sp.1
- ?Gargamella sp.2
- Velvet dorid Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804)
- Dotted nudibranch Jorunna zania (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal)Marcus 1976
The following four species are listed as incertae sedis by Gosliner:
- Doris natalensis Krauss, 1848
- Doris pseudida Bergh, 1907
- Doris perplexa Bergh, 1907
- Doris glabella Bergh, 1907
Actinocyclidae
Chromodorididae
- Saddled nudibranch Cadlina sp.1
- Brown-dotted nudibranch Cadlina sp.2
- Cadlina sp.3
- Cadlina sp.4
- Cadlinella ornatissima (Risbec, 1928)
- Ceratosoma cornigerum (Adams and Reeve, 1850)
- Inkspot nudibranch or Lipstick nudibranch Ceratosoma ingozi Gosliner, 1996
- Ceratosoma tenue Abraham, 1876
- Chromodoris africana Eliot 1904
- Chromodoris albolimbata Bergh, 1907
- Chromodoris alderi Collingwood, 1881
- Polka-dot chromodorid Chromodoris annulata Eliot 1904 (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
- Chromodoris boucheti Rudman, 1982
- Chromodoris conchyliata Yonow, 1984
- Chromodoris euelpis Bergh, 1907
- Chromodoris fidelis Kelaart, 1858
- Chromodoris geminus Rudman, 1987
- Chromodoris cf. geminus
- Chromodoris geometrica Risbec, 1928
- Chromodoris hamiltoni Rudman, 1977
- Red-spotted nudibranch or Heather's nudibranch Chromodoris heatherae Gosliner, 1994
- Chromodoris inopinata Bergh, 1905
- Chromodoris marginata Pease, 1860
- Chromodoris porcata Bergh, 1888
- Chromodoris tinctoria (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)
- Gaudy chromodorid Chromodoris vicina Eliot, 1904 (Central to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
- Chromodoris spp. (7)
- Durvilledoris lemniscata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832)
- Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier 1804)
- Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1888)
- Glossodoris pallida (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1830)
- Glossodoris symmetricus Rudman, 1990
- Glossodoris undaurum Rudman, 1985
- Glossodoris spp. (4)
- Hypselodoris bullockii (Collingwood, 1881)
- Cape dorid Hypselodoris capensis (Barnard, 1927) (Cape Columbine to Transkei)
- Hypselodoris carnea (Bergh, 1889)
- Hypselodoris fucata Gosliner & Johnson, 1999
- Mottled dorid Hypselodoris infucata (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique)
- Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)
- Hypselodoris maridadilus Rudman, 1977
- Hypselodoris rudmani Gosliner and Johnson, 1999
- Hypselodoris spp. (3)
- Hypselodoris sp.
- Noumea varians (Pease, 1871)
- Noumea purpurea Baba, 1949
- Protea nudibranch Noumea protea Gosliner, 1994
- Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828)
- Thorunna horologia Rudman, 1984
Discodorididae
- Discodoris coerulescens Bergh, 1888
- Discodoris fragilis (Alder and Hancock, 1864)
- Small-spot dorid Discodoris sp.1
- Discodoris sp.2
- Blotchy dorid Geitodoris capensis Bergh, 1907
- Anisodoris sp. (2)
- Thordisa burnupi Eliot, 1910
- Thordisa punctifera Bergh, 1907
- Thordisa spp. (2)
- ? Variable dorid Aphelodoris brunnea Bergh, 1907(needs confirmation in Discodorididae)
- ? Chocolate-chip nudibranch Aphelodoris sp. 1
- ? Brown-spotted nudibranch Aphelodoris sp. 2
- ? Spiky nudibranch Aphelodoris sp.3
- ?Sclerodoris apiculata (Alder and Hancock, 1864)(needs confirmation in Discodorididae)
- ?Sclerodoris coriacea (Eliot, 1904)(see above)
- ?Sclerodoris sp.(see above)
- ?Artachaea sp,(see above)
- Halgerda carlsoni Rudman, 1928[9]
- Halgerda dichromis Fahey and Gosliner, 1999
- Halgerda tessellata Bergh, 1880
- Halgerda toliara Fahey and Gosliner, 1999
- Halgerda wasinensis Eliot, 1904
- Halgerda formosa Bergh, 1880
- Halgerda punctata Farran, 1902
- Rostanga muscula (Abraham, 1877)
- Red sponge nudibranch or Orange dorid Rostanga elandsia Garovoy, Valdes & Gosliner, 2001
- Rostanga phepha Garovoy, Valdés & Gosliner, 2001
Phyllidiidae
Dendrodorididae
Mandeliidae
Onchidorididae
Corambidae
Goniodorididae
Polyceridae
- Crimora sp.
- Kalinga ornata Alder and Hancock, 1864
- Tasseled nudibranch Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835)
- Orange-clubbed nudibranch Limacia clavigera (Muller, 1776) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
- Nembrotha livingstonei Allan, 1933
- Nembrotha purpureolineata O'Donoghue, 1924
- Plocamopherus apheles (Barnard, 1927)[10]
- Plocamopherus maculatus (Pease, 1860)
- Plocamopherus sp.
- Crowned nudibranch Polycera capensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)
- Polycera hedgpethi Marcus, 1964
- Four lined nudibranch Polycera quadrilineata (Muller, 1776)
- Polycera sp. (not same as Twin crowned or Orange lined crowned)
- Twin-crowned nudibranch Polycera sp.1
- Orange lined crowned nudibranch Polycera sp.2
- Roboastra gracilis (Bergh, 1877)
- Roboastra luteolineata (Baba, 1936)
- Black nudibranch Tambja capensis (Bergh, 1907) (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma)
- Tambja morosa (Bergh, 1877)
- Tambja sp.
- Thecacera pacifica (Bergh, 1883)
- Thecacera pennigera (Montagu, 1804)
- Thecacera sp.
Aegiridae
Gymnodorididae
Hexabranchidae
Okadaiidae
- Okadaia elegans Baba 1931
Charcotiidae
Dotidae
Embletoniidae
Proctonotidae
- Gas flame nudibranch Bonisa nakaza Gosliner, 1981 (Cape Peninsula to Eastern Cape)
- Cape silvertip nudibranch or Silvertip nudibranch Janolus capensis Bergh, 1907 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
- Medallion silvertip nudibranch Janolus longidentatus Gosliner, 1981
- Nippled nudibranch Janolus sp.
Arminidae
- Armina berghi Thiele, 1925
- Armina capensis (Bergh, 1907)
- Armina euchroa (Bergh, 1907)
- Gilchrists sand slug Armina gilchristi (Bergh, 1907)
- Armina grisea O'Donoghue, 1927
- Armina microdonta (Bergh, 1907)
- Armina natalensis (Bergh, 1866)
- Armina serrata O'Donoghue, 1929
- Armina simoniana Thiele, 1925
- Striped sand slug or Pierre's armina Armina sp.
- White-ridged nudibranch Dermatobranchus sp. 1 (Gosliner)
- Dermatobranchus sp. 2
- Dermatobranchus sp. 3
- Brown ridged nudibranch or narrow ridged nudibranch Dermatobranchus sp. 4 (Gosliner)
Tritoniidae
Aranucidae
Bornellidae
Dendronotidae
Scyllaeidae
Tethydidae
- Dinosaur nudibranch Melibe liltvedi Gosliner, 1987
- Cowled nudibranch Melibe rosea Rang, 1829 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)
- Melibe pilosa Pease, 1860
- Melibe sp.
Flabellinidae
Fionidae
Eubranchidae
Tergipedidae
Aeolidiidae
Facelinidae
- Night sky nudibranch Amanda armata Macnae, 1954
- Caloria indica (Bergh, 1896)
- Black-dot nudibranch Caloria sp. 1
- Yellow-tipped nudibranch Caloria sp. 2
- Caloria sp. 3
- Orange eyed nudibranch or White tipped nudibranch Cratena capensis Barnard, 1927 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
- Cratena simba Edmunds, 1970
- Elegant nudibranch Cratena sp.1
- Cratena spp. (+3)
- Echinopsole fulvus Macnae, 1954
- Olive nudibranch Facelina olivacea Macnae, 1954
- Facellina annulata Macnae, 1954
- Facellina sp.
- Favorinus japonicus Baba, 1949
- Favorinus ghanensis Edmunds, 1968
- Moridilla brockii (Bergh, 1888)
- Coral nudibranch Phyllodesmium serratum (Baba, 1949) (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
- Coral nudibranch Phyllodesmium horridum (Macnae, 1954) (this may replace previous entry P. serratum)
- Phyllodesmium hyalinum Ehrenberg, 1831
- Phyllodesmium sp.
- Pruvotfolia pselliotes (Labbe, 1923)
- Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864)
Glaucidae
Family ?
Cavoliniidae
Onchidiidae
References
- Branch, G.M. Griffiths, C.L. Branch, M.L. Beckley, L.E. Two Oceans: A guide to the marine life of southern Africa. 5th impression, David Philip, Cape Town, 2000.
- Kilburn R. N. (1996). Siphonaria compressa. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
- Gosliner, Terrence. Nudibranchs of southern Africa: A guide to Opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa Sea Challengers, Monterey, 1987.
- Jones, Georgina. A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. SURG, Cape Town, 2008.
- Zsilavecz, Guido. Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay. SURG, Cape Town, 2007.
- Hunt . B. . Strugnell . J. . Bednarsek . N. . Linse . K. . Nelson . R. J. . Pakhomov . E. . Seibel . B. . Steinke . D. . Würzberg . L. . 2010 . Poles Apart: The "Bipolar" Pteropod Species Limacina helicina Is Genetically Distinct Between the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans" . . 5 . 3. e9835 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0009835 . 20360985 . 2847597. 2010PLoSO...5.9835H . free .
- Lalli, C.M. & Gilmer, R.W. (1989) Pelagic Snails. The biology of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California.
- Web site: https://www.itis.gov . www.itis.gov . 5 January 2010.
- King, Dennis. Fraser, Valda. More reef fishes and nudibranchs: East and south coast of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town, 2002
- Barnard . K.H. . 1927 . South African nudibranch Mollusca, with descriptions of new species, and a note on some specimens from Tristan d'Acunha . Annals of the South African Museum . 25 . 171–215 pls. 119–120 .
- Shipman . C. . Gosliner . T. . 2015 . Molecular and morphological systematics of Doto Oken, 1851 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia), with descriptions of five new species and a new genus. . Zootaxa . 3973 . 1. 57–101. 10.11646/zootaxa.3973.1.2 . 26249713 .
Further reading