List of major bushfires in Australia explained

This is a list of major bushfires in Australia. The list contains individual bushfires and bushfire seasons that have resulted in fatalities, or bushfires that have burned in excess of 5000ha, or was significant for its damage to particular Australian landmarks.

, Australian bushfires accounted for over 800 deaths since 1851 and, in 2012, the total accumulated cost was estimated to be 1.6 billion.[1] In terms of monetary cost however, bushfires have not cost as much in financial terms as the damage caused by drought, severe storms, hail, and cyclones,[2] perhaps because they most commonly occur outside highly populated urban areas.

Of all the recorded fires in Australia, the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in the state of Victoria claimed the largest number of recorded deaths of any individual Australian bushfire or bushfires season173 fatalities over 21 days. The largest known area burnt was between 100-, impacting approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass, during the 1974–75 Australian bushfire season. The most number of homes destroyed was approximately 3,700 dwellings, attributed to Victoria's 1939 Black Friday bushfires.[3]

The fires of the summer of 2019–2020 affected densely populated areas including holiday destinations resulting in the New South Wales Rural Fire Service Commissioner, Shane Fitzsimmons, to claim it was "absolutely" the worst bushfire season on record [in that state].[4] Australian National University described the 2019 fire year as "close to average"[5] and the 2020 fire year as "unusually small".[6]

Some of the most severe Australian bushfires (single fires and fire seasons) have included:

List

DateName or descriptionState(s) /
territories		Area burned
(approx.)		FatalitiesProperties damagedNotes
data-sort-type="number"hadata-sort-type="number"acresdata-sort-type="number"Homes
data-sort-type="number"Other buildingsdata-sort-type="number"Other damage
data-sort-value="1851-02-06"Black Thursday bushfiresVictoria5000000haalign=right data-sort-value="12"align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[7] [8]
data-sort-value="1895-09-09"9 September 1895Upper Blue Mountains firesNew South Wales150ha024align=right data-sort-value="0"Shedsalign=right data-sort-value="0"Main Western Railway Line at Mount Victoria
data-sort-value="1898-02-01"1 February 1898Red Tuesday bushfiresVictoria260000haalign=right data-sort-value="12"12align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="2000"2,000[9] [10]
data-sort-value="1926-02-01"1926 bushfiresVictoria390000haalign=right data-sort-value="60"60align=right data-sort-value="1000"1,000align=right data-sort-value="0"0[11]
data-sort-value="1938-12-01"Black Friday bushfiresVictoria2000000haalign=right data-sort-value="71"71align=right data-sort-value="3700"3,700align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1944-01-14"14 January – 14 February 19441944 Victorian bushfiresVictoria1000000haalign=right data-sort-value="15"15–20align=right data-sort-value="500"align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1944-11-18"18 November 19441944 Blue Mountains bushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="40"align=right data-sort-value="0"0[12] [13]
data-sort-value="1951-11-01"November 1951 – January 19521951–52 bushfiresVictoria4000000haalign=right data-sort-value="11"11align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[14]
data-sort-value="1955-01-02"2 January 1955Black Sunday bushfiresSouth Australia39000-align=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="40"40align=right data-sort-value="0"0[15] [16]
data-sort-value="1957-11-30"30 November 19571957 Grose Valley bushfire, Blue MountainsNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1957-12-02"2 December 19571957 bushfire, Blue MountainsNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="170"170align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1961-01-01"January – March 19611961 Western Australian bushfires1800000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="160"160align=right data-sort-value="0"0[17]
data-sort-value="1962-01-14"14 – 16 January 19621962 Victorian bushfiresVictoriaalign=right data-sort-value="32"32align=right data-sort-value="450"450align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1965-02-21"16 February – 13 March 19651965 Gippsland bushfiresVictoria315000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"more than 20align=right data-sort-value="60"604,000 livestock[18]
data-sort-value="1965-03-05"5 – 14 March 1965Southern Highlands bushfires251000haalign=right data-sort-value="3"3align=right data-sort-value="59"59align=right data-sort-value="0"0[19]
data-sort-value="1967-02-07"7 February 1967Black Tuesday bushfiresTasmania264000haalign=right data-sort-value="62"64align=right data-sort-value="1293"1,293align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1968-02-19"19 February 1968Dandenong Ranges bushfireVictoria1920haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="53"53align=right data-sort-value="10"10
data-sort-value="1968-07-01"1968 – 691968-69 Killarney Top Springs bushfiresNorthern Territory40000000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1968-11-29"29 November 19681968 Blue Mountains BushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="120"align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1969-01-08"8 January 19691969 bushfiresVictoriaalign=right data-sort-value="23"23align=right data-sort-value="230"230align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1969-07-01"1969 – 701969-70 Dry River-Victoria River fireNorthern Territory45000000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1974-09-01"1974 – 1975 summer fire season

(defined as October 1974 to February 1975 in Queensland only)		1974-75 Australian bushfire season117000000haalign=right data-sort-value="3"6align=right data-sort-value="0"unknownalign=right data-sort-value="0"unknown15% of Australia was burnt. The damage was mostly in central Australia and so it did not impact many communities. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
data-sort-value="1977-02-12"12 February 1977Western Districts bushfiresVictoria103000haalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="116"116align=right data-sort-value="340"340
data-sort-value="1977-12-17"17 December 1977Blue Mountains Fires 1977New South Wales54000haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="49"49align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1978-04-04"4 April 19781978 Western Australian bushfiresWestern Australia114000haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="6"6
data-sort-value="1979-12-01"December 19791979 Sydney bushfiresNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="5"5align=right data-sort-value="28"28align=right data-sort-value="0"0[27]
data-sort-value="1980-11-03"3 November 19801980 bushfireNew South Wales1000000haalign=right data-sort-value="5"5align=right data-sort-value="14"14align=right data-sort-value="0"0[28]
data-sort-value="1983-01-09"9 January 1983 bushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="3"3 align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[29]
data-sort-value="1983-02-16"16 February 1983Ash Wednesday bushfires
  • Victoria
418000haalign=right data-sort-value="75"75align=right data-sort-value="2400"align=right data-sort-value="0"0[30] [31]
data-sort-value="1984-12-25"25 December 19841984 Western New South Wales grasslands bushfiresNew South Wales500000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"000
data-sort-value="1985-01-10"Mid-January 19851985 Cobar bushfireNew South Wales516000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1984-12-01"1984 – 1985 season1984 - 85 New South Wales bushfiresNew South Wales3500000haalign=right data-sort-value="5"5
data-sort-value="1985-01-14"14 January 1985Central Victoria bushfiresVictoria50800haalign=right data-sort-value="3"3align=right data-sort-value="180"180align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1993-12-27"New South Wales400000haalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="225"225align=right data-sort-value="0"0[32]
data-sort-value="1997-01-08"8 January 1997Wooroloo bushfireWestern Australia10500haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="16"16align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1997-01-21"21 January 1997Dandenongs bushfireVictoria400haalign=right data-sort-value="3"3align=right data-sort-value="41"41align=right data-sort-value="0"0[33]
data-sort-value="1997-12-02"2 December 1997Lithgow bushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1997-12-02"2 December 1997Menai bushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="11"11align=right data-sort-value="0"0[34]
data-sort-value="1997-12-02"2 December 1997Perth and South-West Region bushfiresWestern Australia23000haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="1998-12-02"2 December 1998Linton bushfireVictoriaalign=right data-sort-value="5"5align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[35]
data-sort-value="2001-12-25"25 December 2001 – 7 January 2002Black Christmas bushfiresNew South Wales753314haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="121"121align=right data-sort-value="0"0[36]
data-sort-value="2002-08-01"August – November 20022002 NT bushfiresNorthern Territory38000000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2002-10-19"19 October 2002Thurlgona Road BushfireNew South Wales010Numerous Sheds[37]
data-sort-value="2002-10-20"20 October 2002Abernathy BushfireNew South Wales1,4003,459113Numerous Sheds[38]
data-sort-value="2002-12-04"4 December 20022002 NSW BushfiresNew South Wales120Significant damage to Holsworthy Army Base[39] [40]
data-sort-value="2003-01-18"18 – 22 January 20032003 Canberra bushfires160000haalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="500"align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2003-01-08"8 January – 8 March 20032003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfiresVictoria1300000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="41"41align=right data-sort-value="213"213align=right data-sort-value="10000"10,000 livestock[41]
data-sort-value="2003-12-01"December 2003TenterdenWestern Australia15,000[42] align=right data-sort-value="2"37,000align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"20
data-sort-value="2005-01-10"10 – 12 January 20052005 Eyre Peninsula bushfireSouth Australia77964haalign=right data-sort-value="9"9align=right data-sort-value="9"93align=right data-sort-value="0"0[43]
data-sort-value="2006-01-01"New Years Day, 20062006 Central Coast bushfireNew South Walesalign=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2006-01-01"New Years Day 2006Jail Break Inn Fire, New South Wales30000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="7"7align=right data-sort-value="4"4
data-sort-value="2005-12-01"December 2005 – January 20062005 Victorian bushfiresVictoria160000haalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="57"57align=right data-sort-value="359"35965,000 livestock [44]
data-sort-value="2006-01-01"January 2006Grampians bushfireVictoria184000haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[45] [46]
data-sort-value="2006-02-06"6 February 2006Pulletop bushfire, New South Wales9000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="2"2[47]
data-sort-value="2006-12-01"1 December 2006 – March 2007The Great Divides bushfireVictoria1048000haalign=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="51"51align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2006-09-01"September 2006 – January 20072006–07 Australian bushfire season
  • New South Wales
  • South Australia
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria
  • Western Australia
1360000haalign=right data-sort-value="5"5align=right data-sort-value="83"83align=right data-sort-value="20"[48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]
data-sort-value="2007-02-04"4 February 2007Dwellingup bushfireWestern Australia12000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="16"16align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2007-12-06"6 – 14 December 20072007 Kangaroo Island bushfiresSouth Australia95000haalign=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0[55]
data-sort-value="2007-12-30"30 December 2007Boorabbin National ParkWestern Australia40000haalign=right data-sort-value="3"3align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2009-02-07"7 February – Black Saturday bushfiresVictoria450000haalign=right data-sort-value="173"173align=right data-sort-value="2029"2,029align=right data-sort-value="2000"2,000[56] [57] [58] [59] [60]
data-sort-value="2009-12-29"29 December 2009Toodyay bushfireWestern Australia3000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="38"38align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2011-01-11"11 January 2011Lake Clifton bushfireWestern Australia2000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="10"10align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2011-02-06"6 – 8 February 2011Roleystone Kelmscott bushfireWestern Australia1500haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="72"72align=right data-sort-value="0"0Buckingham Bridge on Brookton Highway collapsed and closed for 3 weeks whilst a temporary bridge was constructed and opened a month after the fires.
data-sort-value="2011-11-24"24 November 2011Margaret River bushfireWestern Australia4000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="34"34
align=right data-sort-value="0"0[61]
data-sort-value="2013-01-04"4 January 2013Tasmanian bushfiresTasmania20000haalign=right data-sort-value="1"1[62]
data-sort-value="2013-01-18"18 January 2013Warrumbungle bushfireNew South Wales54000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="53"53align=right data-sort-value="118"118[63]
data-sort-value="2013-10-17"17 – 28 October 2013New South Wales100000haalign=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="208"208align=right data-sort-value="40"40[64] [65] [66]
data-sort-value="2011-12-27"27 December 2011 – 3 February 2012Carnarvon bushfire complexWestern Australia800000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"011 pastoral stations
data-sort-value="2014-01-12"12 January 2014Parkerville bushfireWestern Australia386haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="56"56align=right data-sort-value="0"0[67]
data-sort-value="2015-01-02"2 – 9 January 20152015 Sampson Flat bushfiresSouth Australia20000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="27"27align=right data-sort-value="140"140
data-sort-value="2015-01-29"29 January – 20 February 20152015 O'Sullivan bushfire (Northcliffe – Windy Harbour)Western Australia98923haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="5"5Thousands of hectares of production forests (karri and jarrah) or national parks
data-sort-value="2015-01-01"January 20152015 Lower Hotham bushfire (Boddington)Western Australia52373haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="1"1align=right data-sort-value="1"1
data-sort-value="2015-8-1"1–9 August 20152015 Wentworthfalls Winter FireNew South Wales800haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0
data-sort-value="2015-10-01"October – November 20152015 Esperance bushfiresWestern Australia200000haalign=right data-sort-value="4"4align=right data-sort-value="10"10align=right data-sort-value="0"0[68] [69]
data-sort-value="2015-11-15"15 – 24 November 2015Perth Hills bushfire complex – Solus GroupWestern Australia10016haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="0"0Jarrah production forest and Conservation Park
data-sort-value="2015-11-25"25 November – 2 December 20152015 Pinery bushfireSouth Australia85000haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="91"91align=right data-sort-value="0"0[70] [71]
data-sort-value="2016-01-01"January 20162016 Murray Road bushfire (Waroona and Harvey)Western Australia69165haalign=right data-sort-value="2"2align=right data-sort-value="181"181align=right data-sort-value="1"Yarloop Workshops[72]
data-sort-value="2017-02-11"11 – 14 February 20172017 New South Wales bushfiresNew South Wales52000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="35"35align=right data-sort-value="0"0[73]
data-sort-value="2017-02-17"17 – 18 February 20172017 Carwoola bushfireNew South Wales3500haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="11"11align=right data-sort-value="0"0[74]
data-sort-value="2017-03-18"18–19 March 20182018 Tathra bushfireNew South Wales1200haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="69"69align=right data-sort-value="30"30[75]
data-sort-value="2019-02-01"early February 2019Tabulam bushfireNew South Wales4000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="10"10align=right data-sort-value="23"23
data-sort-value="2019-02-01"Early February 2019Tingha bushfireNew South Wales23419haalign=right data-sort-value="0"0align=right data-sort-value="8"19[76] [77]
data-sort-value="2019-09-05"5 September 2019 – 2 March 20202019–20 Australian bushfire season (Black Summer)Nationwide18626000haalign=right data-sort-value="0"34align=right data-sort-value="2600"align=right data-sort-value="6000"At least one billion wild animals are estimated to have died (not including frogs and insects) with some species thought to be facing extinction.Area[78] Other[79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91]
data-sort-value="2020-06-01"1 June 2020 – 1 June 20212020–21 Australian bushfire seasonNationwide250,000617,7630 85Dozen outbuildings and 1 Service Station in Lucindale and dozens of out buildings in Bradbury.

Outbuildings, sheds and a nursery destroyed in Oakford.

Outbuildings lost in Wooroloo and surrounds.

1 house in Northmead north west of Sydney was severely damaged.

Australia Bushfire Seasons

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Summary of Major Bush Fires in Australia Since 1851. 29 October 2010. Romsey Australia.
  2. Web site: EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. Australian Government. 30 October 2010. https://archive.today/20101118000000/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/webEventsByCategory?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=1#1. 18 November 2010. dead. dmy-all.
  3. Book: Stretton, Leonard Edward Bishop. Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Causes of and Measures Taken to Prevent the Bush Fires of January, 1939, and to Protect Life and Property, and the Measures Taken to Prevent Bush Fires in Victoria and Protect Life and Property in the Event of Future Bush Fires. T. Rider, Acting Government Printer. 1939. Parliament of Victoria.
  4. News: 'Extraordinary' 2019 ends with deadliest day of the worst fire season. Alexander, Harriet. Chung, Laura. Chrysanthos, Natassia. Drevikovsky, Janek. Brickwood, James. 1 January 2020. The Sydney Morning Herald.
  5. Web site: AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT SUMMARY REPORT 2019 . Australian National University . 30 October 2021 . 6 . National fire activity was close to average: 10% below 2000–2018 average [...] total area burnt was 26 Mha; 42% below 2000–2018 average.
  6. Web site: Australia's 2020 Environment REPORT . Australian National University . 30 October 2021 . 10 . 2021 . Nationally the area burnt was unusually small [...] Total area burnt was 17 Mha, 90% below the 2000– 2019 average.
  7. Web site: Black Thursday. https://web.archive.org/web/20101113073941/http://www.chig.asn.au/black_thursday_bushfires_1851.htm. 13 November 2010. 10 February 2009.
  8. Web site: ABS 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2004. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 24 March 2006. 4 January 2020 .
  9. Web site: South Gippsland, Victoria: Bushfires. 13 September 2006. 24 May 2008. EMA Disasters Database. Australian Government. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154059/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/83edbd0553620d8cca256d09001fc8fd/270f8f5a1d4fa692ca256d3300057cd2?OpenDocument. 13 February 2009. dmy-all .
  10. Web site: Bushfire history. 12 September 2015. Victorian Government.
  11. Web site: Major bushfires in Victoria. https://web.archive.org/web/20060902231529/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenfoe.nsf/LinkView/E20ACF3A4A127CB04A25679300155B04358FFCDA5CA1F43FCA256DA6000942C9. dead. 2 September 2006. 15 February 2009. Department of Sustainability and Environment .
  12. News: 27 HOMES DESTROYED IN BLUE MOUNTAINS BLAZE. The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 November 1944. 26 January 2020. 1. Trove, National Library of Australia.
  13. News: BUSHFIRE TERROR IN N.S.W.. The Advertiser. Adelaide. 11 December 1944. 26 January 2020. 5. Trove, National Library of Australia.
  14. Encyclopedia: Chisholm, Alec H.. The Australian Encyclopaedia. 2. 207. Halstead Press. Sydney. 1963. Bushfires .
  15. Web site: 2 January 1955 Black Sunday . Painter, Alison . Professional Historians Association (South Australia) . 15 May 2013 .
  16. Web site: Bushfire History . . 2013-10-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029232359/http://www.cfs.sa.gov.au/site/bushfire_history.jsp . 2013-10-29. dmy-all .
  17. Book: Matthews, H.. 2011. Karridale Bush Fires 1961. 2011. Karridale Progress Association Inc.. 978-0-9871467-0-0.
  18. Web site: Past bushfires. 10 January 2019. Forest Fire Management Victoria. en-AU. 9 November 2019. Victorian Government. dmy-all.
  19. Web site: Gordon. Chris. Remembering the 1965 Chatsbury-Bungonia Fire. Goulburn Post. 4 March 2015. 14 September 2015.
  20. Web site: BUSHFIRES – AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT. 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1 January 1995. Cheney, N. P.. 14 January 2020. In 1974-75, lush growth of grasses and forbs following exceptionally heavy rainfall in the previous two years provided continuous fuels through much of central Australia and in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent..
  21. News: The Sydney Morning Herald from Sydney, New South Wales . 21 December 1974 . 1. Newspapers.com. 2018-02-13. en.
  22. Mac Dougall. I D. 2003. A National User-Driven approach towards a coordinated Fire Research Program. The Australian Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre Program. 13 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195427/http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/summit-2003/3-IWFC/Papers/3-IWFC-088-MacDougall.pdf. 13 February 2018. dead. dmy-all.
  23. Web site: Bush Fires / Wild Fires – Australian Bushfire History. australiasevereweather.com. 2018-02-13.
  24. News: Our Service's story. NSW RFS Bush Fire Bulletin Souvenir Liftout 2010 Part Two. 14 February 2018.
  25. Book: 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission Final Report. Parliament of Victoria. 2010. 978-0-9807408-1-3. 347.
  26. June 2014. Bushfires in NSW: timelines and key sources. NSW Parliament Issues Backgrounder Number 6. NSW Parliamentary Research Service.
  27. Web site: Bushfire – Sydney and Region:1 December 1979. Attorney-General's Department (Australia). 9 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192017/http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=336. 29 October 2013. dead. dmy-all.
  28. Web site: 1979 – 1980, Sydney and Region bushfire. Ministry for Police and Emergency Services. 9 January 2013. 18 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061443/http://www.emergency.nsw.gov.au/content.php/602.html. 23 October 2013. dead. dmy-all.
  29. News: Mutton. Sheree . Shire fire horror still lingers 20 years on . 22 January 2018 . . Fairfax Regional Media . 9 January 2014.
  30. Web site: Southern Victoria and S.A: Bushfires . 25 May 2008. 13 September 2006. EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia, Australian Government. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090212131153/http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/76b9d4d54b20e8ffca256d3300057bd4?OpenDocument. 12 February 2009.
  31. Web site: Hazards, Disasters, and Your Community. Emergency Management Australia. 22 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071016204725/http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/%2830A3EE7646E852BEBD7F907D5B33CE5A%29~3877%2BWEMA%2Bhazards.pdf/%24file/3877%2BWEMA%2Bhazards.pdf. 16 October 2007. dead.
  32. "Bushfires – Get the Facts ". Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved 9 January 2013
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