List of lynching victims in the United States explained

This is a list of lynching victims in the United States. While the definition has changed over time, lynching is often defined as the summary execution of one or more persons without due process of law by a group of people organized internally and not authorized by a legitimate government. Lynchers may claim to be issuing punishment for an alleged crime; however, they are not a judicial body nor deputized by one. Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined in the 1920s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968.[1] Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States, but women were also lynched. More than 73 percent of lynchings in the post–Civil War period occurred in the Southern states.[2] White lynchings of black people also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the Border States, especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of black people out of the Southern United States. The purpose for many of the lynchings was to enforce white supremacy and intimidate black people through racial terrorism.[3]

According to Ida B. Wells and the Tuskegee University, most lynching victims were accused of murder or attempted murder. Rape or attempted rape was the second most common accusation; such accusations were often pretexts for lynching black people who violated Jim Crow etiquette or engaged in economic competition with white people. Sociologist Arthur F. Raper investigated one hundred lynchings during the 1930s and estimated that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.[4] [5]

On a per capita basis, lynchings were also common in California and the Old West, especially of Latinos, although they represented less than 10% of the national total. Native Americans, Asian Americans and Italian-Americans[6] [7] were also lynched.[8] Other ethnicities, including Finnish-Americans[9] and German-Americans[10] were also lynched occasionally. At least six law officers were killed trying to stop lynch mobs, three of whom succeeded at the cost of their own lives, including Deputy Sheriff Samuel Joseph Lewis in 1882,[11] and two law officers in 1915 in South Carolina.[12] Three law officers were themselves hanged by lynch mobs (Henry Plummer in 1864; James Murray in 1897; Carl Etherington in 1910).

19th century

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
26 African American April 28, 1836 Arrested on charge of disturbing the peace, McIntosh stabbed the deputies who told him he would serve five years for the offense. Burned alive. Lynching had broad local support. Reported on by abolitionist editor Elijah Lovejoy, who was soon lynched himself.
35 White November 7, 1837 Abolitionist newspaper editor and publisher Had moved to Alton to escape violence in St. Louis. Four successive printing presses destroyed. "Not guilty" verdict; jury foreman member of mob.[13]
38 June 27, 1844 Technically, treason against state of Illinois, but lynching was for religious views, especially plural marriage/polygamy. In jail awaiting trial. Richards and Taylor survived. Five men were tried and acquitted.
44
40
34
about 45 African American July 5, 1845 Unprovoked attack Beaten[14]
Paunais or Little Saux 22 Anishinaabe June 1848 Murder of a white man Hanged[15]
Timpanogos Utah March 5, 1849 Alleged cattle theft 4–7 killed by Mormon settlers; attack ordered by Brigham Young
about 25 Latin July 5, 1851 Killing a white man She was found guilty of murdering a local miner, Frederick Cannon, a man who had attempted to assault her after he had broken into her home.[16]
21 White May 1852 Killing of J.C. Platt[17] Lynched by miners who appointed a "committee",[18] via “mob law."[19]
Adults Latin July 20, 1852 Killing and robbing of Americans, including Latinos[20] Band of Mexican horse thieves and murderers, who "tormented the central coast", frequently boasted of killing and robbing Americans.[21] They were taken by vigilantes out of jail and hanged from a makeshift gallows
Scottish August 17, 1853 Murder of Hungarian fisherman Andrew Cracovich Hanged[22]
34 African American DentonOctober 1854 Beating a white man to death [23]
July 7, 1856 Murder
25 White November 1857 Alleged spying Ordered by Brigham Young shortly after the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Shot by party including Porter Rockwell and Wild Bill Hickman.
27
33
African American 1858 Alleged murder and robbery of wealthy white farmer, "Mr. Simpson." Thompson and Despano were two of four men jailed for allegedly murdering a Mr. Simpson. A mob broke into the jail which was abandoned by the jailor. To avoid lynching, one of the four, Elias Scraggs, slit his own throat. Thompson and Despano were taken by the mob and hanged from a tree. After seeing Scraggs, Thompson and Despano die, a fourth man after "a good deal of reluctance" avoided lynching by implicating five others, including Simpson's own son-in-law, though the son-in-law was "generally considered innocent."[24]
Latin November 30, 1858 Robbery and murder Hanged.
Adam African American 1859 In response to the murder of a white man, and "in keeping with local custom, a slave man was selected to be killed in retribution".Adam was tried and convicted of the murder of a white man. He was represented by Ossian Hart, who appealed the conviction. The Florida State Supreme Court declared a mistrial, following which a mob broke into the jail, seized Adam and hanged him.[25]
23 September 6, 1861 Allegedly exchanged insults and blows with two Irishmen who accused him and a friend of bothering two white women on the street. Hanged from a pile driver by a crowd of fifty to seventy-five Irishmen.
28 October 11, 1861 Believed to have assaulted a white woman in her home. While a trial was in progress, preparations to lynch the victim were made outside. When constables walked out with Hamilton, the crowd seized and hanged him.[26] [27]
Oakland1862 Rape and murder of an eight year old white girl [28]
Adult men White October 1862 Lynching, plus "legal" executions, of Union supporters by Confederate supporters Many lynched before trial was concluded. Prosecution of perpetrators "half-hearted"; only one convicted.[29] [30]
African American March 6, 1863 Beaten by mob of Irishmen
June 21, 1863 Alleged rape of Irish woman Hanged from a tree by mob of Irishmen
31 White January 10, 1864 Alleged leader of an outlaw gang. A sheriff who was dragged from his house and lynched; the only evidence of his alleged crimes was in an account written by a lynch mob member to justify lynching; 130 years later Plummer was posthumously tried; the jury reached a split decision (six to six) and a mistrial was declared.[31]
January 14, 1864 Outlaw Hanged by the Montana Vigilantes
33 March 10, 1864 Disturbing the peace Hanged by vigilantes
46 December 3, 1864 Unclear Beaten and hanged
Mixed race (White/Dakota)[32] 1865 Double murder Lynched by a mob after an extrajudicial "trial".[33]
unknown White June 1866 Horse theft Thompson was arrested by the county sheriff based on evidence collected by a local vigilance committee, then tried in an extrajudicial jury proceeding and hanged.[34]
17 African American August 27, 1866 Attempted murder of his employer's wife following a wage dispute Taylor was a former slave, and had been a teenage soldier for the Union. A mob dragged him from a jail, tortured him and hanged him from a tree, and mutilated and decapitated his body; no one was prosecuted. In 2018, a local park was named the "John Taylor Memorial Park" after him.[35]
34 December 10, 1866 Walking with a White woman Coleman, formerly enslaved by White Mormon people, was bludgeoned to death by an unknown number of assailants. His throat was deeply slit and body dumped with a note pinned to his chest stating "Notice to all niggers! Take warningLeave white women alone!"[36] [37]
unknown White June 23, 1867 Tried for killing a merchant, but acquitted. Angry about Pippin's acquittal, a mob of 20 people dragged him from under the floorboards of his father's house and hanged him.[38] [39]
African American July 24, 1867 Arson Hanged from a willow tree[40] [41]
unknown July 1868 Alleged murder of white overseer. A masked mob broke into the jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged McLain and Quinn from the jail and hanged both from a gum tree with the same rope.[42] [43]
unknown Alleged accomplice to murder of white overseer.
unknown July 22, 1868 Robbing a white woman of a sum of money. Moore was accused of having other "nepharious designs" not carried out after he was frightened away by the screams of the woman from whom he allegedly took money. Moore was before a magistrate when a crowd took him away and hanged him naked from a tree.[44]
Jewish August 15, 1868 None A group of masked men appeared at both the rear and front doors of Samuel Bierfield's store. When he refused to open the back door, they broke in. He ran out the front, where he encountered the rest of the group. The masked men shot Bierfield five times. They mortally wounded his black clerk Lawrence Bowman, who had been with him at the store. Henry Morton, another black man, had been sitting and chatting with the pair and escaped without injury during the melee. Bierfield pleaded for his life on the street in front of his dry goods store but was shot to death by the masked men at close range.
African American
White October 28, 1868 Murder Hanged from the rafters of an unfinished cabin
unknown African American October 2, 1869 Assaulting a white woman [45] [46] [47]
about 35 October 12, 1869 Assault of a white woman Sharecropper and father of six, Juricks was "hung from an oak tree before the mob fired a volley of gunshots into his body".[48] [49]
Two Mexicans Latin 1870 Stealing groceries A group of masked men had taken the two Mexicans during the night, hanging them from a beam in the jail yard.[50]
49–50 African American February 26, 1870 Prominent local figure (no crime alleged) Sixty-three indictments, but the North Carolina Legislature, to end their cases, repealed the law they were charged with violating.[51]
March 31, 1870 None. A witness in protective custody. Johnson was held in protective custody at jail so he could testify against a prisoner in jail named Beavers. Sheriff John H. Wisner killed by mob who then killed prisoner[52] It is believed Johnson was killed so that he could not testify against Beavers.[53]
35 White March 31, 1870 Legal representation of African Americans Shot by Ku Klux Klan members
April 30, 1870 Accused of murder A one-thousand-member vigilance committee accused the two men of shooting and robbing an old man named George Lenhart. Their fate was decided on the courthouse steps by mock trial, because "the law was tedious, expensive, and uncertain." When law officers interrupted the proceedings, they were imprisoned by the mob.[54]
35 White May 21, 1870 State senator who worked to help freedmen Ku Klux Klan; no one charged.
French December 17, 1870 Murder Hanged[55]
40–41 African American March 6, 1871 Leading a black militia organization Hanged by Ku Klux Klan
Chinese October 24, 1871 None Group of Chinese immigrants killed in retaliation for the accidental homicide of a white rancher. See: Chinese massacre of 1871
Adult African American November 17, 1871 Accused of killing a white man, Cyrus Park, and his family Indiana Legislature exonerated Johnson, Taylor, and Davis in 2022[56]
64–65
>60
March 25, 1872 Murdering Henry Murray. Taken out of his prison cell and lynched by a mob on the public square.[57] [58]
35 Latin San Juan BautistaApril 1872 Alleged conspiracy to rob a stage coach. After Tiburcio Vásquez robbed a stage on the San Benito Road, a group of vigilantes seized José Castro, a local saloon owner, and hanged him from a tree based on the flimsy suspicion that he was associated with the bandit.[59]
37–38 White November 4, 1872 Sexual indecency Died from castration after being tarred and feathered by a mob[60]
35–36 December 24, 1872 Murder A group of vigilantes broke into the jail, seized McCrory and hanged him from a bridge.[61]
February 1, 1873 Both individuals charged with separate murders Both men hanged[62]
27/28 Irish April 30, 1873 Accused of two axe murders Hanged[63]
Swiss July 26, 1873 Attempted rape Beaten, shot and hanged[64]
20 Italian July 27, 1873 None Giovanni Chiesa, the first Italian immigrant lynched in the United States, was clubbed to death by a mob of coal miners.[65] [66]
Eli African American May 1874 Assaulting a white woman Killed when jail burned down by mob; according to a member of mob participant John Wesley Hardin, the local coroner (also allegedly part of the mob) rendered a verdict that Eli had died after setting fire to the jail himself.[67]
about 68 Mixed race (Tejano) June 8, 1874 Murder of the Swift family Juan Moya and his two sons taken from jail and lynched by a mob
White June 22, 1874 Three men were members of the Taylor faction in the Sutton-Taylor feud. Members of the Sutton faction lynched the three men in revenge for murder of Sutton leader William E. Sutton in Indianola, Texas on March 22, 1874.
African American April 30, 1875 Killing a police officer Taken out of his jail cell by an unmasked mob and hanged on a suspension bridge. Reed survived and escaped West.[68]
June 1875 Alleged assault of Adaline Jackson. Simms was shackled and in jail when a mob searched the jailor for his keys and took Simms away, irons and all, and hanged him from a tree. “Many of the lynchers were painted black and some were masked.”.[69]
23 June 25, 1875 Accused of sexually assaulting a white woman Hanged from a structure at the Hancock County fairground
July 22, 1875 Robbery and murder of Frank Williams Lynched after allegedly confessing to murder of white man. Shot[70] [71]
October 20, 1875 Hiring a man to commit murder Hanged
May 3, 1876 Murder of Lake Jones, an elderly African American man Broken out of jail by a white mob and hanged from a tree.
46 White April 29, 1877 Murder of Democratic sheriff John Gully
19
14
33
Latin May 2, 1877 Murder of a man named Henry De Forrest Broken out of jail by a mob and hanged from a tree.[72] [73]
about 40 African American June 26, 1877 Presiding over an interracial marriage Shot
Latin July 1877 Shooting a man named Manuel ButronBroken out of jail by a disguised mob and hanged from a willow tree.[74]
African American September 1877 Assaulting a white woman. Taken from jail and shot[75]
September 11, 1877 Rape of a white woman Hanged
March 6, 1878 Arson Hanged from a tree
May 5, 1878 Arson Shot[76]
African American September 1, 1878 Arrested for assaulting Miss Alice Sweeny on August 26, 1878 Green was being held at the jail in Upper Marlboro. Threats of lynching were openly made and were held off by the vigilance of Sheriff James N.W. Wilson. On September 1, 1878, a band of masked men removed Green from the jail and took him a mile outside of town to the corner of Queen Anne's Road and Hills Lane. There a noose was placed around his neck and he was hanged 15 feet in the air from a cherry tree. His body remained dangling from the tree and was observed the next morning.[77]
October 11, 1878 Accused of rape Largest recorded lynching in Indiana. No one was ever indicted.
December 10, 1878 Livestock theft and murder of a posse member Taken from the custody of the county sheriff and burned alive.[78]
31–32 White December 15, 1878 Armed robbery and murder Two of the five Horrell Brothers, outlaw brothers best known for their involvement in the Horrell–Higgins feud. While awaiting trial for robbery and murder in Texas, they were shot to death by a mob of armed vigilantes who stormed the jail.
29–30
13–14 African American January 20, 1879 Alleged assault and rape of a white woman Accused of assaulting and raping Mrs. Moses Ables, Easley was taken by force from the jail and lynched during the day within the city limits of Jacksonville.[79]
Gilmer, Bill March–April 1879 Shot attorney Thomas J. Wood Shot. Gilmer was accused of shooting Wood, who had whipped Gilmer for using offensive language near his wife.[80] [81]
May 5, 1879 Arson [82] [83]
24 White Varnell Station July 21, 1879 Being Mormon missionaries Accosted by armed mob. Standing shot, Clawson survived
22
29 September 4, 1879 Theft of a saddle and harness Local petty thieves accused without evidence of stealing a saddle and harness. Kidnapped from jail and hanged by 30 members of the local Masonic Temple.
19
19
1880 Murder of Marshal Joe Carson Accused of murdering a U.S. marshal during the Variety Hall shootout. Hanged by a mob.
Peck, George Washington 22 African American PoolesvilleMontgomeryJanuary 10, 1880 Accused of assaulting a white girl Taken by a mob and hanged from a tree before he could be transported to Rockville for a trial.[84] [85] [86]
24–25 January 19, 1880 Eloping with his employer's daughter Hanged
Ramírez, Refugio Latin May 1, 1880 Accused of bewitching their neighbors. All three were burned to death[87]
Garcia, Silvestre (wife)
Ines, María (daughter) 16–17
Diggs-Dorsey, John 23 African American July 27, 1880 Assault and rape of a white woman Marched one mile in shackles and hanged from a cherry tree[88] [89]
December 12, 1880 Rape Hanged from an oak tree.
47 White March 22, 1881 Robbery, murder Hanged from a telegraph pole.
Three men African American May 1881 Attacking a man who requested their help in crossing Rolling Fork Creek Hanged from a tree on the bank of the creek[90]
June 8, 1881 Harassing a white girl Hanged from a tree
Pierce, Charles White October 1, 1881 Horse theft and murder Hanged from a tree[91]
Three Mexicans Latin October 7, 1881 Murder of James Little A mob took the three Mexicans and hanged them from a tree[92]
African American November 21, 1881 Rape and assault of a white woman Hanged from a bridge
Johnson, Jim December 24, 1881 Threatening several men with a shotgun. After being hit on the head with a pistol by Thomas Barksdell, Johnson retaliated by threatening several people with a shotgun and allegedly preventing a doctor from reaching a woman who was in labor.[93]
23 April 3, 1882 Killing a police officer Newspapers reported he was innocent, but no one was held accountable for the lynching.[94] [95] [96] [97]
McManus, Frank White April 19, 1882 Raping a four-year-old child Taken from jail and lynched[98]
June 3, 1882 Murder of three teenagers Hanged from a sycamore tree[99]
Mentzel, Augustus June 27, 1882 Resisting arrest; killing three citizens and wounding two Deputy Sheriff William A Bergin was either mortally wounded by suspect[100] or was killed by mob who then killed prisoner[101] [102]
Tafoya, Francisco "Navajo Frank" Navajo June 29, 1882 Lassoing and dragging a citizen Taken from jail and lynched on telephone pole in railyard.[103] [104] [105]
Agirer, Augustin Latin August 1882 Filing a complaint against a white man Mr. Agirer had filed a complaint after one of the Anglo men had shot at his dog. In retaliation, the Anglos tracked Mr. Agirer down and fatally shot him in front of his wife[106]
African American October 24, 1882 Assaulting and raping two white women Taken from law officers in jail and lynched from a bridge[107]
Green, James White April 3, 1883 Robbery and murder of a shopkeeper Accused of the robbery and murder of Cassius Millet, a mob forcibly took the pair from the jail and hanged them from a bridge.[108]
Ingraham, Fred
García, Encarnción 30–31 Latin Los GatosJune 17, 1883 MurderEncarnación García was a nephew of the bandido Tiburcio Vásquez. He was arrested for stabbing another man to death following a card game at the Los Gatos Saloon. A mob broke into the jail, seized García and hanged him from the Los Gatos Creek bridge.[109] [110]
Green, Charley Native American Juneau July/August 1883 Murder of rumseller Richard Rainey Hanged[111]
Boxer
35 Black August 25, 1883 Alleged murder of White police chief After police severely kicked and beat him they handed him over to a White mob of up to 2,000 people who hung Harvey in front of the city jail then dragged his body down the main city street.[112] [113]
Conorly, Huie 16 African American February 18, 1884 Attempted rape A mob of 10 to 15 men broke into the jail, seized Conorly and hanged him on the jail steps.[114]
28 White February 22, 1884 Accessory to robbery Mob unsatisfied with lenient sentence
Briscoe, George 40 African American On a rural road November 26, 1884 Alleged robbery of the residence of George Schievenent. "[A]sked the magistrate with an oath what right he had to commit him to jail?" angering the crowd. Hung by "a large party" of masked men.[115]
Cook, Townsend 21 June 2, 1885 Assaulting a white woman [116] [117]
Jackson, Andy June 21, 1885 Rape and murder of a white woman [118]
Jackson, Lizzie
Hayes, Frank
Norman, Joe
Rogers, Willie
McChristian, Perry White GrenadaJuly 7, 1885 Murder of two peddlers [119] [120]
Williams, Felix
James, Bartley African American
Campbell, John
Cooper, Howard 15–17 July 12, 1885 Assaulting a white woman Convicted of assault and rape after one minute deliberation, his attorneys intended to file an appeal; 75 masked men broke Cooper out of jail and hanged him from a tree.[121] [122]
Finch, Jerry 46 September 29, 1885 Murder [123] [124]
Finch, Harriet 30
Tyson, Lee
Pattishall, John
66 March 5, 1886 Rape of a white woman All suspects acquitted.[125] [126]
Villarosa, Federico (Francesco Valoto) Italian March 25, 1886 Attempted rape of a 10-year-old white girl Hanged from a tree by a mob despite the efforts of the sheriff and state militia.[127]
Whitley, Charles 18 African American June 6, 1886 Alleged assault of five-year-old child. A mob of 35–40 heavily armed men broke into the jail, seized Whitley and hanged him from a tree about a mile and a half away.[128]
35 White July 25, 1886 Allegedly murdered a 16-year-old girl Found hanged from a tree three days later. Public opinion divided on whether Lockwood committed suicide or was lynched. Coroner's jury returned a verdict of suicide.[129]
African American August 19, 1886 Supposedly poisoning her employer. Taken from the county jail, stripped naked, hanged in the courthouse yard and her body riddled with bullets and left exposed to view.[130]
Johnson, David 50 White September 14, 1886 Alleged murder of Edward White. Hanged by a mob. Newspaper accounts describe Johnson as troubled with "religious mania" and regarded as insane.[131] [132]
35 African American June 12, 1887 Alleged assault on Martha Thomas Assault victim Martha Thomas was mixed race and the mob was reportedly led by members of the black community.[133] [134]
McCutchen, Frank Latin November 26, 1887 Arson Fires had been appearing around Oakdale and McCutchen had allegedly been caught in the act of setting fire to a barn. McCutchen was arrested and while being transferred to Modesto jail, a mob overpowered the constable and hanged McCutchen from a tree.[135]
White December 30, 1887 Raping and killing a 14 year old African-American girlOne of various unique incidents in which a white person is lynched by African Americans
Salazar, Santos Latin Jim WellsJanuary 23, 1888 Murdering a white man Jake Stafford was found dead two miles away from the road he was on; one of the main suspects of murdering Mr. Stafford was Mexican-American Salazar Santos. When the news spread across the city, a mob hanged Salazar due to the suspicion of him being the murderer[136]
Grandstaff, Andrew 22–23 White June 1, 1888 Killing two adults and two children Taken from the county jail and hung from a tree on courthouse lawn.[137]
23 African American August 10, 1888 Assaulting a white woman Taken from the courthouse during his trial and lynched on the balcony railings.[138]
White December 4, 1888 Murder of L.K. Wall Hanged from a telephone pole
African American N/A January 15, 1889 Rape and murder Lynched despite calls from his accuser that she could not confirm he was guilty. Sheriff eventually determined he had been innocent, and another man was later arrested.
Fletcher, Magruder about 35 March 14, 1889 Raping a white woman in her home[139]
Martin, Albert 23 May 27, 1889 Assault and rape A mob broke into his jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged him from the jail with a noose around his neck, beat and shot him to death, then hanged his corpse from a bridge.[140] [141]
28 White July 20, 1889 Stealing cattle Abducted and hanged
38
African American August 14, 1889 Found with white girl Hanged
Bush, George 17 September 7, 1889 Rape of a five year old white girl [142]
28 Japanese October 28, 1889 Alleged arson Hanged from a telephone pole[143] [144]
14 African American November 8, 1889 "Scaring a teenaged white girl"[145] Hanged from a derrick
27 White December 3, 1889 Arson Hanged from a bridge
Johnson, Ripley African American December 28, 1889 Alleged murder of a merchant and another person. Some were only being held as witnesses. A mob of about 100 took the men from the jail to the outskirts of Barnwell and shot them.[146] [147]
Adams, Mitchell
Jones, Judge about 22
Phoenix, Robert about 30
Furz, Hugh about 24
Johnson, Harrison about 35
Bell, Peter about 60
Morral, Ralph about 28
20 February 7, 1890 Assault of a white woman, confronting mob Shot
15 February 27–28, 1890 Murder of a 9-year-old white girl Hanged from a telegraph pole[148]
Williams, William April 3, 1890 Rape of an eight year old white girl Taken from his jail cell by a mob, hanged, and shot multiple times.[149] [150]
Tacho Native American April 27, 1890 Stealing horses and cattle Hanged from a telegraph pole
Salceda, Jesus Latin February 4, 1891 Seducing a white man's daughter Three white men took Jesus Salceda and hanged him from an oak tree for supposedly seducing one of the white men's daughters. They later found out that they had mistaken Jesus Salceda for another Mexican.[151]
African American February 17, 1891 Murder Taken together from jail by mob and hanged.[152]
Irish
11 Italian Americans Italian Orleans March 14, 1891 Killing of police chief Three had been acquitted; three had a mistrial; five were never tried. Lynching organized by local leaders, including future mayor Walter C. Flower and future governor John M. Parker. Grand jury brought no charges.
African American April 30, 1891 Shooting a policeman Taken from his jail cell by a mob and lynched on Murfreesboro Road.[153]
Clark, Robert June 13, 1891 Rape [154] [155]
August 24, 1891 Taken from jail by mob and hanged.
Ortiz, Louis Latin September 19, 1891 Shooting of Officer Dick Nash A repeat, violent, intoxicated offender was arrested for shooting the town's night watchman. Prior to due process, a vigilante crew freed Ortiz from jail at gunpoint and hanged him from the Virginia Street Bridge.[156] [157]
Smith, George (AKA Joe Coe) African American October 10, 1891 Assault on a white girl of five The Governor and the sheriff tried unsuccessfully to quiet the crowd in front of the courthouse. Pieces of the lynching rope were sold as souvenirs. Despite 16 wounds to his body and three broken vertebrae, Coroner said he died of "fright". Grand jury declined to indict.
Adult December 1891 Murder of son of sheriff Coroner's jury: "by persons unknown"
Unknown 1892 Suspicion of burglary and incendiarism Hanged.
Hinson, Henry January 12, 1892 Murder Hanged.[158]
Corbin, Henry January 14, 1892 Death of a white woman. Taken from jail and hanged/
Coy, Edward February 20, 1892 Attacked a white women Burned[159]
38–39 March 9, 1892Complaint from competing white grocery store owner. So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.[160]
32
Adult
Bright, John Wesley White TaneyMarch 16, 1892 Killing his wife Deputy Sheriff George Williams killed by mob who then shot and killed prisoner[161] [162]
Heflin, Lee 29 March 18, 1892 Convicted murderer Seized from police when they were trying to move him to a safer location.
Dye, Joseph
African American April 27, 1892 Assaulting two white girls in Goodlettsville. Taken out of his prison cell and lynched on a bridge in downtown Nashville in front of 10,000 onlookers. Later taken back to Goodlettsville.[163]
44–45 April 30, 1892
Redmond, Jim May 17, 1892 Arrested for the fatal assault of Toccoa City Marshal James Carter.[164] Due to threats against the suspects, they were transferred to a jail in Clarkesville, 15 miles east of Toccoa. A week after their arrest, a mob surrounded the jail, overpowered the guards, and dragged the three suspects out of their cells. Using chains and padlocks, the three victims were hanged from a single tree.[165]
Roberson, Gus
Addison, Bob
Taylor, James 23 May 19, 1892 Accused of the rape of 11-year-old Nettie (Nellie) Silcox on May 16, 1892 By 9:00 p.m. on May 19, nearly 1,000 men and women gathered at the jail. A body of masked men carrying an assortment of weapons demanded the Sheriff open the jail's door. When the Sheriff refused, the men used a sledgehammer to breach the door rushed in, and swiftly overpowered the Sheriff and other officers on duty. The mob placed a rope around Taylor's neck and dragged him down the steps and out of the jail into Cross Street. They hanged him from a tree just outside the city limits at a point between the Rockwell House and the old Armstrong Hotel.[166]
Stewart, Charles May 21, 1892 Rape Suspect killed Deputy Sheriff T Holmes while escaping from jail; lynched by posse.[167] [168]
28 African American June 2, 1892Assaulting a white womanHanged.[169]
Bates, William White BedfordJune 27, 1892 Alleged murder of his wife Mob formed as officers were transporting Bates to jail. He was hanged.[170]
33 African American July 24, 1892 Stagecoach robbery and murder Hanged from a derrick
33
17 February 1, 1893 Kidnapping and murder of white girl; Smith confessed under duress. Tortured, burned with hot irons, doused in oil and set afire; his remains were sold as souvenirs.
Adult Bamberg (at the time, Barnwell) April 24, 1893 Attack on a white girl
February 9, 1893 Assault Beaten, stabbed, and hanged from Walnut Street Bridge
June 3, 1893 Rape of a white woman, Minnie Cameron Vest Hanged from a telephone pole at the corner of Wood and Water streets
Shorter, William 17 N/A (independent city) June 13, 1893 Assault on a white woman [171] [172]
Miller, C.J. July 7, 1893 Killing two white girls Despite no evidence that he was the murderer, he was taken from jail and hanged and his dead body cremated. Investigated by journalist Ida B. Wells.[173]
Willis, Charles January 12, 1894 Being a "desperado"[174] Shot and burned in bed.
about 35 March 15, 1894 Murder Lynched by a mob after escaping from jail.[175]
May 17, 1894 Arson Shot
October 20, 1894 Assaulting a white woman Hanged from a bridge and shot
Rawls, William April 2, 1895 Murder Hanged and shot.
May 28, 1895 Murder Hanged[176]
Divers, Emmett Adult August 15, 1895 Murder of a white woman; Jennie E. Cain "Horrible fury of the mob...500 horsemen." Hanged from bridge until dead, taken down and hanged a second time from a telegraph pole at the fairground, "at the request of the murdered woman's husband, John William Cain". Body and cabin burned.[177]
Suiato, Floantina Latin October 12, 1895 Murder 10 masked man went into the jail where Suiato was being held, took him to the banks of the Nueces River, where they hanged him from a tree and riddled his body with bullets[178]
Hilliard, Robert Henson African American October 29, 1895 Rape and murder of a white womanBurned.[179] [180]
English January 10, 1896 Alleged murder of his father-on-law and wounding a posseman Shot by mob; ruled by coroner as suicide
Castellán, Aureliano Latin January 30, 1896 Accused of looking at a white woman Shot and burned[181]
Crawford, Foster White February 26, 1896 Bank robbery and killing of cashier Frank Dorsey On February 25, 1896, two cowboys robbed the city national bank, murdered cashier Frank Dorsey and stole $410. They were eventually arrested. On the night of February 26, 1896, a mob stormed the prison, dragged the pair from the jail and hanged them in front of the bank building[182] [183]
Lewis, Elmer "Kid" 20
Cocking, Joseph 34–35 English June 28, 1896 Murder of his wife and sister-in-law Hanged on a bridge at the outskirts of town[184]
Randolph, Sidney Adult African American July 4, 1896 Killing a white girl Taken from the jail by a mob.[185] [186]
Saladino, Lorenzo 33–36 Italian August 8, 1896 Murder Saladino was accused of murdering a wealthy merchant. Arena and Venturella happened to have been in the same prison, accused of a different murder. All were rounded up together and lynched to "teach the lawless Italians a salutary lesson." After the lynching, another person confessed to the murder for which Arena and Venturella had been lynched.[187]
Arena, Salvatore 27
Venturella, Giuseppe 48
Daniels, Alfred African American November 26, 1896 Suspicion of arson (barn burning) (no evidence) Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.[188] [189]
19 N/A (independent city) April 23, 1897 Assault on a young girl [190]
Mitchell, Charles 23 June 4, 1897 Robbery/rape Hanged[191]
17 June 9, 1897 Assault Hanged from a walnut tree.
Holy Track, Paul 19 Native American Williamsport November 13, 1897 Murder of a white family Hanged from a beef windlass
Coudot, Alex
Ireland, Phillip
Murray, James White December 6, 1897 Victim was a law officer who was shot and lynched by friends of a man who had been arrested for murder[192] [193]
18 Seminole January 8, 1898 Alleged rape, murder, and necrophilia Burned alive
17
41 African American February 22, 1898 House burned by white mob. Infant daughter killed. Grand jury did not indict. Since it was a Federal crime (attack on a postmaster), there were 13 Federal indictments; no one was convicted.
2
18 May 25, 1898 Shooting a white man Hanged from a tree outside the courthouse; shot and beaten.[194]
Adult Charlottesville (near) July 12, 1898 Rape Hanged and shot by a mob.
October 23, 1898 Murder Hanged [195]
56 October 5, 1898 Alleged assault of Mary Morrison.Wright Smith was identified by Mary Morrison as the man who broke into her house and assaulted her. Mob broke Smith out of jail and riddled his body with bullets.[196]
Adult November 7, 1898 Alleged assault of Mary O'Brien O'Brien was the daughter of a miner. About 100 miners broke into the county jail, abducted Stewart, and hanged him.[197]
Phoenix November 1898 Eight or more men were lynched.[198]
about 24 April 23, 1899 Killed his white employer in self-defense. Accusations of rape added to incite lynching.Body parts for sale in a store. Widely publicized and privately investigated.
Italian July 20, 1899 Shooting a doctor Sicilian immigrant grocery store owners, the DiFatta brothers, quarreled with a local doctor. The doctor fired his pistol at Carlo and was immediately shot and injured by Giuseppe. Sicilian immigrants Cerami and Fiducia were not involved in the dispute and had simply been nearby when the lynching occurred; they were rounded up and lynched alongside the DiFatta brothers because they were Italian.[199]
African American July 29, 1899 Charged with assaulting a 14-year-old girl Taken from officers and lynched[200] [201]
16 N/A (independent city) August 8, 1899 Attempting to criminally assault an eight-year-old white girlHanged from a lamppost at Cameron and Lee Sts., site of several lynchings.[202]
White October 1899 Murder of a miner Hanged from a tree following a mock trial at his own request[203] [204]

20th century

1900–1909

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
Watt, W.W.White January 5, 1900 Assault Shot[205]
Gause, Anderson African American January 16, 1900 Helping two Black prisoners to escape who had killed two law officers. Mr. Gause was hanged from a tree.[206] [207]
Silsbee, George[208] White January 20, 1900 Murder Taken from jail and lynched[209]
Silsbee, Ed
Cotton, Walter African American March 24, 1900 Accused of murder Cotton killed by a white mob; O'Grady Killed by African-American mob[210]
O'Grady, Brandt White
Lee, William 29 African American May 11, 1900 Assault on a white woman [211]
Pete, Dago African American June 1900 Assaulted colored woman Killed by African-American mob[212]
Wright, Charlotte 62 White August 27, 1900 Performed an abortion that killed a 16-year-old girl Shot during shoot-out with sheriff and angry mob that set fire to her home[213] [214]
about 22 African American August 29, 1900 Murder Shot
Porter, Preston 15 African American November 16, 1900 Rape and murder of a 12 year old white girl Burned alive by a mob[215]
African American December 16, 1900 Murder Hanged from a tree on the east side of the Rockport courthouse before shooting his body with bullets
Shot in his cell, dragged across the courtyard, hanged next to Rowland
December 17, 1900 Hanged in front of the Boonville Courthouse
22 African American January 15, 1901 Rape and murder allegations Lynched and burned at stake[216]
Carter, George African American February 11, 1901 "Assaulting a white woman." [217]
Berryman, Peter 45 African American February 20, 1901 Kicking a young White girl Beaten, shot, and hanged[218]
African American February 26, 1901 Suspected of murder of a white woman Struck in head with sledgehammer. Hanged from bridge, burned; toes and hobnails from boots kept as souvenirs.[219]
African American March 15, 1901 Revenge for an alleged theft committed by the victim's brother Bound, shot, and thrown in a creek
16 African American May 29, 1901 Murder and rape of a white woman Doused with kerosene and burned. Special train from Lakeland to see the "barbecue".
Godley, William 32 African American August 20, 1901 Murder of a white woman Seized from jail by mob and lynched. Mob subsequently went on a rampage in a nearby black community[220]
Godley, French 70 William's grandfather; shot to death
Hampton, Peter Burned alive in his home
Estes, Silas African American October 31, 1901 "Forcing...a 15 year old boy...to commit a crime." Mr. Estes was taken from his jail cell at 2:00 a.m. by a mob of 50 or 75 persons and hanged in front of the courthouse.[221]
Yellow Wolf, John Native American (Sioux) January 18, 1902 Horse stealing After being released from jail, he was given a worthless horse and saddle, while on his way to the reservation he grew up in, he spotted a young horse that he wanted. A group of men took over Yellow Wolf and hanged him from a tree near White River.[222]
Carter, James 20 African American April 5, 1902 Unknown [223] [224]
Unknown African American April 16, 1902 Accused of assaulting white woman and killing her son Suspect Richard Young was sought on March 27, 1902, injuring Mrs Fountain and mortally injuring her son Dower Fountain.[225] Victim was hanged and burned in a swamp[226] [227] However, victim was not suspect Richard Young-since Richard Young and accomplice James Stewart were captured, tried and sentenced to prison in June 1902[228]
Gillespie, James 11 African American June 11, 1902 Murder of a white woman Two brothers were accused of stoning a neighbor to death. Hanged by a mob of an estimated 400 persons and their bodies shot dozens of times.[229] [230]
Gillespie, Harrison 13
Craven, Charles 22 African American July 31, 1902 Assault [231]
Price, Manny African American September 1, 1902 Murder Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.
Scruggs, Robert Suspected accomplice
28 African American September 18, 1902 Assaulting a white woman Shot, hanged from 7th Street bridge
Brown, Curtis and Burley, Garfield African American October 8, 1902 One confessed to murder of a white man and claimed the other was accomplice [232]
African American November 20, 1902 Accused of sexually assaulting two white women [233]
Vazquez and Unknown Mexican 17, unknown Latino 1903 Stealing cattle and skinning stolen beef Vazquez was found hanging from the tree and was suspected to be one of the Mexicans stealing cattle from the ranch of Will Parker, who discovered the 17 year old. Three Mexicans were also caught nearby skinning stolen beef, with which they tried to escape arrest, but one of the Mexicans who did was fatally shot.[234]
Fambro, William African American February 24, 1903 Insulted white home [235]
African American April 26, 1903 Assaulting a girl Hanged[236]
Malone, "Rev" D.M. 50 White May 3, 1903 Suspect had been arrested for living with woman not his wifeWhen mob burned the man's house down, Constable W. J. Monneyhan placed man under arrest in his own home to protect him. Officer was killed by mob, who then shot and killed prisoner.[237] [238] [239]
Jarvis, Washington 25 White May 20, 1903 Accused of murdering his cousin. [240]
Unknown African American June 1903 Assaulted African American woman and a white girl Hanged on tripod[241] [242]
African American June 6, 1903 Shooting superintendent Charles Hertel Hanged from a telephone pole and burned.
24 African American June 23, 1903 Accused of sexually assaulting and stabbing to death an 18-year-old girl Taken from the city jail by a mob and burned alive.[243]
Gorman, Jim and Walters, J.P. July 19, 1903 each accused of a murder Deputy Sheriff C. E. Pierce was killed by mob, who then shot the prisoners[244] [245]
Steers, Jennie Adult African American July 25, 1903 Poisoning daughter of a planter [246]
African American July 25, 1903 Murder of Henry Gatterman, member a mob intending to lynch James Wilson Hanged from a telephone pole. Body burned, shot, and hacked.
30 Jewish-American July 29, 1903 Being a Jewish-American peddler who was helping the murderer's wife carry some things to her house. Murdered by gun and ax; an anti-Semitic murder.[247]
Lee, "General" African American January 13, 1904 Knocking on the door of a white woman's house [248]
Clark, Jumbo African American January 14, 1904 Assault of 14 year old white girl Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.
African American February 7, 1904 Murder of a white landowner Tortured and burned alive; crowd of some 600 attended the lynching.[249]
Unnamed female
African American March 7, 1904 Murder of a Patrolman Charles B. Collis[250] Shot and then hanged[251] [252]
African American June 15, 1904 Killing John Irvin, a white landowner Hanged from a tree, escaped and was shot. Died the following day in jail of her injuries.
African American August 16, 1904 Murder of five members of a family Seized by mob from courthouse after conviction for murder, chained to stump and burned
25–26
African American September 7, 1904 Murder Mob of 2,000 burned jail where he was held, then hanged and shot him.[253]
Munoz, Carlos Latino 1905 Assaulting a White woman After assaulting one of the farmers' wives, Munoz ran off where officers captured him and tried protecting him, but were overpowered by the mob of 40+ people who dragged him to into the woods, where they shot and hanged Munoz.[254]
White June 30, 1905 Murder of a man and his wife Shot[255] [256]
African American Accomplice to murder
African American
African American
African American Murder
African American Theft
African American Assault
20 African American Attempted rape
Goodman, Augustus African American BainbridgeNovember 4, 1905 Accused of killing Decatur County Sherriff Martin C. Stegall on October 29, 1905 [257] [258]
Richardson, Bunk African American February 11, 1906 Not charged Was arrested/held as a witness for one of three defendants accused of rape and murder of a white woman. The three defendants were sentenced to death, but the governor commuted to life one man's sentence. Angry at the lighter sentence, a mob seized Richardson from the jail and hanged him from a train trestle over the Coosa River.[259] [260] [261] [262]
23–24 African American March 19, 1906 Rape of white woman Hanged from Walnut Street Bridge. Sheriff and two others sentenced to three months in jail, three others to two months, for abetting the lynching. Only criminal case ever with direct involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court; see United States v. Shipp
Duncan, Horace B. 20 African American April 14, 1906 Assault of white woman Fred Coker, Horace B. Duncan, and William (Bill) Allen were lynched by large mob of white citizens, though they were innocent. All three suspects were hanged from the Gottfried Tower, which held a replica of the Statue of Liberty, and burned in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2,000 citizens. Duncan's and Coker's employer testified that they were at his business at the time of the crime against Edwards, and other evidence suggested that they and Allen were all innocent. After the mass lynching in Springfield, many African Americans left the area in a large exodus. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln called for a grand jury, but no one was prosecuted. The proceedings were covered by national newspapers, the New York Times and Los Angeles Times.
Coker, Fred 21
Allen, William 25
Gillepsie, Nease African American August 6, 1906 Accused of murdering a family The five men were arrested and accused of the murder several members of a local white family, the Lyerlys. When returned for a court hearing and while under heavy guard, a mob led by George Hall pulled Dillingham and the Gillepsies, father and son, from their jail cells. They were paraded through the town and hanged from a tree[263] at the Henderson Ballground near the corner of Long and Henderson Streets.[264] George Hall, a leading member of the mob, was convicted of second degree murder for his involvement and was sentenced to 15 years in prison with hard labor. He was granted clemency by Governor William Walton Kitchin in October 1911.[265]
Gillepsie, John 16
Dillingham, "Jack"
Lee, Henry
Irwin, George
Robinson, Dick and Thompson African American October 6, 1906 Assaulting white women[266]
Pitts, Slab African American October 26, 1906 Living with a white woman Dragged to death before being hanged.[267]
Davis, Henry African American December 21, 1906 Assaulting a white woman Dragged from his jail cell and shot over 100 times. Last known lynching in Anne Arundel County.[268]
Cullen, James 62 White (Irish) January 9, 1907 Murdered his wife and stepson Hanged[269]
Higgins, Loris White August 27, 1907 Murder of a farmer and his wife and rape of daughterMurdered couple killed May 12, 1907; suspect was taken from law officers and lynched from a bridge over creek and then shot[270] [271] [272] [273]
Burns, William22 African American October 6, 1907 Alleged murder of Patrolman August Baker.[274] A crowd estimated at 10,000 examined the lynching victim's body.
Long, Jack White February 6, 1908 Murder Hanged.
African American February 10, 1908 Assault on a White girl Shot, hanged[275]
Scott, Charley African American February 28, 1908 Peeping Tom looking in windowsHanged on tree[276]
African American June 1908 Using offensive language [277]
Evans, Jerry 22 African American June 15, 1908 Murder of two white men Five black men accused of murder were hanged by a mob of an estimated 150[278] [279]
Johnson, Will 24
Spellman, Moss 24
Williams, Cleveland 27
Manuel, Will 25
Smith, Ted 18 African American GreenvilleJuly 27, 1908 Raping a 16-year old white girl After victim identified suspect as the person who assaulted her, Smith was taken by mob from Sheriff and lynched (burned)[280] [281] [282]
African American July 29, 1908 Attempted murder and rape of 21-year-old Lillie Davis After Shaw was identified by Davis, he was arrested and taken to the county jail. An angry white mob broke into the jail and took Shaw, lynching him in Plaza Ferdinand VII.[283]
Riley, Joseph African American July 31, 1908 Victims expressed approval of their lodge brother Rufus Browder's killing his employer. Rufus Browder killed his employer with an axe after being shot in the chest. Browder was arrested and sent to Louisville. The lynching victims expressed approval for his actions and were jailed for disturbing the peace. On August 1, 1908, a mob demanded release of the men, and lynched them from a tree. A note pinned to one of the men read, "Let this be a warning to you niggers to let white people alone or you will go the same way."[284] [285]
Jones, Virgil
Jones, Robert
Jones, Thomas
Miller, William African American August 1908 Labor activist Jefferson County had the highest number of lynchings in Alabama (29).[286]
Patton, Lawson "Nelse" African American September 8, 1908 Killing a white woman Prominent attorney and former U.S. Senator William V. Sullivan, in his own words, "led the mob...and I'm proud of it".[287] [288] [289]
African American October 3, 1908 Using inappropriate language with a white woman [290]
Hilliard 18 African American 1909 Using inappropriate language with a white woman Hung[291]
Wades, Jake African-American 1909 Accused of rape Transported from Gainesville to Lakeland to be identified and lynched[292]
Brown, Joe White March 25, 1909 Shooting a law officer[293]
47 White April 19, 1909 Suspicion of murder of a lawman Lynched by a mob along with Berry Burrell, Joseph Allen, and Jesse West.[294]
Burrell, Berry 38 Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Joseph Allen, and Jesse West.
Allen, Joseph 43 Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Berry Burrell, and Jesse West.
West, Jesse 46 Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Berry Burrell, and Joseph Allen.
African American November 11, 1909 Murder of a white woman three days earlier[295]
30 White November 11, 1909 Murder of his wife the previous year Dragged from his jail cell and hanged from a telegraph pole.[296]

1910–1919

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
60 African American March 3, 1910 Brooks was accused of raping Mary Beuvens, a two-and-a-half year old girl On March 3, 1910, Brooks was in the Dallas County Courthouse to face trial. A mob tied a rope around his neck and pulled him out of the courthouse window. Brooks landed on his head on the street below. He was dragged by a car to Elks Arch at the intersection of Main Street and Akard Street. There the mob hanged him from a telephone pole.[297]
17 White July 8, 1910 Killing a man in self defense Etherington had been sworn in as a law officer by the Granville town mayor to enforce "prohibition" of alcohol in a "wet town"; shot and killed a man who assaulted him; officer taken from jail and lynched by mob in Newark, Ohio[298]
Gentry, Henry African American July 24, 1910 Murder of Constable J. Mitchell Shot and burned[299] [300] [301]
Albano, Angelo Italian September 1910 Complicity in a shooting [302]
Ficarotta, Castenge
African American October 12, 1910 Rape Shot
20 Latino November 3, 1910 Accused of murdering White Texan Antonio Rodriguez was a 20 year old migrant worker from Mexico. On November 2, Antonio was accused of murdering a White Texan, which led to him getting arrested and jailed. On November 3, 1910, a mob took him from his jail cell and burned him alive.[303] [304]
Unknown African American 1911 Postcard of victim, postmarked 1911, appeared in Crisis Magazine January 1912 p. 118
Marshall, Eugene African American January 16, 1911 Convicted of murdering an aged negro woman Three men (Eugene Marshall, Wade Patterson, James West) lynched at the same time after the mob broke into jail after threatening the jailor for the keys. All three were hanged from the Chesapeake and Ohio bridge. One rope for two men (Patterson and West) was used, which snapped. Afterward, they were shot multiple times.[305]
Patterson, Wade Charged with detaining Miss Elizabeth Rubel, a white nineteen-year old Shelbyville girl
West, James Charged with detaining Miss Mary Coley, a young white girl.
African American April 20, 1911 Shooting a white man Shot in an opera house
33 African American May 25, 1911 Killing of Deputy Sheriff George H. Loney[306] Gang-raped and lynched together with her son, 14, after trying to protect him during a meat-pilfering investigation.[307]
14
Bradford, William African American June 16, 1911 Accused of attempted murder of two white farmers [308]
14 Latino June 19, 1911 Killing a German man After trying to escape a mob that surrounded the 14-year-old boy, he ended up killing a German man named Charles Zieschang which led to the 14 year old's arrest. While being transported to the jailhouse, four men intercepted the two people taking Antonio and successfully lynched Antonio Gomez.
Jones, Commodore 26 African American August 11, 1911 Accused of insulting a white woman over the telephone. Crowd of around 75 men and boys gained access to Jones's cell and marched him to the outskirts of town, where he was forced to climb a telephone pole and was hanged.[309] [310]
African American August 12, 1911 Assault and murder of a white woman Picture of victim appeared in Crisis Magazine January 1912 p. 122:[311] Shot and burned
20–24 African American August 16, 1911 Killing of a police officer, possibly in self-defense Taken from hospital room and burned alive. Fifteen men and teenage boys were indicted, but all were acquitted at trials.[312]
Harrison, Ernest African American September 11, 1911 Robbery and murder of an elderly black man The three men were accused of the robbery and murder of Washington Thomas, an elderly black man.[313]
Reed, Sam
Howard, Frank
2 Unknown men African American Prior to December 1911 Picture of victims appeared in Crisis Magazine twice; first, a cropped picture of one victim in December 1911 in article "Jesus Christ in Georgia" (p. 70) and a full picture of both victims in January 1912 p. 122
28 African American December 26, 1911 Alleged murder of Frederick Schwab. Johnson was to be transported to Annapolis for his safety that same day, but those plans were delayed. Around two o'clock in the morning on December 26, 1911, a mob broke into the unguarded jail where Johnson was kept. When Johnson fought back preventing a noose from being placed on his neck, he was beaten with irons and shot.[314]
Lewis, Sanford African American 1912 Shooting a constable Five policemen fined $100 each for "nonfeasance of office". Entire police force fired. Mayor voted out. Man charged with lynching acquitted.[315]
Unknown African American Florida(?) Prior to February 3, 1912 Picture of victim appeared in Crisis Magazine March 1912 p. 209

[card purchased 3 Feb 1912 in Palm Beach Florida][316]

Davis, Dan 25 African American 1912 Assault and rape of a 16 year old white girl Burned alive by a mob[317]
Edwards, Rob African American September 1912 Alleged murder of 18-year-old woman Taken out of his jail cell by an armed mob; hanged and shot.[318]
Johnson, Walter African American September 4, 1912 Assault and rape of a 14-year-old girl Taken out of his jail cell by an armed mob; hanged and shot.[319]
9 Mexicans Latino 1913 Being Mexican bandits Hanged[320]
Delgadillio, Demecio 28 Latino 1913 Murder Demecio killed Mrs. Soledad Zarrazino De Pino in a fit of jealous which led to him being hanged in Bernalillo County Jail[321]
White, Henry African American 1913 Found under white woman's bed Hanged, noose broke, shot.
Williams, Andrew 35 African American 1913 Murder of John C. Williams, Wife of the Deputy Chancery Clerk Dragged from jail and hanged at a nearby tree, upon the alleged statement of two African-American women;[322] the women who made the statement were arrested the next day for making a false statement, according to one source[323] and/or disappeared.[324] The day after Williams was lynched, a second African American, named in different reports as 'Divel Rucker', 'Dizell Rucker' and 'Dibrell Tucker; was lynched and burned at the stake on the assumption that he, not Williams, was the actual murderer[325] [326]
Rucker, Divel 20 African American 1913 Murder of John C. Williams, Wife of the Deputy Chancery Clerk The day after Andrew Williams was lynched by hanging for this murder, Rucker was presumed by the mob to be the actual murderer and, allegedly, confessed to the crime. He was tied to an iron stake, covered with tar, and set afire. The family of the victim shot him as he was burning[327] According to the New York Sun report, "The Rucker lynching was the most spectacular in the history of Mississippi and there was no attempt at concealment or evasion."[328]
Green, Joe 16 African American February 25, 1913 Fatal shooting of Nobie Spicer Shot and killed by a mob led by the victim's husband who identified Green as the murderer.[329] Samuel Spicer Jr. would later be convicted of the murder of his wife, Nobie, and sentenced to life in prison. He was paroled in December 1929, but then fled.[330]
Collins, J.C. about 34 African American April 4, 1913 Murder of Sheridan County Sheriff Thomas Courtney and a deputized citizen Hanged from a telephone pole[331] [332]
Simmons, Bennie/Dennis African American June 13, 1913 Killing a 16-year-old girl Taken from officers; was lynched and burned[333]
Richardson, Joseph African American September 26, 1913 Assaulting a white girl Town drunk who accidentally stumbled near girl; hanged[334]
Padilla, Adolfo Latino 1914 Accused of killing his wife A mob of masked men seized Padilla from the jail and chopped his body into pieces.[335]
18 Latino 1914 Killing a White woman On July 28, 1911, Leon Martinez was tried for the murder of a white woman. They used the forced confessions as evidence of him committing murder and he was sentenced to death but it was postponed due to the outrage. On May 11, 1914, Leon was executed by hanging.
Gonzales, Isidro Latino 1914 Choking a county jailer to death Isidro was accused to have choke Harry Hinton to death and escaped from jail. He was found riddle with bullets after his escape.[336]
Turner, Allen 47 African American Western area of Parish (county) March 1914 Accused of assaulting a white man (J.P. McDougall)[337] J.P. McDougall was whipping Allen Turner's son. Allen was defending his son. Taken from deputy sheriff and shot to death. It is said that Allen's body was then dragged through the roads of Spearsville.
Shields, Dallas African American 1914 Murdering a police officer [338]
Sullivan, Fred African American 1914 Alleged barn burning. Fred Sullivan and his wife May confessed after nooses were placed around their necks. The couple were hanged by a mob of more than 100.[339]
Sullivan, May
Unidentified man African American 1915 Entering the room of a white woman [340]
11 Mexican-Americans Latino 1915 Supposedly were Mexican Bandits After hearing news of Luis De La Rose had been killed in battle, Sheriff Vann went to Mission, Texas to see if the news was true, on the way, American troops found the bodies of 11 Mexicans. Commander Blocksom ordered an investigation to investigate the killings. He believed that the Mexicans were not Bandits and were peaceful Mexicans who were killed due to race hatred after the Progreso battle.[341]
Sheffield, Caesar 17 African American April 17, 1915 Allegedly stealing meat from a smokehouse owned by a white man. Jailors abandoned the jail allowing a mob to take Caesar Sheffield to a field where they shot him multiple times and left his body.[342]
Leon, José Latino April 19, 1915 Outlawry Two white police officers interrogated the brothers and accused them of being outlaws. They hung the brothers from a tree and left their bodies to rot in the desert gulch.
Leon, Hilario
Ward, Benjamin E. 37 White May 9, 1915 Murdering his wife Mob expected him to be freed on grounds of insanity.[343]
African American July 4, 1915 Mob ran into them while hunting for the murderer of white farmer [344]
14
Manriquez, Lorenzo Latino July 23–24, 1915 Resisting arrest Shot[345]
Manriquez, Gorgonio
Muñóz, Adolfo Latino July 28, 1915 Murder and horse theft While being transported by Sheriff Frank Carr, a group of seven to eight men held the Sheriff at gun point, taking Adolfo and later hanging him from a tree.[346]
Stanley, Will African American July 29–30, 1915 Murder of 3 children and assaulting parents Lynched and burned. Stanley Claimed to have been accessory to murders and claimed leader of mob had hired him and other 2 men[347] [348]
31 Jewish August 17, 1915 Killing a 13-year-old girl No charges filed; posthumously pardoned.
Six Mexicans Latino August 18, 1915 Murder Two of the Mexicans were taken from San Benito jail and the other four Mexicans were taken from Mercedes where they shot to death and bodies burned on the side of a road.[349]
33, others unknown Latino August 30, 1915 Horse theft Pascual Orozco successfully executed a planned escape to Sierra Blanca where he met up with leaders and future cabinet members where they crossed into Dick Love's ranch who accused them of stealing his horses and later got the Rangers and other law enforcement to look for the men where they found the men camping in a box canyon where they killed all 5 of the men.
67 Latino September 27, 1915 No accusation Jesus and Antonio went to report that a few of their horses had been stolen to the Texas Rangers. After they reported that stuff to the Rangers and left, Ranger Henry Ransom followed Jesus and Antonio and shot both of them dead. Henry Ransom had called for the bodies to be left in the open to spread fear across the town.
49
10 Mexican-Americans Latino October 19, 1915 Train wrecking and murder After a train wrecking that killed 3 people, the Americans began to hang or shoot Mexicans who they thought were involved in the wreck[350]
African American December 15, 1915 Her son was accused of burning a white man's barn, he was unavailable, so they raped and murdered her Her husband Arch was never seen alive after December 15[351]
Brown, Jeff African American 1916 Bumping into a white girl at a train station Pictures of his lynching were sold to white citizens for five cents each.[352]
Lang, Ed African American 1916 "Attacking a young woman." Taken from a sheriff's posse and hanged.[353]
Richards, John African American January 12, 1916 murder Taken from jail and lynched[354]
17 African American May 15, 1916 Murder Washington confessed and a jury found him guilty. Dragged behind car, castrated, fingers cut off, ear cut off, burned alive. Professionally photographed; pictures sold as postcards. Lynching of "political value" to Sheriff and to the judge who presided over his trial. "On the way to the scene of the burning, people on every hand took a hand in showing their feelings in the matter by striking the Negro with anything obtainable, some struck him with shovels, bricks, clubs and others stabbed him and cut him until when he was strung up his body was a solid color of red."[355]
Buenrostro, Jose 25 Latino May 19, 1916 Murder of A. L. Austin and Charles Austin The 2 Mexican men were accused of having killed A. L. Austin and his son in raids the fall of 1915, they were hanged in Cameron County Jail[356] [357]
Chapa, Melquiades 20–23
Hoskins, Silas African American Summer of 1916 "Vanished"; believed to have been killed because a white man coveted his successful saloon business. Uncle of author Richard Wright.
Lerma, Geronimo 18 Latino June 20, 1916 Assaulting a White woman Greonimo was suspected to have assaulted one of the white woman in the town which led to him being shot and left dead.[358]
Adults African American August 18, 1916 Helping a man who had shot and killed a constable James Dennis was shot. The others were hanged. Mary Dennis had two children and was pregnant. Stella Young had four children.[359]
Dennis, Bert
Dennis, James
Dennis, Mary
McHenry, Andrew
Young, Stella
51 African American October 21, 1916 Offensive language Coroner's jury: "persons unknown"[360]
White (Italian American) December 14, 1916 Murderous assault Randomly fired a revolver on a crowded street, wounding a bystander. Chased down by mob of 500 men and boys. Beaten and trampled to death.[361]
Daley, Starr 26 White May 6, 1917 Homicide (Two murders) plus two rapes Accused admitted guilt in trial; taken from sheriff en route to jail and hanged from a telephone pole; last lynching in Arizona
about 50 African American May 22, 1917 Raping and killing a white girl No charges filed.
32 African American December 2, 1917 Rape of a white woman Scott was tortured for 3.5 hours and then burned alive by an angry mob on Sunday December 2, 1917.[362]
15–50 Latino 1918 Accused of stealing and ambushing Texas Rangers January 28, 1918, Texas Rangers enter Porvenir and took 15 Mexican American boys and men away from the town and executed all 15 by gun shot[363]
4 Mexicans Latino 1918 Robbery and murder Seized from homes and hanged[364]
African American February 12, 1918 Killing two white people Tortured, then burned alive. Spectators came from as far as 50 miles away.[365] [366] [367]
McNeel, George African American March 16, 1918 Accused of Assaulting a white woman [no proof] [368]
30 White (German-American) April 5, 1918 Forced to sing patriotic songs and kiss the flag, before being hanged.
García, Florencio 33 Latino April 5, 1918 Robbery Two rangers had taken Garcia into custody for a theft investigation. The next day they let Garcia go, and were last seen escorting him on a mule. Garcia was never seen again. A month after the interrogation, bones and Garcia's clothing were found beside the road where the Rangers claimed to have let Garcia go. The Rangers were arrested for murder, freed on bail, and acquitted due to lack of evidence.[369] [370]
25 African American May 18, 1918 Accused of helping kill an abusive landowner. Wife Mary killed next day for defending him.
18 African American May 19, 1918 Publicly opposed and threatened legal action against white people who had murdered her husband, unfairly accused (according to her) of killing an abusive landowner. Hanged upside down from a tree, doused her in gasoline and motor oil and set her on fire. Turner was still alive when a member of the mob split her abdomen open with a knife and her unborn child fell on the ground. The baby was stomped and crushed as it fell to the ground. Turner's body was riddled with hundreds of bullets.[371]
Thompson, Allie African American 1918 Assault
38 White (Finnish-American) September 18, 1918 Refusal to join the military during World War I Tarred and feathered before being hanged.
African American November 5, 1918 Rape of a white woman No charges were filed.[372] There is a Web site on this lynching.[373]
Woodson, Joel African American December 10, 1918 Argument with a waitress Hanged in railroad terminal[374] [375]
Clark, Andrew 15 African American Shubuta ("hanging bridge") December 20, 1918 Alleged murder of dentist Dentist had affairs with both sisters, who were pregnant, likely with his child; the brothers had romantic interest in the girls. After the lynching the babies were seen squirming in their mothers bellies.[376]
Clark, Major 20
Howze, Alma 16
Howze, Maggie 20
Ashley, Bob African American 1919 Hoped to shoot someone else A group of men thought another man might be inside Ashley's house, so they shot into the house, mortally wounding Ashley.[377]
Hamilton, Eugene African American 1919 Convicted by all-white jury of attempting to shoot a white farmer; case before Georgia Court of Appeals. Mob of 60 stopped car of sheriff who was driving him for protection to nearest large city, Macon. Driven to a bridge in Jasper County and shot to death. Governor was "livid".
Prince, Henry African American 1919 Unknown [378]
Waters, Jim African American 1919 Rape accusation Investigation closed in one hour with no witnesses interviewed.
African American April 1919 Wearing uniform of his WWI military service to the United States
African American Perkins (near) April 13, 1919 Friend of man believed to have killed lawman.
Son of man believed to have killed lawman.
Son of man believed to have killed lawman.
24 African American April 14, 1919 Brushing up against a white man while walking Beaten; survived by playing dead
Holden, George African American Monroe (near) April 29, 1919 Writing a suggestive note to a white woman[379] Mob stopped a train, dragged him off, and shot him.[380]
African American May 1, 1919 Accused of murdering his ex-wife and shooting 5 others 300 men lynched Richards, a farmer.[381] [382]
Clay, Lloyd African American May 15, 1919 False rape accusation 1000 men broke through three steel doors to abduct Clay from jail before hanging, shooting, and burning him.[383]
Moore, Will African American May 20, 1919 Shooting J.H. Rogers Lynched[384]
25 African American May 21, 1919 False murder accusation One of many returning WWI veterans lynched in 1919.[385]
72 African American May 26, 1919 Defended black girls from white home invaders. Many black homes burned to discourage citizens from coming forward[386]
28 White May 28, 1919 Murder Hanged.
African American June 17, 1919 Making "indecent advances" to a white woman The report of the affair and the subsequent coverup led to the Longview riots.[387]
Robinson, Robert 55 African American June 23, 1919 He was black, and they wanted to kill a black Robinson was an Army Reserve veteran. Part of the Chicago race riot of 1919.[388] [389]
African American June 26, 1919 Assaulting a young white woman "The biggest newspaper in the state, Jackson Daily News, carried headlines announcing the exact time and place of the coming orgy.[390] Ten thousand people answered the paper's invitation and they were addressed by the District Attorney, T. W. Wilson, while the lynching was going on."[391]
28 African American July 24, 1919 Assaulted a white women, Mrs. Virgie Haggard He was arrested and a mob of about 1,000 white people stormed the jail and broke down the door with sledgehammers. A noose was placed around his neck and he was dragged by horse to the town square where he was hanged. Four people were later arrested for the lynching, murder indictments were served for Willie Howell, Charlie Lansdale, Fritz Boyd, and Francis Flanagan.[392] [393]
17 African American July 23, 1919 Alleged murder Attempted lynching
25 African American July 24, 1919 Insulting a 14-year-old girl Attempted lynching
17 African American July 27, 1919 Racial unrest A white officer refused to arrest the murderer, and instead arrested a black man who complained about it.[394] [395]
Cox, Obe African American September 10, 1919 Accused of murdering a white farmer's wife Taken to the scene of the crime, his body riddled with bullets and burned at the stake. Several thousand persons witnessed the scene. Controversial as the local Black communisty "thanked" the mob for just killing Cox and not attacking their community.[396]
Gonzalez, Jose Latino September 13, 1919 Killing patrolman Accused of shooting and killing a patrolman Jeff Evans, which they were arrested and charged for. A mob broke into the jail captured and hung from the girders of a bridge.[397]
Ortez, Salvador
41 African American September 28, 1919 Rape Part of the Omaha race riot of 1919
Phifer, Miles (or Relius) African American September 29, 1919 Assault of a white woman Was wearing military uniform[398]
African American September 30, 1919 Killing a police officer
African American Macon (near) November 2, 1919 Assault of a white woman Mob of 400 found him, refused to turn him over to sheriff's deputies. Soaked in gasoline, set on fire; shot while he burned. Hanged/shot/burned in railyard.[399] [400]
50 African American November 11, 1919 Killing a sheriff Burned to death in the public square.
28 White November 11, 1919 Homicide Hanged from a bridge during the Centralia Massacre labor conflict
18 African American November 16, 1919 Assault and robbery of white farmer Edward Thompson Attempted to hang all four men on one branch, which subsequently broke. Three escaped, one shot and was killed (unclear who).
18
20
Mosely, Sam African American November 29, 1919 Accused of assaulting a white woman. [401]

1920–1929

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
Scott, Henry African American 1920 Asking a white woman to wait until he had prepared another woman's train berth Shot[402]
18–19 African American June 15, 1920 Rape of a teenage girl Taken from jail by mob, given mock trials, beaten and hanged from light-post.[403] Three members of the mob received prison terms of up to 5 years for rioting, albeit none of them were convicted of murder.[404]
23
19–20
African American June 21, 1920 Murder Shot, burned, and hanged
19 African American July 6, 1920 Murder Pulled from jail and burned alive
28
25 African American July 7, 1920 Assaulting of a 13-year-old white girl Shot to death, then hanged
Daniels, Lige 16–18 African American August 3, 1920 Accused of murdering a white woman. Taken from jail by a mob of approximately 1,000 to the town square and hanged[405] [406]
18 White August 28, 1920 Suspicion of murder of cab driver [407]
52 African American November 3, 1920 Sign on body: "This is what we do to niggers that vote." Prosperous black farmer.[408]
African American December 26, 1920 Murder of a police officer Taken from jail by a mob, hanged from a telegraph pole, then riddled with bullets.[409]
Lowry, Henry
("a negro sharecropper") 		African American 1921 Asked for his wages Burned to death; crowd of 500[410]
21 White January 13, 1921 Union activity; killing in self defense Dragged by automobile, beaten, left for dead tied to a tree in front of Slick Lizard Mine
African American March 15, 1921 Assaulting a white woman
Eley, Jesse 46 African American June 20, 1921 Owned a 50-acre farm which caused jealousy from some white neighbors. Jesse Eley was returning from the market in Murfreesboro, North Carolina. He bought some grain for his cattle. He had two workers riding with him in his horse-drawn wagon. As he reached the outskirts of town, he entered a path that went into a wooded area. Several men were hiding in the woods entrance waiting for him. As his wagon entered the woods, the men stopped Jesse. They began beating him and eventually hanged him on a tree. Jesse's workers took off running. One of them ran back to Jesse's farm to let the family know what was happening. The family got a horse-drawn buggy and went to rescue him. By the time they got there, Jesse was barely alive. They found him because he raised one of his legs in the air to let them know where he was.Jesse had a hole in his head, and his stomach was cut open. His throat was seizing up because of the hanging. As they put him into the buggy, he died.[411] [412]
16 African American September 18, 1921 Walking into a white girl's bedroom Hanged from a tree with tire chains, shot
18 African American November 18, 1921 Alleged assault of 15-year-old white girl Shot, dragged to the park, doused in gasoline and lit on fire
Cade, Henry 25 African American November 26, 1921 Rape of an 8 year old white girl Taken from jail and hanged by a mob[413]
33 African American December 11, 1921 Shot two While hired as a strikebreaker for a whites-only union, he was attacked and shot two union protesters.
Hackney, "Curley" 30 White December 13, 1921 Rape of an 8-year-old girl Taken from jail and hanged by a mob[414] [415]
34 White (Canarian) December 25, 1921 Was in a relationship with an African American woman Shot a man who tarred and feathered him (because of his common law marriage); lynched by Ku Klux Klan.
African American Near the border of Williamsburg and Florence Counties January 8, 1922 Was in a relationship with a white woman Bill McAllister was killed by gunshot. The news of this lynching did not reach the national media until January 8, 1922, and so it is recorded as the first lynching of 1922 in America. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary recorded five lynching incidents recorded in December 1921, none of which in South Carolina
Lincoln Hickson was reportedly killed by gunfire but other sources say he survived the lynching
African American January 10, 1922 Dispute with his boss' wife. Newspapers reported that he "insulted a white woman." Shot
African AmericanOklahomaOklahomaJanuary 14, 1922Working as a strike breakerHanged. Five men later pleaded guilty to Brooks's murder and were each sentenced to life in prison.
African AmericanMayoLafayetteFloridaJanuary 17, 1922Participated in a shooting that killed mailman W.R. TaylorHanged
20African AmericanPontotocMississippiJanuary 29, 1922Assault of a white womanShot
22–23WhiteBolingerChoctawAlabamaJanuary 28, 1922UnknownA charred body of a white man was discovered on January 28, 1922, by H.T. Raines. Investigators determined that he was burned a few weeks earlier. The body was strung between two trees and a large pile of wood was piled around him. It was reported that the body was most likely Drew Connor who went missing Christmas 1921 but the only clues to the identity were some overall buttons found in the ash.
African AmericanCrystal SpringsCopiahMississippiFebruary 1, 1922Assault of white womanHanged
38African AmericanMalvernHot SpringArkansasFebruary 2, 1922Harassing white womenShot
HispanicCameronTexasFebruary 2, 1922Refused to leave farmShot for not leaving the farm where he worked
African AmericanTexarkanaMillerArkansasFebruary 11, 1922Forced a deputy to drive at gunpointPulled from a car and shot four times by masked men.
28African AmericanSchleyGeorgiaFebruary 13, 1922UnknownShot
18African AmericanAberdeenMonroeMississippiMarch 8, 1922Assault on white girlHanged
WhiteHolly GroveFranklinLouisianaMarch 11, 1922UnknownBrown Culpepper was living in Holly Grove, Louisiana with his two kids, his wife having moved to Natchez two years earlier. On Saturday, March 11, 1922, a party of unmasked men came to the house he was staying at; when they did not find him, they went to the house of J.R. Hutto where Culpepper was visiting. They called for him to come out but when he didn't, they stormed into the house and shot Culpepper dead.

Sheriff Jesse Gilbert of Winnsboro arrested eight people for involvement in the murder: P. M. Usery Sr., Albert Farrington, P. M. Usery Jr., J. C. Farrington, Charley Parson, George Wactor, Charlie Calendor and Eugene Bradshaw.

African AmericanHarlemColumbiaGeorgiaMarch 12, 1922Assault with a firearmAlfred Williams was lynched on March 12, 1922, in Harlem, Georgia for allegedly shooting and wounding L.O. Anderson, a white farmer. Anderson recovered from his wounds.
19 African American March 16, 1922 No accusation made Memorial Service Marked the 100th Anniversary of the Event in 2022[416]
African AmericanCrawfordLowndesMississippiMarch 17, 1922Assault on white womanThe wife of a popular farmer, Mrs Dewey, was attacked. She was able to yell for help and the attacker fled. Bloodhounds found a man, Jerry Ingram, 8miles from the scene of the attack and he was lynched.
Unidentified Man WhiteOkayWagonerOklahomaMarch 19, 1922Body of a man chained/tied to a tree was discovered in the Arkansas River near Okay, Oklahoma. He was wearing clothes of "an excellent grade" and had a handkerchief with the initial "B"
60African AmericanGulfportHarrisonMississippiMarch 22, 1922Ran "a house of ill fame"Hanged
23 African American May 6, 1922 Murder of white, 17-year-old Eula Ausley The two white men, Claude and Audey Prowell, who were initially arrested, were released and the sheriff released a statement that they were not involved in the murder of Eula Ausley. Author Monte Akers in his book "Flames After Midnight: Murder, Vengeance and the Desolation of a Texas Community", concluded that McKinley "Snap" Curry conspired with Claude and Audey Prowell to kill and murder Eula Ausley and that Mose Jones and Johnny Cornish were innocent. Tom Cornish was killed on May 8, 1922.
19
46
May 8, 1922
25 African American May 17, 1922 Assault of white woman Burned
15 African American May 18, 1922 Murder of white woman Burned
African American May 19, 1922 Murder Hanged (body burned)
20 African American May 20, 1922 Assault of white 14-year-old Burned
60 African American May 20, 1922 Assault of a white woman Hanged
African American May 23, 1922 Stealing cattle Beaten to death
23 African American May 26, 1922 Assault of white woman and murder of her companion Shot (body burned)
African American Brentwood May 28, 1922 Manslaughter Shot (body burned)
African American June 20, 1922 Assault of a young white woman Hanged
17 African American New Dacus June 23, 1922 Assault of a white woman Hanged
African American Lanes Bridge July 1, 1922 Assault of employer's wife Hanged
African AmericanBelhavenBeaufortNorth CarolinaJuly 5, 1922RiotingTankard was shot to death after riots following a July 4 celebration by J.F. Burrows who was deputized to help put down the riots.
African AmericanBentonBossierLouisianaJuly 7, 1922Shot two Black womenJoe Pemberton was in the Bossier Parish jail in Benton, Louisiana for shooting two Black women. A white mob surrounded the jail, overpowered Deputy Sheriff J.A. Wilson, and took Pemberton. His body was later found hanging from a tree in Black Bayou swamp, 2miles from Benton.
62African- mericanMillerGeorgiaJuly 14, 1922Consensual relationship with 26-year-old Ethel SkittelHanged by white mob. After the event, the Miller County Liberal wrote that "hundreds of the citizens throughout the county regret this lynching. Many have said [Ethel Skittel] was guiltier than Jake."
29-years-old during the lynching attemptAfrican AmericanLake Jennie Jewel OrangeFloridaJuly 19, 1922Shooting death of two white menAccording to contemporary sources, Mack was reported to be lynched. However, he was able to escape and died at 67-years-old in Ohio.
African AmericanMoultrieColquittGeorgiaJuly 24, 1922Assaulting a white 15-year-old girlThree men had seized William Anderson and chained him inside a car. While waiting to drop him off to the police outside the Moultrie, Georgia jail, an unknown man jumped in and sped off. Andersen's bullet-ridden body was later found a few miles away next to the Ellenton, Georgia Reedy Creek Baptist Church. The Colquit county grand Jury was called into special session to investigate the people behind the lynching but was quickly adjourned due to lack of evidence.
50African AmericanHempsteadArkansasJuly 28, 1922Fight over West using a drinking cupThe newspaper The Little River News reported that West was probably shot and killed "after he flourished a pistol and threatened the men who intended only to whip him."
28African AmericanHot SpringsGarlandArkansasAugust 1, 1922Killing of Maurice Connelly (insurance solicitor) in a burglary gone wrongA white mob, some 500 strong, broke into the jail and seized Gilbert Harris after overpowering the police in the public square (actually a triangle shape in front of the Como hotel). Even though Harris had a history of break and enters, he professed his innocence. The mob later took the corpse back and laid it in the jail.
35African AmericanHoltonBibb CountyGeorgiaAugust 2, 1922Manslaughter of Deputy Sheriff Walter C. ByrdBeaten, tied to a tree, riddled with bullets and lit on fire. Corpse was displayed in the Black community of Macon.
African AmericanSwansboroOnslowNorth CarolinaAugust 6, 1922Murder of Cy JonesOnslow Sheriff claims Blackwell wasn't lynched, rather run out of town. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary report claims he was shot.
35African AmericanLambertQuitmanMississippiAugust 23, 1922 Assault on a white woman, Mrs. Bruce WhiteMr. Bruce White had hired Steelman for some work. White and Steelman ate breakfast at White's house and then walked to the work site. Steelman made an excuse and returned to White's house where he allegedly attacked Mrs. Bruce White. Her yelling alerted a Black field hand who had run away after Mrs. White started screaming. A mob then hunted him down and, even though he had a gun, were able to capture him. John Steelman was tied to a stake wood piled around him and then the pyre was ignited by Mrs. Bruce White.
25African AmericanBossier Parish BossierLouisianaAugust 30, 1922Assault of a white womanWhen Thomas Rivers was arrested, the community threatened to lynch him. He was being moved to the Benton jail when a mob overpowered the officers and took Rivers. His body was found hanging near the Shreveport-Bossier highway about 12miles from Shreveport, Louisiana.
35WhiteMer RougeMorehouseLouisianaAugust 24, 1922Spoke out against KKK activitiesKu-Klux Klan kidnapped the men on August 24, 1922, and the bodies were discovered in nearby Lake Lafourche on December 24, 1922.
30
African AmericanWinderBarrowGeorgiaSeptember 2, 1922Attack of a white woman, 19-year-old Ms. Violet Wood, daughter of Rev. John H. WoodMs. Violet Wood was visiting the house of her aunt, Ms. Pearl Saunders, when she interrupted a burglary allegedly undertaken by Jim Reed Long. Startled to find Wood in the house, he struck her with an iron bar. After his arrest, a mob quickly gathered in Winder, demanding that Long be handed over. Sheriff Camp was able to get Long out of the Barrows county jail in Winder but when he was taking him to Atlanta, he was stopped on the roads, overpowered and Jim Reed Long was taken by a mob and hanged. Some reports say by the Ku-Klux Klan. News media of the time repeated that the lynching was "orderly conducted."[417]
African AmericanNewtonNewtonTexasSeptember 7, 1922Johnson was twice tried with killing a Turpentine camp foreman four years earlier.Hanged from a tree
African American September 28, 1922 Assault of a white woman A mob had gathered in Sandersville, and so Deputy Sheriff Davis and Nixon were driving Johnson to Wrightsville when a posse of 50 men overpowered the deputies and seized Johnson. Hanged on the Cedar Creek bridge, his body was riddled with bullets.
African American September 28, 1922 Unknown Shot in his hotel room by four people
African American October 3, 1922 A race riot broke out on October 3, 1922, after African American Joe Terell was arrested in connection with the murder of George Tilson who in turn was searching for a Black assailant that killed white policeman Albert Sansom. African American Edward Pearl was killed in the race rioting. The report on the lynchings of 1922 by the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, lists John Brown as being lynched on October 3, 1922, in Montgomery, but newspaper reports write that he was seized, questioned and released.
40–41 White October 20, 1922 Manslaughter of Connie Hartley, nephew of Ed Hartley Shot
21–22
22 Hispanic November 11, 1922 Fight with co-worker, J.L. Sullivan, in which Sullivan's arm was broken Shot
Dickson, Cupid
(also found as Cubrit Dixon) 		African American December 5, 1922 Shot
Wright, Charles
Young, Albert and an unidentified Black man
African American December 1922 Murder of white teacher Escaped convict Wright was taken from sheriff by a large mob, tortured into confession, and burned at the stake. Two other suspects were shot and hanged. Several African American community buildings and homes were burned in the Perry race riot.[418] [419]
25 African American December 9, 1922 Murder of Granville Edward Farish Deputy sheriff Granville Edward Farish was trying to collect a debt from Smith when a scuffle broke out. In the fight, Farish smashed a bottle over Smith's head whereupon Smith shot him in the stomach. Smith was arrested and a white mob soon gathered. When officials tried to move Smith to another jail, he was seized, hanged from a tree, and his body riddled with bullets. When the body was taken to the undertaker, the mob burst in to view the body.
25 African American December 11, 1922 Accused of assaulting white 20-year-old Miss Florine Grayson Florine Grayson could not positively identify George Gay when he was brought before her. The mob ignored this, chained him to a tree and shot him around 300 times.
45 African American January 2, 1923 Sexual assault of a white woman Falsely accused, tortured, shot, then hung by white mob which went on a rampage burning homes and killing several other people.
Wilson, Abraham 33–34 African American January 17, 1923 Cattle stealing Serving 6-month sentence when taken from jail and hanged.[420]
Scott, James T. 35–56 African American April 29, 1923 Assaulting a 14 year old white girl Accused of detaining and beating the daughter of a professor at the University of Columbia, where Scott worked as a janitor. Lynched by a mob of over 100 men. Memorial plaque erected in 2016.[421] [422]
Simmons, Henry African American June 7, 1923 Killing of police officer A police officer stopped "three negroes in regards to the butchering of a turtle" on June 3, 1923. After a struggle, the officer was shot and described the assailants before dying 3 days later. A lynch mob first seized James Sands, who was beaten before one of the mob declared he was "not the one". Sands was released. The mob later seized Henry Simmons from a boarding house in West Palm Beach. His body was found the morning of June 7, 1923, at a location on Barton Road on Palm Beach Island, a short distance from The Breakers. The body was shot multiple times and hung from a tree close to where the officer was shot. https://pbcremembrance.org/history.htmhttps://pbcremembrance.org/PDF/Henry_Simmons_Article.pdf
40 African American December 14, 1923 Murder Shot and burned
Bell, William 33 African American October 8, 1924 Accosting two girls Beaten to death by a mob in a Jewish neighborhood. The girls, when questioned by police, admitted they were unsure if Bell was in fact the same man who had accosted them. The only lynching in Chicago history.
15 African American December 15, 1924 Robbed a grocery store and shot the white owner. Taken out of his hospital room in Nashville and lynched by a mob of masked men where he was first caught.[423]
Washington, Willie 22 African American January 31, 1925 Murdered by a local policeman, Washington's body was later displayed in the county courthouse.[424]
Jordan, James Adult African American March 20, 1925 Married woman "attacked" in her home. The case and two others helped lead to the Virginia Anti-Lynching Law of 1928, the first state law against lynching.[425] [426]
39–40 African American June 18, 1925 Accused of killing a white guard The allegation was based on the testimony of two young boys who said they saw a black man running from the scene of the crime. Marshall was lynched in front of a crowd of 1,000. When the sheriff arrived, he cut Marshall down and was putting him in the car when Marshall made noise indicating he was alive. The mob shouted to lynch him again. Afterward, Marshall's body was put on display in the funeral parlor and photos of the lynching were sold door-to-door for 25 cents. In 1998, the community provided a headstone for him.[427]
17 African American September 20, 1925 Rape Burned at the stake[428]
African American July 11, 1926 Rape of a white girl Taken from law officers and lynched. No attempt to verify crime nor identify murderers: last known lynching in Brevard County[429] [430] [431]
61 White July 21, 1926 None Murdered in part because of a fencing dispute, but also to steal money thought to be stashed on his property.[432]
31 African American August 15, 1926 Fathering a child with a white woman Beaten, dragged by a car and hanged from an oak tree
Nunez, Thomas (or Munoz) Latino September 7, 1926 Murder All five were shot after an ambush.[433]
Nunez, Jose
Nunez, Delancio
Gonzales, Cinco
Zaller, Matt White (Austrian)
Nelson, Samuel African American September 26–27, 1926 Assaulting a white woman Nelson was arrested on September 26, 1926 in Delray Beach on charges of assaulting a white woman in Miami. The following morning, the jail door was found torn open and the cell was empty. Later, a body identified as Nelson was found on a canal bank four miles west, with multiple gunshot wounds. The Delray Beach Chief of Police later testified to the City Council that they had refused to release the prisoner to a stranger claiming to be an official from Miami; however, the prisoner was counted in the cell as of midnight on September 26. The Police department was declared "free of blame of neglect" by the City Council. The culpability of the accused suspect for the crime in Miami, 55 miles away, was called into question as a major hurricane had struck eight days earlier, hampering travel[434]
Lowman, Bertha 27 African American October 8, 1926 Alleged murder of the sheriff After the second day of a retrial, they were taken from the jail to the outskirts of Aiken and shot, with a large crowd in attendance.
Lowman, Demon 22
Lowman, Clarence 14
Buddington, George 55 African American December 27, 1926 Attempted to collect debt from a white woman at gunpoint Mob broke lock on jail, took Buddington out of town and shot him to death.[435]
25 African American February 1, 1927 Arrested in connection with a suspected assault and murder, he was taken by a white mob and hanged from a tree.[436] [437]
38 African American May 4, 1927 None No charges filed; "mob" responsible.[438]
32 African American May 20, 1927 Murder Shot
African American May 22, 1927 Rape Hanged
23 African American May 25, 1927 "Slleged improper conduct with a white woman" Hanged, shot
African American June 8, 1927 Murder Shot
African American June 17, 1927 Murder Shot
African American June 26, 1927 Murder Brothers arrested in connection with a suspected murder of a white man, he was taken by a white mob, tied to a telephone pole with barbed wire, and burned.[439] [440]
African American July 7, 1927 Attempting to "attack" a "young white girl" Hanged, shot
African American July 21, 1927 Assault Shot
African American August 2, 1927 Rape Shot
African American August 25–26, 1927 Breaking and entering, assaulting a white woman Hanged
African American September 28, 1927 Attacking a fifty-year old white woman Shot
18 African American November 13, 1927 Assaulting a white girl Killed with a hammer, dragged by automobile and hanged at the County Courthouse in Columbia.
30 African American November 30, 1927 Murder Hanged
26 White December 23, 1927 Bank robbery Robbed a bank with three accomplices while dressed as Santa Claus. Ensuing shootout(s), manhunt, capture, and lynch mob. His hands and feet were bound, and he was hanged with rope thrown over a guy-wire between two telephone poles in a vacant lot behind a movie theater.
Bearden, James 25 African American June 29, 1928 Argued with white men over debt Dragged behind car, hanged[441]
Bearden, Stanly 24
Benavides, Rafael Latino November 16, 1928 Attacking a white man's wife Benavides was a Mexican shepherd who was accused by the police to have attacked a white man's wife. The police then went to arrest Benavides and shot him for resisting arrest. They rushed him to the hospital; three men then called the hospital asking if the Mexican was being guarded by authorities which the nurse confirmed he wasn't. The three men later on snuck into the hospital, kidnapped Benavides and hung him from a tree near an abandoned ranch.[442]
30s African American July 13, 1929 Murder of police officer Ed Green Shot

1930–1949

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
Unknown male African American 1930s Teaching the black children of Marked Tree, Arkansas to read Burned, sign posted "run niggers run!".[443]
Wilkins, John H. 45 African American April 18, 1930 Smiling at a white womanWilkins, a pullman porter, was dragged off his train and lynched.[444] A protest manifesto mentioning his lynching and two others had a cropped picture of a lynched African American.[445] This cropped photograph is taken from one of an African American lynched/hanged from a telephone pole in a railyard (Georgia(?); it is unknown if the original photo is of Wilkins.
Green, Allen 50 African American April 24, 1930 Allegedly criminally assaulted white woman After severely injuring the sheriff, the victim was taken from the county jail, tied to a tree outside the city, and shot multiple times by a crowd of about 100 men.
41 African American May 9, 1930 Pled guilty to criminal assault.Courthouse stormed (during trial), burned down with Hughes locked in vault, fire hoses cut. Body then dragged behind car and hanged, and fire lit under it. Followed by riot and destruction of black businesses. Two persons received two-year sentences for violence.[446]
30 African American May 16, 1930 Murder Shot by a sheriff’s posse
African American May 30, 1930 Assault Shot
African American June 18, 1930 Attempted rape Shot
Jenkins, Dan 22 African American Union vicinity June 21, 1930 Allegedly raped a white woman Captured by local citizens and identified by the woman, he was shot by a mob of about 150. The governor had been notified of the potential lynching and ordered out the National Guard, which arrived twenty minutes too late.
African American June 28, 1930 Attempted murder Shot
18 African American August 7, 1930 Robbery of white couple, homicide, rape Lynch mob of thousands broke into jail and took Thomas Shipp, Abram Smith and James Cameron. The mob hung the first two up in a tree. Cameron was released by the mob but was convicted of accessory and served time, later becoming an activist and founding the America's Black Holocaust Museum.[447]
19
Moore, Oliver 29 African American August 19, 1930 Alleged sexual improprieties with two young white girls Hanged and shot by mob who broke into jail[448]
Grant, George 40 African American September 8, 1930 Killing a police officer, and wounding three other peopleSheriff: "I don't know who killed the nigger and I don't give a damn."
Parker, John African American 1931 Stealing some peaches
Wise, Mrs. African American Frankfort (Frankford?) Virginia (West Virginia?) 1931 Objected to her daughter being taken out for "rides" with white Klansmen.
27 African American January 12, 1931 Murdering a white woman Burned to death. National Guard stood by and watched.
22 White January 29, 1931 Murdering his employer and family Mob broke into jail and hung him from a bridge
23 African American December 4, 1931 Killing his employer Taken forcibly from hospital. No indictment despite numerous witnesses.
Mendiola, Higinio 46 Latino December 29, 1931 None A mob of 7 people hung Higinio from a tree near his home to make it appear that he had committed suicide in order to collect insurance for his death.[449]
Tillis, Dave 52 African American 1932 "Demanded an accounting from his landlord. Charged with 'entering the bedroom of a white woman'".
39 African American rural 1932 Assault and rape.
Micou, Reuben 65 African American April 2, 1933 Accused of getting into an altercation with a white man. Abducted from jail by a mob. Micou's injuries suggested he was whipped before being shot multiple times.[450] date=April 2, 2021
33 African American June 4–5, 1933 Striking a white man following an argument Broken out of jail by a group of men; five white men named in an indictment but none were convicted
Lawrence, Elizabeth African American rural June/July 1933 Reprimanding a group of white children who threw stones at her [451]
23 African American October 18, 1933 Attempted assault and rape Grand jury declined to indict any of the lynchers identified by State Police. Last lynching in Maryland.
29 White November 26–27, 1933 An estimated 10,000 people witnessed the lynching. California Governor James Rolph called the act "a fine lesson for the whole nation."[452]
27
17 African American December 15, 1934 Attempted rape Mutilated and hanged
Johnson, Robert 40 African American January 30, 1934 Assault on white woman Investigators determined charges against Johnson were meritless, then released him to a lynch mob.[453] [454]
23 African American October 26, 1934 Rape and murder of 19 year old white femaleLynchers said he "didn't deserve a trial". Castrated, forced to consume his genitals, stabbed, burned with hot irons, toes and fingers removed, hanged, body tied behind automobile. Followed by Marianna riots. Important case in helping to bring lynching to an end.
Moore, Bert 26 African American July 13, 1935 [455]
Morton, Dooley 17
Stacey, Reuben
(also found as Rubin Stacy) 		37 African American July 19, 1935 Threatening and frightening a white woman with a pen knife Law enforcement officer; grand jury refused to indict.[456] [457] [458] In 2022, a two-mile stretch of Davie Boulevard in Fort Lauderdale was renamed Rubin Stacy Memorial Boulevard.[459] [460]
Johnson, Clyde L. 24 White August 3, 1935 Killing of Police Chief Frank R. Daw[461] Dunsmuir Police Chief Frank Daw was shot and killed on July 29, 1935, when he confronted an armed robbery suspect. Johnson, the alleged perpetrator, was removed from the Siskiyou County Jail and was hung from a tree near Yreka.[462] [463]
28 African American September 17, 1935 Killed in self-defense a white man that attacked him after he complained about the white man's cattle running over his field. Killed when jury did not bring back guilty verdict promptly. Widow and extended family immediately left Mississippi.[464]
26 African American April 13, 1937 Pair suspected in the robbery and shooting of a shopkeeper. Tied to a tree and tortured with blowtorches to extract a confession. McDaniels shot, Townes burned alive. Photos of the lynching made the national media.[465]
20
Hawkins, Richard 16 African American July 19, 1937 Broke into a store, accused of attacking a police officer with a knifeLocked up in Leon County Jail after confessing to breaking and entering; four masked men kidnapped the two from the jail, shot them dozens of times, and put warnings to other African Americans where the bodies laid.[466]
Ponder, Ernest 14–18
Goodin, Albert 35 African American August 16, 1937 Shooting a police officerTaken from sheriff by 100 men and lynched from bridge over Beaver Creek; body recovered from river by Sheriff Deputies.[467]
31 African American June 20, 1940 Registering to vote and starting an NAACP chapter. Last reported lynching in Tennessee.[468]
26 African American June 22, 1940 Failure to address a white cop as "Mr." Shot and thrown into the Patsaliga River
African American September 8, 1940 Assaulting a white woman Shot
19 African American February 1941 Unknown Hanged from a tree in a ravine.
26 African American January 25, 1942 Home invasion, attempted murder, attempted rape, resisting arrest Around 100 black people left Sikeston and never returned.[469]
Green, Ernest 14 African American Shubuta ("hanging bridge")October 11, 1942 Attempted rape. [470]
Lang, Charlie 15
African American January 30, 1943 Alleged tire theft Beaten to death by law enforcement
31 African American June 16, 1943 Murder of a white man. Awaiting new trial after conviction overturned on appeal.
39 White (German) Camp Tonkawa November 4, 1943 Spying for the United States Beaten to death by fellow German POWs following a kangaroo court
15 African American January 2, 1944 Sending Christmas card with "a note expressing his affection" to a white girl. Forced to jump to his death in the Suwanee River. Grand jury refused to indict.[471]
27 White (German) March 12, 1944 Spying for the United States Hanged by fellow German POWs following a kangaroo court
23 White (German) Camp Aiken April 6, 1944 Suspected of collaborating with the American authorities Strangled by fellow German POWs and hanged from a tree
28 African American July 25, 1946 Stabbing of a white man (Roger Malcom) Huge investigation. 2003 and 2016 books on this investigation. No one charged.
23
24
20
Collier, Alton 26 African American April 27, 1946 Alleged stabbing of a white sailor (Freddie Leroy Johnson) who was part of a crowd already chasing him with weapons to the bow of the boat shouting racial slurs. Forced off a ferry and left to drown. Ruled a suicide until 2024 when the Equal Justice Initiative declared it a lynching.[472] [473] [474]
31 African American August 8, 1946 Peering into a white woman's house through the window Beaten, tortured and mutilated along with his cousin Albert Harris, Jr.
24 African American February 16, 1947 Killing of taxi driver 31 suspects charged; all acquitted.
Gilbert, Henry "Peg" 42 African American May 22, 1947 Hiding Gus Davidson, accused of killing a white farmer Shot and killed by Police Chief W. H. Buchanan in Harris County Jail[475]
38 African American November 20, 1948 Voting and prosperity Car surrounded by 20 Ku Klux Klan members. Car was shot at with pistols.

1950–1975

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
19 African American November 1952 Robbery He survived. Newspapers treat it as a lynching. Council has received apologies from the law enforcement agencies involved.
Banks, Isadore59 African American June 1954 Being prosperous [476]
14 African American August 28, 1955 Flirting with white woman Beaten and mutilated before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. Perpetrators acquitted by all-white jury, then openly admitted they did it. Historical markers shot and defaced 2006–2018.[477]
22 African American Bridge over Pearl River between Mississippi and Louisiana April 24, 1959 Rape and kidnapping of a white woman; charges possibly fabricated. No one indicted.
21 African American June 21, 1964 Civil rights worker A federal jury in 1967 convicted the sheriff and six others of conspiracy to violate civil rights; they received minor punishment. A state jury in 2005 found the Ku Klux Klan organizer, Edgar Ray Killen, guilty of three counts of manslaughter; he died in prison. National outrage contributed to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964.
20 White
24 White
48 African American July 11, 1964 Shot by members of the Ku Klux Klan[478]
50 African American December 14, 1964 "Flirting" with white females [479]
19 African American 1967 Fighting with deputy while in jail for stealing car to get away from two men shooting at him. Survived. Rembert became a successful leatherwork artist and had at least two documentary films made about his story. He died in 2021.[480] [481] [482] [483] [484]
54 Polish Jew July 28, 1975 None. Killed by a group of black youths with concrete block during riot. Four of his killers were charged with first-degree murder.

1976–1999

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
33 African American April 12, 1978 None (one of the perpetrators hated black people). Two white men (cousins John Arnold and John Plath) were convicted of Gardner's murder. Arnold and Plath were sentenced to death and executed via lethal injection in 1998.
21 White May 17, 1980 Killed by African American mob during the 1980 Miami riots.
15
15
19 African American March 21, 1981 None (Klan looked to kill a black man because accused killer of white policeman got mistrial). Three Klansmen (Henry Hays, James Knowles, and Benjamin Cox) were convicted of Donald's murder. Henry Hays was sentenced to death and executed in the electric chair in 1997. James Knowles and Benjamin Cox were sentenced to life in prison. A civil suit against the United Klans of America caused their bankruptcy.
34 African American June 22, 1982 Drove through a majority-white neighborhood between his subway maintenance shifts. Turks and two other black subway employees were attacked by 15 to 20 assailants who shouted racial epithets. Gino Bova, 18 at the time, was sentenced to 5 to 15 years in prison for manslaughter. Justice Sybil Hart Kooper said at the sentencing: "There was a lynch mob on Avenue X that night. The only thing missing was a rope and a tree."[485] [486]
27 Chinese American June 23, 1982 Being Asian during a time when Japan was cutting into the profits of Detroit automakers. Two white men working for the Chrysler plant, supervisor Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz assaulted Chin outside of a McDonald's with a baseball bat following a brawl that took place at a strip club. A witness described them using anti-Asian racial slurs as they attacked him, ultimately beating him to death.
16 African American August 23, 1989 Believed to be attending a party held by a white girl. Mob of 10 to 30, at least seven with baseball bats chased and beat Hawkins and friends. Hawkins was ultimately shot by Joseph Fama, who was convicted of second-degree murder in 1990. Keith Mondello, was acquitted on murder charges but convicted for 12 lesser offenses. Three other men were convicted of crimes while three were charged but not convicted.[487] [488]
29 Australian Jew August 19, 1991 Being Jewish. Rosenbaum, a student from Australia, was stabbed to death by a mob as part of the Crown Heights riot.[489] Both New York Senator Daniel Moynihan and New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins called the killing a lynching. Dinkins said: "I think that the death of Yankel Rosenbaum was a lynching, as was Yusuf Hawkins. No question. Whatever term one gives to these kinds of vicious murders, that's what it is."[490]
32 African American January 1, 1993 None. Three white men kidnapped Wilson and set him on fire.[491] Wilson survived.
49 African American June 7, 1998 None (white supremacists). Dragged to death behind a car, until his head hit a culvert. Perpetrators convicted; two executed, one to life imprisonment.

21st century

Name Age Ethnicity City County/Parish State Date Accusation Comment
47 African American June 26, 2011 "Stealing" his own car Beaten, run over with a truck. Driver convicted of murder, ten convicted of hate crimes. Main perpetrator sentenced to life in prison.
25 African American Satilla Shores February 23, 2020 Burglary (falsely accused) Chased down and shot. Perpetrators convicted of felony murder and one with malice murder. All perpetrators sentenced to life in prison.

See also

Bibliography

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968 . July 26, 2010 . Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute. . University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100629081241/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html . June 29, 2010.
  2. Web site: Lynching, Whites and Negroes, 1882 – 1968. Tuskegee University . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030351/http://192.203.127.197/archive/bitstream/handle/123456789/511/Lyching%201882%201968.pdf . March 13, 2016.
  3. Web site: Statement to the media by the United Nations' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, on the conclusion of its official visit to USA, January 19–29, 2016. January 29, 2016. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213449/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17000&LangID=E#sthash.ELhcCe7s.dpuf. live.
  4. Book: Wells, Ida B.. Southern Horrors (1892) in On Lynching. Dover Books. 2014. 978-0486779997.
  5. [Gunnar Myrdal]
  6. Delucia. Christine. 2003. Getting the Story Straight: Press Coverage of Italian-American Lynchings from 1856–1910. Italian Americana. 21. 2. 212–221. 29776894.
  7. Web site: Blakemore. Erin. The Grisly Story of America's Largest Lynching. January 13, 2019. HISTORY. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105094205/https://www.history.com/news/the-grisly-story-of-americas-largest-lynching . live.
  8. Book: Lynching in the West, 1850–1935 . Duke University Press . Gonzales-Day, Ken . 2006 . Durham, NC . 978-0-8223-3781-2 . registration.
  9. Web site: Finnish immigrant was 'victim of warmongers' 100 years ago in.... Jimmy. Lovrien. September 17, 2018. duluthnewstribune.com. January 13, 2019. January 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232212/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4500591-finnish-immigrant-was-victim-warmongers-100-years-ago-duluth. live.
  10. Web site: 100 Years Ago this Week, During WW 1, a German-American Was Lynched – History News Network. historynewsnetwork.org. April 3, 2018 . January 13, 2019. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043030/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/168669. live.
  11. Web site: Deputy Sheriff Daniel Josph Lewis . Officer Down Memorial Page. April 4, 2022.
  12. Web site: Sheriff Adam Dubard Hood . Officer Down Memorial Page. April 4, 2022.
  13. Web site: November 7, 2017. Elijah Lovejoy: An American Martyr. Missouri Historical Society. Jen. Tebbe. May 15, 2018. May 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103043/http://mohistory.org/blog/elijah-lovejoy-an-american-martyr/. live.
  14. Book: Thornbrough . Emma Lou . The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority . 1957 . Indiana Historical Bureau . Indianapolis . 187129–130 .
  15. Web site: Remembering Native American Lynching Victims. Hilleary. Cecily. April 25, 2018. voanews.com.
  16. Web site: Latinas: Area Studies Collections. memory.loc.gov.
  17. News: Oregon . Illinois Daily Journal . 360; Vol IV . 31 July 1852 . 2 . S. & A. Francis. en . 8821623 . Robt. S. Maynard, from Illinois, shot a man by the name of J. C. Platt, at Jacksonville, because he had been insulted by him.
  18. News: Lynching on Rogue River . 26 February 2024 . . 166; Vol III . E. Gilbert & Co. . 15 June 1852 . San Francisco . en . killed John D. Platt [...] has been hung [...] trial at the hands of a committee appointed by the miners.
  19. News: The Territory of Oregon . 26 February 2024 . The Ovid Bee . 24; Vol 15 . David Fairchild and Son . 22 September 1852 . . 1 . en . 9887516 . sn83031494 . May 29 [...] This may be called "mob law," [...] A white man was [..] hung, for the diabolical murder of a white man.
  20. Web site: Commentary . Casey Tefertiller Guest . 2019-07-22 . Don't honor a blot on Santa Cruz history Casey Tefertiller . 2024-04-10 . Santa Cruz Sentinel . en-US.
  21. Web site: Santa Cruz's Most Notorious Lynching - SantaCruz.com . 2024-04-10 . www.santacruz.com.
  22. https://www.newspapers.com/image/848820342/
  23. Web site: David Thomas, MSA SC 3520-13796 .
  24. News: A Terrible Deed in Kentucky . November 19, 1858. Cooper's Clarksburg Register. April 18, 2021.
  25. Book: Allman, T. D.. Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2013. 9780802120762.
  26. News: A man hanged by a mob.. April 19, 2021. Delaware State journal and statesman. October 15, 1861. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420001652/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84038112/1861-10-15/ed-1/seq-2/. live.
  27. https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-man-h/51754461/
  28. Web site: "Jim" Wilson, MSA SC 3520-13797. msa.maryland.gov.
  29. Web site: Great Hamging at Gainesville. McCaslin, Richard B.. 2010-06-15. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association. mdy-all. 2014-05-30. August 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172409/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01. live.
  30. News: Disaffection in Confederate Texas: The Great Hanging at Gainesville. James. Smallwood. Civil War History. 22. 4. December 1976. 349–360. August 8, 2018. August 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172403/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/419420. live.
  31. Web site: Henry Plummer. Mather. RE. Boswell. RE. August 1993. HistoryNet. First published in Wild West magazine. https://web.archive.org/web/20190827192002/https://www.historynet.com/henry-plummer.htm. 27 August 2019. 28 August 2019.
  32. Web site: Blue Earth County Minnesota Genealogy and History. genealogytrails.com. August 10, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184236/http://genealogytrails.com/minn/blueearth/sioux_massacre.html. live.
  33. Web site: This Day in History. Mankato Magazine. April 25, 2012. January 7, 2019. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803083818/https://issuu.com/dhabrat/docs/www.mankatofreepress.com/10. live.
  34. Grahame . Orville F . 1925-10-01 . The Vigilance Committees . The Palimpsest . 6 . 10 . 10.17077/0031-0360.24933 . 0031-0360. free .
  35. Web site: Putnam: Delhi Township rethinks park called Deadman's Hill, named after 1866 lynching. Lansing State Journal. Judy Putnam. April 27, 2018. January 7, 2019. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184223/https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/judy-putnam/2018/04/27/putnam-delhi-twp-rethinks-park-called-deadmans-hill-named-after-1866-lynching/553511002/. live.
  36. Book: Reeve. W. Paul. [{{google books|plainurl=y|id=95j4BQAAQBAJ}} Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness]. 2015. Oxford University Press. New York City. 978-0-19-975407-6. Google Books. limited. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754076.001.0001. 181.
  37. Web site: The Life and Murder of Thomas Coleman . 2023-05-07 . . Salt Lake City.
  38. Web site: Lynchings in Maryland. Pitts. Joathan. Pate. Caroline. The Baltimore Sun. April 17, 2021. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162959/https://news.baltimoresun.com/maryland-lynchings/#card18. live.
  39. News: 1867-06-27 . mdy-all. Lynch Law in Maryland-An Alleged Murderer Hanged by a Mob. (Published 1867). en-US. The New York Times. 2021-02-23. 0362-4331. April 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180401195211/https://www.nytimes.com/1867/06/27/archives/lynch-law-in-marylandan-alleged-murderer-hanged-by-a-mob.html. live.
  40. https://delmarvahistory.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/delaware-history-examines-lynching-of-african-american-civil-war-veteran/
  41. https://progressive.org/latest/no-excuse-blocking-anti-lynching-bill-williams-shepherd-200623/
  42. Book: Brown, Julia C.. Riley. Franklin L.. Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society Vol. 12. 237–238. Chapter 10. Reconstruction in Yalobusha and Granada Counties. 1912 . https://books.google.com/books?id=aPw7AAAAIAAJ. December 13, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184223/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Publications_of_the_Mississippi_Historic/aPw7AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1. live.
  43. News: Retribution! The Assassin and his Accomplice Hang.. December 12, 2020. The Grenada Sentinel. August 8, 1868. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184224/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034375/1868-08-08/ed-1/seq-3/. live.
  44. Web site: Isaac Moore, MSA SC 3520-18341 .
  45. Web site: Anderson. David. A push for remembrance of lynching victims, and reconciliation during event at Harford Community College. 2021-02-23. The Baltimore Sun. March 28, 2019 . November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125233512/https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/harford/aegis/ph-ag-harford-lynching-memorial-0329-story.html. live.
  46. Web site: Lynchings in Maryland. 2021-02-23. The Baltimore Sun. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075725/https://news.baltimoresun.com/maryland-lynchings/. live.
  47. Web site: Jim Quinn, MSA SC 3520-18339 .
  48. News: Duncan . Ian . Md. county remembers 1869 victim of lynching . Washington Post . April 16, 2023 . April 18, 2023.
  49. Web site: Thomas Juricks, MSA SC 3520-18090 .
  50. News: Two Mexicans Lynched. The Stark County Democrat. 2158-2793. 11128854. July 30, 2022.
  51. Web site: A Red Record. Revealing lynching sites in North Carolina and South Carolina. University of North Carolina. Elijah. Gaddis. Seth. Kotch. July 4, 2021. April 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210401202334/https://lynching.web.unc.edu/. live.
  52. Web site: Sheriff John H. Wisner. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  53. Web site: New Orleans Republican. [volume] (New Orleans, La) 1867–1878, April 15, 1870, Image 4]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 15, 1870. 4. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  54. Web site: #29 J. L. Compton and Joseph Wilson . The lynching of J. L. Compton and Joseph Wilson, vigilantes. April 30, 1870. Helena, Montana. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
  55. Web site: Hanging of Michael Lachenais . 1870 .
  56. Web site: Brown . Carolyn . The Indiana Legislature Finally Acknowledges Three Lynchings in Charlestown's History . March 2022 . April 1, 2022.
  57. News: A Night of Excitement. David Jones, the Murderer of Murray, Taken from the Jail by a Mob. Murderer Offers Resistance, and is Shot Twice. Afterwards Taken to the Public Square and Hanged in Front of the Station House. The Hanging Witnesses by Immense Crowd of Excited Citizens. Efforts of the Mayor to Restore Quiet. Gov. Brown Makes an Appeal in Behalf of Law and Order.. May 3, 2018. Nashville Union and American. March 26, 2018. 4. Newspapers.com. registration. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011644/https://www.newspapers.com/image/80864273/?terms=lynching. live.
  58. News: The Nashville Lynching Case.. May 3, 2018. The Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1872. 3. Newspapers.com. registration. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012103/https://www.newspapers.com/image/349733432/?terms=%22nashville%2Blynching%22. live.
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  63. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=mainehistoryjournal
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  68. News: A Fearful Outrage. A Negro Murderer Lynched by a Few Citizens in Nashville—A Mob Looking On and Endorsing the Deed. The State Disgraced by a Supine Set of Officers—An Unmitigated Outrage Against Law and Decency. A Crime for Which the Perpetrators Out to be Made to Pay with Their Lives—The Whole State Demands It. . June 5, 2018 . Memphis Daily Appeal . May 3, 1875 . 1 . . registration . July 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200710230126/https://www.newspapers.com/image/39789147/?terms=%22jo%2Breed%22 . live .
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  74. News: Lynched . July 14, 1877 . . Newspapers.com . registration . October 20, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020011047/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-justin-arajo/133739154/ . live.
  75. Web site: Lynching in America / Lynchings In Oxford, OH Historical Marker. www.hmdb.org.
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  77. Web site: Michael Green, MSA SC 3520-13788. 2021-08-04. msa.maryland.gov.
  78. Web site: #59 Ami "Whit" Ketchum and Luther H. Mitchell . Stereograph of the burnt and partially skinned corpses of Ami "Whit" Ketchum and Luther H. Mitchell. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
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  81. News: Assassination in Starkville . February 14, 2019 . Clarion-Ledger . March 26, 1879 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28412676/the-clarion-ledger/ . live .
  82. News: Starkville . December 19, 2018 . Carolina Watchman . May 8, 1879 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182414/http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p15016coll1/id/10801 . live .
  83. News: Two Taught Ropes . December 19, 2018 . Memphis Daily Appeal . May 6, 1879 . March 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305205819/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1879-05-06/ed-1/seq-1.pdf . live .
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  121. Web site: Howard Cooper, MSA SC 3520-13733 . 2022-06-08 . msa.maryland.gov.
  122. Web site: Howard Cooper Project. 2021-02-23. Maryland Lynching Memorial Project. en-US. March 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316174651/https://www.mdlynchingmemorial.org/howard-cooper-project. live.
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  132. Web site: David Johnson, MSA SC 3520-13790 .
  133. Web site: 1887-06-13 . Peter Betters lynching (13 June 1887) . 2024-10-26 . Newspapers.com . en-US.
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  141. Web site: Port Huron's past included on lynching memorial. The Times Herald. April 30, 2018. Liz Shepard. January 7, 2019. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184230/https://www.thetimesherald.com/story/news/local/port-huron/2018/04/30/port-huron-past-included-nations-first-memorial-dedicated-legacy-enslaved-black-people-people-terror/564443002/. live.
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  146. Web site: SHOT DOWN IN COLD BLOOD – Eight Defenseless Negroes Lynched at Barnwell . January 1, 1890 . Marion Star . . May 28, 2022.
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  152. Web site: At Least 21 Lynched In Alachua County, Historical Commission Confirms. September 27, 2017. Dan. Nicole. WUFT News. en-US. mdy-all. 2019-01-09. September 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190926215111/https://www.wuft.org/news/2017/09/27/at-least-21-lynched-in-alachua-county-historical-commission-confirms/. live.
  153. News: Judge Lynch Presided. Would-Be Murderer Strung Up at Franklin. His Most Atrocious Assault on an Officer Avenged. The Body Dangling by the Roadside on the Outskirts. He Also Shot a Circus Man, Who Was Brought to Nashville for Treatment—A Deserved Fate.. May 14, 2018. The Daily American. April 30, 1891. Nashville, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. registration. May 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213602/https://www.newspapers.com/image/119043720/?spot=15327329. live.
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  156. News: September 19, 1891. Daily Nevada State Journal Newspaper Archives September 19, 1891 Page 3. January 29, 2022. newspaperarchive.com.
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  159. Web site: Encyclopedia of Arkansas . 2024-06-14 . Encyclopedia of Arkansas . en-US.
  160. Web site: Memphis and the Lynching at the Curve. Nathaniel C.. Ball. September 30, 2015. May 15, 2018. The Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change, University of Memphis. May 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055117/https://blogs.memphis.edu/benhooksinstitute/2015/09/30/memphis-and-the-lynching-at-the-curve/. live.
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  163. News: Finally Successful. An Attempt to Lynch Negroes At Nashville, Tenn., Successfully Resisted. The Government Takes Charge of the Jail Forces—One of the Lynchers Killed. Another Attempt Proves Successful, and the Negro Is Hanged. Crimes.. April 27, 2018. The Courier. May 2, 1892. Waterloo, Iowa. 2. Newspapers.com. registration. July 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703204608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/356715342/?terms=%22ephraim%2Bgrizzard%22. live.
  164. Web site: City Marshal James Carter . 2022-06-08 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
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  168. Web site: Deputy Sheriff Tom Holmes. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
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  170. News: MURDERER LYNCHED. Wm. Bates swung up at Shelbyville by a mob.. April 20, 2021. Daily Tobacco Leaf-Chronicle. June 27, 1892. Clarksville, Tennessee. 1. Library of Congress:Chronicling America. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421013747/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88061072/1892-06-27/ed-1/seq-1/. live.
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  178. Web site: Lynching of Floantina Suiato – October 12, 1895. lynchingintexas.org. 29 December 2021.
  179. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85040614/1895-11-21/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=1890&index=0&rows=20&words=Hillard+lynching&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1900&proxtext=Hillard+Lynched&y=14&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Eagle River Review November 21, 1895 (Library of Congress)
  180. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=subject&q=Hilliard%2C%20Robert%20Henson--Death%20%26%20burial--Texas--Tyler. "Hilliard, Robert Henson—Death & burial—Texas—Tyler." (Library of Congress)
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  182. Web site: Bank Robbery of 1896 . 2024-06-08 . Wichita County Historical Commission . en.
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  191. Web site: #61 Charles Mitchell . The lynching of Charles Mitchell, his body hanging from a tree in a courthouse yard. . Without Sanctuary.
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  193. Web site: James Murray (Murder of) .
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  196. Web site: Wright Smith, MSA SC 3520-13748 .
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  198. Web site: Phoenix Riot . Jennings . Matthew H. . October 24, 2016 . . South Carolina Encyclopedia . May 31, 2022.
  199. News: Act of Unusual Atrocity . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . August 9, 1899 . 2 . Italian authorities regard lynchings as very serious.
  200. Web site: #38 Unidentified male . African American male standing on buggy, facing camera, stripped, deep lacerations and wounds, his handcuffed hands placed to cover his genitals. lynch mob. Circa 1900, location unknown. . Without Sanctuary.
  201. Web site: The Kinsley graphic. [volume] (Kinsley, Kan.) 1890–1940, July 28, 1899, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. July 28, 1899. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  202. Web site: In Memoriam 2021: Benjamin Thomas August 8, 1899 .
  203. http://www.sitnews.us/Kiffer/LituyaLynching/092611_lynching.html
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  206. News: Hanging to a tree. . January 17, 1900 . Duluth News Tribune . GenalogyBank.com . It is supposed [Anderson Gause] was lynched for aiding in the escape of the Gingerly brothers, colored, who recently murdered two officers near Ripley, Tenn..
  207. Web site: Constable W. D. Turner. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  208. 30 Years of Lynching 1889–1918 gives surnames as "Smith"
  209. Web site: #5 George and Ed Silsbee . The corpses of George and Ed Silsbee. January 20, 1900. Fort Scott, Kansas. A large group of spectators holding kerosene lamps, downed fence in foreground. . Without Sanctuary.
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  214. News: Dr. Mrs. Charlotte Wright Is Dead.. January 15, 2024. The Weekly Pantagraph. August 31, 1900. 5. Newspapers.com. registration. January 15, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240115221237/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-pantagraph-dr-mrs-charlotte/138825395/. live.
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  218. Web site: Peter Berryman (Lynching of) . 9 February 2023.
  219. Book: Roznowski . Tom . An American Hometown: Terre Haute, Indiana, 1927 . 2009 . Quarry Books . Bloomington, IN . 978-0-253-22129-2 . 159–161 . 8 April 2022.
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  222. News: Indian Lynched After Leaving Jail. Barre Evening Telegram. The Barre Newspaper Co.. 887947968. 2376-8185. Barre, Vermont. March 24, 2021.
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  224. Web site: James Carter in Amherst . March 19, 2017 .
  225. Web site: Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898–1920, March 31, 1902, Image 2. National Endowment for the. Humanities. March 31, 1902. 2. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  226. Web site: The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869–1924, April 16, 1902, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 16, 1902. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  227. Web site: #54 Unidentified male . Four photographs of the lynching of an unidentified African American male in a coastal Georgia swamp. 1902. . Without Sanctuary.
  228. Web site: The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900–current, June 11, 1902, Image 10. National Endowment for the. Humanities. June 11, 1902. 10. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  229. Web site: Lynching and Local History: A Review of Troubled Ground . May 4, 2021 . April 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414200410/https://southernspaces.org/2012/lynching-and-local-history-review-troubled-ground/ . live.
  230. Web site: Charles Craven in Loudoun . March 19, 2017 .
  231. Web site: Charles Craven in Loudoun . March 19, 2017 .
  232. Web site: #48 Garfield Burley and Curtis Brown . The lynching of Garfield Burley and Curtis Brown. October 8, 1902, Newbern, Tennessee. . Without Sanctuary.
  233. Web site: Trigg . Lisa . One lynching each recorded in Sullivan, Vigo histories . Tribune-Star . May 3, 2018 . 4 April 2022.
  234. Web site: Young Mexican Lynched for Stealing Cattle. Bisbee Daily Review. April 29, 1903 . W.B. Kelly. 11363144. 2157-3255. Bisbee, Arizona. April 9, 2022.
  235. News: February 13, 1904. St. Tammany Farmer (Covington, Louisiana). 6. Lynchings. January 13, 2019. January 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153251/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015387/1904-02-13/ed-1/seq-6.pdf. live.
  236. News: Illinois Mob Lynches Negro. Bureau County Tribune. Newspapers.com. May 1, 1903. February 5, 2022.
  237. Web site: Constable W. J. Mooneyhan. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  238. Web site: The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888–1919, May 05, 1903, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. May 5, 1903. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  239. Web site: The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888–1919, May 07, 1903, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. May 7, 1903. 2. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  240. News: White Man Lynched. The Tennessean. Newspapers.com. May 20, 1903. mdy-all. 2020-07-02. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/604208825/. live.
  241. Web site: Google News Archive Search. news.google.com.
  242. Web site: #65 Unidentified male . Stripped African American male stretched on a tripod rack, raised with pulley, upper body bandaged, lower body wrapped with a blanket tied with rope, fingers curled involuntarily. Circa 1900, St. Louis, Missouri. . Without Sanctuary.
  243. Web site: San Francisco Call June 23, 1903 — California Digital Newspaper Collection . May 4, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184236/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19030623.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 . live .
  244. Web site: Deputy Sheriff C. E. Pierce. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  245. Web site: The Kalispell bee. [volume] (Kalispell, Mont.) 1900-192?, July 21, 1903, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. July 21, 1903. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  246. Book: Pfeifer, Michael James. Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947. University of Illinois Press. 2004. 9780252029172. October 6, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184235/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAGwb3G6soMC&q=Tangipahoa+parish. live.
  247. Web site: Suraskys and Poliers: The Old World Meets the New . Jewish Historical Society of South Carolina . 2022-05-15.
  248. Web site: Jan. 13, 1904 | Black Man Lynched in South Carolina for Allegedly Knocking on White Woman's Door . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211705/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/jan/13 . live .
  249. Web site: Feb. 7, 1904 | Black Man and Woman Brutally Lynched in Doddsville, Mississippi. calendar.eji.org. January 9, 2021. January 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120094649/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/feb/7. live.
  250. Web site: Patrolman Charles B. Collis . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  251. News: Mob May Clash with the Blacks . 11 January 2022 . Cairo Bulletin . 10 March 1904.
  252. News: War on Dives in Springfield . 11 January 2022 . Washington Times . 9 March 1904.
  253. News: ALABAMA MOB HANGS NEGRO.; Burns Jail to Get at Him – Vote Taken Before Hanging. . May 1, 2021 . The New York Times . September 8, 1904 . May 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225113/https://www.nytimes.com/1904/09/08/archives/alabama-mob-hangs-negro-burns-jail-to-get-at-him-vote-taken-before.html . live.
  254. Web site: Two Men Lynched in Texas in Same Section.. lynchingintexas.org. January 24, 2022 .
  255. Web site: More details on Watkinsville lynching . July 5, 1905 .
  256. Web site: Remembering Victims of 1905 Mass Lynching in Watkinsville . June 26, 2020 .
  257. Web site: Sheriff Martin Crawford Stegall. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  258. Web site: #50 Augustus Goodman (?) . The lynching of Augustus Goodman (?), his body hanging from oak tree that served as a community bulletin board, onlookers. November 4, 1905, Bainbridge, Georgia. . Without Sanctuary.
  259. Web site: The sadism of white men: why America must atone for its lynchings. Ed. Pilkington. April 26, 2018. The Guardian. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/26/lynchings-sadism-white-men-why-america-must-atone. live.
  260. Web site: Why the story of a 1906 Alabama lynching won't be forgotten. December 11, 2016. William. Thornton. Al.com. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221436/https://www.al.com/news/anniston-gadsden/2016/12/1906_gadsden_lynching_memorial.html. live.
  261. News: Lynching in America / The Lynching of Bunk Richardson Historical Marker. Historical Marker Database. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221438/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=116817. live.
  262. Web site: #71 Bunk Richardson . The lynching of Bunk Richardson, his body suspended over the Coosa River, stripped to long johns. . Without Sanctuary. Web site: #72 Bunk Richardson . The corpse of Bunk Richardson, propped up for photographer on plank walk of bridge spanning the Coosa River, severely beaten, stripped to long johns. Onlookers hold handkerchiefs to cover nose and mouths. . Without Sanctuary.
  263. Web site: #8 Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin . The corpses of five African American males, Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin with onlookers. . 2024-04-01 . Without Sanctuary.
  264. Web site: The 1906 Salisbury Lynchings . A Red Record . 2022-06-09 . en-US.
  265. Book: Kotch, Seth . https://academic.oup.com/north-carolina-scholarship-online/book/31098/chapter/289472536 . 2024-04-03 . 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0002 . Lethal State: A History of the Death Penalty in North Carolina . 1 The General Sense of Justice: Lynching and the Death Penalty, 1880–1950 . February 25, 2019 . 23–56 . Oxford University Press . 9781469649894 .
  266. Web site: #58 Unidentified male . Unidentified corpse of badly beaten white male in shredded clothes hanging from rope stretched over unpaved street, onlookers in background. Circa 1900, Virginia City, Montana. . Without Sanctuary.
  267. News: Cowboys Lynch Negro in Toyah, Texas for living with a white woman . March 6, 2020 . Reading Times . October 27, 1906 . Reading, Pennsylvania . Newspapers.com . July 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200712215146/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46241648/cowboys-lynch-negro-in-toyah-texas-for/ . live .
  268. Web site: Davis. Phil. Groups pay tribute to Henry Davis, last man to be lynched in Anne Arundel County. 2021-02-23. capitalgazette.com. December 22, 2018 . April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417032248/https://www.capitalgazette.com/news/crime/ac-cn-lynching-memorial-20181221-story.html. live.
  269. https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/7813/galley/116532/view/
  270. Web site: Lynch Mob Justice in 1907, Bancroft, Nebraska - HistoricalCrimeDetective.com.
  271. https://www.loc.gov/item/cph12236/ "The Higgins Lynching Party" Sept 30 1907 Library of Congress
  272. https://nebraskahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/DB36BD56-608D-4E21-B09C-363129640728 Nebraska History
  273. Web site: #11 Unidentified male . Lynching of bound white male, his body hung from a bridge. Circa 1910, location unknown. . Without Sanctuary.
  274. Web site: Patrolman August Baker. 2021-08-04. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  275. News: Two thousand citizens hang woman's assailant . Daily Times . Chattanooga, Tennessee . 3.
  276. Web site: #2 Unidentified male . Unidentified corpse of African American male. Gallows, courthouse-jail, and windmill in background. Nine onlookers, two young boys. 1900-1915. Location unknown. . Without Sanctuary. and The Waxahachie daily light. [volume], February 29, 1908, Image 1; in regard to a 2nd reported lynching March 28, 1908– newspaper account reported that in Magnolia, Texas a young white woman was knocked down, her clothing torn and she was almost criminally assaulted by an unnamed negro; the Sheriff coming to the scene found two negroes shot (one killed) see The new South-news., March 28, 1908, Image 2
  277. Web site: Ernest Williams (Reported Lynching of) .
  278. Web site: Lynching of William Manuel – June 21, 1908 . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211706/http://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/263 . live .
  279. Web site: Rare Lynching Postcards – Bing. www.bing.com.
  280. Web site: Triple Lynching in Texas August 1908 – Bing. www.bing.com.
  281. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=luS1U%2fJa&id=4CED8A55A1B7AB59A77C5739CA7DFA9D026F7498&thid=OIP.luS1U_Jah-bRas5sUdlK_AHaG9&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fgraphicarts.princeton.edu%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fsites%2f158%2f2018%2f04%2flynching6-768x722.jpg&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.96e4b553f25a87e6d16ace6c51d94afc%3frik%3dmHRvAp36fco5Vw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=722&expw=768&q=lynching+Ted+Smith++1908&simid=608031919049741907&FORM=IRPRST&ck=FF9C36A65692AD849728A8EB9A82CA12&selectedIndex=4&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0 Ted Smith Lynching
  282. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86088652/1908-07-29/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=07%2F27%2F1908&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Greenville+Tex&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F31%2F1908&ortext=&proxtext=Greenville+Tex&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 "Bryan Morning Eagle" July 29, 1908 (Library of Congress
  283. Web site: 2017-07-28 . A century ago, a lynching in downtown Pensacola . 2022-12-23 . The Pulse . en-US.
  284. Web site: Photographic postcard of four African-American men hanging from their necks by ropes in a cedar tree.. oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com. Oskosh Public Museum. 2006-06-15. 2020-07-14. July 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114400/https://oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com/photo/AC00E102-8B2C-4971-ABDF-974360873100. live.
  285. Web site: #64 Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley . The lynching of Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley, warning note. Black onlookers. . Without Sanctuary.
  286. Web site: Lynching In America / The Lynching of William Miller. Equal Justice Initiative. Historical Marker Database. 2015. May 2, 2018. Equal Justice Initiative. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012341/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=101159. live.
  287. News: Leader of Mob an Ex-U.S. Senator. September 11, 1908. Fredericksburg Daily Star. June 6, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160911/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1297&dat=19080911&id=HsVUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7135,4703531&hl=en. live.
  288. News: Ex-Senator Sullivan Will Stand Consequences for Directing Shooting. The New York Times. September 10, 1908. May 7, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813144907/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/09/10/archives/glad-he-led-lynchers-exsenator-sullivan-will-stand-consequences-for.html?scp=1. live.
  289. Avoiding Adjudication in William Faulkner's Go Down, Moses and Intruder in the Dust. Ticien Marie. Sassoubre. Criticism. 49. 2. 183–214. 10.1353/crt.0.0016. 2008. 153508996 . May 10, 2018. January 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180118182525/http://muse.jhu.edu/issue/12694. live.
  290. News: New Lynching Memorial Evokes Terror of Victims. Associated Press. April 23, 2018. April 27, 2018. April 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093428/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/23/us/ap-us-lynching-memorial.html. live.
  291. News: Hanged For Insult . February 21, 2022 . Youngstown Vindicator . January 19, 1909 . February 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220221142831/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rBZIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5oAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5880%2C3077282 . live .
  292. News: State and domestic . February 10, 2020 . The Rice belt journal . February 2, 1909 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728050959/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88064402/1909-02-19/ed-1/seq-7/ . live.
  293. Web site: West Virginia News: Lynching's Are Still Haunting Reminder To Some WV Communities. West Virginia News. April 21, 2011.
  294. News: Four Men Pay Price of Bobbitt's Death/ Miller, Allen, West and Burrell are Lynched by Mob at Ada this Morning. The Daily Ardmoreite. oklahomahistory.net. April 19, 1909. mdy-all. 2020-07-01. September 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913145632/http://www.oklahomahistory.net/adalynch.html. live.
  295. McDermott . Stacy Pratt . 1999 . "An Outrageous Proceeding": A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905–1910 . The Journal of Negro History . 84 . 1 . 61–78 . 10.2307/2649083 . 2649083 . 150209743 . 0022-2992.
  296. Web site: San Francisco Call 12 November 1909 — California Digital Newspaper Collection . 2022-06-09 . cdnc.ucr.edu.
  297. News: Fahy . Claire . Allen Brooks, Victim of a 1910 Lynching, Is Remembered in Dallas . 1 March 2023 . New York Times . 20 November 2021.
  298. Web site: Deputy Marshal Carl Mayes Etherington. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  299. Web site: #20 Unidentified male . A lynch mob and the smoldering remains of an African American. 1910, Texas. Gelatin silver print. . Without Sanctuary.
  300. Web site: Constable James W. Mitchell. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  301. Web site: Mower County transcript. [volume] (Lansing, Minn.) 1868–1915, August 03, 1910, Image 6]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. August 3, 1910. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  302. News: 'Quiet Again Resigns; Protest of Italians Brings Investigation . Tampa Morning Tribune . September 22, 1910 . May 8, 2020 . September 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919081748/http://www.westtampamurder.com/pdf/1910-09-22%20-%20Quiet%20Again%20Reigns.pdf . live.
  303. Book: The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands. Villanueva, Nicholas. August 2018. University of New Mexico Press . 9780826360304. 1032029983.
  304. Book: The injustice never leaves you : anti-Mexican violence in Texas. Martinez, Monica Muñoz. 9780674976436. 1020313014.
  305. News: January 16, 1911 . Two Swing on Same Rope . 1 . Fort Madison, The Evening Democrat.
  306. Web site: Deputy Sheriff George H. Loney . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  307. News: Lynching memorial shows women were victims, too.. January 22, 2019. The Conversation. April 27, 2018. January 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://theconversation.com/lynching-memorial-shows-women-were-victims-too-95029. live.
  308. News: Mississippi Negro Hanged . October 3, 2019 . The Tennessean . June 18, 1911.
  309. News: 1911-08-12 . Commodore Jones Lynching . 1 . Austin American-Statesman . 2022-09-04.
  310. News: 1911-08-12 . Clipped From El Paso Herald . 10 . El Paso Herald . 2022-09-04.
  311. Lesley Pickney Hill . The Vision of a Lyncher. January 1912 . The Crisis . 3 . 122. HathiTrust.
  312. http://www.dailylocal.com/article/DL/20110813/TMP01/308139966 Eric S. Smith, "Zachariah Walker's lynching haunts the city"
  313. Web site: #57 Ernest Harrison, Sam Reed, and Frank Howard . The corpses of Ernest Harrison, Sam Reed, and Frank Howard hanging from a rafter in a sawmill, jagged circular blade in lower right hand corner. September 11, 1911, Wickliffe, Kentucky. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
  314. Web site: King Johnson, MSA SC 3520-13760. 2021-08-04. msa.maryland.gov.
  315. Web site: Fort Smith Historical Society. The Lynching of Sanford Lewis. Ben. Boulden. April 28, 2018. May 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180516120516/http://www.fortsmithhistory.org/archive/lynchingSL.html. live.
  316. Web site: #19 . Lynching of an unidentified African American male. Date and location unknown. Tinted lithographed postcard. 5H x 3H". . Without Sanctuary.
  317. Web site: 1912: Dan Davis Burned Alive . August 13, 2018 . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211705/http://www.tylerhistory.org/2018/08/13/1912-dan-davis-burned-alive/ . live .
  318. News: Terror in Cumming; Race Riot Feared . . 1 . September 11, 1912 . March 5, 2023 . newspapers.com.
  319. News: Negro Fiend is Lynched at Princeton. May 24, 2022 . The Wheeling intelligencier . Sep 5, 1912 . 1 . Chronicling of America (Library of Congress) .
  320. News: Arming at El Paso to Repulse the Mexicans. The Nome Daily Nugget. Noma, Alaska. 2771-215X. 15073038. April 22, 2022.
  321. News: Mexican is Hanged. The Daily Missoulian. 2329-5457. 9385382. Missoula, Montana. 11. April 24, 2022.
  322. Associated Press, see Nashville Banner February 7, 1913 pg. 1
  323. Lincoln, NE, Star February 9, 1913 p. 1
  324. e.g. San Francisco Call, February 9, 1913 p. 26
  325. New York Sun, February 9, 1913 p. 1, Oakland CA Tribute February 9, pg. 43
  326. News: Burn Negro At Stake: Second Lynching for Murder of Mrs. Williams . March 6, 2020 . Chattanooga Times . February 9, 1913 . Chattanooga, Tennessee . 1 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718225305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46218275/burn-negro-at-stake-second-lynching/ . live .
  327. e.g. Lincoln Star February 9, 1913 p. 1
  328. New York Sun, February 9, 1913 p. 1
  329. Web site: 2019-02-25 . Joe Green . 2022-06-09 . Legacy of Lynching . en.
  330. Sam Spicer Jr. vs. the State of Alabama, Alabama Supreme Court, 4th Div. 598 (July 1916)
  331. Web site: The Murderer; J. C. Collins - Bad Nigger; in Front of Jail; Mondak, Mont.; Hung to Telephone Pole - 9-P.M. .
  332. Web site: [Murder and lynching newspaper clipping, Sheridan County, Montana] .
  333. Web site: #4 Bennie Simmons . Bennie Simmons, alive, soaked in coal oil before being set on fire. June 13, 1913. Anadarko, Oklahoma. . Without Sanctuary.
  334. Web site: #35 Joseph Richardson . The lynching of Joseph Richardson, damaged shoeshine stand. September 26, 1913, Leitchfield Kentucky. . Without Sanctuary.
  335. Web site: Russell Contreras. Cedar Attanasio . Mexican Americans faced racial terror from 1910–1920. ABC. 26 July 2019. 30 January 2022.
  336. News: Mexican Lynched. The Democratic Banner. 2157-6505. 18320299. Vernon, Ohio. March 25, 2022.
  337. News: Negro Who Assaults White Man in Union Parish Put to Death. April 1, 1914. The Shreveport Times. March 15, 2020. July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073716/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628149/allenturner1914/. live.
  338. Web site: Dallas Shields . May 13, 2015 . May 5, 2021 . May 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122059/https://statesanctioned.com/dallas-shields/ . live .
  339. News: Drive Out Negroes:Undesirables are driven out of Byhalia following lynching.. April 21, 2021. Oxford Eagle. December 3, 1914. Library of Congress: Chronicling America. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421191559/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87065469/1914-12-03/ed-1/seq-1/. live.
  340. News: Short Items for Busy Men. 22 December 2017. 2 July 1915. 22 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105326/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89065008/1915-07-02/ed-1/seq-2/. live.
  341. Web site: De La Rosa killed in Battle with Ranchers. South Bend News-Times. October 2, 1915 . South Bend, Indiana. News-Times Print. Co.. 2377-7095. 15568606. April 8, 2022.
  342. Web site: April 17, 1915 | White Mob Lynches Black Man Accused of Stealing Meat in Georgia. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213518/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/17%7Curl-access=April . April 21, 2021 . Equal Justice Initiative . April 21, 2021.
  343. Web site: The Norman Transcript (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 26, No. 36, Ed. 1 Thursday, May 13, 1915. J. J.. Burke. May 13, 1915. The Gateway to Oklahoma History. July 2, 2020. July 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703074330/https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc139224/m1/1/zoom/. live.
  344. News: February 11, 2019. Jones Co. family wants to shed light on dark past. Rogers. Eryn . WMAZ-TV. . July 10, 2021.
  345. Web site: Wounded to Brownsville. The Brownsville Herald. April 6, 1930 . 0894-2064. 782077638. AIM Media Texas. Brownsville, Texas. April 7, 2022.
  346. Web site: Unos Enmascarados Lo Cuelgan. El regidor. August 4, 1915 . 6 . 2640-5202. 744677189. Pablo Cruz. San Antonio, Texas. April 8, 2022.
  347. Web site: The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893–current, August 01, 1915, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. August 1, 1915. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  348. Web site: English: The charred body of Will Stanley, lynched by burning in Temple, Texas, July 29–30, 1915.. W. E. B. DuBois. January 22, 1916. Wikimedia Commons.
  349. News: Six Mexicans Lynched. The Sun. Ronald Weintraub. 9406339. 1940-7831. New York City, New York. March 20, 2022.
  350. Web site: Americans Slay Ten Mexicans – October 19, 1915. lynchingintexas.org. 1 January 2021.
  351. News: RAPE, LYNCH NEGRO MOTHER . Chicago Defender . December 18, 1915.
  352. Book: Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror: Second Edition: Report Summary. 2015. Equal Justice Initiative. Montgomery, Alabama. 15. White men lynched Jeff Brown in 1916 in Cedarbluff, Mississippi, for accidentally bumping into a white girl as he ran to catch a train.. 2017-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429053159/http://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-second-edition-summary.pdf. 2017-04-29. dead.
  353. News: Negro Lynched near Rice. Tampa Tribune. August 20, 1916. 2. February 15, 2019. February 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28457156/the_tampa_tribune/. live.
  354. Web site: #18 John Richards . John Richards hanging on a tree, jubilant lynchers, a freshly hewn pine coffin. January 12, 1916, Goldsboro, North Carolina. . Without Sanctuary.
  355. News: The Waco Horror (supplement to The Crisis). The Crisis. July 1916. March 8, 2018.
  356. News: Two Mexicans Hanged. The Port Gibson Reveille. 2575-7504. 14874994. Port Gibson, Mississippi. H.H. Crisler & H.H. Crisler Jr.. May 25, 1916. 1–8. April 22, 2022.
  357. Web site: Brownsville Station: 1916 0519 Hanging of Jose Buenrostro and Melquiades Chapa . August 21, 2021 .
  358. News: Mexican Lynched by Texans. Highland Recorder. 2151-5484. 33018708. Snowy Mountain Publishing Inc.. June 30, 1916. 1–4. March 19, 2022.
  359. Book: Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918. Boisy Long.. 1919. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. en. 24.
  360. News: Anthony Crawford, a Negro of Wealth, Lynched Saturday . Abbeville Press and Banner . . 1 . 1917-10-25 . mdy-all . 2015-12-21 . December 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055442/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916-10-25/ed-1/seq-1/ . live .
  361. Barrow . Janice Hittinger . 2005-09-01 . Lynching in the Mid-Atlantic, 1882–1940 . American Nineteenth Century History . en . 6 . 3 . 241–271 . 10.1080/14664650500380969 . 145381828 . 1466-4658.
  362. News: Fiends Incarnate . 20 December 2021 . The Denver Star . 22 December 1917.
  363. Web site: PORVENIR MASSACRE ARCHAEOLOGY MOST REVEALING. Justice. Glenn. 2017-04-21. Glenn's Texas History Blog.
  364. News: Mexicans Lynched for Murder and Robbery. The Sentinel Record. WEHCO Media, Inc.. 19988226. 2693-1044. Hot Springs, Arkansas. March 20, 2022.
  365. White . Walter F. . Burning of Jim McIlherron: An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation . The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races . May 1, 1918 . 16 . May . 16–20 . July 27, 2021.
  366. Book: Ellsworth, Scott. The Ground Breaking: The Tulsa Race Massacre and an American City's Search for Justice. 2021-05-18. Penguin. 978-0-593-18300-7. en. 127–128.
  367. News: The Burning of James McIlherron. An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation. Walter F.. White. The Crisis. May 1918. 16–20. March 2, 2018. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223147/https://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292947942608625.pdf. live.
  368. https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/37.77493,-122.419416,12/bounds/37.687905,-122.506277,37.861853,-122.332555/paging/1/pin/1154433 Hisorypin website
  369. Book: Utley, Robert M.. Robert M. Utley . Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers. 2007. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 978-0-19-515444-3. [Online-Ausg.]..
  370. Web site: Disappearance of Florencio Garcia - Refusing to Forget . April 5, 1918 .
  371. Web site: History of Lynchings. NAACP. March 2, 2018. NAACP. March 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301201212/http://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/. live.
  372. News: A black man was lynched near Rolesville in 1918. Now Wake students are honoring him.. T. Keung. Hui. October 29, 2018.
  373. Web site: The 1918 Lynching of George Taylor. Wake County Drum Majors for Social Justice. October 29, 2018. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803080922/https://sites.google.com/exploris.org/1918georgetaylorlynching/home. live.
  374. Rawlings-Carroll, R. (2019, August 18). Joel Woodson (?-1918). BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/joel-woodson-1918/
  375. Web site: #23 Unidentified males . Unidentified lynching, onlookers on horseback. . Without Sanctuary.
  376. News: Mitchell. Jerry. "Hanging Bridge" signing May 2 at Lemuria. December 26, 2017. Clarion Ledger. May 1, 2016. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184511/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/local/journeytojustice/2016/05/01/hanging-bridge-signing-may-2-lemuria/83803346/. live.
  377. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 94–95.
  378. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 52.
  379. Web site: Clio – Welcome. Clio. August 10, 2020. August 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811062554/https://www.theclio.com/. live.
  380. Book: McWhirter, Cameron. Red Summer. The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. Henry Holt. 2011 . 9780805089066.
  381. News: Negro Kills One; Shoots Up Five, Fighting Posse . Atlanta Constitution . May 2, 1919.
  382. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 51.
  383. News: Mob uses Rope, to Lynch Negro . Atlanta Constitution . May 15, 1919.
  384. Web site: #32 Will Moore . The lynching of Will Moore. May 20, 1919, Ten Mile, Mississippi. . Without Sanctuary.
  385. Web site: Frank Livingston (Lynching of) . November 11, 2018 . November 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133531/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=8283 . live .
  386. Book: Voogd . Jan . Race Riots and Resistance: the Red Summer of 1919 . 2008 . Peter Lang Publishing Group . 9781433100673.
  387. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 81–95.
  388. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 125.
  389. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355094296/?match=1&terms=%22Robert%20Robinson%22
  390. News: 3,000 Will Burn Negro — John Hartfield Will Be Lynched by Ellisville Mob at 5 o'clock This Afternoon — Negro Jerky and Sullen as Burning Hour Nears. New Orleans States (reprinted from Jackspn Daily News). June 26, 1919. April 26, 2018. April 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180420134709/http://recordsofrights.org/records/342/john-hartfield-will-be-lynched. live.
  391. Web site: John Hartfield Lynching Ellisville MS – Bing. www.bing.com.
  392. News: July 25, 1919 . Teas mob hangs Negro. Herald Democrat . . Leadville, Colorado . August 3, 2019.
  393. News: August 3, 1919 . Four Held In Lynching. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Times Dispatch Pub. Co.. Richmond, Virginia. 2333-7761. 9493729. 1–54 . August 3, 2019.
  394. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 129.
  395. Web site: Commemorating the Killed .
  396. Book: Brundage, William Fitzhugh . William Fitzhugh Brundage . Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 . registration. 1993 . . 9780252063459. - Total pages: 375
  397. News: Thousand View Bodies of Unnaturalized Mexicans lynched at Pueblo, Colo.. El Paso Herald. E. W. Scripps Company. 9978583. 0746-360X. 1–16. September 15, 1919. March 19, 2022.
  398. News: 'There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror. Brian. Lyman. Montgomery Advertiser. April 20, 2018. April 29, 2018. April 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222732/https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2018/04/20/there-lynchings-how-advertiser-failed-victims-racial-terror-eji-peace-justice-memorial-montgomery/499656002/. live.
  399. Web site: The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, November 15, 1919, Image 1. National Endowment for the. Humanities. November 15, 1919. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  400. Web site: #12 Unidentified male . Unidentified lynching of an African American male. Circa 1908, Oxford, Georgia. . Without Sanctuary.
  401. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 245.
  402. News: Woman's Impatience Revealed as Cause of Porter's Death . New York Negro World . May 29, 1920. "The woman sent a telegram to the next station stating that Scott had insulted her. When the train stopped, Scott was removed by a deputy sheriff. From there the story followed the usual lynching pattern. A mob "over-powered" the sheriff and killed the Negro. The coroner's jury returned the usual verdict, "Death at the hands of parties unknown."".
  403. Web site: #24 Elias Clayton . The lynching of nineteen-year-old Elias Clayton, nineteen-year-old Elmer Jackson, and twenty-year-old Isaac McGhie. June 15, 1920, Duluth, Minnesota. . Without Sanctuary.
  404. Web site: Duluth Lynchings: On line Resource . Minnesota Historical Society . July 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060221224830/http://collections.mnhs.org/DuluthLynchings/incarcerations. February 21, 2006 . live.
  405. Web site: America's Black Holocaust Museum | Lige Daniels. abhmuseum.org. April 10, 2018. August 3, 2020. June 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616122906/https://abhmuseum.org/lige-daniels/. live.
  406. Web site: #49 Lige Daniels . The lynching of Lige Daniels. Onlookers, including young boys. August 3, 1920, Center, Texas. . Without Sanctuary.
  407. Web site: A pair of lynchings year before massacre shook Tulsa . July 2, 2020 . . May 31, 2020 . July 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200704022302/https://www.tulsaworld.com/tulsa-race-massacre-a-pair-of-lynchings-year-before-massacre-shook-tulsa/article_72a4115e-541c-54b6-b765-79d3276c6f4b.html . live .
  408. Web site: Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Florida. The Ocoee Riot. February 22, 2018. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211717/http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0021874/00001. live.
  409. News: Negro Is Lynched by Arkansas Mob. December 27, 1920. Ellensburg Daily Record. June 6, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160703/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19201227&id=IdIrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3640,4987932&hl=en. live.
  410. Book: Lynching. Harry. Haywood. Milton. Howard. 1932. June 1, 2021.
  411. Web site: 2020-06-20. The Lynching of Jess Eley as submitted to the National Peace Museum Montgomery Alabama. 2020-06-20. Vimeo. mdy-all. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184533/https://vimeo.com/418232092. live.
  412. Web site: 2020-12-21. Hanging of Jesse Eley. 2020-12-21. Geni. mdy-all.
  413. Web site: Lynching of Henry Cade – November 20, 1921 . May 5, 2021 . May 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205701/http://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/447 . live .
  414. Web site: Lynching of "Curly" Hackney – December 13, 1921 . May 5, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184742/https://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/456#&gid=1&pid=1 . live .
  415. Web site: Morning Press 14 December 1921 — California Digital Newspaper Collection .
  416. Web site: FENWICK . TYLER . 2022-03-16 . Lynching victim remembered 100 years later with headstone, corrected death certificate . 2022-03-29 . Indianapolis Recorder . en-US.
  417. Web site: Jim Reed Long newspaper clipping · African American Experience in Athens .
  418. Book: Henry, C. Michael. Race, poverty, and domestic policy. June 3, 2004. New Haven : Yale University Press. Internet Archive. 31. 9780300095418.
  419. Book: Ginzburg, Ralph. 100 Years of Lynchings. registration. 166. 1988. Black Classic Press. 9780933121188. en.
  420. Book: The Crisis. October 1923. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.. en. 260. October 6, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184719/https://books.google.com/books?id=81kEAAAAMBAJ&q=Abraham+Wilson+Newberry&pg=PA260. live.
  421. News: New plaque memorializes 1923 lynching victim James T. Scott. Columbia Missourian. Ann. Marion. September 30, 2016. May 25, 2018. June 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030221/https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/new-plaque-memorializes-lynching-victim-james-t-scott/article_a59c3b3a-8765-11e6-ae5c-b7b64a4a45ed.html. live.
  422. News: Columbia Missourian. Legacy of a lynching. Barton Grover. Howe. May 8, 2003. May 25, 2018. May 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180526112917/https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/local/legacy-of-a-lynching/pdf_d011a4fa-8963-11e5-824c-ef3e5ef91961.html. live.
  423. News: Mob Lynches Negro Boy Who Shot Grocer. Body of Masked Men Take Him From Hospital. Samuel Smith, 15, Left hanging near home of Ike Eastwood, Whom he wounded Friday night.. May 2, 2018. Nashville Tennessean. December 16, 1924. 1; 5. Newspapers.com. registration. September 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013457/http://www.newspapers.com/image/178417744/. live.
  424. News: Stepzinski . Teresa . Jacksonville lynching victim killed by police, then put on display in 1925. Florida Times-Union . February 22, 2021.
  425. News: Memories of 1925 lynching linger in Waverly. Frank. Green. Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 2, 2014. October 15, 2018. July 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200712220908/https://www.richmond.com/news/state-regional/memories-of-lynching-linger-in-waverly/article_fdd4a998-fee4-5339-8b4c-7790f0ce7e49.html. live.
  426. Web site: Lynching in Waverly, Virginia, Is Revisited. March 7, 2014. October 15, 2018. Equal Justice Initiative. October 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181015231623/https://eji.org/news/lynching-waverly-virginia-revisited. live.
  427. News: Brooke. James. 1998-04-04 . mdy-all. Memories of Lynching Divide a Town. en-US. The New York Times. 2020-08-07. 0362-4331. January 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180131021935/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/04/us/memories-of-lynching-divide-a-town.html. live.
  428. Web site: Prince . David . The Fiction of Atticus Finch Meets the Reality of James PrinceThe Fiction of Atticus Finch Meets the Reality of James Prince . University of Nebraska-Lincoln . American Judges Association . February 7, 2023.
  429. News: Scruggs . David C . Scales Of Justice Hung From Tree With 1 Strong Limb . December 18, 2018 . January 15, 1989 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044545/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-01-15/news/8901170137_1_eau-gallie-rossetter-lynching . live .
  430. News: Florida Frontiers 'The Lynching of James Clark' . December 18, 2018 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044514/https://myfloridahistory.org/frontiers/article/129 . live .
  431. Web site: #52 James Clark . The lynching of James Clark, handcuffed. July 11, 1926, Eau Gallie, Florida. . Without Sanctuary.
  432. News: Grand Lake Mystery May Be Cleared Up . October 28, 2020 . The Steamboat Pilot . 42 . 5 . Chas. A. Leckenby . August 18, 1926 . Steamboat Springs, CO . 1 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184719/https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=STP19260818.2.9&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxCO%7CtxTA-%22grand+lake+mystery%22-------0----- . live .
  433. Web site: Party ambush – September 7, 1926. lynchingintexas.org. 4 January 2022.
  434. Web site: PBC Remembrance - Our History .
  435. News: George.Buddington.1926. The Cincinnati Enquirer. 10. mdy-all. 2019-01-09. January 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7632965/georgebuddington1926/. live.
  436. News: The Law's Too Slow . 19 . . January 1928 . May 22, 2021 . April 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418220454/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsZAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 . live .
  437. Book: Annual Report . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . 29 . 1927.
  438. Web site: John Carter: A Scapegoat for Anger. Stephanie. Harp. August 9, 2012. America's Black Holocaust Museum. January 12, 2018. January 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180113095959/http://abhmuseum.org/the-lynching-of-john-carter/. live.
  439. News: Winston mob burns negroes at the stake . 19 September 2022 . Clarion-Ledger . June 14, 1927.
  440. News: Man Killed: Mob Negroes . Winston County Journal . June 17, 1927.
  441. News: Brookhaven jail is stormed by armed mob . Tampa Times . Tampa, Florida . June 30, 1928.
  442. News: Dying Mexican Lynched by Trio. Evening Star. W.D. Wallach & Hope . Washington, District of Columbia. 2331-9968. 2260929. 1–36. March 18, 2022.
  443. News: Schwarz . Ted . I'll Get My Rest When the Lord Is Done With Me Here . January 10, 2019 . August 13, 2008 . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111054839/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/ill-get-my-rest-when-the-lord-is-done-with-me-here/Content?oid=1520629 . live .
  444. Web site: The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924–1958, April 18, 1930, Final City Edition, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 18, 1930. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  445. Web site: anti lynching poster – Bing. www.bing.com.
  446. Book: Thompson, Nolan. Sherman Riot of 1930. Handbook of Texas Online. 2010. May 28, 2018. June 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180614080124/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jcs06. live.
  447. News: Lynching Black Man, Now 78, Relates Narrow Escape, Tells How Two Companions Were Lynched In Indiana In 1930. February 14, 1993. Charles. Leroux. Sun-Sentinel. January 2, 2018. January 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035450/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/news/9301090503_1_lynching-black-man-museum-ebony-pictorial-history. dead.
  448. Web site: The Lynching of Oliver Moore » FREEMAN VINES | HANGING TREE GUITARS.
  449. Web site: Lynching of Higinio Mendiola – December 29, 1931. lynchingintexas.org. 5 January 2022.
  450. Web site: Reuben Micou Lynched in Winston County, Mississippi. Equal Justice Initiative. April 21, 2021. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421011030/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/2. live.
  451. Web site: Elizabeth Lawrence, July 5, 1933, Birmingham . February 28, 2019 . January 14, 2021 . January 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116073013/https://birminghamwatch.org/elizabeth-lawrence-july-5-1933-birmingham/ . live.
  452. News: McPhate. Mike. When a San Jose mob stormed a jail and lynched two men. September 25, 2018. The California Sun. November 29, 2017. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184736/https://medium.californiasun.co/1933-san-jose-lynching-john-holmes-thomas-thurmond-brooke-hart-d0ef282554b3?gi=fc76e7c2e55. live.
  453. News: Guzzo . Ppaul . Tampa lynching memorial's location, wording is set . 4 April 2022 . Tampa Times . March 31, 2022.
  454. Web site: Black Man Wrongly Arrested and Jailed; Lynched Days Later in Tampa, Florida . Equal Justice Initiative . 4 April 2022.
  455. Web site: #75 Two unidentified males . Lynching of two unidentified African American males, white man squatting, hides face as he stills corpses. . Without Sanctuary.
  456. News: His Name Was Rubin Stacy. Fort Lauderdale Magazine . August 1, 2018. March 6, 2020. July 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721181801/https://fortlauderdalemagazine.com/his-name-was-rubin-stacy/. live.
  457. News: Mob lynched black man in Fort Lauderdale 75 years ago. July 17, 2010. Robert. Nolin. Sun-Sentinel. December 29, 2017. July 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150724122127/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-07-17/news/fl-reuben-stacey-lynching-20100719_1_lynched-white-woman-reuben-stacey. dead.
  458. News: The Day They Lynched Reuben Stacey. July 17, 1988. Bryan. Brooks. Sun-Sentinel. December 29, 2017. January 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214848/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-07-17/features/8802110707_1_black-man-lynching-pine-tree. dead.
  459. News: Cheers and tears. A lynch mob killed Reuben Stacy. Now, a street sign bears his name. Susannah. Bryan. Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, Florida). February 9, 2022. 1.
  460. Web site: #51 Rubin Stacy . The lynching of Rubin Stacy. Onlookers, including four young girls. . Without Sanctuary.
  461. Web site: Chief of Police Frank R. Daw . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  462. Web site: #1 Clyde Johnson . The corpse of Clyde Johnson. August 3, 1935. Yreka, California. . Without Sanctuary.
  463. Web site: The Last Lynching in California. July 6, 2020 . YCTV4.
  464. News: A Lynching's Long Shadow. Vanessa. Gregory. April 25, 2018. New York Times Magazine. May 9, 2018. May 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180510054208/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/magazine/a-lynchings-long-shadow.html. live.
  465. Web site: Madera Tribune April 14, 1937 — California Digital Newspaper Collection. cdnc.ucr.edu. January 6, 2021. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184743/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19370414.2.2. live.
  466. Howard, W. T. (1988). Vigilante Justice and National Reaction: The 1937 Tallahassee Double Lynching. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 67(1), 32–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30147922
  467. https://books.google.com/books?id=wEUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Lynching&pg=PA30 Life Magazine August 30, 1937
  468. Book: Bennett, Kathy. Tennessee Encyclopedia. Lynching. University of Tennessee Press. 2017. November 22, 2018. November 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122220239/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/lynching/. live.
  469. Web site: Close to Home. The New York Times. Teachout, Terry. May 30, 1999. December 26, 2017. November 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151108103228/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/30/bookend/bookend.html. live.
  470. Book: Ward, Jason Morgan. Hanging bridge : racial violence and America's civil rights century. Oxford University Press. 2016. 9780199376568. 921864717.
  471. News: Before Emmett Till's Death, Willie James Howard, 15, Was Murdered in Fla.. The Root. March 8, 2018. Tonya J.. Wethersbee. August 29, 2015. March 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103826/https://www.theroot.com/before-emmett-till-s-death-willie-james-howard-15-wa-1790860932. live.
  472. Web site: Ashley . Kevin . 2023-04-27 . Death on the Ferry: The Alton Collier Story . 2024-06-23 . The Coronado Black History Project.
  473. Web site: Hyson . Katie . 2024-05-24 . His San Diego death certificate says 'suicide.' Now he's being recognized as California's third lynching victim. . 2024-06-23 . . en.
  474. Web site: Deaderick . Lisa . 2024-05-26 . Coronado man's death ruled suicide in 1946, today recognized as 'racial terror lynching' . 2024-06-23 . . en-US.
  475. Web site: Henry "Peg" Gilbert | the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project . November 24, 2020 .
  476. Web site: Isadore Banks (Murder of) . January 10, 2019 . January 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235110/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=6425 . live .
  477. News: Emmett Till Sign Is Hit With Bullets Again, 35 Days After Being Replaced. The New York Times. August 6, 2018. Haag. Matthew. August 8, 2018. August 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180807170849/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/us/emmett-till-sign-bullets.html. live.
  478. Web site: Remembrance held for Madison County lynching victim, Lemuel Penn . July 12, 2024 .
  479. Book: The FBI and the KKK: A Critical History. Newton, M.. 2005. 9781476605104. 151. McFarland . January 6, 2016. July 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200710230124/https://books.google.com/books?id=YcOSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151. live.
  480. Web site: Nearly lynched in the 1960s, New Haven man uses art to teach others about the past. 2017-03-02. FOX 61. en. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133549/https://fox61.com/2017/03/01/nearly-lynched-in-the-1960s-new-haven-man-uses-art-to-teach-others-about-the-past/. live.
  481. Web site: The Indelible Images of Winfred Rembert The Folk Art Society of America. folkart.org. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629112609/https://folkart.org/mag/winfred-rembert. live.
  482. Web site: All Me: The Life and Times of Winfred Rembert. allmethemovie.com. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. July 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190708073654/http://allmethemovie.com/. live.
  483. Web site: Ashes to Ashes. 2019-05-07. Mountainfilm. en. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626104637/https://www.mountainfilm.org/media/ashes-to-ashes. live.
  484. News: He Survived A Near-Lynching. 50 Years Later, He's Still Healing. 2019-11-15. NPR. mdy-all. 2020-07-20. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803111856/https://www.npr.org/2019/11/15/779274693/he-survived-a-near-lynching-50-years-later-hes-still-healing. live.
  485. Web site: Willie Turks, a black MTA worker, was pulled from a car and killed by a white mob in 1982. nydailynews.comm. June 21, 2015 . mdy-all. 2020-01-20. May 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105022/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/willie-turks-killed-white-mob-brooklyn-1982-article-1.2261162. live.
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  488. Web site: Dunne . Carey . 2015-08-24 . This Week in Brooklyn History: Yusef Hawkins, African-American 16-Year-Old, Murdered by Mob of White Teens in 1989 . 2024-02-10 . Brooklyn Magazine.
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  491. News: Teen Describes How 2 Men Set Black Tourist On Fire. January 9, 2018. August 29, 1993. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143315/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-08-29/news/9308290356_1_pellett-levinson-kohut. live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of lynching victims in the United States".

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