List of lynching victims in the United States explained

This is a list of lynching victims in the United States. While the definition has changed over time, lynching is often defined as the summary execution of one or more persons without due process of law by a group of people organized internally and not authorized by a legitimate government. Lynchers may claim to be issuing punishment for an alleged crime; however, they are not a judicial body nor deputized by one. Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined in the 1920s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968.^[1] Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States, but women were also lynched. More than 73 percent of lynchings in the post–Civil War period occurred in the Southern states.^[2] White lynchings of black people also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the Border States, especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of black people out of the Southern United States. The purpose for many of the lynchings was to enforce white supremacy and intimidate black people through racial terrorism.^[3]

According to Ida B. Wells and the Tuskegee University, most lynching victims were accused of murder or attempted murder. Rape or attempted rape was the second most common accusation; such accusations were often pretexts for lynching black people who violated Jim Crow etiquette or engaged in economic competition with white people. Sociologist Arthur F. Raper investigated one hundred lynchings during the 1930s and estimated that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.^{[4] [5]}

On a per capita basis, lynchings were also common in California and the Old West, especially of Latinos, although they represented less than 10% of the national total. Native Americans, Asian Americans and Italian-Americans^{[6] [7]} were also lynched.^[8] Other ethnicities, including Finnish-Americans^[9] and German-Americans^[10] were also lynched occasionally. At least six law officers were killed trying to stop lynch mobs, three of whom succeeded at the cost of their own lives, including Deputy Sheriff Samuel Joseph Lewis in 1882,^[11] and two law officers in 1915 in South Carolina.^[12] Three law officers were themselves hanged by lynch mobs (Henry Plummer in 1864; James Murray in 1897; Carl Etherington in 1910).

19th century

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
	26	African-American			Missouri	1836	Arrested on charge of disturbing the peace, McIntosh stabbed the deputies who told him he would serve five years for the offense.	Burned alive. Lynching had broad local support. Reported on by abolitionist editor Elijah Lovejoy, who was soon lynched himself.
	35	White			Illinois	1837	Abolitionist newspaper editor and publisher	Had moved to Alton to escape violence in St. Louis. Four successive printing presses destroyed. "Not guilty" verdict; jury foreman member of mob.^[13]
	38, 44	White			Illinois	1844	Technically, treason against state of Illinois, but lynching was for religious views, especially plural marriage/polygamy.	In jail awaiting trial. Five men were tried and acquitted.
Tucker, John	40-50	African American				1845	Unprovoked attack	^[14]
	Adult	Latina			California	1851	Killing a white man	She was found guilty of murdering a local miner, Frederick Cannon, a man who had attempted to assault her after he had broken into her home.^[15]
	Adult	White				May 1852	Killing of J.C. Platt^[16]	Lynched by miners who appointed a “committee”,^[17] via “mob law."^[18]
Capistrano, Lopez; Hernández, Mariano; and Hernandez, Domingo	Adults	Latino			California	1852	Killing and robbing of Americans, including Latinos^[19]	^[20] Band of Mexican horse thieves and murderers, who "tormented the central coast", frequently boasted of killing and robbing Americans.^[21] They were taken by vigilantes out of jail and hanged from a makeshift gallows
Thomas, David	34	African-American	Denton		Maryland	1854	Beating a white man to death	^[22]
Thompson, Bill Saul; Despano, Sloan		African-American	Greensburg		Kentucky	1858	Alleged murder and robbery of wealthy white farmer, "Mr. Simpson."	Thompson and Despano were two of four men jailed for allegedly murdering a Mr. Simpson. A mob broke into the jail which was abandoned by the jailor. To avoid lynching, one of the four, Elias Scraggs, slit his own throat. Thompson and Despano were taken by the mob and hanged from a tree. After seeing Scraggs, Thompson and Despano die, a fourth man after "a good deal of reluctance" avoided lynching by implicating five others, including Simpson's own son-in-law, though the son-in-law was "generally considered innocent."^[23]
Adam		African-American	Tampa		Florida	1859	In response to the murder of a white man, and "in keeping with local custom, a slave man was selected to be killed in retribution".	Adam was tried and convicted of the murder of a white man. He was represented by Ossian Hart, who appealed the conviction. The Florida State Supreme Court declared a mistrial, following which a mob broke into the jail, seized Adam and hanged him.^[24]
	23	African-American			Wisconsin	1861	Allegedly exchanged insults and blows with two Irishmen who accused him and a friend of bothering two white women on the street.	Hanged from a pile driver by a crowd of fifty to seventy-five Irishmen.
Hamilton, Jacob	28	African-American	Smyrna	Kent and New Castle	Delaware	1861	Believed to have assaulted a white woman in her home.	While a trial was in progress, preparations to lynch the victim were made outside. When constables walked out with Hamilton, the crowd seized and hanged him.^[25]
	Adult men	White	Gainesville	Cooke	Texas	1862	Lynching, plus "legal" executions, of Union supporters by Confederate supporters	Many lynched before trial was concluded. Prosecution of perpetrators "half-hearted"; only one convicted.^[26] ^[27]
Wilson, Jim		African-American	Oakland		Maryland	1862	Rape and murder of an eight year old white girl
		African-American	Newburgh		New York	1863	Alleged rape of Irish woman	Hanged from a tree by mob of Irishmen
	31	White				1864	Alleged leader of an outlaw gang.	A sheriff who was dragged from his house and lynched; the only evidence of his alleged crimes was in an account written by a lynch mob member to justify lynching; 130 years later Plummer was posthumously tried; the jury reached a split decision (six to six) and a mistrial was declared.^[28]
Campbell, John (Jack)		Mixed race (White/Dakota)^[29]			Minnesota	1865	Double murder	Lynched by a mob after an extrajudicial "trial".^[30]
Taylor, John	17	African-American			Michigan	1866	Attempted murder of his employer's wife following a wage dispute	Taylor was a former slave, and had been a teenage soldier for the Union. A mob dragged him from a jail, tortured him and hanged him from a tree, and mutilated and decapitated his body; no one was prosecuted. In 2018, a local park was named the "John Taylor Memorial Park" after him.^[31]
	unknown	White			Iowa	June 1866	Horse theft	Thompson was arrested by the county sheriff based on evidence collected by a local vigilance committee, then tried in an extrajudicial jury proceeding and hanged.^[32]
	34	African-American			Utah	December 10, 1866	Walking with a White woman	Coleman, formerly enslaved by White Mormon people, was bludgeoned to death by an unknown number of assailants. His throat was deeply slit and body dumped with a note pinned to his chest stating "Notice to all niggers! Take warning	Leave white women alone	!"^[33] ^[34]
Pippin, James	unknown	White	Church Hill or Centerville	Queen Anne's	Maryland	1867	Tried for killing a merchant, but acquitted.	Angry about Pippin's acquittal, a mob of 20 people dragged him from under the floorboards of his father's house and hanged him.^[35] ^[36]
McLain, Tom	unknown	African-American			Mississippi	1868	Alleged murder of white overseer.	A masked mob broke into the jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged McLain and Gilbert Quinn from the jail and hanged both from a gum tree with the same rope.^[37] ^[38]
Quinn, Gilbert	unknown	African-American			Mississippi	1868	Alleged accomplice to murder of white overseer.	A masked mob broke into the jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged Quinn and Tom McLain from the jail and hanged both from a gum tree with the same rope.
Bierfield, Samuel, Bowman, Lawrence		Jewish-American, African-American			Tennessee	1868	None	A group of masked men appeared at both the rear and front doors of Samuel Bierfield's store. When he refused to open the back door, they broke in. He ran out the front, where he encountered the rest of the group. The masked men shot Bierfield five times. They mortally wounded his black clerk Lawrence Bowman, who had been with him at the store. Henry Morton, another black man, had been sitting and chatting with the pair and escaped without injury during the melee. Bierfield pleaded for his life on the street in front of his dry goods store but was shot to death by the masked men at close range.
Moore, Isaac	unknown	African-American	Bel Air	Harford	Maryland	1868	Robbing a white woman of a sum of money.	Moore was accused of having other "nepharious designs" not carried out after he was frightened away by the screams of the woman from whom he allegedly took money. Moore was before a magistrate when a crowd took him away and hanged him naked from a tree.
Juricks, Thomas	35 (approx.)	African-American	Piscataway	Prince George's	Maryland	1869	Assault of a white woman	Sharecropper and father of six, Juricks was "hung from an oak tree before the mob fired a volley of gunshots into his body".^[39]
Quinn, Jim	unknown	African-American	Jarrettsville	Harford	Maryland	1869	Assaulting a white woman	^[40] ^[41]
Two Mexicans		Latino			New Mexico	1870	Stealing groceries	A group of masked men had taken the two Mexicans during the night, hanging them from a beam in the jail yard.^[42]
	49–50	African-American			North Carolina	1870	Prominent local figure (no crime alleged)	Sixty-three indictments, but the North Carolina Legislature, to end their cases, repealed the law they were charged with violating.^[43]
	35	White			North Carolina	1870	State senator who worked to help freedmen	Ku Klux Klan; no one charged.
Johnson, Offey		African-American			Louisiana	March 31, 1870	None. A witness in protective custody.	Johnson was held in protective custody at jail so he could testify against a prisoner in jail named Beavers. Sheriff John H. Wisner killed by mob who then killed prisoner^[44] It is believed Johnson was killed so that he could not testify against Beavers.^[45]
Compton, J.L. and Wilson, Joseph						April 30, 1870	Accused of murder	A one-thousand-member vigilance committee accused the two men of shooting and robbing an old man named George Lenhart. Their fate was decided on the courthouse steps by mock trial, because "the law was tedious, expensive, and uncertain." When law officers interrupted the proceedings, they were imprisoned by the mob.^[46]
Ah Wing and at least 15 others		Chinese	Los Angeles	Los Angeles	California	1871	None	Group of Chinese immigrants killed in retaliation for the accidental homicide of a white rancher.See: Chinese massacre of 1871
Johnson, George; Taylor, Squire; Davis, Charles	Adults	African American			Indiana	November 1871	Accused of killing a white man, Cyrus Park, and his family	Indiana Legislature Exonerated Johnson, Taylor, and Davis in 2022^[47]
		African-American			Tennessee	1872	Murdering Henry Murray.	Taken out of his prison cell and lynched by a mob on the public square.^[48] ^[49]
Castro, José	35	Latino	San Juan Bautista		California	1872	Alleged conspiracy to rob a stage coach.	After Tiburcio Vásquez robbed a stage on the San Benito Road, a group of vigilantes seized José Castro, a local saloon owner, and hanged him from a tree based on the flimsy suspicion that he was associated with the bandit.^[50]
McCrory, James		White	Visalia		California	1872	Murder	A group of vigilantes broke into the jail, seized McCrory and hanged him from a bridge.^[51]
	30s	white				November 4, 1872	Sexual indecency	Man dies from castration after being tarred and feathered by a mob^[52]
St. Clair, John W. and Triplett, Z.A.	unknown	white				February 1, 1873	Both individuals charged with separate murders	Both men hanged^[53]
Chiesa, Giovanni	20	Italian	Church Hill	Trumbull	Ohio	July 27, 1873	None	Giovanni Chiesa, the first Italian immigrant lynched in the United States, was clubbed to death by a mob of coal miners.^[54] ^[55]
Eli.		African-American			Florida	May 1874	Assaulting a white woman	Killed when Jail burned down by mob; according to a member of mob participant John Wesley Hardin, the local coroner (also allegedly part of the mob) rendered a verdict that Eli had died after setting fire to the jail himself,^[56]
Taylor, Rufus P. "Scrap"; Tuggle, John Alfred "Kute"; and White, James		White	Clinton, Texas		Texas	June 22, 1874		Three men were members of the Taylor faction in the Sutton-Taylor feud. Members of the Sutton faction lynched the three men in revenge for murder of Sutton leader William E Sutton in Indianola, Texas on March 22, 1874
Randolph, John		African-American			Arkansas	1875		Lynched after allegedly confessing to murder of white man^[57]
		African-American			Tennessee	1875	Killing a police officer	Taken out of his jail cell by an unmasked mob and hanged on a suspension bridge.^[58]
Simms, John		African-American			Maryland	1875	Alleged assault of Adaline Jackson.	Simms was shackled and in jail when a mob searched the jailor for his keys and took Simms away, irons and all, and hanged him from a tree. “Many of the lynchers were painted black and some were masked.”.
Keemer, William	23	African American	Greenfield		Indiana	June 26, 1875	Accused of sexually assaulting a white woman	State Historical Marker to be Installed in 2022^[59]
Arias, Francisco and Chamales, José		Latino	Santa Cruz		California	May 2, 1877	Murder of a man named Henry De Forrest	Broken out of jail by a mob and hanged from a tree.^[60]
Arajo, Justin		Latino	San Juan Bautista		California	July 1877	Shooting a man named Manuel Butron	Broken out of jail by a disguised mob and hanged from a willow tree.^[61]
Garnett, Simeon		African-American	Oxford, Ohio		Ohio	September 1877	Assaulting a white woman.	Taken from jail and shot^[62]
Green, Michael^[63]		African-American			Maryland	1878	Arrested for assaulting Miss Alice Sweeny on August 26, 1878	Green was being held at the jail in Upper Marlboro. Threats of lynching were openly made and were held off by the vigilance of Sheriff James N.W. Wilson. On September 1, 1878, a band of masked men removed Green from the jail and took him a mile outside of town to the corner of Queen Anne's Road and Hills Lane. There a noose was placed around his neck and he was hanged 15 feet in the air from a cherry tree. His body remained dangling from the tree and was observed the next morning.
		White				December 15, 1878	Armed robbery and murder	Two of the five Horrell Brothers, outlaw brothers best known for their involvement in the Horrell–Higgins feud. While awaiting trial for robbery and murder in Texas, they were shot to death by a mob of armed vigilantes who stormed the jail.
Ketchum, Ami "Whit"; and Mitchell, Luther H.					Nebraska	December 10, 1878	Livestock theft and murder of a posse member	Taken from the custody of the county sheriff and burned alive.^[64]
Seven men		African-American			Indiana	1878	Accused of rape	Largest recorded lynching in Indiana. No one was ever indicted.
	13–14	African-American			Alabama	1879	Alleged assault and rape of a white woman	Accused of assaulting and raping Mrs. Moses Ables, Easley was taken by force from the jail and lynched during the day within the city limits of Jacksonville.^[65]
Gilmer, Bill		African-American			Tennessee	1879	Shot attorney Thomas J. Wood	Shot. Gilmer was accused of shooting Wood, who had whipped Gilmer for using offensive language near his wife.^[66] ^[67]
		African-American			Mississippi	1879	Arson	^[68]
		African-American			Mississippi	1879	Arson	^[69]
	29 (Frost), 19 (Gibson and McCracken)	White				September 4, 1879	Theft of a saddle and harness	Local petty thieves accused without evidence of stealing a saddle and harness. Kidnapped from jail and hanged by 30 members of the local Masonic Temple.
Peck, George Washington		African-American	Poolesville	Montgomery	Maryland	1880	Accused of assaulting a white girl	Taken by a mob and hanged from a tree before he could be transported to Rockville for a trial.^[70] ^[71] ^[72]
House, T.J.; West, James; Dorsey, John		White				1880	Murder of Marshal Joe Carson	Accused of murdering a U.S. marshal during the Variety Hall shootout. Hanged by a mob.
Ramírez Refugio, Ramirez Wife, María Ines (daughter)		Latino			Texas	May 1, 1880	Accused of bewitching their neighbors.	All three were burned to death^[73]
Johnson, Jim		African-American	Pine Bluff	Jefferson	Arkansas	December 24, 1881	Threatening several men with a shotgun.	After being hit on the head with a pistol by Thomas Barksdell, Johnson retaliated by threatening several people with a shotgun and allegedly preventing a doctor from reaching a woman who was in labor.^[74]
Three Mexicans		Latino			New Mexico	1881	Murder of James Little	A mob took the three Mexicans and hanged them from a tree^[75]
Shorter, Josh		African-American			Alabama	June 1881	Harassing a white girl
		African-American			Missouri	1882	Killing a police officer	Newspapers reported he was innocent, but no one was held accountable for the lynching.^[76] ^[77] ^[78] ^[79]
McManus, Frank		White	Minneapolis	Hennepin	Minnesota	April 19, 1882	Raping a four-year-old child	Taken from jail and lynched^[80]
Mentzel, Gus				Colfax	New Mexico	June 27, 1882	Resisting arrest; killing three citizens and wounding two	Deputy Sheriff William A Bergin was either mortally wounded by suspect^[81] or was killed by mob who then killed prisoner^[82] ^[83]
Francisco Tafoya aka "Navajo Frank"		Native American			New Mexico	June 29, 1882	Lassoing and dragging a citizen	Taken from jail and lynched on telephone pole in railyard.^[84] ^[85] ^[86]
Agirer, Augustin		Latino			Texas	1882	Filing a complaint against a white man	Mr. Agirer had filed a complaint after one of the Anglo men had shot at his dog. In retaliation, the Anglos tracked Mr. Agirer down and fatally shot him in front of his wife^[87]
		African-American	Grand Forks			Oct 24, 1882	Assaulting and raping two white women	Taken from law officers in jail and lynched from a bridge^[88]
García, Encarnción		Latino	Los Gatos		California	1883	Murder	Encarnación García was a nephew of the bandido Tiburcio Vásquez. He was arrested for stabbing another man to death following a card game at the Los Gatos Saloon. A mob broke into the jail, seized García and hanged him from the Los Gatos Creek bridge.^[89] ^[90]
Green, James and Ingraham, Fred		White			Nebraska	April 3, 1883	Robbery and murder of a shopkeeper	Accused of the robbery and murder of Cassius Millet, a mob forcibly took the pair from the jail and hanged them from a bridge.^[91]
	35	Black			Utah	August 25, 1883	Alleged murder of White police chief	After police severely kicked and beat him they handed him over to a White mob of up to 2,000 people who hung Harvey in front of the city jail then dragged his body down the main city street.^[92] ^[93]
	28	White		Cochise		1884	Accessory to robbery	Mob unsatisfied with lenient sentence
Weinberger, Martin		Jewish-American			Pennsylvania	1884	Murder	Hanged in County Jail yard^[94]
Conorly, Huie	16	African-American			Louisiana	1884	Attempted rape	A mob of 10 to 15 men broke into the jail, seized Conorly and hanged him on the jail steps.^[95]
Briscoe, George	40	African-American	On a rural road		Maryland	1884	Alleged robbery of the residence of George Schievenent.	“[A]sked the magistrate with an oath what right he had to commit him to jail?” angering the crowd. Hung by “a large party” of masked men.
McChristian, Perry		White	Grenada		Mississippi	1885	Murder of white peddler	^[96]
Williams, Felix		White			Mississippi	1885	Murder of white peddler
James, Bartley		African-American			Mississippi	1885	Suspicion of murder of white peddler
Campbell, John		African-American			Mississippi	1885	Suspicion of murder of white peddler
Cook, Townsend	21	African-American	Westminster	Carroll	Maryland	1885	Assaulting a white woman	^[97]
Jackson, Lizzie; Jackson, Andy; Hayes, Frank; Norman, Joe; Rogers, Willie		African-American	Elkhart	Anderson	Texas	1885	Rape and murder of a white woman	^[98]
Cooper, Howard^[99]	15–17	African-American	Towson	Baltimore	Maryland	1885	Assaulting a white woman	Convicted of assault and rape after one minute deliberation, his attorneys intended to file an appeal; 75 masked men broke Cooper out of jail and hanged him from a tree.^[100]
	35	White			Connecticut	1886	Allegedly murdered a 16-year-old girl	Found hanged from a tree three days later. Public opinion divided on whether Lockwood committed suicide or was lynched. Coroner's jury returned a verdict of suicide.^[101]
	66	African-American			New Jersey	1886	Rape of a white woman	All suspects acquitted.^[102] ^[103]
Woods, Eliza		"Colored"			Tennessee	1886	Supposedly poisoning her employer.	Taken from the county jail, stripped naked, hanged in the courthouse yard and her body riddled with bullets and left exposed to view.^[104]
Johnson, David	50	African-American			Maryland	1886	Alleged murder of Edward White.	Hanged by a mob. Newspaper accounts describe Johnson as troubled with “religious mania” and regarded as insane.^[105]
Whitley, Charles	18	African-American	Prince Frederick		Maryland	1886	Alleged assault of five-year-old child.	A mob of 35–40 heavily armed men broke into the jail, seized Whitley and hanged him from a tree about a mile and a half away.
Villarosa, Federico (Francesco Valoto)		Italian			Mississippi	1886	Attempted rape of a 10-year-old white girl	Hanged from a tree by a mob despite the efforts of the sheriff and state militia.^[106]
Waldrop, Manse		White			South Carolina	1887	Raping and killing a 14 year old African-American girl	One of various unique incidents in which a white person is lynched by African-Americans
McCutchen, Frank		Latino			California	1887	Arson	Fires had been appearing around Oakdale and McCutchen had allegedly been caught in the act of setting fire to a barn. McCutchen was arrested and while being transferred to Modesto jail, a mob overpowered the constable and hanged McCutchen from a tree.^[107]
Salazar, Santos		Latino			Texas	1888	Murdering a white man	Jake Stafford was found dead two miles away from the road he was on; one of the main suspects of murdering Mr. Stafford was Mexican-American Salazar Santos. When the news spread across the city, a mob hanged Salazar due to the suspicion of him being the murderer^[108]
	23	African-American			Tennessee	1888	Assaulting a white woman	Taken from the courthouse during his trial and lynched on the balcony railings.^[109]
Andrew Grandstaff		White			Wisconsin	1888	Killing two adults and two children	Taken from the county jail and hung from a tree on courthouse lawn.^[110]
		African-American	Aberdeen	Monroe County	Mississippi	August 14, 1889	Found with white girl	Hanged
Fletcher, Magruder	about 35	African-American			Virginia	1889	Raping a white woman in her home^[111]
Anderson, Orion	14	African-American			Virginia	1889	"Scaring a teenaged white girl"^[112]	Hanged from a derrick
Bush, George	17	African-American			Missouri	1889	Rape of a five year old white girl	^[113]
Martin, Albert	23	African-American			Michigan	1889	Assault and rape	A mob broke into his jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged him from the jail with a noose around his neck, beat and shot him to death, then hanged his corpse from a bridge.^[114] ^[115]
Meadows, George		African-American	N/A	Jefferson	Alabama	1889	Rape and murder	Lynched despite calls from his accuser that she could not confirm he was guilty. Sheriff eventually determined he had been innocent, and another man was later arrested.
Johnson,Ripley; Mitchell Adams; Jones, Judge; Phoenix, Robert.; Furz, Hugh;Johnson, Bell, Peter; Harrison; Morral, Ralph.		African-American	Barnwell vicinity	Barnwell	South Carolina	December 28, 1889	Alleged murder of a merchant and another person. Some were only being held as witnesses.	A mob of about 100 took the men from the jail to the outskirts of Barnwell and shot them.^[116]
Williams, Willie		African-American			Texas	1890	Rape of an eight year old white girl	Taken from his jail cell by a mob, hanged, and shot multiple times.^[117]
		African-American			Tennessee	1891	Shooting a policeman	Taken from his jail cell by a mob and lynched on Murfreesboro Road.^[118]
Salceda, Jesus		Latino			Texas	1891	Seducing one of the white men daughters	On February 4, 1891, three white men took Jesus Salceda and hanged him from an oak tree for supposedly seducing one of the white men's daughters. They later found out that they had mistaken Jesus Salceda for another Mexican.^[119]
11 Italian Americans		Italian-American		Orleans	Louisiana	1891	Killing of police chief	Three had been acquitted; three had a mistrial; five were never tried. Lynching organized by local leaders, including future mayor Walter C. Flower and future governor John M. Parker. Grand jury brought no charges.
Clark, Robert		African American	Bristol	Sullivan	Tennessee	June 13, 1891	Rape	^[120] ^[121]
Ortiz, Louis		Latino	Reno	Washoe	Nevada	1891	Shooting of Officer Dick Nash	A repeat, violent, intoxicated offender was arrested for shooting the town's night watchman. Prior to due process, a vigilante crew freed Ortiz from jail at gunpoint and hanged him from the Virginia Street Bridge.^[122]
George Smith ("A married man with two children") AKA Joe Coe		African-American			Nebraska	10 Oct 1891	Assault on a white girl of five	The Governor and the sheriff tried unsuccessfully to quiet the crowd in front of the courthouse. Pieces of the lynching rope were sold as souvenirs. Despite 16 wounds to his body and three broken vertebrae, Coroner said he died of "fright". Grand jury declined to indict.
Lundy, Dick	Adult	African-American	Edgefield	Edgefield	South Carolina	1891	Murder of son of sheriff	Coroner's jury: "by persons unknown"
		African-American, White (Irish)			Florida	1891	Murder	Taken together from jail by mob and hanged.^[123]
		African-American			Florida	1891		Taken from jail by mob and hanged.
Corbin, Henry		African-American	Oxford, Ohio		Ohio	January 14, 1892	Death of a white woman.	Taken from jail and hanged/
Coy, Edward		African-American	Texarkana		Arkansas	February 20, 1892	Attacked a white women	Burned^[124]
Bright, John Wesley				Taney	Missouri	March 16, 1892	Killing his wife	Deputy Sheriff George Williams killed by mob who then shot and killed prisoner^[125] ^[126]
Jim Redmond, Gus Roberson, and Bob Addison^[127]		African-American				May 17, 1892	Arrested for the fatal assault of Toccoa City Marshal James Carter.^[128]	Due to threats against the suspects, they were transferred to a jail in Clarkesville, 15 miles east of Toccoa. A week after their arrest, a mob surrounded the jail, overpowered the guards, and dragged the three suspects out of their cells. Using chains and padlocks, the three victims were hanged from a single tree.^[129]
Taylor, James^[130]	23	African-American				May 19, 1892	Accused of the rape of 11-year-old Nettie (Nellie) Silcox on May 16, 1892	By 9:00 p.m. on May 19, nearly 1,000 men and women gathered at the jail. A body of masked men carrying an assortment of weapons demanded the Sheriff open the jail's door. When the Sheriff refused, the men used a sledgehammer to breach the door rushed in, and swiftly overpowered the Sheriff and other officers on duty. The mob placed a rope around Taylor's neck and dragged him down the steps and out of the jail into Cross Street. They hanged him from a tree just outside the city limits at a point between the Rockwell House and the old Armstrong Hotel.
Stewart, Charles					Arkansas	May 21, 1892	Rape	Suspect killed Deputy Sheriff T Holmes while escaping from jail; lynched by posse.^[131] ^[132]
	28	African-American			New York	June 2, 1892	Assaulting a white woman	Hanged.^[133]
Hinson, Henry		African-American			Florida	1892	Murder	Hanged.
Unknown		African-American			Florida	1892	Suspicion of burglary and incendiarism	Hanged.
Moss, Tom	Adult	African-American			Tennessee	1892	Complaint from competing white grocery store owner.	So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B., whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.^[134]
McDowell, Calvin	Adult	African-American			Tennessee	1892	Complaint from competing white grocery store owner.	So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.
Stewart, Will	Adult	African-American			Tennessee	1892	Complaint from competing white grocery store owner.	So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.
		African-American			Tennessee	1892	Assaulting two white girls in Goodlettsville.	Taken out of his prison cell and lynched on a bridge in downtown Nashville in front of 10,000 onlookers. Later taken back to Goodlettsville.^[135]
Heflin, Lee		White			Virginia	1892	Convicted murderer	Seized from police when they were trying to move him to a safer location.
Dye, Joseph		White			Virginia	1892	Convicted murderer	Seized from police when they were trying to move him to a safer location.
Bates, William		White		Bedford	Tennessee	1892	Alleged murder of his wife.	Mob formed as officers were transporting Bates to jail. He was hanged.^[136]
Shorter, William	17	African-American		N/A (independent city)	Virginia	1893	Assault on a white woman
	17	African-American			Texas	1893	Kidnapping and murder of white girl; Smith confessed under duress.	Tortured, burned with hot irons, doused in oil and set afire; his remains were sold as souvenirs.
Miller, C.J.		African-American			Kentucky	July 7, 1893	Killing two white girls	Despite no evidence that he was the murderer, he was taken from jail and hanged and his dead body cremated. Investigated by journalist Ida B. Wells.^[137]
Peterson, John	Adult	African-American	Denmark	Bamberg (at the time, Barnwell County)	South Carolina	1893	Attack on a white girl
Willis, Charles		African-American			Florida	1894	Being a "desperado"^[138]	Shot and burned in bed.
		African-American			Pennsylvania	1894	Murder	Lynched by a mob after escaping from jail.^[139]
Suiato, Floantina		Latino			Texas	1895	Murder	October 12, 1895, 10 masked man went into the jail where Suiato was being held, took him to the banks of the Nueces River, where they hanged him from a tree and riddled his body with bullets^[140]
Rawls, William		African-American			Florida	1895	Murder	Hanged and shot.
Divers, Emmett	Adult	African-American			Missouri	1895	Murder of a white woman; Jennie E. Cain	"Horrible fury of the mob...500 horsemen." Hanged from bridge until dead, taken down and hanged a second time from a telegraph pole at the fairground, "at the request of the murdered woman's husband, John William Cain". Body and cabin burned.^[141]
Hillard, Robert		African-American			Texas	1895	Rape and murder of a white woman	Burned.^[142] ^[143]
Castellán, Aureliano		Latino			Texas	1896	Accused of looking at a white woman	Shot and burned^[144]
Foster Crawford and Elmer "Kid" Lewis	Unknown, 19	White			Texas	1896	Bank robbery and killing of cashier Frank Dorsey	On February 26,1896, two cowboys robbed the city national bank, murdered cashier Frank Dorsey and stole $410. They were eventually arrested. On the night of February 26,1896, a mob stormed the prison, dragged the pair from the jail and hanged them in front of the bank building^[145]
Saladino, Lorenzo; Arena, Salvatore; Giuseppe Venturella	33–36, 27, 48	Italian			Louisiana	1896	Murder	Saladino was accused of murdering a wealthy merchant. Arena and Venturella happened to have been in the same prison, accused of a different murder. All were rounded up together and lynched to "teach the lawless Italians a salutary lesson." After the lynching, another person confessed to the murder for which Arena and Venturella had been lynched.^[146]
Daniels, Alfred		African-American			Florida	1896	Suspicion of arson (barn burning) (no evidence)	Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.
Randolph, Sydney	Adult	African-American	Gaithersburg		Maryland	1896	Killing a white girl	Taken from the jail by a mob.^[147]
Smith, George		White			New York	1896	Alleged murder of his father-on-law and wounding a posseman	Shot by mob; ruled by coroner as suicide
McCoy, Joseph	20	African-American		N/A (independent city)	Virginia	1897	Assault on a young girl	^[148]
Mitchell, Charles	23	African-American			Ohio	June 4, 1897	Robbery/Rape	Hanged^[149]
Murray, James					Arkansas	Dec 6, 1897		Victim was a law officer who was shot and lynched by friends of a man who had been arrested for murder^[150]
	Adult	African-American	Charlottesville (near)		Virginia	1898	Rape	Hanged and shot by a mob.
	41	African-American			South Carollna	1898		Grand jury did not indict. Since it was a Federal crime (attack on a postmaster), there were 13 Federal indictments; no one was convicted.
Smith, Wright	56	African-American			Maryland	1898	Alleged assault of Mary Morrison.	Wright Smith was identified by Mary Morrison as the man who broke into her house and assaulted her. Mob broke Smith out of jail and riddled his body with bullets.
	Adult	African-American			Illinois	1898	Alleged assault of Mary O'Brien	O'Brien was the daughter of a miner. About 100 miners broke into the county jail, abducted Stewart, and hanged him.^[151]
Eight or more		African-American	Phoenix	Greenwood	South Carolina	November, 1898	Phoenix election riot	Eight or more men were lynched.^[152]
Thompson, Benjamin	20	African-American		N/A (independent city)	Virginia	1899	Attempting to criminally assault an eight-year-old white girl	hanged from a lamppost at Cameron and Lee Sts., site of several lynchings.
Embree, Frank	unknown	African-American			Missouri	July 29, 1899	Charged with assaulting a 14-year-old girl	Taken from officers and Lynched^[153] ^[154]
DiFatta brothers (Francesco, Carlo, and Giuseppe); Cerami, Giovanni; Rosario Fiducia		Italian			Louisiana	1899	Shooting a doctor	Sicilian immigrant grocery store owners, the DiFatta brothers, quarreled with a local doctor. The doctor fired his pistol at Carlo and was immediately shot and injured by Giuseppe. Sicilian immigrants Cerami and Fiducia were not involved in the dispute and had simply been nearby when the lynching occurred; they were rounded up and lynched alongside the DiFatta brothers because they were Italian.^[155]
	about 24	African-American			Georgia	1899	Killed his white employer in self-defense. Accusations of rape added to incite lynching.	Body parts for sale in a store. Widely publicized and privately investigated.

20th century

1900–1909

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
George and Ed Silsbee^[156]		White			Kansas	January 20, 1900	Murder	Taken from jail and lynched^[157]
Watt, W.W.		White			Virginia	1900	Assault	Shot^[158]
Gause, Anderson		African-American			Tennessee	1900	Helping two Black prisoners to escape who had killed two law officers.	Mr. Gause was hanged from a tree.^[159] ^[160]
Pete, Dago		African-American			Mississippi	1900	Assaulted colored woman	Killed by African-American mob
Cotton, Walter O'Grady,Brandt		African-American White			Virginia	March 24, 1900	accused of Murder	Cotton killed by a white mob; O'Grady Killed by African-American mob^[161]
Lee, William	29	African-American			West Virginia	May 11, 1900	Assault on a white woman	^[162]
Wright, Charlotte	62	White			Illinois	Aug. 27, 1900	Performed an abortion that killed a 16-year-old girl	Shot during shoot-out with sheriff and angry mob that set fire to her home^[163] ^[164]
Porter, Preston	15	African-American			Colorado	November 16, 1900	Rape and murder of a 12 year old white girl	Burned alive by a mob^[165]
Alexander, Fred	22	African-American			Kansas	1901	Rape and murder allegations	Lynched and burned at stake^[166]
Berryman, Peter	45	African-American			Arkansas	1901	Kicking a young White girl	Beaten, shot, and hanged^[167]
Estes, Siles		African-American			Kentucky	1901	"Forcing...a 15 year old boy...to commit a crime."	Mr. Estes was taken from his jail cell at 2:00 a.m. by a mob of 50 or 75 persons and hanged in front of the courthouse.^[168]
Carter, George		African-American			Kentucky	1901	"Assaulting a white woman."	^[169]
		African-American			Indiana	February 26, 1901	Suspected of murder of a white woman		Struck in head with sledgehammer. Hanged from bridge, burned; toes and hobnails from boots kept as souvenirs.^[170]
	16	African-American			Florida	1901	Murder and rape of a white woman	Doused with kerosene and burned. Special train from Lakeland to see the "barbecue".
Godley, William		African-American			Missouri	1901	Murder of a white woman	Mob subsequently went on a rampage in a nearby black community^[171]
Price, Manny, Scruggs, Robert		African-American			Florida	1902	Murder, suspected accomplice	Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.
Unknown		African-American			Georgia	April 16, 1902	Accused of assaulting white woman and killing her son	Suspect Richard Young was sought on March 27, 1902, injuring Mrs Fountain and mortally injuring her son Dower Fountain.^[172] Victim was hanged and burned in a swamp^[173] ^[174] However, victim was not suspect Richard Young-since Richard Young and accomplice James Stewart were captured, tried and sentenced to prison in June 1902^[175]
Gillespie, James and Harrison	10, 14	African-American			North Carolina	1902	Murder of a white woman	Two brothers were accused of stoning a neighbor to death. Hanged by a mob of an estimated 400 persons and their bodies shot dozens of times.^[176]
Yellow Wolf, John		Native-American			South Dakota	1902	Horse stealing	After being released from jail, he was given a worthless horse and saddle, while on his way to the reservation he grew up in, he spotted a young horse that he wanted. A group of men took over Yellow Wolf and hanged him from a tree near White River.^[177]
Carter, James		African-American			Virginia	1902	Unknown	^[178]
Craven, Charles		African-American			Virginia	1902	Assault
Brown, Curtis and Burley, Garfield		African American			Tennessee	October 8, 1902	One confessed to murder of a white man and claimed the other was accomplice	^[179]
Dillard, James	?	African American	Sullivan	Sullivan	Indiana	November 1902	Accused of sexually assaulting two white women	^[180]
Vazquez and Unknown Mexican	17, unknown	Latino			Arizona	1903	Stealing Cattle and Skinning stolen beef	Vazquez was found hanging from the tree and was suspected to be one of the Mexicans stealing cattle from the ranch of Will Parker, who discovered the 17 year old. Three Mexicans were also caught nearby skinning stolen beef, with which they tried to escape arrest, but one of the Mexicans who did was fatally shot.^[181]
Steers, Jennie	Adult	African-American	rural area near Shreveport	Caddo	Louisiana	1903	Poisoning daughter of a planter	^[182]
Malone,"Rev" D.W.	50				Missouri	May 3, 1903	Suspect had been arrested for living with woman not his wife	When mob burned the man's house down, Constable W. J. Monneyhan placed man under arrest in his own home to protect him. Officer was killed by mob, who then shot and killed prisoner.^[183] ^[184] ^[185]
Jarvis, Washington	25	White			Florida	May 20, 1903	Accused of murdering his cousin.	^[186]
Unknown		African-American			Missouri	June 1903	Assaulted African American woman and a white girl	Hanged on tripod^[187] ^[188]
	Adult	African-American			Delaware	June 23, 1903	Accused of sexually assaulting and stabbing to death an 18-year-old girl	Taken from the city jail by a mob and burned alive.^[189]
Gorman, Jim and Walters, J.P.					Wyoming	July 19, 1903	each accused of a murder	Deputy Sheriff C. E. Pierce was killed by mob, who then shot the prisoners^[190] ^[191]
Surasky, Abraham	30	Jewish-American	rural area near Aiken	Aiken	South Carolina	July 29, 1903	Being a Jewish-American peddler who was helping the murderer's wife carry some things to her house.	Murdered by gun and ax; an anti-Semitic murder.^[192]
Fambro, William		African-American			Georgia	1903	Insulted white home	^[193]
		African-American			Illinois	1903	Assaulting a girl	Hanged^[194]
		African-American			Illinois	1903	Assaulting a girl	Hanged
Clark, Jumbo		African-American			Florida	1904	Assault of 14 year old white girl	Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.
	unknown	African-American			Ohio	March 7, 1904	Murder of a Patrolman Charles B. Collis^[195]	shot and then hanged^[196] ^[197]
Lee, "General"		African-American			South Carolina	1904	Knocking on the door of a white woman's house	^[198]
Holbert, Luther, unnamed female		African-American			Mississippi	1904	Murder of a white landowner	Tortured and burned alive; crowd of some 600 attended the lynching.^[199]
Cato, Will Reed, Paul		African-American	Statesboro	Bulloch	Georgia	August 16, 1904	Murder of five members of a family	Seized by mob from courthouse after conviction for murder, chained to stump and burned
		African-American				1904	Murder	Mob of 2,000 burned jail where he was held, then hanged and shot him.^[200]
Munoz, Carlos		Latino			Texas	1905	Assaulting a White woman	After assaulting one of the farmers' wives, Munoz ran off where officers captured him and tried protecting him, but were overpowered by the mob of 40+ people who dragged him to into the woods, where they shot and hanged Munoz.^[201]
Goodman, Augustus		African-American	Bainbridge		Georgia	November 4, 1905	Accused of killing Decatur County Sherriff Martin C. Stegall on October 29, 1905	^[202] ^[203]
	23–24	African-American			Tennessee	March 16, 1906	Rape of white woman	Sheriff and two others sentenced to three months in jail, three others to two months, for abetting the lynching. Only criminal case ever with direct involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court; see United States v. Shipp
Duncan, Horace	20 to 21	African-American			Missouri	1906	Assault of white woman	Fred Coker, Horace B. Duncan, and William (Bill) Allen were lynched by large mob of white citizens, though they were innocent. All three suspects were hanged from the Gottfried Tower, which held a replica of the Statue of Liberty, and burned in the courthouse square by a mob of more than 2,000 citizens. Duncan's and Coker's employer testified that they were at his business at the time of the crime against Edwards, and other evidence suggested that they and Allen were all innocent. After the mass lynching in Springfield, many African Americans left the area in a large exodus. Judge Azariah W. Lincoln called for a grand jury, but no one was prosecuted. The proceedings were covered by national newspapers, the New York Times and Los Angeles Times.
Richardson, Bunk		African-American			Alabama	Feb 11,1906	Not charged	Was arrested/held as a witness for one of three defendants accused of rape and murder of a white woman. The three defendants were sentenced to death, but the governor commuted to life one man's sentence. Angry at the lighter sentence, a mob seized Richardson from the jail and hanged him from a train trestle over the Coosa River.^[204] ^[205] ^[206] ^[207]
Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin		African-American			North Carolina	August 6, 1906	Accused of murdering a family	The five men were arrested and accused of the murder several members of a local white family, the Lyerlys. When returned for a court hearing and while under heavy guard, a mob led by George Hall pulled Dillingham and the Gillepsies, father and son, from their jail cells. They were paraded through the town and hanged from a tree^[208] at the Henderson Ballground near the corner of Long and Henderson Streets.^[209] George Hall, a leading member of the mob, was convicted of second degree murder for his involvement and was sentenced to 15 years in prison with hard labor. He was granted clemency by Governor William Walton Kitchin in October 1911.^[210]
Robinson, Dick and Thompson		African American			Alabama	October 6, 1906	Assaulting white women	^[211]
Davis, Henry		African-American	Annapolis	Anne Arundel	Maryland	December 21, 1906	Assaulting a white woman	Dragged from his jail cell and shot over 100 times. Last known lynching in Anne Arundel County.^[212]
Pitts, Slab		African-American			Texas	1906	Living with a white woman	Dragged to death before being hanged.^[213]
Burns, William	22	African-American			Maryland	1907	Alleged murder of Patrolman August Baker.^[214]	A crowd estimated at 10,000 examined the lynching victim's body.
Higgins, Loris		White			Nebraska	August 27, 1907	Murder of a farmer and his wife and rape of daughter	Murdered couple killed May 12, 1907; suspect was taken from law officers and lynched from a bridge over creek and then shot^[215] ^[216] ^[217] ^[218]
Long, Jack		White			Florida	1908	Murder	Hanged.
		Black			Mississippi	1908	Assault on a White girl	Shot, hanged^[219]
Scott, Charley		African American			Texas	Feb 28, 1908	Peeping Tom looking in windows	hanged on tree see^[220]
Miller, William		African-American			Alabama	1908	Labor activist	Jefferson County had the highest number of lynchings in Alabama (29).^[221]
Patton, Nelse		African-American			Mississippi	1908	Killing a white woman	Prominent attorney and former U.S. Senator William V. Sullivan, in his own words, "led the mob...and I'm proud of it".^[222] ^[223] ^[224]
Walker, David, his wife and four children		African-American			Kentucky	1908	Using inappropriate language with a white woman	^[225]
Jerry Evans, Will Johnson, Moss Spellman, Clevel Williams, and Will Manuel	22–27	African American			Texas	June 15, 1908	Murder of two white men	Five black men accused of murder were hanged by a mob of an estimated 150^[226] ^[227]
Smith, Ted	18	African American	Greenville		Texas	July 27, 1908	Raping a 16-year old white girl	After victim identified suspect as the person who assaulted her, Smith was taken by mob from Sheriff and lynched (burned)^[228] ^[229] ^[230]
Leander Shaw		African American	Pensacola	Escambia	Florida	July 29, 1908	Attempted murder and rape of 21-year-old Lillie Davis	After Shaw was identified by Davis, he was arrested and taken to the county jail. An angry white mob broke into the jail and took Shaw, lynching him in Plaza Ferdinand VII.^[231]
Riley, Joseph; Jones, Virgil; Jones, Robert; Jones, Thomas		African-American	Russellville	Logan		July 31, 1908	Victims expressed approval of their lodge brother Rufus Browder's killing his employer.	Rufus Browder killed his employer with an axe after being shot in the chest. Browder was arrested and sent to Louisville. The lynching victims expressed approval for his actions and were jailed for disturbing the peace. On August 1, 1908, a mob demanded release of the men, and lynched them from a tree. A note pinned to one of the men read, "Let this be a warning to you niggers to let white people alone or you will go the same way."^[232] ^[233]
Hilliard	18	African American			Arkansas	1909	Using inappropriate language with a white woman	Hung^[234]
Jake Wades	Wades, Jake		African American	Lakeland	Polk	Florida	1909	Accused of rape	Transported from Gainesville to Lakeland to be identified and lynched^[235]
Brown, Joe		White			West Virginia	March 25, 1909	Shooting a law officer	^[236]
	47	White			Oklahoma	April 19, 1909	Suspicion of murder of a lawman	Lynched by a mob along with Berry Burrell, Joseph Allen, and Jesse West.^[237]
Burrell, Berry	38	White			Oklahoma	April 19, 1909	Suspicion of murder of a lawman	Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Joseph Allen, and Jesse West.
Allen, Joseph	43	White			Oklahoma	April 19, 1909	Suspicion of murder of a lawman	Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Berry Burrell, and Jesse West.
West, Jesse	46	White			Oklahoma	April 19, 1909	Suspicion of murder of a lawman	Lynched by a mob along with Jim Miller, Berry Burrell, and Joseph Allen.
		African American			Illinois	November 11, 1909	Murder of a white woman three days earlier^[238]
		White			Illinois	November 11, 1909	Murder of his wife the previous year	Dragged from his jail cell and hanged from a telegraph pole.^[239]

1910–1919

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
	60	African-American		Dallas County	Texas	1910	Brooks was accused of raping Mary Beuvens, a two-and-a-half year old girl	On March 3, 1910, Brooks was in the Dallas County Courthouse to face trial. A mob tied a rope around his neck and pulled him out of the courthouse window. Brooks landed on his head on the street below. He was dragged by a car to Elks Arch at the intersection of Main Street and Akard Street. There the mob hanged him from a telephone pole.^[240]
	20	Latino			Texas	1910	Accused of murdering White Texan	Antonio Rodriguez was a 20 year old migrant worker from Mexico. On November 2, Antonio was accused of murdering a White Texan, which led to him getting arrested and jailed. On November 3, 1910, a mob took him from his jail cell and burned him alive.^[241] ^[242]
Etherington, Carl Mayes	17	White			Ohio	July 8, 1910	Killing a man in self defense	Etherington had been sworn in as a law officer by the Granville town mayor to enforce "prohibition" of alcohol in a "wet town"; shot and killed a man who assaulted him; officer taken from jail and lynched by mob in Newark, Ohio^[243]
Gentry, Henry		African American			Texas	July 24, 1910	Murder of Constable J. Mitchell	Shot and burned^[244] ^[245] ^[246]
Albano, Angelo and Castenge Ficarotta		Italian			Florida	1910	Complicity in a shooting	^[247]
Marshall, Eugene	unknown	African-American	Shelbyville	Shelbyville	Kentucky	January 16, 1911	Convicted of murdering an aged negro woman	Three men (Eugene Marshall, Wade Patterson, James West) lynched at the same time after the mob broke into jail after threatening the jailor for the keys. All three were hanged from the Chesapeake and Ohio bridge. One rope for two men (Patterson and West) was used, which snapped. Afterward, they were shot multiple times.^[248]
Patterson, Wade	unknown	African-American	Shelbyville	Shelbyville	Kentucky	January 16, 1911	Charged with detaining Miss Elizabeth Rubel, a white nineteen-year old Shelbyville girl	Three men (Eugene Marshall, Wade Patterson, James West) lynched at the same time after the mob broke into jail after threatening the jailor for the keys. All three were hanged from the Chesapeake and Ohio bridge. One rope for two men (Patterson and West) was used, which snapped. Afterward, they were shot multiple times.
West, James	unknown	African-American	Shelbyville	Shelbyville	Kentucky	January 16, 1911	Charged with detaining Miss Mary Coley, a young white girl.	Three men (Eugene Marshall, Wade Patterson, James West) lynched at the same time after the mob broke into jail after threatening the jailor for the keys. All three were hanged from the Chesapeake and Ohio bridge. One rope for two men (Patterson and West) was used, which snapped. Afterward, they were shot multiple times.
		African-American			Oklahoma	May 25, 1911	Killing of Deputy Sheriff George H. Loney^[249]	Gang-raped and lynched together with her son, 14, after trying to protect him during a meat-pilfering investigation.^[250]
	14	Latino			Texas	1911	Killing a German man	After trying to escape a mob that surrounded the 14-year-old boy, he ended up killing a German man named Charles Zieschang which led to the 14 year old's arrest. While being transported to the jailhouse, four men intercepted the two people taking Antonio and successfully lynched Antonio Gomez.
William Bradford		African-American	Chunky	Newton	Mississippi	June 16, 1911	Accused of attempted murder of two white farmers	^[251]
Jones, Commodore	26	African-American	Farmersville	Collin	Texas	August 11, 1911	Accused of insulting a white woman over the telephone.	Crowd of around 75 men and boys gained access to Jones's cell and marched him to the outskirts of town, where he was forced to climb a telephone pole and was hanged.^[252] ^[253]
Lee, John		African American	Durant		Oklahoma	August 12, 1911	Assault and murder of a white woman	Picture of victim appeared in Crisis Magazine January 1912 p. 122:^[254] Shot and burned
Johnson, King^[255]	28	African American	Brooklyn	Anne Arundel	Maryland	1911	Alleged murder of Frederick Schwab.	Johnson was to be transported to Annapolis for his safety that same day, but those plans were delayed. Around two o'clock in the morning on December 26, 1911, a mob broke into the unguarded jail where Johnson was kept. When Johnson fought back preventing a noose from being placed on his neck, he was beaten with irons and shot.
	20–24	African-American			Pennsylvania	August 16, 1911	Killing of a police officer, possibly in self-defense	Taken from hospital room and burned alive. Fifteen men and teenage boys were indicted, but all were acquitted at trials.^[256]
Harrison, Ernest Reed, Sam, and Howard, Frank		African American			Kentucky	September 11, 1911	Robbery and murder of an elderly black man	The three men were accused of the robbery and murder of Washington Thomas, an elderly black man.^[257]
Unknown		African American				1911		Postcard of victim, postmarked 1911, appeared in Crisis Magazine January 1912 p. 118
2 Unknown men		African American				Prior December 1911		Picture of victims appeared in Crisis Magazine twice; first, a cropped picture of one victim in December 1911 in article "Jesus Christ in Georgia" (p. 70) and a full picture of both victims in January 1912 p. 122
Lewis, Sanford		African-American	Fort Smith		Arkansas	1912	Shooting a constable	Five policemen fined $100 each for "nonfeasance of office". Entire police force fired. Mayor voted out. Man charged with lynching acquitted.^[258]
Unknown		African American			Florida(?)	Prior Feb 3, 1912		Picture of victim appeared in Crisis Magazine March 1912 p. 209 [card purchased 3 Feb 1912 in Palm Beach Florida]^[259]
Davis, Dan	25	African-American			Texas	1912	Assault and rape of a 16 year old white girl	Burned alive by a mob^[260]
Johnson, Walter		African-American			West Virginia	Sept 4, 1912	Assault and rape of a 14-year-old girl	Taken out of his jail cell by an armed mob; hanged and shot.^[261]
Green, Joe	16	African-American			Alabama	February 25, 1913	Fatal shooting of Nobie Spicer	Shot and killed by a mob led by the victim's husband who identified Green as the murderer.^[262] Samuel Spicer Jr. would later be convicted of the murder of his wife, Nobie, and sentenced to life in prison. He was paroled in December 1929, but then fled.^[263]
9 Mexicans		Latino			Texas	1913	Being Mexican Bandits	Hanged^[264]
Delgadillio, Demecio	28	Latino			New Mexico	1913	Murder	Demecio killed Mrs. Soledad Zarrazino De Pino in a fit of jealous which led to him being hanged in Bernalillo County Jail^[265]
White, Henry		African-American			Florida	1913	Found under white woman's bed	Hanged, noose broke, shot.
Williams, Andrew	35	African-American	Houston	Chickasaw	Mississippi	1913	Murder of John C. Williams, Wife of the Deputy Chancery Clerk	Dragged from jail and hanged at a nearby tree, upon the alleged statement of two African-American women;^[266] the women who made the statement were arrested the next day for making a false statement, according to one source^[267] and/or disappeared.^[268] The day after Williams was lynched, a second African-American, named in different reports as 'Divel Rucker', 'Dizell Rucker' and 'Dibrell Tucker; was lynched and burned at the stake on the assumption that he, not Williams, was the actual murderer^[269] ^[270]
Rucker, Divel	20	African-American	Houston	Chickasaw	Mississippi	1913	Murder of John C. Williams, Wife of the Deputy Chancery Clerk	The day after Andrew Williams was lynched by hanging for this murder, Rucker was presumed by the mob to be the actual murderer and, allegedly, confessed to the crime. He was tied to an iron stake, covered with tar, and set afire. The family of the victim shot him as he was burning^[271] According to the New York Sun report, "The Rucker lynching was the most spectacular in the history of Mississippi and there was no attempt at concealment or evasion."^[272]
Simmons, Bennie/Dennis		African-American			Oklahoma	June 13, 1913	Killing a 16-year-old girl	Taken from officers; was lynched and burned^[273]
Richardson, Joseph		African-American			Kentucky	September 26, 1913	Assaulting a white girl	Town drunk who accidentally stumbled near girl; hanged^[274]
Adolfo Padilla		Latino			New Mexico	1914	Accused of killing his wife	A mob of masked men seized Padilla from the jail and chopped his body into pieces.^[275]
	18	Latino			Texas	1914	Killing a White woman	On July 28, 1911, Leon Martinez was tried for the murder of a white woman. They used the forced confessions as evidence of him committing murder and he was sentenced to death but it was postponed due to the outrage. On May 11, 1914, Leon was executed by hanging.
Gonzales, Isidro		Latino			Texas	1914	Choking a county jailer to death	Isidro was accused to have choke Harry Hinton to death and escaped from jail. He was found riddle with bullets after his escape.^[276]
Turner, Allen	47	African-American	Western area of Parish (county)	Union	Louisiana	1914	Accused of Assaulting a white man (J.P. McDougall)^[277]	J.P. McDougall was whipping Allen Turner's son. Allen was defending his son. Taken from deputy sheriff and shot to death. It is said that Allen's body was then dragged through the roads of Spearsville.
Shields, Dallas		African-American			Missouri	1914	Murdering a police officer	^[278]
Sullivan, Fred; Sullivan, May		African-American	Byhalia	Marshall	Mississippi	1914	Alleged barn burning.	Fred Sullivan and his wife May confessed after nooses were placed around their necks. The couple were hanged by a mob of more than 100.^[279]
	31	Jewish			Georgia	1915	Killing a 13-year-old girl	No charges filed; posthumously pardoned.
		African-American			Mississippi	1915	Bumping into a white girl at a train station	Pictures of his lynching were sold to white citizens for five cents each.^[280]
11 Mexican-Americans		Latino			Texas	1915	Supposedly were Mexican Bandits	After hearing news of Luis De La Rose had been killed in battle, Sheriff Vann went to Mission, Texas to see if the news was true, on the way, American troops found the bodies of 11 Mexicans. Commander Blocksom ordered an investigation to investigate the killings. He believed that the Mexicans were not Bandits and were peaceful Mexicans who were killed due to race hatred after the Progreso battle.^[281]
10 Mexican-Americans		Latino			Texas	1915	Train wrecking and murder	After a train wrecking that killed 3 people, the Americans began to hang or shoot Mexicans who they thought were involved in the wreck^[282]
	33, others unknown	Latino			Texas	1915	Horse theft	Orozco successfully executed a planned escape to Sierra Blanca where he met up with leaders and future cabinet members where they crossed into Dick Love's ranch who accused them of stealing his horses and later got the Rangers and other law enforcement to look for the men where they found the men camping in a box canyon where they killed all 5 of the men.
	67, 49	Latino			Texas	1915	No accusation	Jesus and Antonio went to report that a few of their horses had been stolen to the Texas Rangers. After they reported that stuff to the Rangers and left, Ranger Henry Ransom followed Jesus and Antonio and shot both of them dead. Henry Ransom had called for the bodies to be left in the open to spread fear across the town.
Six Mexicans		Latino			Texas	1915	Murder	Two of the Mexicans were taken from San Benito jail and the other four Mexicans were taken from Mercedes where they shot to death and bodies burned on the side of a road.^[283]
Jose and Hilario Leon		Latino			Arizona	1915	Outlawry	Two white police officers interrogated the brothers and accused them of being outlaws. They hung the brothers from a tree and left their bodies to rot in the desert gulch.
Lorenzo and Gorgonio Manriquez		Latino			Texas	1915	Resisting arrest	Shot^[284]
Muñóz, Adolfo		Latino			Texas	1915	Murder and horse theft	While being transported by Sheriff Frank Carr, a group of seven to eight men held the Sheriff at gun point, taking Adolfo and later hanging him from a tree.^[285]
Lynching of James and Alonzo Green		African-American	Columbus	Jones County	Georgia	1915	Mob ran into them while hunting for the murderer of white farmer	^[286]
Stevenson, Cordella		African-American	Columbus	Lowndes	Mississippi	1915	Her son was accused of burning a white man's barn, he was unavailable, so they raped and murdered her	Her husband Arch was never seen alive after December 15^[287]
	37	White			Oklahoma	1915	Murdering his wife	Mob expected him to be freed on grounds of insanity.^[288]
Stanley, Will		African American			Texas	July 29–30, 1915	Murder of 3 children and assaulting parents	Lynched and Burned. Stanley Claimed to have been accessory to murders and claimed leader of mob had hired him and other 2 men^[289] ^[290]
Sheffield, Caesar	17	African-American	Lake Park	Lowndes	Georgia	1915	Allegedly stealing meat from a smokehouse owned by a white man.	Jailors abandoned the jail allowing a mob to take Caesar Sheffield to a field where they shot him multiple times and left his body.^[291]
Richards, John		African American			North Carolina	January 12, 1916	murder	Taken from jail and lynched^[292]
Lerma, Greonimo		Latino			Texas	1916	Assaulting a White woman	Greonimo was suspected to have assaulted one of the white woman in the town which led to him being shot and left dead.^[293]
Buenros, Jose; Chapa, Melquiades		Latino			Texas	1916	Murder of A. L. Austin and Charles Austin	The 2 Mexican men were accused of having killed A. L. Austin and his son in raids the fall of 1915, they were hanged in Cameron County Jail^[294]
Newberry Six lynchings (Baskins, Rev. Josh J.; Dennis, Bert; Dennis, James; Dennis, Mary; McHenry, Andrew; and Young, Stella)	Adults	African-American			Florida	1916	Helping a man who had shot and killed a constable	James Dennis was shot. The others were hanged. Mary Dennis had two children and was pregnant. Stella Young had four children.^[295]
Hoskins, Silas		African-American			Arkansas	summer of 1916		"Vanished"; believed to have been killed because a white man coveted his successful saloon business. Uncle of author Richard Wright.
Lang, Ed		African-American			Texas	1916	"Attacking a young woman."	Taken from a sheriff's posse and hanged.^[296]
^[297]	51	African-American			South Carolina	1916	Offensive language	Coroner's jury: "persons unknown"
^[298]	17	African-American			Texas	1916	Murder	Washington confessed and a jury found him guilty. Dragged behind car, castrated, fingers cut off, ear cut off, burned alive. Professionally photographed; pictures sold as postcards. Lynching of "political value" to Sheriff and to the judge who presided over his trial. "On the way to the scene of the burning, people on every hand took a hand in showing their feelings in the matter by striking the Negro with anything obtainable, some struck him with shovels, bricks, clubs and others stabbed him and cut him until when he was strung up his body was a solid color of red."
	Unknown	White (Italian American)			New York	December 14, 1916	Murderous assault	Randomly fired a revolver on a crowded street, wounding a bystander. Chased down by mob of 500 men and boys. Beaten and trampled to death.^[299]
and brother Irving	19 and 28-years-old	African-American			Texas	1917	Murder	Pulled from jail and burned alive
Daley, Starr	26	White		Pinal	Arizona	data-sort-value=1917	May 6, 1917	Homicide (Two murders) plus two rapes	Accused admitted guilt in trial; taken from sheriff en route to jail and hanged from a telephone pole; last lynching in Arizona
	about 50	African-American			Tennessee	May 22, 1917	Raping and killing a white girl	No charges filed.
	32	African-American			Tennessee	1917	Rape of a white woman	Scott was tortured for 3.5 hours and then burned alive by an angry mob on Sunday December 2, 1917.^[300]
	15–50	Latino			Texas	1918	Accused of Stealing and Ambushing Texas Rangers	January 28, 1918, Texas Rangers enter Porvenir and took 15 Mexican American boys and men away from the town and executed all 15 by gun shot^[301]
Garcia, Florencio		Latino			Texas	1918	Robbery	Two rangers had taken Garcia into custody for a theft investigation. The next day they let Garcia go, and were last seen escorting him on a mule. Garcia was never seen again. A month after the interrogation, bones and Garcia's clothing were found beside the road where the Rangers claimed to have let Garcia go. The Rangers were arrested for murder, freed on bail, and acquitted due to lack of evidence.^[302]
4 Mexicans		Latino			Arizona	1918	Robbery and murder	Seized from homes and Hanged^[303]
McIlherron, Jim^[304] ^[305] ^[306]		African-American			Tennessee	1918	Killing two white people	Tortured, then burned alive. Spectators came from as far as 50 miles away.
Clark, Andrew and Major; Alma and Maggie House	16, 20, 16, 20	African-American	Shubuta ("hanging bridge")		Mississippi	1918	Alleged murder of dentist	Dentist had affairs with both sisters, who were pregnant, likely with his child; the brothers had romantic interest in the girls. After the lynching the babies were seen squirming in their mothers bellies.^[307]
Taylor, George		African-American			North Carolina	1918	Rape of a white woman	No charges were filed.^[308] There is a Web site on this lynching.^[309]
McNeel, George		African-American	Munroe, Louisiana		Louisiana	16 March 1918	accused of Assaulting a white woman [no proof]	^[310]
	25	African-American			Georgia	1918	Accused of helping kill an abusive landowner.	Wife Mary killed next day for defending him.
^[311]	18	African-American			Georgia	May 16 1918	Publicly opposed and threatened legal action against white people who had murdered her husband, unfairly accused (according to her) of killing an abusive landowner.	Hanged upside down from a tree, doused her in gasoline and motor oil and set her on fire. Turner was still alive when a member of the mob split her abdomen open with a knife and her unborn child fell on the ground. The baby was stomped and crushed as it fell to the ground. Turner's body was riddled with hundreds of bullets.
Thompson, Allie		African-American			Virginia	1918	Assault
	30	White (German-American)			Illinois	1918		Forced to sing patriotic songs and kiss the flag, before being hanged.
	38	White (Finnish-American)			Minnesota	1918	Refusal to join the military during World War I	Tarred and feathered before being hanged.
Woodson, Joel		African American		Sweatwater County	Wyoming	Dec 10, 1918	Argument with a waitress	Hanged in railroad terminal^[312] ^[313]
Jose Gonzalez and Salvador Ortez		Latino			Colorado	1919	Killing patrolman	The two Mexicans natives were accused of shooting and killing a patrolman Jeff Evans, which they were arrested and charged for. A mob broke into the jail captured and hung from the girders of a Bridge.^[314]
Mosely, Sam		African-American	Florida	Columbia	Florida	1919	Accused of assaulting a white woman.	^[315]
	28	White			Missouri	1919	Murder	Hanged.
Everest, Wesley	28	White	Centralia	Lewis	Washington	1919	Homicide	Hanged from a bridge during the Centralia Massacre labor conflict
Little, Wilbur		African-American	Blakely	Early	Georgia	1919	Wearing uniform of his WWI military service to the United States
	41	African-American			Nebraska	1919	Rape	Part of the Omaha race riot of 1919
Williams, Eugene		African-American			Illinois	1919	Racial unrest	A white officer refused to arrest the murderer, and instead arrested a black man who complained about it.^[316]
Robinson, Robert		African-American	Chicago		Illinois	1919	He was black, and they wanted to kill a black	Robinson was an Army Reserve veteran.^[317]
Ashley, Bob		African-American			Georgia	1919	Hoped to shoot someone else	A group of men thought another man might be inside Ashley's house, so they shot into the house, mortally wounding Ashley.^[318]
Hamilton, Eugene		African-American			Georgia	1919	Convicted by all-white jury of attempting to shoot a white farmer; case before Georgia Court of Appeals.	Mob of 60 stopped car of sheriff who was driving him for protection to nearest large city, Macon. Driven to a bridge in Jasper County and shot to death. Governor was "livid".
Cox, Obe		African-American			Georgia	1919	Accused of murdering a white farmer's wife	Taken to the scene of the crime, his body riddled with bullets and burned at the stake. Several thousand persons witnessed the scene. Controversial as the local Black communisty "thanked" the mob for just killing Cox and not attacking their community.^[319]
Moore, Will		African-American			Mississippi	May 20, 1919	Shooting J.H. Rogers	Lynched^[320]
		African-American	Macon (near)		Georgia	1919	Attacking a white woman.	Mob of 400 found him, refused to turn him over to sheriff's deputies. Soaked in gasoline, set on fire; shot while he burned.
		African-American			Arkansas	1919	Killing a sheriff	Burned to death in the public square.
		African-American			Texas	1919	Making "indecent advances" to a white woman
Holden, George		African-American	Monroe (near)		Louisiana	1919	Writing a suggestive note to a white woman^[321]	Mob stopped a train, dragged him off, and shot him.^[322]
		African-American		Jenkins	Georgia	1919	Friend of man believed to have killed lawman.
		African-American		Jenkins	Georgia	1919	Son of man believed to have killed lawman.
		African-American		Jenkins	Georgia	1919	Son of man believed to have killed lawman.
Walters, Lemuel		African-American			Texas	1919	Consensual sex with white woman	The report of the affair and the subsequent coverup led to the Longview riots.^[323]
Richards, Benny		African-American			Georgia	1919	Accused of murdering his ex-wife and shooting 5 others	300 men lynched Richards, a farmer.^[324] ^[325]
Clay, Lloyd		African-American			Mississippi	1919	False rape accusation	1000 men broke through three steel doors to abduct Clay from jail before hanging, shooting, and burning him.^[326]
Prince, Henry		African-American			Georgia	1919	Unknown	^[327]
Waters, Jim		African-American			Georgia	1919	Rape accusation	Investigation closed in one hour with no witnesses interviewed.
	25	African-American			Arkansas	1919	False murder accusation	One of many returning WWI veterans lynched in 1919.^[328]
	72	African-American			Georgia	1919	Defended black girls from white home invaders.	Many black homes burned to discourage citizens from coming forward^[329]
	28	African-American			Texas	1919	Assaulted a white women, Mrs. Virgie Haggard	He was arrested and a mob of about 1,000 white people stormed the jail and broke down the door with sledgehammers. A noose was placed around his neck and he was dragged by horse to the town square where he was hanged. Four people were later arrested for the lynching, murder indictments were served for Willie Howell, Charlie Lansdale, Fritz Boyd, and Francis Flanagan.^[330] ^[331]
Phifer, Miles (or Relius)		African-American			Alabama	1919	Assault of a white woman	Was wearing military uniform^[332]
Temple, Will		African-American			Alabama	1919	Killing a police officer
Miles Phifer, Robert Crosky and John Temple		African-American			Alabama	1919	Assault of a white woman
		African-American			Mississippi	June 26, 1919	Assaulting a young white woman	"The biggest newspaper in the state, Jackson Daily News, carried headlines announcing the exact time and place of the coming orgy.^[333] Ten thousand people answered the paper's invitation and they were addressed by the District Attorney, T. W. Wilson, while the lynching was going on."^[334]
Paul, Jones		African-American			Georgia	Nov 2, 1919	Assault of a white woman	Hanged/shot/burned in railyard.^[335] ^[336]

1920–1929

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
Thomas, Wade		African-American			Arkansas	1920	Killing a policeman	Taken from jail by a mob, hanged, then riddled with bullets.^[337]
Gathers, Phillip		African-American		Effingham	Georgia	1920	Murder
Scott, Henry		African American			Florida	1920	He asked a white woman to wait until he had prepared another woman's train berth	Shot^[338]
Daniels, Lige	16–18	African-American			Texas	August 3, 1920	Accused of murdering a white woman.	Taken from jail by a mob of approximately 1,000 to the town square and hanged^[339] ^[340]
	20–23	African-American			Minnesota	June 15, 1920	Rape of a teenage girl	Taken from jail by mob, given mock trials, beaten and hanged from light-post.^[341] Three members of the mob received prison terms of up to 5 years for rioting, albeit none of them were convicted of murder.^[342]
	18	White			Oklahoma	1920	Suspicion of murder of cab driver	^[343]
^[344]	52	African-American			Florida	1920	Sign on body: "This is what we do to niggers that vote."	Prosperous black farmer. See Ocoee massacre.
Cade, Henry	25	African-American			Texas	1921	Rape of an 8 year old white girl	Taken from jail and hanged by a mob^[345]
Eley, Jesse	46	African-American	Murfreesboro	Hertford	North Carolina	1921	Owned a 50 arch farm which caused jealousy from some white neighbors.	Jesse Eley was returning from the market in Murfreesboro, North Carolina. He bought some grain for his cattle. He had two workers riding with him in his horse-drawn wagon. As he reached the outskirts of town, he entered a path that went into a wooded area. Several men were hiding in the woods entrance waiting for him. As his wagon entered the woods, the men stopped Jesse. They began beating him and eventually hanged him on a tree. Jesse's workers took off running. One of them ran back to Jesse's farm to let the family know what was happening. The family got a horse-drawn buggy and went to rescue him. By the time they got there, Jesse was barely alive. They found him because he raised one of his legs in the air to let them know where he was.Jesse had a hole in his head, and his stomach was cut open. His throat was seizing up because of the hanging. As they put him into the buggy, he died.^[346] ^[347]
Lowry, Henry ("a negro sharecropper")		African-American			Arkansas	1921	Asked for his wages	Burned to death; crowd of 500^[348]
		African-American		Hempstead County	Arkansas	March 15, 1921	Assaulting a white woman
Hackney, "Curly"	30	White			Texas	1921	Rape of an 8-year-old girl	Taken from jail and hanged by a mob^[349]
William Turner	18	African-American	Helena	Phillips County, Arkansas	Arkansas	November 18, 1921	Alleged assault of 15-year-old white girl	Shot, dragged to the park, doused in gasoline and lit on fire
Rouse, Fred	33	African-American	Fort Worth	Tarrant County	Texas	December 11, 1921	Shot two	While hired as a strikebreaker for a whites-only union, he was attacked and shot two union protesters.
Manuel Cabeza	34	White	Key West	Monroe	Florida	December 25, 1921	Was in a relationship with an African American woman	Shot a man who tarred and feathered him (because of his common law marriage); lynched by Ku Klux Klan.
		African-American	Near the border of Williamsburg and Florence Counties	Florence	South Carolina	January 8, 1922	Was in a relationship with a white woman	Bill McAllister was killed by gunshot. The news of this lynching did not reach the national media until January 8, 1922, and so it is recorded as the first lynching of 1922 in America. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary recorded five lynching incidents recorded in December 1921, none of which in South Carolina
		African-American	Near the border of Williamsburg and Florence Countie	Florence County	South Carolina	January 8, 1922	Was in a relationship with a white woman	Lincoln Hickson was reportedly killed by gunfire but other sources say he survived the lynching
		African-American	Eufaula	Barbour	Alabama	January 10, 1922	Dispute with his boss' wife. Newspapers reported that he "insulted a white woman."	Shot
		African-American		Oklahoma County	Oklahoma	January 14, 1922	Working as a strike breaker	Hanged. Five men later pleaded guilty to Brooks's murder and were each sentenced to life in prison.
		African-American	Mayo	Lafayette County	Florida	January 17, 1922	Participated in a shooting that killed mailman W.R. Taylor	Hanged
	20	African-American	Pontotoc	Pontotoc County	Mississippi	January 29, 1922	Assault of a white woman	Shot
	20	African-American	Pontotoc	Pontotoc County	Mississippi	January 29, 1922	Assault of a white woman	Shot
	22–23	White	Bolinger	Choctaw County	Alabama	January 28, 1922	Unknown	A charred body, of a white man, was discovered on January 28, 1922, by H.T. Raines. Investigators determined that he was burned a few weeks earlier. The body was strung between two trees and a large pile of wood was piled around him. It was reported that the body was most likely Drew Connor who went missing Christmas 1921 but the only clues to the identity were some overall buttons found in the ash.
		African-American	Crystal Springs	Copiah County	Mississippi	February 1, 1922	Assault of white woman	Hanged
	38	African-American	Malvern	Hot Spring County	Arkansas	February 2, 1922	Harassing white women	Shot
		Hispanic	Cameron County	Cameron County	Texas	February 2, 1922	Refused to leave farm	Shot for not leaving the farm where he worked
		African-American	Texarkana, Arkansas	Miller County	Arkansas	February 11, 1922	Forced a deputy to drive at gunpoint	Pulled from a car and shot four times by masked men.
	28	African-American		Schley County	Georgia	February 13, 1922	Unknown	Shot
		African-American	Aberdeen	Monroe County	Mississippi	March 8, 1922	Assault on white girl	Hanged
		African-American	Harlem	Columbia County	Georgia	March 12, 1922	Assault with a firearm	Alfred Williams was lynched on March 12, 1922, in Harlem, Georgia for allegedly shooting and wounding L.O. Anderson, a white farmer. Anderson recovered from his wounds.
		White	Holly Grove	Franklin Parish	Louisiana	March 13, 1922	Unknown	Brown Culpepper was living in Holly Grove, Louisiana with his two kids, his wife having moved to Natchez two years earlier. On Saturday, March 11, 1922, a party of unmasked men came to the house he was staying at; when they did not find him, they went to the house of J.R. Hutto where Culpepper was visiting. They called for him to come out but when he didn't, they stormed into the house and shot Culpepper dead. Sheriff Jesse Gilbert of Winnsboro arrested eight people for involvement in the murder: P. M. Usery Sr., Albert Farrington, P. M. Usery Jr., J. C. Farrington, Charley Parson, George Wactor, Charlie Calendor and Eugene Bradshaw.
		African-American	Crawford	Lowndes County	Mississippi	March 17, 1922	Assault on white woman	The wife of a popular farmer, Mrs Dewey, was attacked. She was able to yell for help and the attacker fled. Bloodhounds found a man, Jerry Ingram, 8miles from the scene of the attack and he was lynched.
Unidentified Man		White	Okay	Wagoner County	Oklahoma	March 19, 1922		Body of a man chained/tied to a tree was discovered in the Arkansas River near Okay, Oklahoma. He was wearing clothes of "an excellent grade" and had a handkerchief with the initial "B"
Tompkins, George	19	African American	Indianapolis	Marion	Indiana	1922	No Accusation Made	Memorial Service Marked the 100th Anniversary of the Event in 2022^[350]
	60	African-American	Gulfport	Harrison County	Mississippi	March 22, 1922	Ran "a house of ill fame"	Hanged
McKinley "Snap" Curry, H. Varney (or Johnnie Cornish), Mose Jones, Tom Cornish	McKinley "Snap" Curry (23) Johnny Cornish (19) Mose Jones (46) Tom Cornish	African-American	Kirvin	Freestone County	Texas	May 6, 1922	Murder of white, 17-year-old Eula Ausley	The two white men, Claude and Audey Prowell, who were initially arrested, were released and the sheriff released a statement that they were not involved in the murder of Eula Ausley.[2] Author Monte Akers in his book "Flames After Midnight: Murder, Vengeance and the Desolation of a Texas Community", concluded that McKinley "Snap" Curry conspired with Claude and Audey Prowell to kill and murder Eula Ausley and that Mose Jones and Johnny Cornish were innocent. Tom Cornish was killed on May 8, 1922.
	25	African-American	Plantersville	Grimes County	Texas	May 17, 1922	Assault of white woman	Burned
	15	African-American		Washington County	Georgia	May 18, 1922	Murder of white woman	Burned
		African-American	Texarkana	Bowie County	Texas	May 19, 1922	Murder	Hanged (body burned)
	20	African-American	Conroe	Montgomery County	Texas	May 20, 1922	Assault of white 14-year-old	Burned
	60	African-American	Alleyton	Colorado County	Texas	May 20, 1922	Assault of a white woman	Hanged
		African-American	Bryan	Brazos County	Texas	May 23, 1922	Stealing cattle	Beaten to death
	23	African-American	Waco	McLennan County	Texas	May 26, 1922	Assault of white woman and murder of her companion	Shot (body burned)
		African-American	Brentwood	Wayne County	Georgia	May 28, 1922	Manslaughter	Shot (body burned)
		African-American	Summit	Pike County	Mississippi	June 20, 1922	Assault of a young white woman	Hanged
	17	African-American	New Dacus	Montgomery County	Texas	June 23, 1922	Assault of a white woman	Hanged
		African-American	Lanes Bridge	Liberty County	Georgia	July 1, 1922	Assault of employer's wife	Hanged
		African-American	Belhaven	Beaufort County	North Carolina	July 5, 1922	Rioting	Tankard was shot to death after riots following a July 4 celebration by J.F. Burrows who was deputized to help put down the riots.
		African-American	Benton	Bossier Parish	Louisiana	July 7, 1922	Shot two Black women	Joe Pemberton was in the Bossier Parish jail in Benton, Louisiana for shooting two Black women. A white mob surrounded the jail, overpowered Deputy Sheriff J.A. Wilson, and took Pemberton. His body was later found hanging from a tree in Black Bayou swamp, 2miles from Benton.
	62	African-American		Miller County	Georgia	July 14, 1922	Consensual relationship with 26-year-old Ethel Skittel	Hanged by white mob. After the event, the Miller County Liberal wrote that "hundreds of the citizens throughout the county regret this lynching. Many have said [Ethel Skittel] was guiltier than Jake."
	29-years-old during the lynching attempt	African-American	Lake Jennie Jewel	Orange County	Florida	July 19, 1922	Shooting death of two white men	According to contemporary sources, Mack was reported to be lynched. However, he was able to escape and died at 67-years-old in Ohio.
		African-American	Moultrie	Colquitt County	Georgia	July 24, 1922	Assaulting a white 15-year-old girl	Three men had seized William Anderson and chained him inside a car. While waiting to drop him off to the police outside the Moultrie, Georgia jail, an unknown man jumped in and sped off. Andersen's bullet-ridden body was later found a few miles away next to the Ellenton, Georgia Reedy Creek Baptist Church. The Colquit county grand Jury was called into special session to investigate the people behind the lynching but was quickly adjourned due to lack of evidence.
	50	African-American		Hempstead County	Arkansas	July 28, 1922	Fight over West using a drinking cup	The newspaper The Little River News reported that West was probably shot and killed "after he flourished a pistol and threatened the men who intended only to whip him."
	28	African-American	Hot Springs	Garland County	Arkansas	August 1, 1922	Killing of Maurice Connelly (insurance solicitor) in a burglary gone wrong	A white mob, some 500 strong, broke into the jail and seized Gilbert Harris after overpowering the police in the public square (actually a triangle shape in front of the Como hotel). Even though Harris had a history of break and enters, he professed his innocence. The mob later took the corpse back and laid it in the jail.
	35	African-American	Holton	Bibb County	Georgia	August 2, 1922	Manslaughter of Deputy Sheriff Walter C. Byrd	Beaten, tied to a tree, riddled with bullets and lit on fire. Corpse was displayed in the Black community of Macon.
		African-American	Swansboro	Onslow County	North Carolina	August 6, 1922	Murder of Cy Jones	Onslow Sheriff claims Blackwell wasn't lynched, rather run out of town. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary report claims he was shot.
	35	African-American	Lambert	Quitman County	Mississippi	August 23, 1922	Assault on a white woman, Mrs. Bruce White	Mr Bruce White had hired Steelman for some work. White and Steelman ate breakfast at White's house and then walked to the work site. Steelman made an excuse and returned to White's house where he allegedly attacked Mrs. Bruce White. Her yelling alerted a Black field hand who had run away after Mrs. White started screaming. A mob then hunted him down and, even though he had a gun, were able to capture him. John Steelman was tied to a stake wood piled around him and then the pyre was ignited by Mrs. Bruce White.
	25	African-American	Bossier Parish	Bossier Parish	Louisiana	August 30, 1922	Assault of a white woman	When Thomas Rivers was arrested, the community threatened to lynch him. He was being moved to the Benton jail when a mob overpowered the officers and took Rivers. His body was found hanging near the Shreveport-Bossier highway about 12miles from Shreveport, Louisiana.
		White	Mer Rouge	Morehouse Parish	Louisiana	August 1922	Spoke out against KKK activities	Ku-Klux Klan kidnapped the men on August 24, 1922, and the bodies were discovered in nearby Lake Lafourche on December 24, 1922.
		African-American	Winder	Barrow County	Georgia	September 2, 1922	Attack of a white woman, 19-year-old Ms. Violet Wood, daughter of Rev. John H. Wood	Ms. Violet Wood was visiting the house of her aunt, Ms. Pearl Saunders, when she interrupted a burglary allegedly undertaken by Jim Reed Long. Startled to find Wood in the house, he struck her with an iron bar. After his arrest, a mob quickly gathered in Winder, demanding that Long be handed over. Sheriff Camp was able to get Long out of the Barrows county jail in Winder but when he was taking him to Atlanta, he was stopped on the roads, overpowered and Jim Reed Long was taken by a mob and hanged. Some reports say by the Ku-Klux Klan. News media of the time repeated that the lynching was "orderly conducted."
		African-American	Newton	Newton County	Texas	September 7, 1922	Johnson was twice tried with killing a Turpentine camp foreman four years earlier.	Hanged from a tree
		African-American	Held in Sandersville jail Lynched on Cedar Creek bridge, 3miles from Wrightsville	Held in Washington County jail Lynched on Cedar Creek bridge in Johnson County	Georgia	September 28, 1922	Assault of a white woman	A mob had gathered in Sandersville, and so Deputy Sheriff Davis and Nixon were driving Johnson to Wrightsville when a posse of 50 men overpowered the deputies and seized Johnson. Hanged on the Cedar Creek bridge, his body was riddled with bullets.
		African-American	Abilene	Taylor and Jones Counties	Texas	September 28, 1922	Unknown	Shot in his hotel room by four people
		African-American	Montgomery	Montgomery County	Alabama	October 3, 1922		A race riot broke out on October 3, 1922, after African-American Joe Terell was arrested in connection with the murder of George Tilson who in turn was searching for a Black assailant that killed white policeman Albert Sansom. African-American Edward Pearl was killed in the race rioting. The report on the lynchings of 1922 by the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, lists John Brown as being lynched on October 3, 1922, in Montgomery, but newspaper reports write that he was seized, questioned and released.
		White	Camden	Benton County	Tennessee	October 20, 1922	Manslaughter of Connie Hartley, nephew of Ed Hartley	Shot
		Hispanic	Weslaco	Hidalgo County	Texas	November 11, 1922	Fight with co-worker, J.L. Sullivan, in which Sullivan's arm was broken	Shot
		African-American	Madison	Madison County	Florida	December 5, 1922		Shot
Wright, Charles, Albert Young and an unidentified Black man		African-American			Florida	1922	Murder of white teacher	Escaped convict Wright was taken from sheriff by a large mob, tortured into confession, and burned at the stake. Two other suspects were shot and hanged. Several African American community buildings and homes were burned in the Perry race riot.^[351] ^[352]
	25	African-American	Morrilton	Conway County	Arkansas	December 9, 1922	Murder of Granville Edward Farish	Deputy sheriff Granville Edward Farish was trying to collect a debt from Smith when a scuffle broke out. In the fight, Farish smashed a bottle over Smith's head whereupon Smith shot him in the stomach. Smith was arrested and a white mob soon gathered. When officials tried to move Smith to another jail, he was seized, hanged from a tree, and his body riddled with bullets. When the body was taken to the undertaker, the mob burst in to view the body.
	25	African-American	Streetman	Freestone and Navarro Counties	Texas	December 11, 1922	Accused of assaulting white 20-year-old Miss Florine Grayson	Florine Grayson could not positively identify George Gay when he was brought before her. The mob ignored this, chained him to a tree and shot him around 300 times.
Scott, James T.	35–56	African-American			Missouri	1923	Assaulting a 14 year old white girl	Accused of detaining and beating the daughter of a professor at the University of Columbia, where Scott worked as a janitor. Lynched by a mob of over 100 men. Memorial plaque erected in 2016.^[353] ^[354]
Wilson, Abraham		African-American			Florida	1923	Cattle stealing	Serving 6-month sentence when taken from jail and hanged.^[355]
	45	African-American			Florida	1923	Sexual assault of a white woman	Falsely accused, tortured, shot, then hung by white mob which went on a rampage burning homes and killing several other people.
Simmons, Henry		African-American			Florida	June 7, 1923	Killing of police officer	A police officer stopped "three negroes in regards to the butchering of a turtle" on June 3, 1923. After a struggle, the officer was shot and described the assailants before dying 3 days later. A lynch mob first seized James Sands, who was beaten before one of the mob declared he was "not the one". Sands was released. The mob later seized Henry Simmons from a boarding house in West Palm Beach. His body was found the morning of June 7, 1923, at a location on Barton Road on Palm Beach Island, a short distance from The Breakers. The body was shot multiple times and hung from a tree close to where the officer was shot. https://pbcremembrance.org/history.htmhttps://pbcremembrance.org/PDF/Henry_Simmons_Article.pdf
Bell, William	33	African-American			Illinois	1924	Accosting two girls	Beaten to death by a mob in a Jewish neighborhood. The girls, when questioned by police, admitted they were unsure if Bell was in fact the same man who had accosted them. The only lynching in Chicago history.
	15	African-American			Tennessee	1924	Robbed a grocery store and shot the white owner.	Taken out of his hospital room in Nashville and lynched by a mob of masked men where he was first caught.^[356]
		African-American			Mississippi	1925	Rape	Burned at the stake^[357]
Jordan, James	Adult	African-American			Virginia	1925	Married woman "attacked" in her home.	The case and two others helped lead to the Virginia Anti-Lynching Law of 1928, the first state law against lynching.^[358] ^[359]
Willie Washington		African-American			Florida	1925		Murdered by a local policeman, Washington's body was later displayed in the county courthouse.^[360]
Marshall, Robert		African-American	Price	Carbon	Utah	1925	Accused of killing a white guard	The allegation was based on the testimony of two young boys who said they saw a black man running from the scene of the crime. Marshall was lynched in front of a crowd of 1,000. When the sheriff arrived, he cut Marshall down and was putting him in the car when Marshall made noise indicating he was alive. The mob shouted to lynch him again. Afterward, Marshall's body was put on display in the funeral parlor and photos of the lynching were sold door-to-door for 25 cents. In 1998, the community provided a headstone for him.^[361]
Buddington, George	55	African-American			Florida	1926	Attempted to collect debt from a white woman at gunpoint	Mob broke lock on jail, took Buddington out of town and shot him to death.^[362]
Four Mexican Americans and an Austrian man		Latino, White (Austrian)			Texas	1926	Murder	All five were shot after an ambush.^[363]
		African-American			Florida	July 11, 1926	Rape of a white girl	Taken from law officers and lynched. No attempt to verify crime nor identify murderers: last known lynching in Brevard County^[364] ^[365] ^[366]
Nelson, Samuel		African-American	Delray Beach	Palm Beach	Florida	September 26–27, 1926	Assaulting a white woman	Nelson was arrested on September 26, 1926 in Delray Beach on charges of assaulting a white woman in Miami. The following morning, the jail door was found torn open and the cell was empty. Later, a body identified as Nelson was found on a canal bank four miles west, with multiple gunshot wounds. The Delray Beach Chief of Police later testified to the City Council that they had refused to release the prisoner to a stranger claiming to be an official from Miami; however, the prisoner was counted in the cell as of midnight on September 26. The Police department was declared "free of blame of neglect" by the City Council. The culpability of the accused suspect for the crime in Miami, 55 miles away, was called into question as a major hurricane had struck eight days earlier, hampering travel. https://pbcremembrance.org/history.htm
Lowman, Bertha, Lowman, Demon, Lowman, Clarence	27, 22, 14	African-American	Aiken vicinity	Aiken	South Carolina	October 8, 1926	Alleged murder of the sheriff	After the second day of a retrial, they were taken from the jail to the outskirts of Aiken and shot, with a large crowd in attendance.
	61	White				1926	None	Murdered in part because of a fencing dispute, but also to steal money thought to be stashed on his property.^[367]
Payne, Tom^[368]		African-American	Willis		Texas	data-sort-value=1927	February 1, 1927		Arrested in connection with a suspected assault and murder, he was taken by a white mob and hanged from a tree.^[369]
Carter, John^[370]	38	African-American			Arkansas	1927	None	No charges filed; "mob" responsible.
Fox, Jim^[371]		African-American	Louisville		Mississippi	data-sort-value=1927	June 26, 1927	Murder	Arrested along with brother Mark in connection with a suspected murder of a white man, he was taken by a white mob, tied to a telephone pole with barbed wire, and burned.^[372]
		African-American	Louisville		Mississippi	data-sort-value=1927	June 26, 1927	Murder	Arrested along with brother Jim in connection with a suspected murder of a white man, he was taken by a white mob, tied to a telephone pole with barbed wire, and burned.
		White			Texas	December 23, 1927	Bank robbery	Robbed a bank with three accomplices while dressed as Santa Claus. Ensuing shootout(s), manhunt, capture, and lynch mob. His hands and feet were bound, and he was hanged with rope thrown over a guy-wire between two telephone poles in a vacant lot behind a movie theater.
Benavides, Rafael		Latino			New Mexico	1928	Attacking a white man's wife	Benavides was a Mexican shepherd who was accused by the police to have attacked a white man's wife. The police then went to arrest Benavides and shot him for resisting arrest. They rushed him to the hospital; three men then called the hospital asking if the Mexican was being guarded by authorities which the nurse confirmed he wasn't. The three men later on snuck into the hospital, kidnapped Benavides and hung him from a tree near an abandoned ranch.^[373]
Bearden, James		Black			Mississippi	1928	Argued with white men over debt	Dragged behind car, hanged^[374]
Bearden, Stanly		Black			Mississippi	1928	Argued with white men over debt	Dragged behind car, hanged

1930–1949

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
Unknown male		African-American			Arkansas	1930s	Teaching the black children of Marked Tree, Arkansas to read	Burned, sign posted "run niggers run!".^[375]
Wilkins, John H.		African-American			Georgia	April 18, 1930	Smiling at a white woman	This Pullman Porter was dragged off his train and lynched^[376] A protest manifesto mentioning his lynching and two others had a cropped picture of a lynched African American.^[377] This cropped photograph is taken from one of an African American lynched/hanged from a telephone pole in a railyard (Georgia(?); it is unknown if the original photo is of Wilkins.
Green, Allen	50	African-American	Walhalla vicinity	Oconee	South Carolina	April 24, 1930	Allegedly criminally assaulted white woman	After severely injuring the sheriff, the victim was taken from the county jail, tied to a tree outside the city, and shot multiple times by a crowd of about 100 men.
Jenkins, Dan	22	African-American	Union vicinity	Union	South Carolina	June 21, 1930	Allegedly raped a white woman	Captured by local citizens and identified by the woman, he was shot by a mob of about 150. The governor had been notified of the potential lynching and ordered out the National Guard, which arrived twenty minutes too late.
Grant, George		African-American			Georgia	1930	Killing a police officer, and wounding three other people	Sheriff: "I don't know who killed the nigger and I don't give a damn."
	18	African-American			Indiana	1930	Robbery of white couple, homicide, rape	Lynch mob of thousands broke into jail and took Shipp, Abram Smith and James Cameron. The mob hung the first two up in a tree. Cameron was released by the mob but was convicted of accessory and served time, later becoming an activist and founding the America's Black Holocaust Museum.
	19	African-American			Indiana	1930	Robbery of white couple, homicide, rape	Lynch mob of thousands broke into jail and took Smith, Thomas Shipp and James Cameron. The mob hung the first two up in a tree. Cameron was released by the mob but was convicted of accessory and served time, later becoming an activist and founding the America's Black Holocaust Museum.^[378]
Moore, Oliver	29	African-American			North Carolina	August 19, 1930	Alleged sexual improprieties with two young white girls	Hanged and shot by mob who broke into jail^[379]
		African-American			Texas	1930	Pled guilty to criminal assault.	Courthouse stormed (during trial), burned down with Hughes locked in vault, fire hoses cut. Body then dragged behind car and hanged, and fire lit under it. Followed by riot and destruction of black businesses. Two persons received two-year sentences for violence.^[380]
Parker, John		African-American			Arkansas	1931	Stealing some peaches	< <
Mendiola, Higinio	46	Latino			Texas	1931	None	A mob of 7 people hung Higinio from a tree near his home to make it appear that he had committed suicide in order to collect insurance for his death.^[381]
		African-American			Missouri	1931	Murdering a white woman	Burned to death. National Guard stood by and watched.
Wise, Mrs.		African-American	Frankfort (Frankford?)		Virginia (West Virginia?)	1931	Objected to her daughter being taken out for "rides" with white Klansmen.
Charles Bannon	22	White	Schafer	Williams County	North Dakota	1931	Murdering his employer and family	Mob broke into jail and hung him from a bridge
	23	African-American			Maryland	1931	Killing his employer	Taken forcibly from hospital. No indictment despite numerous witnesses.
Tillis, Dave		African-American			Texas	1932	"Demanded an accounting from his landlord. Charged with 'entering the bedroom of a white woman'".
Thompson, Shedrick (also spelled "Shamrock")	39	African-American	rural		Virginia	1932	Assault and rape.
	33	African-American			South Carolina	June 4–5, 1933	Striking a white man following an argument	Broken out of jail by a group of men; five white men named in an indictment but none were convicted
Lawrence, Elizabeth		African-American	rural		Alabama	1933	Reprimanding a group of white children	^[382]
	23	African-American			Maryland	1933	Attempted assault and rape	Grand jury declined to indict any of the lynchers identified by State Police. Last lynching in Maryland.
Holmes, John, and Thomas Thurmond	29 27	White			California	1933		An estimated 10,000 people witnessed the lynching. California Governor James Rolph called the act "a fine lesson for the whole nation."^[383]
Micou, Reuben	65	African-American	Louisville	Winston	Mississippi	1933	Accused of getting into an altercation with a white man.	Abducted from jail by a mob. Micou's injuries suggested he was whipped before being shot multiple times.^[384]	date=April 2, 2021
	23	African-American			Florida	1934	Rape and murder of 19 year old white female	Lynchers said he "didn't deserve a trial". Castrated, forced to consume his genitals, stabbed, burned with hot irons, toes and fingers removed, hanged, body tied behind automobile. Followed by Marianna riots. Important case in helping to bring lynching to an end.
Johnson, Robert	40	African-American			Florida	1934	Assault on white woman	Investigators determined charges against Johnson were meritless, then released him to a lynch mob.^[385] ^[386]
Higginbotham, Elwood	28	African-American			Mississippi	1935	Killed in self-defense a white man that attacked him after he complained about the white man's cattle running over his field.	Killed when jury did not bring back guilty verdict promptly. Widow and extended family immediately left Mississippi.^[387]
Bert Moore and Dooley Morton	26	African-American			Mississippi	July 13, 1935		^[388]
(also found as Rubin Stacy)	37	African-American			Florida	July 19, 1935	Threatening and frightening a white woman with a pen knife	Law enforcement officer; grand jury refused to indict.^[389] ^[390] ^[391] In 2022, a two-mile stretch of Davie Boulevard in Fort Lauderdale was renamed Rubin Stacy Memorial Boulevard.^[392] ^[393]
Johnson, Clyde					California	August 3, 1935	Killing of Police Chief Frank R. Daw^[394]	Dunsmuir Police Chief Frank Daw was shot and killed on July 29, 1935, when he confronted an armed robbery suspect. Johnson, the alleged perpetrator, was removed from the Siskiyou County Jail and was hung from a tree near Yreka.^[395]
		African-American			Mississippi	1937	Pair suspected in the robbery and shooting of a shopkeeper.	Tied to a tree and tortured with blowtorches to extract a confession. McDaniels shot, Townes burned alive. Photos of the lynching made the national media.^[396]
Goodin, Albert	35	African-American			Tennessee	Aug 16, 1937	Shooting a police officer	Taken from sheriff by 100 men and lynched from bridge over Beaver Creek; body recovered from river by Sheriff Deputies.^[397]
Lynching of Richard Ponder and Ernest Hawkins	18	African-American			Florida	July 19, 1937	Broke into a store, accused of attacking a police officer with a knife	Locked up in Leon County Jail after confessing to breaking and entering; four masked men kidnapped the two from the jail, shot them dozens of times, and put warnings to other African-Americans where the bodies laid.^[398]
		African-American			Tennessee	1940	Registering to vote and starting an NAACP chapter.	Last reported lynching in Tennessee.^[399]
	26	African-American			Alabama	1940	Failure to address a white cop as "Mr."
Green, Ernest, and Charlie Lang	14, 15	African-American	Shubuta ("hanging bridge")		Mississippi	1942	Attempted rape.	^[400]
	26	African-American		Scott	Missouri	1942	Home invasion, attempted murder, attempted rape, resisting arrest	Around 100 black people left Sikeston and never returned.^[401]
	31	African-American			Florida	1943	Murder of a white man.	Awaiting new trial after conviction overturned on appeal.
^[402]	15	African-American			Florida	1944	Sending Christmas card with "a note expressing his affection" to a white girl.	Forced to jump to his death in the Suwanee River. Grand jury refused to indict.
Moore's Ford lynchings (George W. and Mae Murray Dorsey; Roger and Dorothy Malcom)	Adults	African-American			Georgia	1946	Stabbing of a white man (Roger Malcom)	Huge investigation. 2003 and 2016 books on this investigation. No one charged.
Alton Collier	26	African-American	Coronado	San Diego	California	April 27, 1946	Alleged stabbing of a white sailor (Freddie Leroy Johnson) who was part of a crowd already chasing him with weapons to the bow of the boat shouting racial slurs.	Forced off a ferry and left to drown. Ruled a suicide until 2024 when the Equal Justice Initiative declared it a lynching.^[403] ^[404] ^[405]
	24	African-American			South Carolina	1947	Killing of taxi driver	31 suspects charged; all acquitted.
Robert Mallard	38	African-American	Lyons, Georgia	Toombs County, Georgia	Georgia	1948	Voting and prosperity	Car surrounded by 20 Ku Klux Klan members. Car was shot at with pistols.

1950–1975

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
Council, Lynn	about 19	African-American	near Raleigh	Wake	North Carolina	1952	Robbery	He survived. Newspapers treat it as a lynching. Council has received apologies from the law enforcement agencies involved.
Banks, Isadore	59	African-American			Arkansas	1954	Being prosperous	^[406]
	14	African-American			Mississippi	1955	Flirting with white woman	Beaten and mutilated before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. Perpetrators acquitted by all-white jury, then openly admitted they did it. Historical markers shot and defaced 2006–2018.^[407]
Parker, Mack Charles	22 or 23	African-American	Bridge over Pearl River between Mississippi and Louisiana	Pearl River	Mississippi	1959	Rape and kidnapping of a white woman; charges possibly fabricated.	No one indicted.
Chaney, James, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner	21, 20 and 24	African-American, White and White			Mississippi	1964	Civil rights worker	A federal jury in 1967 convicted the sheriff and six others of conspiracy to violate civil rights; they received minor punishment. A state jury in 2005 found the Ku Klux Klan organizer, Edgar Ray Killen, guilty of three counts of manslaughter; he died in prison. National outrage contributed to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Morris, Frank	49–50	African-American	Ferriday	Concordia	Louisiana	1964	"Flirting" with white females	^[408]
Rembert, Winifred	19	African-American	Cuthbert	Randolph	Georgia	1965	Fighting with deputy while in jail for stealing car to get away from two men shooting at him.	Survived. As of 2019, Rembert is a successful leatherwork artist. He has had at least two documentary films made about his story.^[409] ^[410] ^[411] ^[412] ^[413]
	54	Polish Jew			Michigan	1975	None.	Killed by a group of black youths with concrete block during riot. Four of his killers were charged with first-degree murder.

1976–1999

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
Gardner, Betty	33	African-American	St. Helena Island	Beaufort	South Carolina	1978	None (one of the perpetrators hated black people).	Two white men (cousins John Arnold and John Plath) were convicted of Gardner's murder. Arnold and Plath were sentenced to death and executed via lethal injection in 1998.
Higdon, Benny; Owens, Robert; and Barreca, Charles		White	Miami	Miami-Dade County	Florida	1980		Killed by African American mob during the 1980 Miami riot.
Donald, Michael	19	African-American	Mobile	Mobile	Alabama	1981	None (Klan looked to kill a black man because accused killer of white policeman got mistrial).	Three Klansmen (Henry Hays, James Knowles, and Benjamin Cox) were convicted of Donald's murder. Henry Hays was sentenced to death and executed in the electric chair in 1997. James Knowles and Benjamin Cox were sentenced to life in prison. A civil suit against the United Klans of America caused their bankruptcy.
Turks, Willie	34	African-American	New York City	Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn	New York	1982	Drove through a majority-white neighborhood between his subway maintenance shifts.	Turks and two other black subway employees were attacked by 15 to 20 assailants who shouted racial epithets. Gino Bova, 18 at the time, was sentenced to 5 to 15 years in prison for manslaughter. Justice Sybil Hart Kooper said at the sentencing: "There was a lynch mob on Avenue X that night. The only thing missing was a rope and a tree."^[414] ^[415]
Chin, Vincent Jen	27	Chinese Asian	Highland Park	Wayne County	Michigan	1982	Being Asian during a time when Japan was cutting into the profits of Detroit automakers.	Two white men working for the Chrysler plant, supervisor Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz assaulted Chin outside of a McDonald's with a baseball bat following a brawl that took place at a strip club. A witness described them using anti-Asian racial slurs as they attacked him, ultimately beating him to death.
Hawkins, Yusef	16	African-American	New York City	East New York, Brooklyn	New York	1989	Believed to be attending a party held by a white girl.	Mob of 10 to 30, at least seven with baseball bats chased and beat Hawkins and friends. Hawkins was ultimately shot by Joseph Fama, who was convicted of second-degree murder in 1990. Keith Mondello, was acquitted on murder charges but convicted for 12 lessor offenses. Three other men were convicted of crimes while three were charged but not convicted.^[416] ^[417]
Rosenbaum, Yankel	29	Australian Jew	New York City	Crown Heights, Brooklyn	New York	1991	Being Jewish.	Rosenbaum, a student from Australia, was stabbed to death by a mob as part of the Crown Heights riot.^[418] Both New York Senator Daniel Moynihan and New York City Mayor David N. Dinkins called the killing a lynching. Dinkins said: "I think that the death of Yankel Rosenbaum was a lynching, as was Yusuf Hawkins. No question. Whatever term one gives to these kinds of vicious murders, that's what it is."^[419]
Wilson, Christopher	28	African-American	Valrico, Florida	Hillsborough County, Florida	Florida	1993	None.	Three white men kidnapped Wilson and set him on fire.^[420]
Byrd Jr., James	49	African-American	Jasper	Jasper	Texas	1998	None (white supremacists).	Dragged to death behind a car, until his head hit a culvert. Perpetrators convicted; two executed, one to life imprisonment.

21st century

Name	Age	Ethnicity	City	County or Parish	State	Year	Accusation	Comment
	47	African-American			Mississippi	2011	"Stealing" his own car	Beaten, run over with a truck. Driver convicted of murder, ten convicted of hate crimes. Main perpetrator sentenced to life in prison.
	25	African-American	Satilla Shores		Georgia	2020	Burglary (falsely accused)	Chased down and shot. Perpetrators convicted of felony murder and one with malice murder. All perpetrators sentenced to life in prison.

See also

• Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
• Mass racial violence in the United States
• Racism against African Americans
• Racism in the United States
• Red Summer
• The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
• Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
• Jim Crow laws

Bibliography

Kentucky

References

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• News: . September 30, 1922. Negro is lynched on way to trial. Atlanta Tri-Weekly Journal. John S. Cohen. Atlanta, Fulton, Georgia . 20076854. 1–6. March 26, 2022 .
• News: . March 19, 1922. Farmers Lynch Negro. The Birmingham Age-Herald. Age-Herald Co.. Birmingham, Jefferson, Alabama. 2692-6318. 12607279. March 20, 2022 .
• News: . August 24, 1922. Woman fires pile to burn assailant. The Brattleboro Daily Reformer. Reformer. Brattleboro, Windham, Vermont . 2474-6134. 13712537. 1–10. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . July 25, 1922. Negro lynched for attacking a young white girl. The Brunswick News. Clarence and Louis Leavy. Brunswick, Glynn, Georgia . 1090-3895. 21707708. 1–6. March 23, 2022 .

• Book: Cardoso, Lawrence A. . Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897–1931 – Chapter (pp. 96–118) 6 Mexican Policies and Attitudes in the 1920s: New Urgency. 1980 . University of Arizona Press. j.ctvss3xzr.10 . March 13, 2022 . - Total pages: 23
• News: . August 30, 1922. Negro taken by mob and hanged. Capital Journal. G. Putnam. Salem, Marion, Oregon . 2470-6779. 21019600. 1–8. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . July 15, 1922. Investigate Lynching. The Chicago Whip. Whip Pub. Co.. Chicago, Cook County, Illinois . 2694-099X. 15192974. 1–8. March 25, 2022 .

• News: . August 30, 1922. Negro assaulter is found on tree limb. The Daily Ardmoreite. John F. Easley. Ardmore, Carter, Oklahoma. 1065-7894. 12101538. 1–8. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . October 7, 1922. One slain; scores attacked in racial disorders. Dallas Express. W.E. King. Dallas, Dallas, Houston, Harris, Texas . 2331-334X. 9839625. 1–8. March 28, 2022 .

• News: . March 24, 1922. A negro named Jerry Ingram was lynched. East Mississippi Times. Wm. Ward. Starkville, Oktibbeha, Mississippi . 16396509. 1–8 . March 20, 2022 .
• News: . July 7, 1922. Colored women shot;Negro suspect hanged. Evening Star. W.D. Wallach & Hope. Washington, District of Columbia. 2331-9968. 2260929. 1–26. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . September 3, 1922. Georgia lynching "orderly conducted". Evening Star. W.D. Wallach & Hope. Washington, District of Columbia. 2331-9968. 2260929. 1–62. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . March 20, 1922. Body chained to log found afloat in River. Great Falls Tribune. Tribune Co.. Great Falls, Cascade, Montana . 2378-850X . 9374534 . 1–8. March 20, 2022 .
• News: . September 3, 1922. Mob lynches negro held for striking girl with iron bar. Great Falls Tribune. Tribune Co.. Great Falls, Cascade, Montana. 2378-850X. 9374534. 1–26. March 26, 2022 .
• Web site: Griffith. Nancy Snell . September 17, 2019. Less Smith (Lynching of). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. March 23, 2022 .
• Web site: Hagburg. Mike . October 16, 2006. North Dakota's Last Lynching. North Dakota Supreme Court. March 25, 2022 .
• Web site: Ihejirika. Maudlyne. March 21, 2019. Chicago's only lynching victim to get memorial 95 years later. Chicago Public Media. March 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235623/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/3/21/18382507/chicago-s-only-lynching-victim-to-get-memorial-95-years-later#:~:text=His%20name%20was%20William%20Bell,bashed%20in%20with%20a%20bat. November 7, 2020.
• News: . August 2, 1922. Mob lynches negro near Guernsey. The Little River News. Jas. Crooks. Ashdown, Little River, Arkansas . 22523180. March 22, 2022 .
• News: . September 29, 1922. Jim Johnson . Martinsburg Journal. Evening Journal Publ. Co.. Martinsburg, Berkeley, West Virginia . 12698693. 1–10. March 26, 2022 .

• News: . October 3, 1922. Troops and fireman protecting Negroes. New Britain Herald . Herald Pub. Co.. Hartford County, New Britain, Connecticut . 173714341. 1–18. March 28, 2022 .
• News: . August 24, 1922. Woman victim applies torch at Mississippi lynching. New-York Tribune. Ogden Mills Reid. New York, New York. 1941-0646. 9405688. 1–22. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . October 3, 1922. Mob kills Negro, beats score after murder of game warden. New-York Tribune. Ogden Mills Reid. New York, New York. 1941-0646. 9405688. 1–24. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . March 17, 1922. Mysterious murder of Louisiana farmer. The North Mississippi Herald. Water Valley, Yalobusha, Mississippi. 2765-9844. 16567559. 1–4. March 20, 2022 .

• News: . September 3, 1922. Georgia Mob hangs Negro who struck girl with iron bar. Palatka Daily News. Vickers & Guerry. Palatka, Putnam, Florida. 0163-5050 . 4402148 . 1–6. March 26, 2022 .
• News: . July 6, 1922. Negro shot dead. The Pensacola Journal. Mayes & Co. . Pensacola, Escambia, Florida . 1941-109X. 16280864. 1–8. March 25, 2022 .
• News: . July 26, 1922. Investigate lynching of Negro for assault. The Pensacola Journal. Mayes & Co.. Pensacola, Escambia, Florida. 1941-109X. 16280864. 1–8. March 23, 2022 .
• News: . August 5, 1922. Arkansas stages lynching bee at Hot Springs. Richmond Planet. Planet Pub. Co.. Richmond, Virginia . 2151-4011. 10412790. 1–8. March 26, 2022 .
• News: . August 5, 1922. Put corpse in jail. Richmond Planet. Planet Pub. Co.. Richmond, Virginia . 2151-4011. 10412790. 1–8. March 26, 2022 .
• News: . March 19, 1922. Find body of man tied to log in river. Richmond Times-Dispatch . Times Dispatch Pub. Co.. Richmond, Virginia. 2333-7761 . 9493729 . 1–58. March 20, 2022 .
• Web site: United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. 1926. To Prevent and Punish the Crime of Lynching: Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on S. 121, Sixty-Ninth Congress, First Session, on Feb. 16, 1926. United States Government Publishing Office. January 23, 2022 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968 . July 26, 2010 . Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute. . University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100629081241/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html . June 29, 2010.
2. Web site: Lynching, Whites and Negroes, 1882 – 1968. Tuskegee University . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030351/http://192.203.127.197/archive/bitstream/handle/123456789/511/Lyching%201882%201968.pdf . March 13, 2016.
3. Web site: Statement to the media by the United Nations' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, on the conclusion of its official visit to USA, January 19–29, 2016. January 29, 2016. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213449/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17000&LangID=E#sthash.ELhcCe7s.dpuf. live.
4. Book: Wells, Ida B.. Southern Horrors (1892) in On Lynching. Dover Books. 2014. 978-0486779997.
5. [Gunnar Myrdal]
6. Delucia. Christine. 2003. Getting the Story Straight: Press Coverage of Italian-American Lynchings from 1856–1910. Italian Americana. 21. 2. 212–221. 29776894.
7. Web site: Blakemore. Erin. The Grisly Story of America's Largest Lynching. January 13, 2019. HISTORY. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105094205/https://www.history.com/news/the-grisly-story-of-americas-largest-lynching . live.
8. Book: Lynching in the West, 1850–1935 . Duke University Press . Gonzales-Day, Ken . 2006 . Durham, NC . 978-0-8223-3781-2 . registration.
9. Web site: Finnish immigrant was 'victim of warmongers' 100 years ago in.... Jimmy. Lovrien. September 17, 2018. duluthnewstribune.com. January 13, 2019. January 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232212/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4500591-finnish-immigrant-was-victim-warmongers-100-years-ago-duluth. live.
10. Web site: 100 Years Ago this Week, During WW 1, a German-American Was Lynched – History News Network. historynewsnetwork.org. April 3, 2018 . January 13, 2019. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043030/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/168669. live.
11. Web site: Deputy Sheriff Daniel Josph Lewis . Officer Down Memorial Page. April 4, 2022.
12. Web site: Sheriff Adam Dubard Hood . Officer Down Memorial Page. April 4, 2022.
13. Web site: November 7, 2017. Elijah Lovejoy: An American Martyr. Missouri Historical Society. Jen. Tebbe. May 15, 2018. May 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103043/http://mohistory.org/blog/elijah-lovejoy-an-american-martyr/. live.
14. Book: Thornbrough . Emma Lou . The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority . 1957 . Indiana Historical Bureau . Indianapolis . 129–130 .
15. Web site: Latinas: Area Studies Collections. memory.loc.gov.
16. News: Oregon . Illinois Daily Journal . 360; Vol IV . 31 July 1852 . 2 . S. & A. Francis. en . 8821623 . Robt. S. Maynard, from Illinois, shot a man by the name of J. C. Platt, at Jacksonville, because he had been insulted by him.
17. News: Lynching on Rogue River . 26 February 2024 . . 166; Vol III . E. Gilbert & Co. . 15 June 1852 . San Francisco . en . killed John D. Platt [...] has been hung [...] trial at the hands of a committee appointed by the miners.
18. News: The Territory of Oregon . 26 February 2024 . The Ovid Bee . 24; Vol 15 . David Fairchild and Son . 22 September 1852 . . 1 . en . 9887516 . sn83031494 . May 29 [...] This may be called "mob law," [...] A white man was [..] hung, for the diabolical murder of a white man.
19. Web site: Commentary . Casey Tefertiller Guest . 2019-07-22 . Don't honor a blot on Santa Cruz history Casey Tefertiller . 2024-04-10 . Santa Cruz Sentinel . en-US.
20. News: 1877-05-05 . Francisco Arias & Jose Chamales lynching . 2024-04-10 . Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel . 2.
21. Web site: Santa Cruz's Most Notorious Lynching - SantaCruz.com . 2024-04-10 . www.santacruz.com.
22. Web site: "Jim" Wilson, MSA SC 3520-13797. msa.maryland.gov.
23. News: A Terrible Deed in Kentucky . November 19, 1858. Cooper's Clarksburg Register. April 18, 2021.
24. Book: Allman, T. D.. Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2013. 9780802120762.
25. News: A man hanged by a mob.. April 19, 2021. Delaware State journal and statesman. October 15, 1861. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420001652/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84038112/1861-10-15/ed-1/seq-2/. live.
26. Web site: Great Hamging at Gainesville. McCaslin, Richard B.. 2010-06-15. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association. mdy-all. 2014-05-30. August 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172409/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01. live.
27. News: Disaffection in Confederate Texas: The Great Hanging at Gainesville. James. Smallwood. Civil War History. 22. 4. December 1976. 349–360. August 8, 2018. August 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172403/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/419420. live.
28. Web site: Henry Plummer. Mather. RE. Boswell. RE. August 1993. HistoryNet. First published in Wild West magazine. https://web.archive.org/web/20190827192002/https://www.historynet.com/henry-plummer.htm. 27 August 2019. 28 August 2019.
29. Web site: Blue Earth County Minnesota Genealogy and History. genealogytrails.com. August 10, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184236/http://genealogytrails.com/minn/blueearth/sioux_massacre.html. live.
30. Web site: This Day in History. Mankato Magazine. April 25, 2012. January 7, 2019. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803083818/https://issuu.com/dhabrat/docs/www.mankatofreepress.com/10. live.
31. Web site: Putnam: Delhi Township rethinks park called Deadman's Hill, named after 1866 lynching. Lansing State Journal. Judy Putnam. April 27, 2018. January 7, 2019. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184223/https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/judy-putnam/2018/04/27/putnam-delhi-twp-rethinks-park-called-deadmans-hill-named-after-1866-lynching/553511002/. live.
32. Grahame . Orville F . 1925-10-01 . The Vigilance Committees . The Palimpsest . 6 . 10 . 10.17077/0031-0360.24933 . 0031-0360. free .
33. Book: Reeve. W. Paul. [{{google books|plainurl=y|id=95j4BQAAQBAJ}} Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness]. 2015. Oxford University Press. New York City. 978-0-19-975407-6. Google Books. limited. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754076.001.0001. 181.
34. Web site: The Life and Murder of Thomas Coleman . 2023-05-07 . . Salt Lake City.
35. Web site: Lynchings in Maryland. Pitts. Joathan. Pate. Caroline. The Baltimore Sun. April 17, 2021. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162959/https://news.baltimoresun.com/maryland-lynchings/#card18. live.
36. News: 1867-06-27 . mdy-all. Lynch Law in Maryland-An Alleged Murderer Hanged by a Mob. (Published 1867). en-US. The New York Times. 2021-02-23. 0362-4331. April 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180401195211/https://www.nytimes.com/1867/06/27/archives/lynch-law-in-marylandan-alleged-murderer-hanged-by-a-mob.html. live.
37. Book: Brown, Julia C.. Riley. Franklin L.. Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society Vol. 12. 237–238. Chapter 10. Reconstruction in Yalobusha and Granada Counties. 1912 . https://books.google.com/books?id=aPw7AAAAIAAJ. December 13, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184223/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Publications_of_the_Mississippi_Historic/aPw7AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1. live.
38. News: Retribution! The Assassin and his Accomplice Hang.. December 12, 2020. The Grenada Sentinel. August 8, 1868. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184224/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034375/1868-08-08/ed-1/seq-3/. live.
39. News: Duncan . Ian . Md. county remembers 1869 victim of lynching . Washington Post . April 16, 2023 . April 18, 2023.
40. Web site: Anderson. David. A push for remembrance of lynching victims, and reconciliation during event at Harford Community College. 2021-02-23. The Baltimore Sun. March 28, 2019 . November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125233512/https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/harford/aegis/ph-ag-harford-lynching-memorial-0329-story.html. live.
41. Web site: Lynchings in Maryland. 2021-02-23. The Baltimore Sun. January 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075725/https://news.baltimoresun.com/maryland-lynchings/. live.
42. News: Two Mexicans Lynched. The Stark County Democrat. 2158-2793. 11128854. July 30, 2022.
43. Web site: A Red Record. Revealing lynching sites in North Carolina and South Carolina. University of North Carolina. Elijah. Gaddis. Seth. Kotch. July 4, 2021. April 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210401202334/https://lynching.web.unc.edu/. live.
44. Web site: Sheriff John H. Wisner. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
45. Web site: New Orleans Republican. [volume] (New Orleans, La) 1867–1878, April 15, 1870, Image 4]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 15, 1870. 4. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
46. Web site: #29 J. L. Compton and Joseph Wilson . The lynching of J. L. Compton and Joseph Wilson, vigilantes. April 30, 1870. Helena, Montana. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
47. Web site: Brown . Carolyn . The Indiana Legislature Finally Acknowledges Three Lynchings in Charlestown's History . March 2022 . April 1, 2022.
48. News: A Night of Excitement. David Jones, the Murderer of Murray, Taken from the Jail by a Mob. Murderer Offers Resistance, and is Shot Twice. Afterwards Taken to the Public Square and Hanged in Front of the Station House. The Hanging Witnesses by Immense Crowd of Excited Citizens. Efforts of the Mayor to Restore Quiet. Gov. Brown Makes an Appeal in Behalf of Law and Order.. May 3, 2018. Nashville Union and American. March 26, 2018. 4. Newspapers.com. registration. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011644/https://www.newspapers.com/image/80864273/?terms=lynching. live.
49. News: The Nashville Lynching Case.. May 3, 2018. The Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1872. 3. Newspapers.com. registration. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012103/https://www.newspapers.com/image/349733432/?terms=%22nashville%2Blynching%22. live.
50. Web site: Historic Structure Report for Rancho San Andrés Castro Adobe . May 27, 2021 . California State Parks, Monterey District . Edna E. Kimbro . Anthony Crosby . E. Leroy Tolles . June 30, 2003 . November 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171118141617/http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/980/files/RSA%20Castro%20Adobe%20HSR%20-%201.0-2.16%20p3-48.pdf . live .
51. News: Lynch Law at Visalia . May 28, 2021 . . December 25, 1872 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184225/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18721225.2.18&srpos=12&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22james+mccrory%22-------1 . live .
52. News: DeWan . George . The Kelsey Outrage . . A19 . 1998-03-18 . English . .
53. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036143/1873-02-06/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=02%2F01%2F1873&index=6&date2=02%2F31%2F1873&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Bozeman&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=Bozeman&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 Helena weekly herald. [volume], February 06, 1873, Page 7, Image 7
54. Web site: Giovanni Chiesa: Immigrant, Miner, Martyr . December 22, 2020 .
55. Web site: Mahoning Vindicator - Google News Archive Search .
56. John Wesley Hardin Biography .p.110
57. News: Lynching in Arkansas . October 24, 2020 . The New York Times . July 26, 1875 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184227/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/07/26/79246612.html . live .
58. News: A Fearful Outrage. A Negro Murderer Lynched by a Few Citizens in Nashville—A Mob Looking On and Endorsing the Deed. The State Disgraced by a Supine Set of Officers—An Unmitigated Outrage Against Law and Decency. A Crime for Which the Perpetrators Out to be Made to Pay with Their Lives—The Whole State Demands It. . June 5, 2018 . Memphis Daily Appeal . May 3, 1875 . 1 . . registration . July 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200710230126/https://www.newspapers.com/image/39789147/?terms=%22jo%2Breed%22 . live .
59. Web site: Karins . Jessica . Marking a Tragedy: Historical Plaque will Memorialize 1875 Lynching . Greenfield Report . September 30, 2021 . April 1, 2022.
60. Web site: Hanging on the Water Street Bridge: A Santa Cruz Lynching . October 20, 2023 . Santa Cruz Public Libraries . Geoffrey Dunn . 1984 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108041255/https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/a656bc261655fae33e05e14ad5bc9b66.pdf . live .
61. News: Lynched . July 14, 1877 . . Newspapers.com . registration . October 20, 2023 . October 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020011047/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-justin-arajo/133739154/ . live.
62. Web site: Lynching in America / Lynchings In Oxford, OH Historical Marker. www.hmdb.org.
63. Web site: Michael Green, MSA SC 3520-13788. 2021-08-04. msa.maryland.gov.
64. Web site: #59 Ami "Whit" Ketchum and Luther H. Mitchell . Stereograph of the burnt and partially skinned corpses of Ami "Whit" Ketchum and Luther H. Mitchell. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
65. News: The Lynching at Jacksonville . January 27, 1879 . The Montgomery Advertiser . Jacksonville Alabama . Newspapers.com . registration . June 16, 2021 . June 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195717/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46993455/union-springs-herald/ . live.
66. News: The Criminal Calendar . The Saturday Evening Press (Menasha, Wisconsin) . May 1, 1879.
67. News: Assassination in Starkville . February 14, 2019 . Clarion-Ledger . March 26, 1879 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28412676/the-clarion-ledger/ . live .
68. News: Starkville . December 19, 2018 . Carolina Watchman . May 8, 1879 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182414/http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p15016coll1/id/10801 . live .
69. News: Two Taught Ropes . December 19, 2018 . Memphis Daily Appeal . May 6, 1879 . March 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305205819/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1879-05-06/ed-1/seq-1.pdf . live .
70. News: Lynch Law in Maryland . January 12, 1880 . The Evening Star . February 14, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/19782534/george-peck-lynching/ . live.
71. News: Lynching Victim is Honored with Soil Collection Ceremony in Poolesville . November 5, 2019 . MYMCM Montgomery County Media . February 14, 2021 . September 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929035552/https://www.mymcmedia.org/lynching-victim-is-honored-with-soil-collection-ceremony-in-poolesville/ . live.
72. News: Confronting a dark history; lynchings in Montgomery County . February 2, 2021 . WDVM News . February 14, 2021 . February 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210221041721/https://www.localdvm.com/news/maryland/confronting-a-dark-history-lynchings-in-montgomery-county/ . live.
73. Web site: Romero . Simon . Lynch Mobs Killed Latinos Across the West. The Fight to Remember These Atrocities is Just Starting . . 2 March 2019 . 31 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211210220834/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/us/porvenir-massacre-texas-mexicans.html . 10 December 2021 . dead.
74. News: Diaboloical Crime. The Grenada Sentinel. Library of Congress. December 31, 1881. April 1, 2024.
75. News: Three Mexicans Lynched. The Sacramento Union. 2151-3899. 8800957. July 30, 2022.
76. News: Kansas City to Dedicate Historical Marker for Lynching. November 30, 2018. Missouri Catholic Conference. December 4, 2018. December 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181204043611/https://mocatholic.org/blog/kansas-city-dedicate-historical-marker-lynching. live.
77. News: Support Truth and Reconciliation: Marker Dedication Ceremony for Kansas City Lynching Victim Levi Harrington . Elyse. Max. November 13, 2018. Missourians for alternatives to the death penalty. December 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102209/http://www.madpmo.org/support-truth-and-reconciliation-marker-dedication-ceremony-for-kansas-city-lynching-victim-levi-harrington/ . December 4, 2018 . dead.
78. News: Community leaders gather to remember local lynching victim. April 2, 2018. Missouri Times. December 4, 2018. December 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181204043616/https://themissouritimes.com/49724/community-leaders-gather-to-remember-local-lynching-victim/. live.
79. News: Kansas City Erects First Memorial To Remember A Victim Of Lynching. Michelle Tyrene. Johnson. November 30, 2018. KCUR. December 4, 2018. December 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181204043619/https://www.kcur.org/post/kansas-city-erects-first-memorial-remember-victim-lynching#stream/0. live.
80. Web site: The lynching of Frank McManus in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Farr. H. R.. April 22, 1882. Wikimedia Commons.
81. Web site: The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870–1884, June 27, 1882, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. June 27, 1882. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
82. Web site: Deputy Sheriff William A. Bergin. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
83. Web site: Sterocard Card Death Photograph of Gus Mentzel Lynching, Raton, New Mexico. 1882.
84. Web site: Daily Los Angeles herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]) 1876–1884, June 30, 1882, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. June 30, 1882. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
85. Web site: Cabinet Card Death Photograph of Navajo Frank Lynching. April 22, 1882. Wikimedia Commons.
86. Web site: Upcoming Auctions | Cowan's Auction House: The Midwest's Most Trusted Auction House / Antiques / Fine Art / Art Appraisals. www.cowanauctions.com. April 22, 2022. April 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220409032017/https://www.cowanauctions.com/auctions/upcoming. dead.
87. Web site: Lynching of Augustine Agirer – 8 August 1882. lynchingintexas.org. 31 December 2021.
88. Web site: 2020-09-12 . A memorial decades in the making for a Grand Forks lynching victim . 2022-05-20 . Grand Forks Herald . en.
89. News: Murder and Lynching . May 10, 2021 . . June 18, 1883 . May 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090216/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18830618.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 . live .
90. News: Los Gatos Justice . May 11, 2021 . . June 21, 1883 . May 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511165018/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SJWM18830621.2.65&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22incarnacion+garcia%22-------1 . live .
91. Web site: #36 Fred Ingraham and James Green . The lynching of Fred Ingraham and James Green. April 3, 1883, Hastings, Nebraska. . Without Sanctuary.
92. Web site: William "Sam Joe" Harvey. . 2023-06-08.
93. Web site: Clark . Cassandra . Westwood . Brad . February 2023 . African Americans and Salt Lake's West Side: Part One . 2023-06-08 . Government of Utah.
94. Web site: A Jew Hanged in Pennsylvania, Believed to Be the Second Israelite Executed in the United States. Fort Worth Daily Gazette. September 3, 1884 . Stock Journal Pub. Co.. Fort Worth, Texas. 1946-6080. 13695711. April 8, 2022.
95. News: The Lynching in Washington Parish. Times-Picayune. February 27, 1884. 7. January 22, 2019. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803180513/https://www.newspapers.com/image/28320792/?terms=%2Blynchings%2B%22st.%2Btammany%2Bfarmer%22. live.
96. News: Southern Gleanings . November 20, 2018 . . July 17, 1885 . November 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181120180152/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034447/1885-07-17/ed-1/seq-1/ . live .
97. Web site: At least 44 men in Maryland and thousands nationwide lost their lives to lynchings. Now activists are shining a light on the gruesome practice, hoping to start an honest and healing conversation. 2021-02-23. The Baltimore Sun. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184227/https://digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/infinity/article_share.aspx?guid=81218d66-0352-4e81-92d7-21e0e0230f18. live.
98. Web site: Lynching of Lizzie Jackson – June 21, 1885. Lynching in Texas. Staff. Lynching In Texas.
99. Web site: Howard Cooper, MSA SC 3520-13733 . 2022-06-08 . msa.maryland.gov.
100. Web site: Howard Cooper Project. 2021-02-23. Maryland Lynching Memorial Project. en-US. March 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210316174651/https://www.mdlynchingmemorial.org/howard-cooper-project. live.
101. Book: Cutler, James Elbert . Lynch-law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States . Longmans, Green, and Co. . 1905 . New York . 181–182 . en . 2023-06-19.
102. News: George Kearney. New York Herald. July 19, 1998.
103. News: Spahr. Rob. Lynching of former slave memorialized as 'low point' in Eatontown history. December 24, 2017. September 24, 2012. December 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171224215418/http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2012/09/lynching_of_a_former_slave_memorialized_in_eatontown.html. live.
104. News: Ida B. Wells and the Lynching of Black Women.. January 22, 2019. The New York Times. April 28, 2018. January 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195602/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/28/opinion/sunday/ida-b-wells-lynching-black-women.html. live.
105. Web site: See How Dear Old Maryland Shines . Del Nunzio . Jack . ArcGIS StoryMaps . April 15, 2021 . April 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416115300/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8400e6377aec4de5bb34a023709687cf . live .
106. Book: Salvetti, Patrizia . Rope and Soap: Lynchings of Italians in the United States . 2017 . . New York, NY . 978-1-59954-101-3 . 1 April 2024 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184228/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/modlang/carasi/courses/0000000.SPRING.17.TEACHING/03.ITAL-AM.spring17/04.ITAM.COURSE.MATERIALS/ITAM.ARTICLES/SALVETTI.complete.pdf . live.
107. News: A Mexican Lynched. The Cheyenne Daily Leader. 14926194. July 30, 2022.
108. Web site: Jake Stafford Killed on His Way Home and Robbed – A Suspected Mexican said to Have Been Mobbed. lynchingintexas.org. January 21, 2022.
109. News: Berger. Paul. Midnight in Tennessee – The Untold Story of the First Jewish Lynching in America. May 15, 2018. Haaretz. December 20, 2014. In 1888, Amos Miller, a black man accused of raping a white woman, was dragged from court in Franklin and hanged from the courthouse railings.. May 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184016/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/the-untold-story-of-the-first-jewish-lynching-in-america-1.5349605. live.
110. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/ForestManagement/everyRootAnAnchor_036-souvenirHangingTree.pdf Wisconsin website
111. Web site: Shameful Past: Lynchings on Delmarva- Magruder Fletcher Lynched in Accomac in 1889. wboc.com. January 31, 2019 . August 10, 2020. December 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191213150454/http://www.wboc.com/story/39884607/magruder-fletcher-lynched-in-accomac-in-1889. live.
112. Web site: First Of Three Young, Black Lynching Victims In Loudoun County To Be Memorialized. August 10, 2020. November 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201120205300/https://wamu.org/story/19/06/18/first-of-three-young-black-lynching-victims-in-loudoun-county-to-be-memorialized/. live.
113. Web site: The Community Remembrance Project of Missouri.
114. Web site: Map of White Supremacy mob violence. January 7, 2019. January 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190113042543/http://www.monroeworktoday.org/explore/. live.
115. Web site: Port Huron's past included on lynching memorial. The Times Herald. April 30, 2018. Liz Shepard. January 7, 2019. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184230/https://www.thetimesherald.com/story/news/local/port-huron/2018/04/30/port-huron-past-included-nations-first-memorial-dedicated-legacy-enslaved-black-people-people-terror/564443002/. live.
116. Web site: SHOT DOWN IN COLD BLOOD – Eight Defenseless Negroes Lynched at Barnwell . January 1, 1890 . Marion Star . . May 28, 2022.
117. Web site: The Galveston Daily News. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 343, Ed. 1 Saturday, April 5, 1890. April 5, 1890. The Portal to Texas History. January 6, 2021. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184309/https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth466882/m1/6/. live.
118. News: Judge Lynch Presided. Would-Be Murderer Strung Up at Franklin. His Most Atrocious Assault on an Officer Avenged. The Body Dangling by the Roadside on the Outskirts. He Also Shot a Circus Man, Who Was Brought to Nashville for Treatment—A Deserved Fate.. May 14, 2018. The Daily American. April 30, 1891. Nashville, Tennessee. Newspapers.com. registration. May 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213602/https://www.newspapers.com/image/119043720/?spot=15327329. live.
119. Web site: Lynching of Jesus Salceda – February 4, 1891. lyngingintexas.org. 29 December 2021.
120. https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj06AQAAMAAJ&q=30+Years+of+Lynching 30 Years of Lynching 1889–1918 p.91
121. Web site: Reproduction of a photograph of a lynching – Cornell University Library Digital Collections. digital.library.cornell.edu.
122. News: September 19, 1891. Daily Nevada State Journal Newspaper Archives September 19, 1891 Page 3. January 29, 2022. newspaperarchive.com.
123. Web site: At Least 21 Lynched In Alachua County, Historical Commission Confirms. September 27, 2017. Dan. Nicole. WUFT News. en-US. mdy-all. 2019-01-09. September 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190926215111/https://www.wuft.org/news/2017/09/27/at-least-21-lynched-in-alachua-county-historical-commission-confirms/. live.
124. Web site: Encyclopedia of Arkansas . 2024-06-14 . Encyclopedia of Arkansas . en-US.
125. Web site: Deputy Sheriff George Williams. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
126. Web site: The Sedalia weekly bazoo. [volume] (Sedalia, Mo.) 187?–1904, March 22, 1892, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. March 22, 1892. 2. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
127. News: 1892-05-18 . Triple Lynching Habersham 1892 . 1 . The Atlanta Constitution . 2022-06-08.
128. Web site: City Marshal James Carter . 2022-06-08 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
129. News: 1892-05-18 . Triple Lynching Habersham 1892 . 1 . The Atlanta Constitution . 2022-06-08.
130. Web site: James Taylor, MSA SC 3520-13740 . 2022-06-08 . msa.maryland.gov.
131. Web site: Olympia tribune. [volume] (Olympia, Wash.) 1890–1893, May 21, 1892, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. May 21, 1892. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
132. Web site: Deputy Sheriff Tom Holmes. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
133. Web site: A Lynching in New York 130 Years Ago Shows That the North Isn't Immune to Racial Hatred . June 2, 2022 .
134. Web site: Memphis and the Lynching at the Curve. Nathaniel C.. Ball. September 30, 2015. May 15, 2018. The Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change, University of Memphis. May 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055117/https://blogs.memphis.edu/benhooksinstitute/2015/09/30/memphis-and-the-lynching-at-the-curve/. live.
135. News: Finally Successful. An Attempt to Lynch Negroes At Nashville, Tenn., Successfully Resisted. The Government Takes Charge of the Jail Forces—One of the Lynchers Killed. Another Attempt Proves Successful, and the Negro Is Hanged. Crimes.. April 27, 2018. The Courier. May 2, 1892. Waterloo, Iowa. 2. Newspapers.com. registration. July 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703204608/https://www.newspapers.com/image/356715342/?terms=%22ephraim%2Bgrizzard%22. live.
136. News: MURDERER LYNCHED. Wm. Bates swung up at Shelbyville by a mob.. April 20, 2021. Daily Tobacco Leaf-Chronicle. June 27, 1892. Clarksville, Tennessee. 1. Library of Congress:Chronicling America. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421013747/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88061072/1892-06-27/ed-1/seq-1/. live.
137. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fp_Ubb1lJVcC&q=C.%20J.%20Miller The_Red_Record_Tabulated_Statistics_and Alleged Causes of Lynching by Ida B. Wells
138. Web site: Strange Fruit and Spanish Moss: January 12, 1894: Charles Willis. Anne M.. Last. September 19, 2015. August 10, 2020. December 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191206192520/http://strangefruitandspanishmoss.blogspot.com/2015/09/january-12-1894-charles-willis.html. live.
139. News: Lynching of a Negro Murderer. March 15, 1894. 1. Harrisburg Daily Independent. January 7, 2019. January 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145619/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12072767/harrisburg_dailey_independent/. live.
140. Web site: Lynching of Floantina Suiato – October 12, 1895. lynchingintexas.org. 29 December 2021.
141. News: NEGRO LYNCHED / Murder of a White Woman in Missouri Swung from a Bridge. Evening Argus (Owosso, Michigan). August 16, 1895. 4. June 6, 2020. March 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005230/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=214iAAAAIBAJ&pg=1842%2C2522418. live.
142. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85040614/1895-11-21/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=1890&index=0&rows=20&words=Hillard+lynching&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1900&proxtext=Hillard+Lynched&y=14&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 Eagle River Review November 21, 1895 (Library of Congress)
143. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/related/?fi=subject&q=Hilliard%2C%20Robert%20Henson--Death%20%26%20burial--Texas--Tyler. "Hilliard, Robert Henson—Death & burial—Texas—Tyler." (Library of Congress)
144. Web site: Lynching of Aureliano Castellán – January 26, 1896. lyngingintexas.org. 16 December 2021.
145. Web site: Bank Robbery of 1896 . 2024-06-08 . Wichita County Historical Commission . en.
146. News: Three Italians lynched in Louisiana . March 6, 2020 . The Journal and Tribune . August 10, 1896 . 1 . June 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200627103044/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46242615/three-ialians-lynched-in-louisiana/ . live .
147. News: Lynched a Suspected Negro. The New York Times. July 5, 1896. 24. October 8, 2018. February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224205846/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/07/05/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article. live.
148. News: From the archives: State Lives With a Legacy of Terror as Nation Pays Tribute to Victims' Descendants. Avis. Thomas-Lester. July 7, 2005. The Washington Post. April 20, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426205632/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-the-archives-state-lives-with-a-legacy-of-terror-as-nation-pays-tribute-to-victims-descendants/2015/07/07/e1e531be-24bf-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html. live.
149. Web site: #61 Charles Mitchell . The lynching of Charles Mitchell, his body hanging from a tree in a courthouse yard. . Without Sanctuary.
150. Web site: Constable James Murray. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
151. News: Miners Hang a Negro at Lacon. Chicago Tribune. November 8, 1898. January 31, 2022.
152. Web site: Phoenix Riot . Jennings . Matthew H. . October 24, 2016 . . South Carolina Encyclopedia . May 31, 2022.
153. Web site: #38 Unidentified male . African American male standing on buggy, facing camera, stripped, deep lacerations and wounds, his handcuffed hands placed to cover his genitals. lynch mob. Circa 1900, location unknown. . Without Sanctuary.
154. Web site: The Kinsley graphic. [volume] (Kinsley, Kan.) 1890–1940, July 28, 1899, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. July 28, 1899. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
155. News: Act of Unusual Atrocity . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . August 9, 1899 . 2 . Italian authorities regard lynchings as very serious.
156. 30 Years of Lynching 1889–1918 gives surnames as "Smith"
157. Web site: #5 George and Ed Silsbee . The corpses of George and Ed Silsbee. January 20, 1900. Fort Scott, Kansas. A large group of spectators holding kerosene lamps, downed fence in foreground. . Without Sanctuary.
158. News: Lynchings . January 11, 2019 . Grenada Sentinel . January 5, 1901 . Chronological 1900 . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232446/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034375/1901-01-05/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1901&index=12&rows=20&words=1900+CHRONOLOGY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1901&proxtext=chronological+1900&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 . live .
159. News: Hanging to a tree. . January 17, 1900 . Duluth News Tribune . GenalogyBank.com . It is supposed [Anderson Gause] was lynched for aiding in the escape of the Gingerly brothers, colored, who recently murdered two officers near Ripley, Tenn..
160. Web site: Constable W. D. Turner. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
161. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/lynching-in-virginia/ Lynching In Virginia Encyclopedia Virginia
162. Web site: Strange Fruit and Spanish Moss: May 11, 1900: William Lee . May 11, 2015 . May 5, 2021 . May 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121620/http://strangefruitandspanishmoss.blogspot.com/2015/05/may-11-1900-william-lee.html . live .
163. News: Murder and Mob. Girl at Gilman Died From a Criminal Operation—Two Killed and Two Fatally Wounded.. January 15, 2024. The Weekly Pantagraph. August 31, 1900. 5. Newspapers.com. registration. January 15, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240115220952/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-pantagraph-mob-murder-of-dr/138672983/. live.
164. News: Dr. Mrs. Charlotte Wright Is Dead.. January 15, 2024. The Weekly Pantagraph. August 31, 1900. 5. Newspapers.com. registration. January 15, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240115221237/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-pantagraph-dr-mrs-charlotte/138825395/. live.
165. Web site: The murder of 12-year-old Louise Frost . January 29, 2020 . May 5, 2021 . July 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210701000827/https://www.historynet.com/the-murder-of-12-year-old-louise-frost.htm . live .
166. A Public Burning: Race, Sex, and the Lynching of Fred Alexander . Christopher C. . Lovett . Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains . 33 . Summer 2010 . 94–115.
167. Web site: Peter Berryman (Lynching of) . 9 February 2023.
168. News: Negro Lynched in Kentucky. November 1, 1901. Lewiston Daily Sun. June 6, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223713/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19011101&id=jbMgAAAAIBAJ&pg=744,4765905&hl=en. live.
169. Web site: Los Angeles Herald February 12, 1901 — California Digital Newspaper Collection. cdnc.ucr.edu. July 31, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184327/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19010212.2.64&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1. live.
170. Book: Roznowski . Tom . An American Hometown: Terre Haute, Indiana, 1927 . 2009 . Quarry Books . Bloomington, IN . 978-0-253-22129-2 . 159–161 . 8 April 2022.
171. Web site: Lynching in America: Outside the South . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211705/https://eji.org/issues/lynching-in-america-outside-the-south/ . live .
172. Web site: Atlanta semi-weekly journal. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1898–1920, March 31, 1902, Image 2. National Endowment for the. Humanities. March 31, 1902. 2. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
173. Web site: The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869–1924, April 16, 1902, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 16, 1902. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
174. Web site: #54 Unidentified male . Four photographs of the lynching of an unidentified African American male in a coastal Georgia swamp. 1902. . Without Sanctuary.
175. Web site: The Savannah morning news. (Savannah, Ga.) 1900–current, June 11, 1902, Image 10. National Endowment for the. Humanities. June 11, 1902. 10. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
176. Web site: Lynching and Local History: A Review of Troubled Ground . May 4, 2021 . April 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414200410/https://southernspaces.org/2012/lynching-and-local-history-review-troubled-ground/ . live.
177. News: Indian Lynched After Leaving Jail. Barre Evening Telegram. The Barre Newspaper Co.. 887947968. 2376-8185. Barre, Vermont. March 24, 2021.
178. News: Confronting Virginia's Racial History. News & Advance. Editorial Board. March 5, 2014. October 15, 2018. July 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200706034054/https://newsadvance.com/opinion/editorials/confronting-virginia-s-racial-history/article_326c71dc-a3df-11e3-bbd4-0017a43b2370.html. live.
179. Web site: #48 Garfield Burley and Curtis Brown . The lynching of Garfield Burley and Curtis Brown. October 8, 1902, Newbern, Tennessee. . Without Sanctuary.
180. Web site: Trigg . Lisa . One lynching each recorded in Sullivan, Vigo histories . Tribune-Star . May 3, 2018 . 4 April 2022.
181. Web site: Young Mexican Lynched for Stealing Cattle. Bisbee Daily Review. April 29, 1903 . W.B. Kelly. 11363144. 2157-3255. Bisbee, Arizona. April 9, 2022.
182. Book: Pfeifer, Michael James. Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947. University of Illinois Press. 2004. 9780252029172. October 6, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184235/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAGwb3G6soMC&q=Tangipahoa+parish. live.
183. Web site: Constable W. J. Mooneyhan. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
184. Web site: The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888–1919, May 05, 1903, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. May 5, 1903. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
185. Web site: The St. Louis Republic. [volume] (St. Louis, Mo.) 1888–1919, May 07, 1903, Image 2]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. May 7, 1903. 2. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
186. News: White Man Lynched. The Tennessean. Newspapers.com. May 20, 1903. mdy-all. 2020-07-02. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070000/https://www.newspapers.com/image/604208825/. live.
187. Web site: Google News Archive Search. news.google.com.
188. Web site: #65 Unidentified male . Stripped African American male stretched on a tripod rack, raised with pulley, upper body bandaged, lower body wrapped with a blanket tied with rope, fingers curled involuntarily. Circa 1900, St. Louis, Missouri. . Without Sanctuary.
189. Web site: San Francisco Call June 23, 1903 — California Digital Newspaper Collection . May 4, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184236/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19030623.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 . live .
190. Web site: Deputy Sheriff C. E. Pierce. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
191. Web site: The Kalispell bee. [volume] (Kalispell, Mont.) 1900-192?, July 21, 1903, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. July 21, 1903. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
192. Web site: Suraskys and Poliers: The Old World Meets the New . Jewish Historical Society of South Carolina . 2022-05-15.
193. News: February 13, 1904. St. Tammany Farmer (Covington, Louisiana). 6. Lynchings. January 13, 2019. January 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153251/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015387/1904-02-13/ed-1/seq-6.pdf. live.
194. News: Illinois Mob Lynches Negro. Bureau County Tribune. Newspapers.com. May 1, 1903. February 5, 2022.
195. Web site: Patrolman Charles B. Collis . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
196. News: Mob May Clash with the Blacks . 11 January 2022 . Cairo Bulletin . 10 March 1904.
197. News: War on Dives in Springfield . 11 January 2022 . Washington Times . 9 March 1904.
198. Web site: Jan. 13, 1904 | Black Man Lynched in South Carolina for Allegedly Knocking on White Woman's Door . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211705/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/jan/13 . live .
199. Web site: Feb. 7, 1904 | Black Man and Woman Brutally Lynched in Doddsville, Mississippi. calendar.eji.org. January 9, 2021. January 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120094649/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/feb/7. live.
200. News: ALABAMA MOB HANGS NEGRO.; Burns Jail to Get at Him – Vote Taken Before Hanging. . May 1, 2021 . The New York Times . September 8, 1904 . May 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225113/https://www.nytimes.com/1904/09/08/archives/alabama-mob-hangs-negro-burns-jail-to-get-at-him-vote-taken-before.html . live.
201. Web site: Two Men Lynched in Texas in Same Section.. lynchingintexas.org. January 24, 2022 .
202. Web site: Sheriff Martin Crawford Stegall. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
203. Web site: #50 Augustus Goodman (?) . The lynching of Augustus Goodman (?), his body hanging from oak tree that served as a community bulletin board, onlookers. November 4, 1905, Bainbridge, Georgia. . Without Sanctuary.
204. Web site: The sadism of white men: why America must atone for its lynchings. Ed. Pilkington. April 26, 2018. The Guardian. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/26/lynchings-sadism-white-men-why-america-must-atone. live.
205. Web site: Why the story of a 1906 Alabama lynching won't be forgotten. December 11, 2016. William. Thornton. Al.com. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221436/https://www.al.com/news/anniston-gadsden/2016/12/1906_gadsden_lynching_memorial.html. live.
206. News: Lynching in America / The Lynching of Bunk Richardson Historical Marker. Historical Marker Database. June 3, 2021. June 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221438/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=116817. live.
207. Web site: #71 Bunk Richardson . The lynching of Bunk Richardson, his body suspended over the Coosa River, stripped to long johns. . Without Sanctuary. Web site: #72 Bunk Richardson . The corpse of Bunk Richardson, propped up for photographer on plank walk of bridge spanning the Coosa River, severely beaten, stripped to long johns. Onlookers hold handkerchiefs to cover nose and mouths. . Without Sanctuary.
208. Web site: #8 Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin . The corpses of five African American males, Nease Gillepsie, John Gillepsie, "Jack" Dillingham, Henry Lee, and George Irwin with onlookers. . 2024-04-01 . Without Sanctuary.
209. Web site: The 1906 Salisbury Lynchings . A Red Record . 2022-06-09 . en-US.
210. Book: Kotch, Seth . https://academic.oup.com/north-carolina-scholarship-online/book/31098/chapter/289472536 . 2024-04-03 . 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649870.003.0002 . Lethal State: A History of the Death Penalty in North Carolina . 1 The General Sense of Justice: Lynching and the Death Penalty, 1880–1950 . Oxford University Press . 9781469649894 .
211. Web site: #58 Unidentified male . Unidentified corpse of badly beaten white male in shredded clothes hanging from rope stretched over unpaved street, onlookers in background. Circa 1900, Virginia City, Montana. . Without Sanctuary.
212. Web site: Davis. Phil. Groups pay tribute to Henry Davis, last man to be lynched in Anne Arundel County. 2021-02-23. capitalgazette.com. December 22, 2018 . April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417032248/https://www.capitalgazette.com/news/crime/ac-cn-lynching-memorial-20181221-story.html. live.
213. News: Cowboys Lynch Negro in Toyah, Texas for living with a white woman . March 6, 2020 . Reading Times . October 27, 1906 . Reading, Pennsylvania . Newspapers.com . July 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200712215146/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46241648/cowboys-lynch-negro-in-toyah-texas-for/ . live .
214. Web site: Patrolman August Baker. 2021-08-04. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
215. Web site: Lynch Mob Justice in 1907, Bancroft, Nebraska - HistoricalCrimeDetective.com.
216. https://www.loc.gov/item/cph12236/ "The Higgins Lynching Party" Sept 30 1907 Library of Congress
217. https://nebraskahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/DB36BD56-608D-4E21-B09C-363129640728 Nebraska History
218. Web site: #11 Unidentified male . Lynching of bound white male, his body hung from a bridge. Circa 1910, location unknown. . Without Sanctuary.
219. News: Two thousand citizens hang woman's assailant . Daily Times . Chattanooga, Tennessee . 3.
220. Web site: #2 Unidentified male . Unidentified corpse of African American male. Gallows, courthouse-jail, and windmill in background. Nine onlookers, two young boys. 1900-1915. Location unknown. . Without Sanctuary. and The Waxahachie daily light. [volume], February 29, 1908, Image 1; in regard to a 2nd reported lynching March 28, 1908– newspaper account reported that in Magnolia, Texas a young white woman was knocked down, her clothing torn and she was almost criminally assaulted by an unnamed negro; the Sheriff coming to the scene found two negroes shot (one killed) see The new South-news., March 28, 1908, Image 2
221. Web site: Lynching In America / The Lynching of William Miller. Equal Justice Initiative. Historical Marker Database. 2015. May 2, 2018. Equal Justice Initiative. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012341/https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=101159. live.
222. News: Leader of Mob an Ex-U.S. Senator. September 11, 1908. Fredericksburg Daily Star. June 6, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160911/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1297&dat=19080911&id=HsVUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7135,4703531&hl=en. live.
223. News: Ex-Senator Sullivan Will Stand Consequences for Directing Shooting. The New York Times. September 10, 1908. May 7, 2018. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813144907/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/09/10/archives/glad-he-led-lynchers-exsenator-sullivan-will-stand-consequences-for.html?scp=1. live.
224. Avoiding Adjudication in William Faulkner's Go Down, Moses and Intruder in the Dust. Ticien Marie. Sassoubre. Criticism. 49. 2. 183–214. 10.1353/crt.0.0016. 2008. 153508996 . May 10, 2018. January 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180118182525/http://muse.jhu.edu/issue/12694. live.
225. News: New Lynching Memorial Evokes Terror of Victims. Associated Press. April 23, 2018. April 27, 2018. April 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093428/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/23/us/ap-us-lynching-memorial.html. live.
226. Web site: Lynching of William Manuel – June 21, 1908 . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211706/http://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/263 . live .
227. Web site: Rare Lynching Postcards – Bing. www.bing.com.
228. Web site: Triple Lynching in Texas August 1908 – Bing. www.bing.com.
229. https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=luS1U%2fJa&id=4CED8A55A1B7AB59A77C5739CA7DFA9D026F7498&thid=OIP.luS1U_Jah-bRas5sUdlK_AHaG9&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fgraphicarts.princeton.edu%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fsites%2f158%2f2018%2f04%2flynching6-768x722.jpg&cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.96e4b553f25a87e6d16ace6c51d94afc%3frik%3dmHRvAp36fco5Vw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=722&expw=768&q=lynching+Ted+Smith++1908&simid=608031919049741907&FORM=IRPRST&ck=FF9C36A65692AD849728A8EB9A82CA12&selectedIndex=4&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0 Ted Smith Lynching
230. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86088652/1908-07-29/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=07%2F27%2F1908&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Greenville+Tex&proxdistance=5&date2=07%2F31%2F1908&ortext=&proxtext=Greenville+Tex&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 "Bryan Morning Eagle" July 29, 1908 (Library of Congress
231. Web site: 2017-07-28 . A century ago, a lynching in downtown Pensacola . 2022-12-23 . The Pulse . en-US.
232. Web site: Photographic postcard of four African-American men hanging from their necks by ropes in a cedar tree.. oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com. Oskosh Public Museum. 2006-06-15. 2020-07-14. July 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714114400/https://oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com/photo/AC00E102-8B2C-4971-ABDF-974360873100. live.
233. Web site: #64 Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley . The lynching of Virgil Jones, Robert Jones, Thomas Jones, and Joseph Riley, warning note. Black onlookers. . Without Sanctuary.
234. News: Hanged For Insult . February 21, 2022 . Youngstown Vindicator . January 19, 1909 . February 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220221142831/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rBZIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5oAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5880%2C3077282 . live .
235. News: State and domestic . February 10, 2020 . The Rice belt journal . February 2, 1909 . July 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728050959/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88064402/1909-02-19/ed-1/seq-7/ . live.
236. Web site: West Virginia News: Lynching's Are Still Haunting Reminder To Some WV Communities. West Virginia News. April 21, 2011.
237. News: Four Men Pay Price of Bobbitt's Death/ Miller, Allen, West and Burrell are Lynched by Mob at Ada this Morning. The Daily Ardmoreite. oklahomahistory.net. April 19, 1909. mdy-all. 2020-07-01. September 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913145632/http://www.oklahomahistory.net/adalynch.html. live.
238. McDermott . Stacy Pratt . 1999 . "An Outrageous Proceeding": A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905–1910 . The Journal of Negro History . 84 . 1 . 61–78 . 10.2307/2649083 . 2649083 . 150209743 . 0022-2992.
239. Web site: San Francisco Call 12 November 1909 — California Digital Newspaper Collection . 2022-06-09 . cdnc.ucr.edu.
240. News: Fahy . Claire . Allen Brooks, Victim of a 1910 Lynching, Is Remembered in Dallas . 1 March 2023 . New York Times . 20 November 2021.
241. Book: The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands. Villanueva, Nicholas. August 2018. University of New Mexico Press . 9780826360304. 1032029983.
242. Book: The injustice never leaves you : anti-Mexican violence in Texas. Martinez, Monica Muñoz. 9780674976436. 1020313014.
243. Web site: Deputy Marshal Carl Mayes Etherington. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
244. Web site: #20 Unidentified male . A lynch mob and the smoldering remains of an African American. 1910, Texas. Gelatin silver print. . Without Sanctuary.
245. Web site: Constable James W. Mitchell. The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
246. Web site: Mower County transcript. [volume] (Lansing, Minn.) 1868–1915, August 03, 1910, Image 6]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. August 3, 1910. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
247. News: 'Quiet Again Resigns; Protest of Italians Brings Investigation . Tampa Morning Tribune . September 22, 1910 . May 8, 2020 . September 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919081748/http://www.westtampamurder.com/pdf/1910-09-22%20-%20Quiet%20Again%20Reigns.pdf . live.
248. News: January 16, 1911 . Two Swing on Same Rope . 1 . Fort Madison, The Evening Democrat.
249. Web site: Deputy Sheriff George H. Loney . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
250. News: Lynching memorial shows women were victims, too.. January 22, 2019. The Conversation. April 27, 2018. January 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://theconversation.com/lynching-memorial-shows-women-were-victims-too-95029. live.
251. News: Mississippi Negro Hanged . October 3, 2019 . The Tennessean . June 18, 1911.
252. News: 1911-08-12 . Commodore Jones Lynching . 1 . Austin American-Statesman . 2022-09-04.
253. News: 1911-08-12 . Clipped From El Paso Herald . 10 . El Paso Herald . 2022-09-04.
254. Lesley Pickney Hill . The Vision of a Lyncher. January 1912 . The Crisis . 3 . 122. HathiTrust.
255. Web site: King Johnson, MSA SC 3520-13760. 2021-08-04. msa.maryland.gov.
256. http://www.dailylocal.com/article/DL/20110813/TMP01/308139966 Eric S. Smith, "Zachariah Walker's lynching haunts the city"
257. Web site: #57 Ernest Harrison, Sam Reed, and Frank Howard . The corpses of Ernest Harrison, Sam Reed, and Frank Howard hanging from a rafter in a sawmill, jagged circular blade in lower right hand corner. September 11, 1911, Wickliffe, Kentucky. . 2022-06-09 . Without Sanctuary.
258. Web site: Fort Smith Historical Society. The Lynching of Sanford Lewis. Ben. Boulden. April 28, 2018. May 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180516120516/http://www.fortsmithhistory.org/archive/lynchingSL.html. live.
259. Web site: #19 . Lynching of an unidentified African American male. Date and location unknown. Tinted lithographed postcard. 5H x 3H". . Without Sanctuary.
260. Web site: 1912: Dan Davis Burned Alive . August 13, 2018 . May 5, 2021 . May 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505211705/http://www.tylerhistory.org/2018/08/13/1912-dan-davis-burned-alive/ . live .
261. News: Negro Fiend is Lynched at Princeton. May 24, 2022 . The Wheeling intelligencier . Sep 5, 1912 . 1 . Chronicling of America (Library of Congress) .
262. Web site: 2019-02-25 . Joe Green . 2022-06-09 . Legacy of Lynching . en.
263. Sam Spicer Jr. vs. the State of Alabama, Alabama Supreme Court, 4th Div. 598 (July 1916)
264. News: Arming at El Paso to Repulse the Mexicans. The Nome Daily Nugget. Noma, Alaska. 2771-215X. 15073038. April 22, 2022.
265. News: Mexican is Hanged. The Daily Missoulian. 2329-5457. 9385382. Missoula, Montana. 11. April 24, 2022.
266. Associated Press, see Nashville Banner February 7, 1913 pg. 1
267. Lincoln, NE, Star February 9, 1913 p. 1
268. e.g. San Francisco Call, February 9, 1913 p. 26
269. New York Sun, February 9, 1913 p. 1, Oakland CA Tribute February 9, pg. 43
270. News: Burn Negro At Stake: Second Lynching for Murder of Mrs. Williams . March 6, 2020 . Chattanooga Times . February 9, 1913 . Chattanooga, Tennessee . 1 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718225305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46218275/burn-negro-at-stake-second-lynching/ . live .
271. e.g. Lincoln Star February 9, 1913 p. 1
272. New York Sun, February 9, 1913 p. 1
273. Web site: #4 Bennie Simmons . Bennie Simmons, alive, soaked in coal oil before being set on fire. June 13, 1913. Anadarko, Oklahoma. . Without Sanctuary.
274. Web site: #35 Joseph Richardson . The lynching of Joseph Richardson, damaged shoeshine stand. September 26, 1913, Leitchfield Kentucky. . Without Sanctuary.
275. Web site: Russell Contreras. Cedar Attanasio . Mexican Americans faced racial terror from 1910–1920. ABC. 26 July 2019. 30 January 2022.
276. News: Mexican Lynched. The Democratic Banner. 2157-6505. 18320299. Vernon, Ohio. March 25, 2022.
277. News: Negro Who Assaults White Man in Union Parish Put to Death. April 1, 1914. The Shreveport Times. March 15, 2020. July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073716/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6628149/allenturner1914/. live.
278. Web site: Dallas Shields . May 13, 2015 . May 5, 2021 . May 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122059/https://statesanctioned.com/dallas-shields/ . live .
279. News: Drive Out Negroes:Undesirables are driven out of Byhalia following lynching.. April 21, 2021. Oxford Eagle. December 3, 1914. Library of Congress: Chronicling America. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421191559/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87065469/1914-12-03/ed-1/seq-1/. live.
280. Book: Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror: Second Edition: Report Summary. 2015. Equal Justice Initiative. Montgomery, Alabama. 15. White men lynched Jeff Brown in 1916 in Cedarbluff, Mississippi, for accidentally bumping into a white girl as he ran to catch a train.. 2017-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429053159/http://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-second-edition-summary.pdf. 2017-04-29. dead.
281. Web site: De La Rosa killed in Battle with Ranchers. South Bend News-Times. October 2, 1915 . South Bend, Indiana. News-Times Print. Co.. 2377-7095. 15568606. April 8, 2022.
282. Web site: Americans Slay Ten Mexicans – October 19, 1915. lynchingintexas.org. 1 January 2021.
283. News: Six Mexicans Lynched. The Sun. Ronald Weintraub. 9406339. 1940-7831. New York City, New York. March 20, 2022.
284. Web site: Wounded to Brownsville. The Brownsville Herald. April 6, 1930 . 0894-2064. 782077638. AIM Media Texas. Brownsville, Texas. April 7, 2022.
285. Web site: Unos Enmascarados Lo Cuelgan. El regidor. August 4, 1915 . 6 . 2640-5202. 744677189. Pablo Cruz. San Antonio, Texas. April 8, 2022.
286. News: February 11, 2019. Jones Co. family wants to shed light on dark past. Rogers. Eryn . WMAZ-TV. . July 10, 2021.
287. News: RAPE, LYNCH NEGRO MOTHER . Chicago Defender . December 18, 1915.
288. Web site: The Norman Transcript (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 26, No. 36, Ed. 1 Thursday, May 13, 1915. J. J.. Burke. May 13, 1915. The Gateway to Oklahoma History. July 2, 2020. July 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200703074330/https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc139224/m1/1/zoom/. live.
289. Web site: The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume] (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893–current, August 01, 1915, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. August 1, 1915. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
290. Web site: English: The charred body of Will Stanley, lynched by burning in Temple, Texas, July 29–30, 1915.. W. E. B. DuBois. January 22, 1916. Wikimedia Commons.
291. Web site: April 17, 1915 | White Mob Lynches Black Man Accused of Stealing Meat in Georgia. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421213518/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/17%7Curl-access=April . April 21, 2021 . Equal Justice Initiative . April 21, 2021.
292. Web site: #18 John Richards . John Richards hanging on a tree, jubilant lynchers, a freshly hewn pine coffin. January 12, 1916, Goldsboro, North Carolina. . Without Sanctuary.
293. News: Mexican Lynched by Texans. Highland Recorder. 2151-5484. 33018708. Snowy Mountain Publishing Inc.. June 30, 1916. 1–4. March 19, 2022.
294. News: Two Mexicans Hanged. The Port Gibson Reveille. 2575-7504. 14874994. Port Gibson, Mississippi. H.H. Crisler & H.H. Crisler Jr.. May 25, 1916. 1–8. April 22, 2022.
295. Book: Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918. Boisy Long.. 1919. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. en. 24.
296. News: Negro Lynched near Rice. Tampa Tribune. August 20, 1916. 2. February 15, 2019. February 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035353/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28457156/the_tampa_tribune/. live.
297. News: Anthony Crawford, a Negro of Wealth, Lynched Saturday . Abbeville Press and Banner . . 1 . 1917-10-25 . mdy-all . 2015-12-21 . December 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055442/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916-10-25/ed-1/seq-1/ . live .
298. News: The Waco Horror (supplement to The Crisis). The Crisis. July 1916. March 8, 2018.
299. Barrow . Janice Hittinger . 2005-09-01 . Lynching in the Mid-Atlantic, 1882–1940 . American Nineteenth Century History . en . 6 . 3 . 241–271 . 10.1080/14664650500380969 . 145381828 . 1466-4658.
300. News: Fiends Incarnate . 20 December 2021 . The Denver Star . 22 December 1917.
301. Web site: PORVENIR MASSACRE ARCHAEOLOGY MOST REVEALING. Justice. Glenn. 2017-04-21. Glenn's Texas History Blog.
302. Book: Utley, Robert M.. Robert M. Utley . Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers. 2007. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 978-0-19-515444-3. [Online-Ausg.]..
303. News: Mexicans Lynched for Murder and Robbery. The Sentinel Record. WEHCO Media, Inc.. 19988226. 2693-1044. Hot Springs, Arkansas. March 20, 2022.
304. White . Walter F. . Burning of Jim McIlherron: An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation . The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races . May 1, 1918 . 16 . May . 16–20 . July 27, 2021.
305. Book: Ellsworth, Scott. The Ground Breaking: The Tulsa Race Massacre and an American City's Search for Justice. 2021-05-18. Penguin. 978-0-593-18300-7. en. 127–128.
306. News: The Burning of James McIlherron. An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation. Walter F.. White. The Crisis. May 1918. 16–20. March 2, 2018. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223147/https://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292947942608625.pdf. live.
307. News: Mitchell. Jerry. "Hanging Bridge" signing May 2 at Lemuria. December 26, 2017. Clarion Ledger. May 1, 2016. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184511/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/local/journeytojustice/2016/05/01/hanging-bridge-signing-may-2-lemuria/83803346/. live.
308. News: A black man was lynched near Rolesville in 1918. Now Wake students are honoring him.. T. Keung. Hui. October 29, 2018.
309. Web site: The 1918 Lynching of George Taylor. Wake County Drum Majors for Social Justice. October 29, 2018. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803080922/https://sites.google.com/exploris.org/1918georgetaylorlynching/home. live.
310. https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/37.77493,-122.419416,12/bounds/37.687905,-122.506277,37.861853,-122.332555/paging/1/pin/1154433 Hisorypin website
311. Web site: History of Lynchings. NAACP. March 2, 2018. NAACP. March 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301201212/http://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/. live.
312. Rawlings-Carroll, R. (2019, August 18). Joel Woodson (?-1918). BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/joel-woodson-1918/
313. Web site: #23 Unidentified males . Unidentified lynching, onlookers on horseback. . Without Sanctuary.
314. News: Thousand View Bodies of Unnaturalized Mexicans lynched at Pueblo, Colo.. El Paso Herald. E. W. Scripps Company. 9978583. 0746-360X. 1–16. September 15, 1919. March 19, 2022.
315. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 245.
316. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 129.
317. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 125.
318. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 94–95.
319. Book: Brundage, William Fitzhugh . William Fitzhugh Brundage . Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 . registration. 1993 . . 9780252063459. - Total pages: 375
320. Web site: #32 Will Moore . The lynching of Will Moore. May 20, 1919, Ten Mile, Mississippi. . Without Sanctuary.
321. Web site: Clio – Welcome. Clio. August 10, 2020. August 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811062554/https://www.theclio.com/. live.
322. Book: McWhirter, Cameron. Red Summer. The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. Henry Holt. 2011 . 9780805089066.
323. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 81–95.
324. News: Negro Kills One; Shoots Up Five, Fighting Posse . Atlanta Constitution . May 2, 1919.
325. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 51.
326. News: Mob uses Rope, to Lynch Negro . Atlanta Constitution . May 15, 1919.
327. Book: McWhirter . Cameron . Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . 2011 . Henry Holt and Company . 9780805089066 . 52.
328. Web site: Frank Livingston (Lynching of) . November 11, 2018 . November 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133531/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=8283 . live .
329. Book: Voogd . Jan . Race Riots and Resistance: the Red Summer of 1919 . 2008 . Peter Lang Publishing Group . 9781433100673.
330. News: July 25, 1919 . Teas mob hangs Negro. Herald Democrat . . Leadville, Colorado . August 3, 2019.
331. News: August 3, 1919 . Four Held In Lynching. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Times Dispatch Pub. Co.. Richmond, Virginia. 2333-7761. 9493729. 1–54 . August 3, 2019.
332. News: 'There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror. Brian. Lyman. Montgomery Advertiser. April 20, 2018. April 29, 2018. April 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222732/https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2018/04/20/there-lynchings-how-advertiser-failed-victims-racial-terror-eji-peace-justice-memorial-montgomery/499656002/. live.
333. News: 3,000 Will Burn Negro — John Hartfield Will Be Lynched by Ellisville Mob at 5 o'clock This Afternoon — Negro Jerky and Sullen as Burning Hour Nears. New Orleans States (reprinted from Jackspn Daily News). June 26, 1919. April 26, 2018. April 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180420134709/http://recordsofrights.org/records/342/john-hartfield-will-be-lynched. live.
334. Web site: John Hartfield Lynching Ellisville MS – Bing. www.bing.com.
335. Web site: The Chicago whip. (Chicago, Ill.) 1919-19??, November 15, 1919, Image 1. National Endowment for the. Humanities. November 15, 1919. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
336. Web site: #12 Unidentified male . Unidentified lynching of an African American male. Circa 1908, Oxford, Georgia. . Without Sanctuary.
337. News: Negro Is Lynched by Arkansas Mob. December 27, 1920. Ellensburg Daily Record. June 6, 2020. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160703/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19201227&id=IdIrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3640,4987932&hl=en. live.
338. News: Woman's Impatience Revealed as Cause of Porter's Death . New York Negro World . May 29, 1920. "The woman sent a telegram to the next station stating that Scott had insulted her. When the train stopped, Scott was removed by a deputy sheriff. From there the story followed the usual lynching pattern. A mob "over-powered" the sheriff and killed the Negro. The coroner's jury returned the usual verdict, "Death at the hands of parties unknown."".
339. Web site: America's Black Holocaust Museum | Lige Daniels. abhmuseum.org. April 10, 2018. August 3, 2020. June 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200616122906/https://abhmuseum.org/lige-daniels/. live.
340. Web site: #49 Lige Daniels . The lynching of Lige Daniels. Onlookers, including young boys. August 3, 1920, Center, Texas. . Without Sanctuary.
341. Web site: #24 Elias Clayton . The lynching of nineteen-year-old Elias Clayton, nineteen-year-old Elmer Jackson, and twenty-year-old Isaac McGhie. June 15, 1920, Duluth, Minnesota. . Without Sanctuary.
342. Web site: Duluth Lynchings: On line Resource . Minnesota Historical Society . July 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060221224830/http://collections.mnhs.org/DuluthLynchings/incarcerations. February 21, 2006 . live.
343. Web site: A pair of lynchings year before massacre shook Tulsa . July 2, 2020 . . May 31, 2020 . July 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200704022302/https://www.tulsaworld.com/tulsa-race-massacre-a-pair-of-lynchings-year-before-massacre-shook-tulsa/article_72a4115e-541c-54b6-b765-79d3276c6f4b.html . live .
344. Web site: Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Florida. The Ocoee Riot. February 22, 2018. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211717/http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0021874/00001. live.
345. Web site: Lynching of Henry Cade – November 20, 1921 . May 5, 2021 . May 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205701/http://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/447 . live .
346. Web site: 2020-06-20. The Lynching of Jess Eley as submitted to the National Peace Museum Montgomery Alabama. 2020-06-20. Vimeo. mdy-all. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184533/https://vimeo.com/418232092. live.
347. Web site: 2020-12-21. Hanging of Jesse Eley. 2020-12-21. Geni. mdy-all.
348. Book: Lynching. Harry. Haywood. Milton. Howard. 1932. June 1, 2021.
349. Web site: Lynching of "Curly" Hackney – December 13, 1921 . May 5, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184742/https://www.lynchingintexas.org/items/show/456#&gid=1&pid=1 . live .
350. Web site: FENWICK . TYLER . 2022-03-16 . Lynching victim remembered 100 years later with headstone, corrected death certificate . 2022-03-29 . Indianapolis Recorder . en-US.
351. Book: Henry, C. Michael. Race, poverty, and domestic policy. June 3, 2004. New Haven : Yale University Press. Internet Archive. 31. 9780300095418.
352. Book: Ginzburg, Ralph. 100 Years of Lynchings. registration. 166. 1988. Black Classic Press. 9780933121188. en.
353. News: New plaque memorializes 1923 lynching victim James T. Scott. Columbia Missourian. Ann. Marion. September 30, 2016. May 25, 2018. June 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030221/https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/new-plaque-memorializes-lynching-victim-james-t-scott/article_a59c3b3a-8765-11e6-ae5c-b7b64a4a45ed.html. live.
354. News: Columbia Missourian. Legacy of a lynching. Barton Grover. Howe. May 8, 2003. May 25, 2018. May 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180526112917/https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/local/legacy-of-a-lynching/pdf_d011a4fa-8963-11e5-824c-ef3e5ef91961.html. live.
355. Book: The Crisis. October 1923. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.. en. 260. October 6, 2020. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184719/https://books.google.com/books?id=81kEAAAAMBAJ&q=Abraham+Wilson+Newberry&pg=PA260. live.
356. News: Mob Lynches Negro Boy Who Shot Grocer. Body of Masked Men Take Him From Hospital. Samuel Smith, 15, Left hanging near home of Ike Eastwood, Whom he wounded Friday night.. May 2, 2018. Nashville Tennessean. December 16, 1924. 1; 5. Newspapers.com. registration. September 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013457/http://www.newspapers.com/image/178417744/. live.
357. Web site: Prince . David . The Fiction of Atticus Finch Meets the Reality of James PrinceThe Fiction of Atticus Finch Meets the Reality of James Prince . University of Nebraska-Lincoln . American Judges Association . February 7, 2023.
358. News: Memories of 1925 lynching linger in Waverly. Frank. Green. Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 2, 2014. October 15, 2018. July 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200712220908/https://www.richmond.com/news/state-regional/memories-of-lynching-linger-in-waverly/article_fdd4a998-fee4-5339-8b4c-7790f0ce7e49.html. live.
359. Web site: Lynching in Waverly, Virginia, Is Revisited. March 7, 2014. October 15, 2018. Equal Justice Initiative. October 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181015231623/https://eji.org/news/lynching-waverly-virginia-revisited. live.
360. News: Stepzinski . Teresa . Jacksonville lynching victim killed by police, then put on display in 1925. Florida Times-Union . February 22, 2021.
361. News: Brooke. James. 1998-04-04 . mdy-all. Memories of Lynching Divide a Town. en-US. The New York Times. 2020-08-07. 0362-4331. January 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180131021935/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/04/us/memories-of-lynching-divide-a-town.html. live.
362. News: George.Buddington.1926. The Cincinnati Enquirer. 10. mdy-all. 2019-01-09. January 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013907/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7632965/georgebuddington1926/. live.
363. Web site: Party ambush – September 7, 1926. lynchingintexas.org. 4 January 2022.
364. News: Scruggs . David C . Scales Of Justice Hung From Tree With 1 Strong Limb . December 18, 2018 . January 15, 1989 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044545/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-01-15/news/8901170137_1_eau-gallie-rossetter-lynching . live .
365. News: Florida Frontiers 'The Lynching of James Clark' . December 18, 2018 . December 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044514/https://myfloridahistory.org/frontiers/article/129 . live .
366. Web site: #52 James Clark . The lynching of James Clark, handcuffed. July 11, 1926, Eau Gallie, Florida. . Without Sanctuary.
367. News: Grand Lake Mystery May Be Cleared Up . October 28, 2020 . The Steamboat Pilot . 42 . 5 . Chas. A. Leckenby . August 18, 1926 . Steamboat Springs, CO . 1 . July 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184719/https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=STP19260818.2.9&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxCO%7CtxTA-%22grand+lake+mystery%22-------0----- . live .
368. News: The Law's Too Slow . 19 . . January 1928 . May 22, 2021 . April 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418220454/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsZAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 . live .
369. Book: Annual Report . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . 29 . 1927.
370. Web site: John Carter: A Scapegoat for Anger. Stephanie. Harp. August 9, 2012. America's Black Holocaust Museum. January 12, 2018. January 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180113095959/http://abhmuseum.org/the-lynching-of-john-carter/. live.
371. News: Winston mob burns negroes at the stake . 19 September 2022 . Clarion-Ledger . June 14, 1927.
372. News: Man Killed: Mob Negroes . Winston County Journal . June 17, 1927.
373. News: Dying Mexican Lynched by Trio. Evening Star. W.D. Wallach & Hope . Washington, District of Columbia. 2331-9968. 2260929. 1–36. March 18, 2022.
374. News: Brookhaven jail is stormed by armed mob . Tampa Times . Tampa, Florida . June 30, 1928.
375. News: Schwarz . Ted . I'll Get My Rest When the Lord Is Done With Me Here . January 10, 2019 . August 13, 2008 . January 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190111054839/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/ill-get-my-rest-when-the-lord-is-done-with-me-here/Content?oid=1520629 . live .
376. Web site: The daily worker. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1924–1958, April 18, 1930, Final City Edition, Image 1]. National Endowment for the. Humanities. April 18, 1930. chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
377. Web site: anti lynching poster – Bing. www.bing.com.
378. News: Lynching Black Man, Now 78, Relates Narrow Escape, Tells How Two Companions Were Lynched In Indiana In 1930. February 14, 1993. Charles. Leroux. Sun-Sentinel. January 2, 2018. January 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035450/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/news/9301090503_1_lynching-black-man-museum-ebony-pictorial-history. live.
379. Web site: The Lynching of Oliver Moore » FREEMAN VINES | HANGING TREE GUITARS.
380. Book: Thompson, Nolan. Sherman Riot of 1930. Handbook of Texas Online. 2010. May 28, 2018. June 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180614080124/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jcs06. live.
381. Web site: Lynching of Higinio Mendiola – December 29, 1931. lynchingintexas.org. 5 January 2022.
382. Web site: Elizabeth Lawrence, July 5, 1933, Birmingham . February 28, 2019 . January 14, 2021 . January 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210116073013/https://birminghamwatch.org/elizabeth-lawrence-july-5-1933-birmingham/ . live.
383. News: McPhate. Mike. When a San Jose mob stormed a jail and lynched two men. September 25, 2018. The California Sun. November 29, 2017. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184736/https://medium.californiasun.co/1933-san-jose-lynching-john-holmes-thomas-thurmond-brooke-hart-d0ef282554b3?gi=fc76e7c2e55. live.
384. Web site: Reuben Micou Lynched in Winston County, Mississippi. Equal Justice Initiative. April 21, 2021. April 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210421011030/https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/2. live.
385. News: Guzzo . Ppaul . Tampa lynching memorial's location, wording is set . 4 April 2022 . Tampa Times . March 31, 2022.
386. Web site: Black Man Wrongly Arrested and Jailed; Lynched Days Later in Tampa, Florida . Equal Justice Initiative . 4 April 2022.
387. News: A Lynching's Long Shadow. Vanessa. Gregory. April 25, 2018. New York Times Magazine. May 9, 2018. May 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180510054208/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/magazine/a-lynchings-long-shadow.html. live.
388. Web site: #75 Two unidentified males . Lynching of two unidentified African American males, white man squatting, hides face as he stills corpses. . Without Sanctuary.
389. News: His Name Was Rubin Stacy. Fort Lauderdale Magazine . August 1, 2018. March 6, 2020. July 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721181801/https://fortlauderdalemagazine.com/his-name-was-rubin-stacy/. live.
390. News: Mob lynched black man in Fort Lauderdale 75 years ago. July 17, 2010. Robert. Nolin. Sun-Sentinel. December 29, 2017. July 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150724122127/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-07-17/news/fl-reuben-stacey-lynching-20100719_1_lynched-white-woman-reuben-stacey. live.
391. News: The Day They Lynched Reuben Stacey. July 17, 1988. Bryan. Brooks. Sun-Sentinel. December 29, 2017. January 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214848/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-07-17/features/8802110707_1_black-man-lynching-pine-tree. live.
392. News: Cheers and tears. A lynch mob killed Reuben Stacy. Now, a street sign bears his name. Susannah. Bryan. Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, Florida). February 9, 2022. 1.
393. Web site: #51 Rubin Stacy . The lynching of Rubin Stacy. Onlookers, including four young girls. . Without Sanctuary.
394. Web site: Chief of Police Frank R. Daw . 2022-06-09 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
395. Web site: #1 Clyde Johnson . The corpse of Clyde Johnson. August 3, 1935 . Yreka, California. . Without Sanctuary.
396. Web site: Madera Tribune April 14, 1937 — California Digital Newspaper Collection. cdnc.ucr.edu. January 6, 2021. July 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210704184743/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19370414.2.2. live.
397. https://books.google.com/books?id=wEUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Lynching&pg=PA30 Life Magazine August 30, 1937
398. Howard, W. T. (1988). Vigilante Justice and National Reaction: The 1937 Tallahassee Double Lynching. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 67(1), 32–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30147922
399. Book: Bennett, Kathy. Tennessee Encyclopedia. Lynching. University of Tennessee Press. 2017. November 22, 2018. November 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122220239/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/lynching/. live.
400. Book: Ward, Jason Morgan. Hanging bridge : racial violence and America's civil rights century. Oxford University Press. 2016. 9780199376568. 921864717.
401. Web site: Close to Home. The New York Times. Teachout, Terry. May 30, 1999. December 26, 2017. November 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151108103228/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/30/bookend/bookend.html. live.
402. News: Before Emmett Till's Death, Willie James Howard, 15, Was Murdered in Fla.. The Root. March 8, 2018. Tonya J.. Wethersbee. August 29, 2015. March 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103826/https://www.theroot.com/before-emmett-till-s-death-willie-james-howard-15-wa-1790860932. live.
403. Web site: Ashley . Kevin . 2023-04-27 . Death on the Ferry: The Alton Collier Story . 2024-06-23 . The Coronado Black History Project.
404. Web site: Hyson . Katie . 2024-05-24 . His San Diego death certificate says 'suicide.' Now he's being recognized as California's third lynching victim. . 2024-06-23 . . en.
405. Web site: Deaderick . Lisa . 2024-05-26 . Coronado man's death ruled suicide in 1946, today recognized as 'racial terror lynching' . 2024-06-23 . . en-US.
406. Web site: Isadore Banks (Murder of) . January 10, 2019 . January 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235110/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=6425 . live .
407. News: Emmett Till Sign Is Hit With Bullets Again, 35 Days After Being Replaced. The New York Times. August 6, 2018. Haag. Matthew. August 8, 2018. August 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180807170849/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/us/emmett-till-sign-bullets.html. live.
408. Book: The FBI and the KKK: A Critical History. Newton, M.. 2005. 9781476605104. 151. McFarland . January 6, 2016. July 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200710230124/https://books.google.com/books?id=YcOSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151. live.
409. Web site: Nearly lynched in the 1960s, New Haven man uses art to teach others about the past. 2017-03-02. FOX 61. en. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133549/https://fox61.com/2017/03/01/nearly-lynched-in-the-1960s-new-haven-man-uses-art-to-teach-others-about-the-past/. live.
410. Web site: The Indelible Images of Winfred Rembert The Folk Art Society of America. folkart.org. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629112609/https://folkart.org/mag/winfred-rembert. live.
411. Web site: All Me: The Life and Times of Winfred Rembert. allmethemovie.com. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. July 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190708073654/http://allmethemovie.com/. live.
412. Web site: Ashes to Ashes. 2019-05-07. Mountainfilm. en. mdy-all. 2019-06-29. June 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626104637/https://www.mountainfilm.org/media/ashes-to-ashes. live.
413. News: He Survived A Near-Lynching. 50 Years Later, He's Still Healing. 2019-11-15. NPR. mdy-all. 2020-07-20. August 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803111856/https://www.npr.org/2019/11/15/779274693/he-survived-a-near-lynching-50-years-later-hes-still-healing. live.
414. Web site: Willie Turks, a black MTA worker, was pulled from a car and killed by a white mob in 1982. nydailynews.comm. June 21, 2015 . mdy-all. 2020-01-20. May 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105022/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/willie-turks-killed-white-mob-brooklyn-1982-article-1.2261162. live.
415. News: Fried. Joseph P.. 1983-04-01 . mdy-all. MAXIMUM SENTENCE IS GIVEN TO YOUTH IN KILLING OF BLACK (Published 1983). en-US. The New York Times. 2021-01-25. 0362-4331. January 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131162725/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/01/nyregion/maximum-sentence-is-given-to-youth-in-killing-of-black.html. live.
416. News: Chan . Sewell . 2009-08-21 . The Death of Yusuf Hawkins, 20 Years Later . 2024-02-05 . New York Times . en. September 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927003043/https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/the-death-of-yusuf-hawkins-20-years-later/ . live.
417. Web site: Dunne . Carey . 2015-08-24 . This Week in Brooklyn History: Yusef Hawkins, African-American 16-Year-Old, Murdered by Mob of White Teens in 1989 . 2024-02-10 . Brooklyn Magazine.
418. Web site: A Jewish youth is killed by a mob. 2021-01-25. HISTORY. en. January 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210123144545/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/a-jewish-youth-is-killed-by-a-mob. live.
419. News: McKinley. James C. Jr.. 1991-09-10 . mdy-all. Dinkins Describes Killing of Jew In Crown Heights as a 'Lynching' (Published 1991). en-US. The New York Times. 2021-01-26. 0362-4331. January 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210130122357/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/10/nyregion/dinkins-describes-killing-of-jew-in-crown-heights-as-a-lynching.html. live.
420. News: Teen Describes How 2 Men Set Black Tourist On Fire. January 9, 2018. August 29, 1993. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143315/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1993-08-29/news/9308290356_1_pellett-levinson-kohut. live.