List of long term side effects of antipsychotics explained

This is a general list of long-term side effects associated with Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication.

Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage.

The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence.[1] [2]

These side effects are serious and some of them are permanent, and many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development. Much is still being discovered about long term side- effects and insufficient research has been done to verify the mechanistic causes and severity of these long term side-effects

Overprescription of antipsychotics among seniors with dementia is evident[3] [4] [5] [6] in spite of side effects.

List of potential long-term side effects

There has been a study that suggests antipsychotics are associated with possible cortical reconfiguration and gray matter loss, but correlational data also suggests patients who consume antipsychotics, like people with schizophrenia, tend to engage in unhealthy habits like smoking which may exacerbate gray matter loss.[19]

There are very few studies on healthy controls. There are also few studies of long term effects on animal controls. There are no studies on the long-term effects of polypharmacy (prescribing more than one anti-psychotic at a time), although the practice has been widespread.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Drugmakers discover tardive dyskinesia. And they profit in it. . Martha Rosenberg . November 2019 .
  2. Waln . Olga . Jankovic . Joseph . An Update on Tardive Dyskinesia: From Phenomenology to Treatment . Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements . 12 July 2013 . 3 . 03 . 10.7916/D88P5Z71 . 23858394 . 3709416 .
  3. Gustafsson . Maria . Karlsson . Stig . Lövheim . Hugo . Inappropriate long-term use of antipsychotic drugs is common among people with dementia living in specialized care units . BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology . December 2013 . 14 . 1 . 10 . 10.1186/2050-6511-14-10 . 23391323 . 3575309 . free .
  4. News: Jaffe . Ina . Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes . NPR . 5 February 2018 .
  5. News: Spielmans . Glen I. . Atypical antipsychotics: overrated and overprescribed . The Pharmaceutical Journal . 25 February 2015 .
  6. Web site: Antipsychotic overprescribing in people with learning disabilities . National Elf Service . 15 June 2016 .
  7. Yaffe . K. . Boustani . M. . Benzodiazepines and risk of Alzheimer's disease . BMJ . 9 September 2014 . 349 . sep09 6 . g5312 . 10.1136/bmj.g5312 . 25205606 . 206903228 .
  8. Sultzer . David L. . Davis . Sonia M. . Tariot . Pierre N. . Dagerman . Karen S. . Lebowitz . Barry D. . Lyketsos . Constantine G. . Rosenheck . Robert A. . Hsiao . John K. . Lieberman . Jeffrey A. . Schneider . Lon S. . Clinical Symptom Responses to Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Alzheimer's Disease: Phase 1 Outcomes from the CATIE-AD Effectiveness Trial . The American Journal of Psychiatry . July 2008 . 165 . 7 . 844–854 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779 . 18519523 . 2714365 .
  9. Rehse . Michael . Bartolovic . Marina . Baum . Katlehn . Richter . Dagmar . Weisbrod . Matthias . Roesch-Ely . Daniela . Influence of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Loads on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research and Treatment . 2016 . 2016 . 1–10 . 10.1155/2016/8213165 . 27144021 . 4842070 . free .
  10. Tampi . Rajesh R. . Tampi . Deena J. . Balachandran . Silpa . Srinivasan . Shilpa . Antipsychotic use in dementia: a systematic review of benefits and risks from meta-analyses . Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease . September 2016 . 7 . 5 . 229–245 . 10.1177/2040622316658463 . 27583123 . 4994396 .
  11. MacKenzie . Nicole E. . Kowalchuk . Chantel . Agarwal . Sri Mahavir . Costa-Dookhan . Kenya A. . Caravaggio . Fernando . Gerretsen . Philip . Chintoh . Araba . Remington . Gary J. . Taylor . Valerie H. . Müeller . Daniel J. . Graff-Guerrero . Ariel . Hahn . Margaret K. . Antipsychotics, Metabolic Adverse Effects, and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia . Frontiers in Psychiatry . 2018-12-05 . 9 . 622 . 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00622 . 30568606 . 6290646 . free .
  12. Mueller . Christoph . John . Christeena . Perera . Gayan . Aarsland . Dag . Ballard . Clive . Stewart . Robert . Antipsychotic use in dementia: the relationship between neuropsychiatric symptom profiles and adverse outcomes . European Journal of Epidemiology . January 2021 . 36 . 1 . 89–101 . 10.1007/s10654-020-00643-2 . 32415541 . 218652987 . 7847435 .
  13. Steinberg . Martin . Lyketsos . Constantine G. . Atypical Antipsychotic Use in Patients with Dementia: Managing Safety Concerns . The American Journal of Psychiatry . September 2012 . 169 . 9 . 900–906 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030342 . 22952071 . 3516138 .
  14. Holt . Richard I. G. . Association Between Antipsychotic Medication Use and Diabetes . Current Diabetes Reports . October 2019 . 19 . 10 . 96 . 10.1007/s11892-019-1220-8 . 31478094 . 6718373 .
  15. Keskin . Necla . Tamam . Lut . Paliperidone-related gynecomastia and treatment: a case report . Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences . 2017-09-22 . 258–261 . 10.5350/DAJPN2017300310 . free .
  16. Tewksbury . Ashley . Olander . Amy . Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia . Mental Health Clinician . 2016-07-01 . 6 . 4 . 185–190 . 10.9740/mhc.2016.07.185 . 29955468 . 6007722 .
  17. Muller . Pavel . Seeman . Philip . Dopaminergic supersensitivity after neuroleptics: Time-course and specificity . Psychopharmacology . 1978 . 60 . 1 . 1–11 . 10.1007/BF00429171 . 32574 . 22880818 .
  18. Dayabandara . Madhubhashinee . Hanwella . Raveen . Ratnatunga . Suhashini . Seneviratne . Sudarshi . Suraweera . Chathurie . de Silva . Varuni . Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence . Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment . August 2017 . 13 . 2231–2241 . 10.2147/NDT.S113099 . 28883731 . 5574691 . free .
  19. Ho . Beng-Choon . Andreasen . Nancy C. . Ziebell . Steven . Pierson . Ronald . Magnotta . Vincent . Long-term Antipsychotic Treatment and Brain Volumes: A Longitudinal Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry . 2011-02-07 . 68 . 2 . 128–137 . 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199 . 21300943 . 3476840 .

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