List of local anesthetics explained

This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest.

Drug	Other common names	Image	First synthesis	Dates of clinical use	Chemical/structural class	Duration of effect
amylocaine	Stovaine		1904 (Ernest Fourneau)		ester- benzoic
ambucaine		^[1]			diester - aminosalicylic
articaine	Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine				Amide
benzocaine	Anbesol, Orajel				Ester - Aminobenzoic	Short
benzonatate	Tessalon	200px
bupivacaine	Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine		1957 (Ekenstam)	1963 (Widman and Telivuo)	Amide	Moderate
butacaine					ester- aminobenzoic
butanilicaine					Amide
chloroprocaine	Nesacaine				Ester - Aminobenzoic
cinchocaine (INN)	dibucaine (USAN), Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine		1925 (Meischer)	1930 (Uhlmann)	Ester - Aminobenzoic
cocaine			1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter)	1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted)	Ester - Benzoic
cyclomethycaine		^[2]			Ester - hydroxybenzoic
dibucaine		^[3]			Amide
diperodon		^[4] ^[5]
dimethocaine	larocaine
eucaine	α-Eucaine, β-eucaine		1900. α^[6] β^[7] ^[8]
etidocaine	Duranest		1971 (Takman)	1972 (Lund)
hexylcaine	Cyclaine, Osmocaine
fomocaine		^[9]			ester - phenyl
fotocaine
hydroxyprocaine		^[10]			ester - aminosalicylic
isobucaine		^[11]			Ester - benzoic
levobupivacaine	Chirocaine		1990s (Mather and Tucker)	1995
lidocaine^[12] ^[13] (lignocaine)	Xylocaine		1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist)	1947 (Torsten Gordh)
mepivacaine	Carbocaine, Polocaine		1956 (Ekenstam and Egner)	1957 (Dhuner)
meprylcaine	Epirocain
metabutoxycaine
nitracaine					Ester- Aminobenzoic
orthocaine
oxetacaine (oxethazaine)
oxybuprocaine	benoxinate, Novesine
Paraethoxycaine		^[14]
phenacaine	Holocaine
piperocaine	metycaine
piridocaine		^[15]
pramocaine	pramoxine
prilocaine	Citanest		1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner)	1960 (Wielding)
Primacaine
procaine	Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine		1904 (Alfred Einhorn)	1905 (Heinrich Braun)
procainamide
proparacaine	proxymetacaine
propoxycaine^[16]
Pyrrocaine		^[17]
quinisocaine (INN)	dimethisoquin (USAN)	^[18]
ropivacaine	Naropin		1957 (Ekenstam)	1997
trimecaine	Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain
tetracaine	amethocaine, Dicaine, Pontocaine		1928 (O. Eisleb)	1931
Tolycaine		^[19]
Tropacocaine^[20]

See also

• 4-Aminobenzoic acid
• Amino amide
• Amino esters
• Anesthesia
• Anesthetic
• Brachial plexus block
• Cocaine analogues: local anesthetics
• Dental anesthesia
• Dibucaine number
• Epidural
• Intravenous regional anesthesia
• Local anesthesia
• Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor
• Local anesthetic toxicity
• Methemoglobin
• Sodium channel blocker
• Spinal anesthesia
• Topical anesthesia
• Veterinary anesthesia

Notes and References

1. Büchi. J. Stünzi. E. Flury. M. Hirt. R. Labhart. P. Ragaz. L. Über lokalanästhetisch wirksame basische Ester und Amide verschiedener Alkoxy-amino-benzoesäuren. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 1951. 34. 4. 1002–1013. 10.1002/hlca.19510340404.
2. S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68,2592 (1946).
3. K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932).
4. 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
5. M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942).
6. 10.1002/jlac.19033280303. Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328. 3. 322–326. 1903. Harries . C..
7. G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896).
8. H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924).
9. Schoenberger. Matthias. Damijonaitis. Arunas. Zhang. Zinan. Nagel. Daniel. Trauner. Dirk. Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5. 7. 2014. 514–518. 1948-7193. 10.1021/cn500070w. 4102962. 24856540.
10. W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917).
11. J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc,67, 933 (1945).
12. Web site: Lignocaine - C14H22N2O . ChemSpider . 2015-10-13.
13. Web site: Lidocaine . The Merck Index Online . 2015-10-13 .
14. W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691(1946).
15. L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61,1713 (1939).
16. Clinton. R. O.. Salvador. U. J.. Laskowski. S. C.. Wilson. Mary. Derivatives of 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid. II. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1952. 74. 3. 592–598. 10.1021/ja01123a005.
17. N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11,1724 (1957).
18. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930).
19. R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, (1960).
20. Jowett. Hooper Albert Dickinson. Pyman. Frank Lee. CXVI.—Relation between chemical constitution and physiological action in the tropeines. Part II. J. Chem. Soc., Trans.. 1909. 95. 1020–1032. 10.1039/CT9099501020.