The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its direct Austronesian roots, incorporating words from Malay, Hokkien, Spanish, Nahuatl, English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, and Quechua.
See also: Spanish language in the Philippines, Spanish influence on Filipino culture and Chavacano.
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis didn't reveal the frequency of the usage of these words by native speakers, a study was conducted by Antonio Quilis in order to understand the percentage of Spanish-derived words used by Filipinos in their daily conversations. Through his studies, the results of which were published in 1973 in the case of Tagalog and in 1976 in the case of Cebuano, it was found out that 20.4% of the lexicon used by Tagalog speakers were of Spanish origin, while it was 20.5% in the case of Cebuano.[1] According to Patrick O. Steinkrüger, depending on the text type, around 20% of the vocabulary in a Tagalog text are of Spanish origin.[2] In an analysis of a Tagalog-language corpus consisting of random news, fiction and non-fiction articles published between 2005 and 2015, Ekaterina Baklanova found out that Spanish-derived words constitute 20% of the lexicon used.[3] An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):
Tagalog: "Puwede (Puede) ba akóng umupô sa silya (silla) sa tabí ng bintanà (ventana) hábang nása biyahe (viaje) táyo sa eroplano (aeroplano)?"
Translation in English: ("May I sit on the chair near the window during our voyage in the aeroplane?")
The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940[4] changed the spelling of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The spellings of Spanish loanwords were reformed according to the new orthographic rules. Examples include:
agila (from Sp. águila), alkalde (from Sp. alcalde), bakuna (from Sp. vacuna), banyo (from Sp. baño), baso (from Sp. vaso), biktima (from Sp. víctima), bintanà (from Sp. ventana), bisita (from Sp. visita), biyahe (from Sp. viaje), braso (from Sp. brazo), demokrasya (from Sp. democracia), diyaryo (from Sp. diario), estudyante (from Sp. estudiante), henerál (from Sp. general), hustisya (from Sp. justicia), kama (from Sp. cama), kambiyo (from Sp. cambio de marcha), keso (from Sp. queso), kutsara (from Sp. cuchara), kuwarto (from Sp. cuarto), kuwento (from Sp. cuento), lababo (from Sp. lavabo), mensahe (from Sp. mensaje), meryenda (from Sp. merienda), mikrobyo (from Sp. microbio), niyebe (from Sp. nieve), panyô (from Sp. paño), pila (from Sp. fila), plema (from Sp. flema), presyo (from Sp. precio), prinsesa (from Sp. princesa), reseta (from Sp. receta médica), reyna (from Sp. reina), serbisyo (from Sp. servicio), sinturón (from Sp. cinturón), teklado (from Sp. teclado), telebisyón (from Sp. televisión), tinidór (from Sp. tenedor), trabaho (from Sp. trabajo), tuwalya (from Sp. toalla) and yelo (from Sp. hielo).[5] [6] [7]
Other loanwords underwent phonological changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift observed in the Filipino word pamintá, which came from the Spanish word pimienta, and a pre-nasal /e/ to /u/ vowel shift observed in several words such as unanò (from Sp. enano) and umpisá (from Sp. empezar). Prothetic /a/ is added in the loanwords alisto (from Sp. listo) and aplaya (from Sp. playa).[8] Other words underwent vowel deletion, e.g., pustá (from Sp. apostar), tarantado (from Sp. atarantado), kursonada (from Sp. corazonada), Paskó (from Sp. Pascua) and labì (from Sp. labio).
Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words:
albularyo (folk healer, from Sp. herbolario), alma (from Sp. armar), almusál (from Sp. almorzar), asukal (from Sp. azúcar), balbás (from Sp. barba), bandilà (from. Sp. bandera), dasál (from Sp. rezar), hiblá (thread or strand, from Sp. hebra), hilo (dizzy, from Sp. giro), hulmá (to mould, from Sp. ahormar), kasál (from Sp. casar), kumpisál (from Sp. confesar), lagadera (from Sp. regadera), litratista (photographer, from Sp. retratista), litrato (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. retrato), multo (from Sp. muerto), nunál (from Sp. lunar), pastól (from Sp. pastor) and pasyál (from Sp. pasear).
The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutsón derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino[9] (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. talento) and tina[10] (dye, from Sp. tinta). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limós (from Sp. limosna), masyado (from Sp. demasiado), posas (from Sp. esposas), restawran[11] (from Sp. restaurante), riles (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. carriles), sigurado (from asegurado), sindí (from Sp. encender) and sintunado (from Sp. desentonado).
The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words baryá (from Sp. barrilla[12]), kabayò (from Sp. caballo), kutamaya (from. Sp. cota de malla), lauya (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. la olla), sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) and tabliya or tablea (from Sp. tablilla de chocolate). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog might have been introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century.[13] Examples include apelyido (from Sp. apellido), balyena (from Sp. ballena), kalye (from Sp. calle), kutsilyo (from Sp. cuchillo), makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla de escribir), sepilyo (from Sp. cepillo de dientes), silya (from Sp. silla) and sigarilyo (from Sp. cigarrillo). There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair laryo and ladrilyo, both from Sp. ladrillo.[14] There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case in kulani (lymph node, from Sp. collarín).
Vestigial influences of Middle Spanish voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include relos (clock or wristwatch, from Sp. reloj, pronounced as /reˈloʃ/ in Middle Spanish), sabón (soap, from Sp. jabón, pronounced as /ʃaˈbon/ in Middle Spanish), saro (pitcher or jug, from Sp. jarro, pronounced as /ˈʃaro/ in Middle Spanish), sugál (to gamble, from Sp. jugar, pronounced as /ʃuˈgar/ in Middle Spanish) and tasá (to sharpen, from Sp. tajar, pronounced as /taˈʃar/ in Middle Spanish).[15] Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as [h], which is the standard pronunciation in other Spanish dialects. Example cases include ahedres (from Sp. ajedrez), anghél (from Sp. ángel), halayá (from Sp. jalea), hardín (from Sp. jardín), hepe (police chief, from Sp. jefe), kahera and kahero (cashier, from Sp. cajera and cajero respectively) and kahón (from Sp. cajón). There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the cases of Tagalog muson and mohon (both from Sp. mojón) and relos and relo (both from Sp. reloj).
The compound word batya't palo–palo, a phrase in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for "washing tub" and palo for "stick", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all because of the Tagalog verb palò which means "strike".
Some loanwords have been associated to new meanings, such as kursonada (corazonada, originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; sospetsoso (sospechoso) is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; insekto ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige (sigue), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is popularly understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".
Some Spanish affixes are combined with Tagalog words to make new words. For example, pakialamero (from Tag. pakialam, "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix –ero, masculine subject); majongero ("mahjong", ultimately from Chinese, and the Sp. suffix –ero); basketbolista, boksingero. Daisysiete is a word play and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish diecisiete ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (17 year-old) female. Bastusing katawán (Sp.: basto -> bastós & Tag.: katawán) is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body.
Tagalog still uses Spanish language influence in coining new words, e.g., alaskadór ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); bérde ("verde"="green", nuanced to "toilet humour" or "blue joke", a literal Tagalog translation of Philippine English term "green(-minded)".); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country.
See also: Tagalog grammar.
Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal, there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog.[16] Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions, as will be discussed in more detail below.
All of the interrogative words used in Tagalog are not related to Spanish, with the exception of kumustá. The word kumustá is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está? and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English how.[17] Kumustá can also be used as a greeting (similar to English "Hello!") or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello". The native term can be used as Ohoy and Taupo, however these were lost in translations.
Tagalog has several comparative markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle mas (meaning "more", from Sp. más), in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than" (kaysa + sa-marker, sa, kay), is used as a comparative marker of non-equality.[18] Another comparative marker of non-equality is kumpará[19] (from Sp. comparado), usually followed with the appropriate sa-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word pareho (from Sp. parejo), commonly employed with the Tagalog linker -ng, is used as a comparative marker of equality.[20]
There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as modals upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing deontic modality (i.e. modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing epistemic modality (i.e. modals concerned with degrees of reality).
Deontic modality in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs".[21] An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is gusto (from Sp. gusto), which is used to denote preference or desire. Gusto is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts newly adapted to this usage such as nais or ibig, since these two words are usually perceived as more formal than gustó and are more commonly used in literature than in colloquial speech; in native Tagalog synonyms, nais is more commonly used in colloquial speech than ibig as an alternate of gustó and also commonly used as a noun for "desire", "want", or "wish". Another example is puwede (from Sp. puede), which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word puwede co-exists with its equivalent maaárì and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with puwede only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than maaarì.[22]
Epistemic modality in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker -ng or na. An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is sigurado + -ng (from Sp. seguro + -ado), with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a synonym of Tagalog tiyak, sigurado is derived from "asegurado", "assured". The word siguro (from Sp. seguro) is an epistemic modal marking moderate degree of probability, with the meaning of "maybe", "probably" or "perhaps". The word siguro is also identified by the linguist Ekaterina Baklanova as a Spanish-derived discourse marker in Tagalog, thus contrasting the claims of other scholars such as Patrick Steinkrüger that none of the numerous discourse markers in Tagalog are of Spanish origin.[23] Similarly to Tagalog, the word siguro is also considered as an adverbial clitic in Cebuano[24] and in Masbateño.[25] Posible + -ng (from Sp. posible), which can be translated to English as "possibly", is a Tagalog epistemic modal marking low degree of probability. Examples of Spanish-derived Tagalog epistemic modals marking excessive degree of intensity include masyado + -ng (from Sp. demasiado) and sobra + -ng (from Sp. sobra) while medyo (from Sp. medio) marks moderate degree of intensity.
Several conjunctions in Tagalog have Spanish-derived etymological roots. The Tagalog disjunctive conjunction o (from Sp. o, meaning "or") has completely substituted the old Tagalog equivalent "kun",[26] rendering the latter obsolete. Two Spanish-derived counter-expectational adversative conjunctions used in Tagalog are pero (from Sp. pero) and kaso (from Sp. caso),[27] both of which are considered as synonyms of the Tagalog counterparts ngunit, subalit, etc. The Tagalog ni (from Sp. ni) can be used as a negative repetitive conjunction, similar to the English "neither...nor" construction. When not repeated, ni assumes a scalar focus value stripped of all its conjunction function, translatable to English as "not even".[28] Basta (from Sp. basta), when used as a conditional conjunction, assumes a meaning similar to English "as long as" or "provided that". Maski (from Sp. mas que) is a synonym of Tagalog kahit and both are used as Tagalog concessive conjunctions.[29] Porke (from Sp. porque) assumes the function of causal conjunction in Tagalog and it is used to express an ironic or critical attitude, translatable to English as "just because" or "only because"; porke is a synonym of Tagalog dahil (exact translation of "because") and dahil lang (lámang) (exact translation of "just because" and "only because"), and all are used as Tagalog causal conjunctions.[30] The Tagalog puwera (kung) (from Sp. fuera) is used as a negative exceptive conditional conjunction, translatable in English as "unless" or "except if", used alongside "maliban sa" or "liban sa". The Tagalog oras na (from Sp. hora) is a temporal conjunction which can be translated in English as "the moment that". The Tagalog imbés na (from Sp. en vez) is used as an implicit adversative conjunction and it can be translated in English as "instead of". The Tagalog para (from Sp. para), when used to introduce verb-less or basic-form predicates, assumes the role of a purposive conjunction. However, if followed by the appropriate dative sa-marker, para assumes the role of a benefactive marker in Tagalog.
Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of semantic shift or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language (in this case, Spanish). A type of semantic shift is the so-called semantic narrowing, which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word kuryente (meaning "electricity" or "electric current") comes from the Spanish word corriente, which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word corriente into Tagalog as kuryente, it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ruweda (meaning "Ferris wheel"), a term derived from the Spanish word rueda which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ruweda underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.
Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word libre, which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word free, although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "without cost or payment" or "free of charge", a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term gratis would be more fitting; Tagalog word libre can also mean free in aspect of time, like "Libre ang oras" ("The time/hour is free", in the sense that the time is available). Another example is the Tagalog word iskiyerda, derived from the Spanish term izquierda meaning "left" as opposed to "right", although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "to leave".
Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:
| Tagalog | Spanish-derived word | Meaning in Tagalog | Spanish equivalent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| alahero | alhajero (“jewel case”) | jeweller; jewel-maker | joyero | |
| algodón | algodón (“cotton”) | false trevally (Lactarius lactarius)[31] | pagapa; pez blanco | |
| alpahór[32] | alfajor (Spanish traditional confection) | bilo-bilo (sticky rice balls in coconut milk) | gacha dulce de arroz con leche de coco | |
| almohadilya[33] | almohadilla (“cushion” or “small pillow”) | mousepad | alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse | |
| almusál | almorzar (“to have lunch”) | breakfast | desayuno | |
| asár[34] | asar (“to roast”) | to annoy | molestar | |
| bahura | bajura (“coastal; shallow-water”) | coral reef | arrecife coralina | |
| barako | verraco (“male boar”) | manly; fearless; strong and bitter (as coffee) | varonil | |
| barkada | barcada (“boatload; boat trip”) | group of friends; clique | pandilla de amigos o camaradas | |
| bastá | basta (“enough”) | just so that; as long as | siempre y cuando; siempre que | |
| bida | vida (“life”) | protagonist | protagonista | |
| biskotso | bizcocho (“sponge cake”) | toast bread | pan tostado | |
| boso | buzo (“diver”) | voyeurism | voyerismo | |
| bulsá | bolsa (“bag”) | pocket in garments | bolsillo | |
| dehado | dejado (“left behind; careless”) | underdog; at a disadvantage | desfavorecido; desaventajado | |
| delikado | delicado (“delicate”) | dangerous | peligroso | |
| desgrasya | desgracia (“misfortune”) | accident | accidente | |
| desgrasyada | desgraciada (“unfortunate; miserable”) | unwed mother | madre soltera | |
| deskarte | descarte (“discard”) | resourcefulness | ingeniosidad; capacidad de improvisación | |
| dilihénsiyá | diligencia (“diligence; errand”) | act of asking for a loan or debt; act of borrowing money | pedir un préstamo | |
| engkanto | encanto (“spell; enchantment”) | fairy, elf, or spirit | hada; duende | |
| gisado | guisado (“stew”) | sauteéed | salteado | |
| harana | jarana (“commotion; partying; revelry”) | serenade | serenata | |
| hepe | jefe (“chief; boss”) | police chief (also used as translation of "chief" in general) | comisario; jefe de policía | |
| impakto | impacto (“impact; shock”) | evil spirit | espíritu maligno | |
| inutil | inútil (“useless”) | impotent | sexualmente impotente | |
| iskiyerda | izquierda (“left”) | to leave | irse de; abandonar | |
| kabayo | caballo (“horse”) | ironing board | tabla de planchar | |
| kabesera | cabecera (“head; heading; headboard”) | capital city or town | capital; ciudad cabecera | |
| kakawate | cacahuate (“peanut”) | Gliricidia sepium | madre de cacao | |
| kasi | casi (“much”) | because | porque | |
| kasilyas | casillas (“cubicles”) | toilet; restroom | baño | |
| kasta | casta (“caste; lineage”) | breeding
| crianza; apareamiento; acto sexual | |
| kódigó[35] | código (“code”) | cheat sheet | apunte escondido; acordeón; chuleta | |
| konyo | coño (“vagina”) | socialite; belonging to the upper-class | de clase alta | |
| koryente | corriente (“current”) | electricity; electric current | electricidad; corriente eléctrica | |
| kubeta | cubeta (“bucket”) | toilet; restroom | baño | |
| kulebra | culebra (“snake”) | culebrilla; herpes zóster | ||
| kursunada | corazonada (“hunch”) | object of interest or desire | deseo del corazón | |
| labakara | lavacara (“washbasin”) | face towel | toalla de tocador | |
| lakwatsa | la cuacha (“the excrement”) | truancy; act of loafing around or roaming | vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos | |
| lamyerda | la mierda (“the excrement”) | truancy; out loafing; out roaming | vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos | |
| libre | libre (“free”) | free of charge | gratis | |
| liyamado | llamado (“called'; named, destined”) | favorite (as in betting, races, etc.); at an advantage | favorecido | |
| mantikà | manteca (“lard; butter”) | cooking oil | aceite | |
| palengke | palenque (“stockade; palisade”) | market | mercado | |
| paletada | paletada (“shovelful; trowelful”) | plaster | yeso | |
| papagayo | papagayo (“parrot”) | kite | cometa | |
| parol | farol (“lantern; lamp; streetlight”) | Christmas lantern | estrella navideña | |
| parolero | farolero (“lamplighter”) | Christmas lantern maker | artesano de estrellas navideñas | |
| pasamano | pasamano (“handrail”) | window sill | alféizar, repisa de la ventana | |
| pitso | pecho (“chest; bosom”) | chicken breast | pechuga de pollo | |
| poso negro | pozo negro (“cesspit; cesspool; soak pit”) | septic tank
| fosa séptica | |
| putahe | potaje (“vegetable stew or soup”) | dish; course | plato | |
| rebentadór | reventador (“agitator”) | firecracker | petardo | |
| rekado | recado (“message; errand”) | spices; condiments | especia; condimiento | |
| ruweda | rueda (“wheel”) | Ferris wheel[36] | noria; rueda de la fortuna | |
| semilya | semilla (“seed”) | semen | semen | |
| sentido | sentido (“sense; meaning”) | temple (anatomy) | templo; sien | |
| siguro | seguro (“surely”) | maybe; perhaps; probably | quizás; probablemente | |
| silindro | cilindro (“cylinder”) | harmonica | armónica | |
| sintás | cinta (“ribbon; tape; belt”) | shoelace | cordón de zapato; cintas para zapatos | |
| siyempre | siempre (“always”) | of course | por supuesto | |
| sosyál | social (“social; societal”) | high society
| de clase (social) alta | |
| suplado | soplado (“blown; inflated”) | snobbish; haughty | presuntuoso, arrogante | |
| suporta | soportar (“to withstand; to bear”) | support | apoyo | |
| sustánsiyá | sustancia (“substance”) | nutrient | sustancia nutritiva; nutriente | |
| todas | toda (“all”) | completely killed or exterminated | matar | |
| todo | todo (“all; entire; each; every; etc.”) | all-out; entire; fully; maximum | al máximo | |
| tosino | tocino (“bacon”) | sweet cured meat | carne curada endulzada | |
| tsampurado | champurrado (“chocolate-based atole”) | sweet chocolate rice porridge | arroz al chocolate | |
| tsika | chica (“girl”) | gossip | chisme | |
| turon | turrón (“nougat”) | fried banana roll | rollo de platano frito | |
| tuwalya | toalla (“towel”) | tripe | mondongo; tripa; callos |
Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word.[37] For example, the word butones (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. botones) is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.
| Tagalog | Spanish | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| alahas | alhaja (plural: alhajas) | jewel; jewelry | jewel; jewelry | |
| alkatsopas | alcachofa (plural: alcachofas) | artichoke | artichoke | |
| arátiles | dátil (plural: dátiles) | date (Phoenix dactilyfera) | calabur or Panama cherry (Muntingia calabura) | |
| armás | arma (plural: armas) | weapon; arm | weapon; arm | |
| balbás | barba (plural: barbas) | beard (facial hair) | beard (facial hair) | |
| banyos | baño (plural: baños) | bath; bathroom | sponge bath | |
| bayabas | guayaba (plural: guayabas) | guava | guava | |
| beses | vez (plural: veces) | time (repetition) | time (repetition) | |
| boses | voz (plural: voces) | voice | voice | |
| butones (var. bitones) | botón (plural: botones) | button (clothing) | button (clothing) | |
| datos | dato (plural: datos) | fact; detail; piece of Information; data | data | |
| garbansos | garbanzo (plural: garbanzos) | chickpea | chickpea | |
| gastos | gasto (plural: gastos) | cost; expense; spending | cost; expense; spending | |
| gisantes | guisante (plural: guisantes) | pea | pea | |
| guwantes | guante (plural: guantes) | glove | glove | |
| kalatás[38] | carta (plural: cartas) | letter; chart; charter | paper; white paper; letter; written message | |
| kamatis | tomate (plural: tomates) | tomato | tomato | |
| kasilyas | casilla (plural: casillas) | cubicle; booth | toilet | |
| kastanyas | castaña (plural: castañas) | chestnut | chestnut | |
| kostilyas | costilla (plural: costillas) | rib | rib | |
| kubyertos | cubierto (plural: cubiertos) | cutlery
| cutlery; silverware | |
| kuwerdas | cuerda (plural: cuerdas) | rope; string; chord | string (of a musical instrument) | |
| kuwitis | cohete (plural: cohetes) | rocket | skyrocket (firework) | |
| labanós | rabano (plural: rabanos) | radish | radish | |
| lansones | lanzón[39] (plural: lanzones) | langsat (Lansium domesticum) | langsat (Lansium domesticum) | |
| letsugas | lechuga (plural: lechugas) | lettuce | lettuce | |
| manggás | manga (plural: mangas) | sleeve | sleeve | |
| mansanas | manzana (plural: manzanas) | apple | apple | |
| materyales | material (plural: materiales) | material | material | |
| medyas | media (plural: medias) | sock | sock | |
| notisyas | noticia (plural: noticias) | message, news | notice | |
| opisyales | oficial (plural: oficiales) | officer | Officer | |
| oras | hora (plural: horas) | hour (unit) | hour (unit of time); time | |
| panderetas | pandereta (plural: panderetas) | tambourine | tambourine | |
| palanas | plana (plural: planas) | plain | flat area along a river | |
| papeles | papel (plural: papeles) | paper | document | |
| patatas | patata (plural: patatas) | potato | potato | |
| pares | par (plural: pares) | pair | (noun) pair; (adjective) similar | |
| pasas | pasa (plural: pasas) | raisin | raisin | |
| pastilyas | pastilla (plural: pastillas) | pill; tablet; candy | Sweet milk candy | |
| peras | pera (plural: peras) | pear | pear | |
| perlas | perla (plural: perlas) | pearl | pearl | |
| pilduras | pildora (plural: pildoras) | pill; tablet | medicinal pill | |
| pohas | foja (plural: fojas) | sheet | sheet | |
| posas | esposa (plural: esposas) | handcuffs | handcuffs | |
| presas | presa (plural: presas) | strawberry | strawberry | |
| prutas | fruta (plural: frutas) | fruit | fruit | |
| pulbós | polvo (plural: polvos) | dust; powder | powder | |
| pulseras | pulsera (plural: pulseras) | bracelet | bracelet | |
| puntos | punto (plural: puntos) | dot; period; point (sports) | score; points | |
| rehas | reja (plural: rejas) | bar; railing | bar; railing | |
| riles | carril (plural: carriles) | lane; track | rail; railroad; railway | |
| rosas | rosa (plural: rosas) | rose | rose | |
| salas | sala (plural: salas) | hall; living room | living room | |
| sapatos | zapato (plural: zapatos) | shoe | shoe | |
| sardinas | sardina (plural: sardinas) | sardine | sardine | |
| senyales | señal (plural: señales) | sign; signal | sign | |
| senyas | seña (plural: señas) | sign; signal | sign; signal | |
| sibuyas | cebolla (plural: cebollas) | onion | onion | |
| sigarilyas | seguidilla[40] (plural: seguidillas) | (Philippine Spanish) winged bean | winged bean | |
| silahis | celaje (plural: celajes) | cloudscape; skylight | sunray; bisexual[41] (slang) | |
| singkamas | jícama (plural: jícamas) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) | |
| sintas | cinta (plural: cintas) | ribbon; tape; lace | shoelace | |
| sintomas | síntoma (plural: síntomas) | symptom | symptom | |
| sopas | sopa (plural: sopas) | soup | soup dish | |
| sorbetes | sorbete (plural: sorbetes) | sorbet | ice cream | |
| tsinelas | chinela (plural: chinelas) | slippers; flip-flops | slippers; flip-flops | |
| tsismis | chisme (plural: chismes) | gossip | gossip | |
| ubas | uva (plural: uvas) | grape | grape | |
| uhales | ojal (plural: ojales) | buttonhole | buttonhole | |
| uhas | hoja (plural: hojas) | leaf | sheet metal |
Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb entender.[42] This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish (Chavacano or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words. A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.
Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal (to have breakfast, from Sp. almorzar), dasal (from Sp. rezar), dupikal (from Sp. repicar[43]), kasál (from Sp. casar), kumpisál (from Sp. confesar), minindál (from Sp. merendar), pasyál (from Sp. pasear) and sugál (from Sp. jugar). In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of andár (to set in action or motion; from Sp. andar), asár (to annoy or to verbally irritate; from Sp. asar) and pundár (to establish or to save money for something; from Sp. fundar).
Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: pára (from Sp. parar), pása (from Sp. pasar), puwede (from Sp. poder), tíra (from Sp. tirar) and sige (from Sp. seguir). Imbiyerna (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb infernar (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes.[44] In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso (from the combination of Sp. hacer and Sp. caso), balewala or baliwala (from the combination of Sp. valer and Tag. wala), etsapwera (from the combination of Sp. echar and Sp. fuera) and kumusta (from the combination of Sp. cómo and Sp. estar).
| Tagalog | Spanish | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| akusá | acusar | to accuse | to accuse | |
| alsá | alzar | to lift; to raise; to erect | to rise in rebellion | |
| analisá | analizar | to analyze | to analyze | |
| apelá | apelar | to appeal | to appeal | |
| aprobá | aprobar | to approve | to approve | |
| apurá | apurar | to finish; to rush (Lat. Am.) | to hurry | |
| arkilá (var. alkilá) | alquilar | to rent; to rent out | to rent; to rent out | |
| asintá | asentar | to set up; to secure; to lay down | to aim at | |
| aturgá | otorgar | to grant; to bestow; to confer | to take on responsibility | |
| awtorisá | autorizar | to authorize | to authorize | |
| bará | barrar | to cover in mud | to block; to clog | |
| batí | batir | to beat; to whisk; to whip | to beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (vulgar) | |
| beripiká | verificar | to verify | to verify | |
| bulkanisá | vulcanizar | to vulcanize | to vulcanize | |
| burá | borrar | to erase | to erase | |
| burdá | bordar | to embroider | to embroider | |
| deklará | declarar | to declare | to declare | |
| des-aprobá | desaprobar | to disapprove | to disapprove | |
| des-armá | desarmar | to disarm | to disarm | |
| des-impektá | desinfectar | to disinfect | to disinfect | |
| deskargá | descargar | to unload; to discharge; to download | to unload | |
| deskubrí | descubrir | to discover | to discover | |
| desmayá | desmayar | to become disheartened; to become demoralized | to become disheartened; to become demoralized | |
| destrungká | destroncar | to hack away | to forcefully open a door, a lock, etc. | |
| determiná | determinar | to determine | to determine | |
| diktá | dictar | to dictate | to dictate | |
| dimití | dimitir | to resign | to resign | |
| dirihí | dirigir | to manage; to be in charge of | to manage; to be in charge of | |
| disimulá | disimular | to conceal; to cover up | to conceal; to cover up | |
| diskitá | desquitar | to make up for | to take it out on | |
| galbanisá | galvanizar | to galvanize | to galvanize | |
| gisá | guisar | to stew | to saute, to stir fry in oil (usually with garlic and onions) | |
| hulmá | ahormar | to shape; to mould | to shape; to mould | |
| husgá | juzgar | to judge | to judge | |
| imbestigá | investigar | to investigate | to investigate | |
| imbitá | invitar | to invite | to invite | |
| intindí | entender | to understand | to understand | |
| itsá | echar | to throw | to throw | |
| kalkulá | calcular | to calculate | to calculate | |
| kanselá | cancelar | to cancel | to cancel | |
| kantá | cantar | to sing | to sing | |
| kargá | cargar | to load; to charge; to fill | to load; to charge; to fill | |
| kobrá | cobrar | to demand or to receive payment | to demand or to receive payment | |
| kodipiká | codificar | to codify; to encode | to codify; to encode | |
| kompará | comparar | to compare | to compare | |
| komponé (var. kumpuní) | componer | to make up; to compose; to repair | to repair | |
| kondená | condenar | to condemn | to condemn | |
| konserbá | conservar | to conserve | to conserve | |
| konsiderá | considerar | to consider | to consider | |
| kublí | cubrir | to cover; to cover up | to hide from sight | |
| kulá | colar | to strain; to bleach | to bleach | |
| kultí | curtir | to tan | to treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin) | |
| kumbidá | convidar | to invite | to invite | |
| kumbinsí | convencir | to convince | to convince | |
| kumpirmá | confirmar | to confirm | to confirm | |
| kumpiská | confiscar | to confiscate; to seize | to confiscate; to seize | |
| kusí | cocer | to cook | to cook | |
| labá | lavar | to wash | to wash | |
| legalisá | legalizar | to legalize | to legalize | |
| liberalisá | liberalizar | to liberalize | to liberalize | |
| manipulá | manipular | to manipulate | to manipulate | |
| marká | marcar | to mark | to mark | |
| nominá | nominar | to nominate | to nominate | |
| obligá | obligar | to force; to oblige | to force; to oblige | |
| obserbá | observar | to observe | to observe | |
| operá | operar | to operate | to surgically operate | |
| palsipiká | falsificar | to falsify | to falsify | |
| palyá | fallar | to fail; to break down and stop working | to fail; to break down and stop working | |
| paralisá | paralizar | to paralyze | to paralyze | |
| pasá | pasar | to pass; to happen; to go through | to pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc. | |
| pasmá[45] | pasmar | to amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone | pasma (folk illness) and, by extension, to have pasma | |
| pintá | pintar | to paint | to paint | |
| pirmá | firmar | to sign | to sign | |
| pormalisá | formalizar | to formalize | to formalize | |
| prepará | preparar | to prepare | to prepare | |
| preserbá | preservar | to preserve | to preserve | |
| proklamá | proclamar | to proclaim | to proclaim | |
| pundí | fundir | to melt; to merge | to burn out | |
| puntá | apuntar | to aim; to point out; to write down | to go to | |
| purgá | purgar | to purge | to cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative | |
| pursigí | perseguir | to pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute | to persevere | |
| pustá | apostar | to bet; to wager | to bet; to wager | |
| ratipiká | ratificar | to ratify | to ratify | |
| reboká | revocar | to revoke | to revoke | |
| rekomendá | recomendar | to recommend | to recommend | |
| repiná | refinar | to refine | to refine | |
| reporma | reformar | to reform | to reform | |
| sangkutsá | sancochar or salcochar | to boil with water and salt | to pre-cook food with spices and aromatics | |
| salbá | salvar | to save | to save | |
| sará | cerrar | to close | to close | |
| silbí | servir | to serve | to serve | |
| sindí | encender | to ignite; to turn on; to switch on | to ignite; to turn on; to switch on | |
| suldá | soldar | to solder; to weld | to solder; to weld | |
| sulsí | zurcir | to sew; to mend | to sew; to mend | |
| sumité | someter | to subdue; to subjugate; to submit | to submit; to put forward | |
| suspendé | suspendir | to suspend | to suspend | |
| tantiyá | tantear | to feel; to weigh up; to estimate | to estimate | |
| tarantá | atarantar | to stun; to daze; to stupify | to confuse; to baffle; to bewilder | |
| tasá | tajar | to chop; to cut; to slice | to sharpen | |
| timplá | templar | to cool down; to moderate | to blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc. | |
| tostá | tostar | to toast | to toast | |
| tumbá | tumbar | to knock down | to knock down | |
| umpisá | empezar | to begin; to start | to begin; to start |
Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression balát-sibuyas (a term referring to a person's easiness to be offended), which is a combination of the Tagalog balát and Spanish cebolla. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: hybrid loanwords[46] or mixed-borrowings[47] are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, e.g. karnerong-dagat (derived from the Spanish term carnero marino, meaning "seal") and anemonang-dagat (derived from the Spanish term anémona de mar, meaning "sea anemone"), while hybrid neologisms[48] [49] are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, e.g. pader-ilog, meaning "embankment", derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ilog (meaning "river") and Spanish word pared (meaning "wall" and adopted in Tagalog as the word pader).
Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently (i.e. without the hyphen) in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term sirang-plaka is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the Commission on the Filipino Language Virgilio Almario, entitled Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa. Another example is the term takdang-oras, which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.
| Compound term | Root words | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| agaw-eksena | agaw (“to snatch”, from Tagalog) + eksena (from Sp. escena) | scene-stealer | |
| alsá-balutan | alsa (from Sp. alzar) + balutan (“package”, from Tagalog) | to pack up; to change residence | |
| amóy-tsiko | amoy (“smell”, from Tagalog) + tsiko (from Sp. chicozapote) | drunk; intoxicated | |
| anémonáng-dagat | anemona (from Sp. anémona) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog) | sea anemone | |
| bagong-saltá | bago (“new”, from Tagalog) + salta (from Sp. saltar) | newcomer | |
| balát-sibuyas | balat (“skin”, from Tagalog) + sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) | a person who is easily offended | |
| balík-eskuwela | balik (“return”, from Tagalog) + eskuwela (from Sp. escuela) | back-to-school | |
| bantáy-sarado | bantay (“to guard”, from Tagalog) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) | well-guarded; closely guarded | |
| batàng-kálye | bata ( | street child | |
| batás-trápikó | batas ("law", from Tagalog) + trapiko (from Sp. tráfico) | traffic law | |
| bawas-presyo | bawas ("decrease", from Tagalog) + presyo (from Sp. precio) | price decrease | |
| bigáy-todo | bigay (“to give”, from Tagalog) + todo (from Sp. todo) | giving one's all | |
| boses-ipis | boses (from Sp. voces) + ipis (“cockroach”, from Tagalog) | inaudible voice | |
| boses-palakâ | boses (from Sp. voces) + palaka (“frog”, from Tagalog) | croaky voice | |
| bugbóg-sarado | bugbog (“beat up”, from Tagalog) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) | heavily beaten | |
| bulak-niyebe | bulak (“cotton”, from Tagalog) + niyebe (from Sp. nieve) | snowflake | |
| dilang-anghél | dila (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + anghel (from Sp. angel) | having the gift of prophecy | |
| dilang-baka | dila (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + baka (from Sp. vaca) | Opuntia cochenillifera | |
| doble-ingat | doble (from Sp. doble) + ingat (“to be cautious”, from Tagalog) | to take extra precautions | |
| doble-talim | doble (from Sp. doble) + talim (“sharpness”, from Tagalog) | double-edged | |
| épikóng-bayan | epiko (from Sp. poema épico) + bayan (“country”, from Tagalog) | folk epic | |
| esponghang-dagat | espongha (from. Sp. esponja) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog) | sea sponge | |
| giyera-patanì | giyera (from Sp. guerra) + patani (from Tagalog term for Phaseolus lunatus) | heated verbal exchange | |
| hating-globo | hati (“half”, from Tagalog) + globo (from Sp. globo) | hemisphere | |
| hirám-kantores | hiram (“to borrow”, from Tagalog) + kantores (from Sp. cantores) | non-returnable | |
| kabayong-dagat | kabayo (from Sp. cavallo) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog) | seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) | |
| karnerong-dagat | karnero (from Sp. carnero) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog) | seal | |
| kayod-marino | kayod (“to grate; grind”, from Tagalog) + marino (from Sp. marino) | hard worker | |
| kilos-protesta | kilos (“movement”, from Tagalog) + protesta (from Sp. protesta) | demonstration; street protest | |
| kuwentong-bayan | kuwento (from Sp. cuento) + bayan (“folk; people; country”, from Tagalog) | folk stories | |
| lakad-pato | lakad (“walk”, from Tagalog) + pato (from Sp. pato) | waddle | |
| leóng-dagat | leon (from Sp. león) + dagat (“sea”, from Tagalog) | sea lion | |
| mukháng-pera | mukhâ (“face”, from Tagalog) + pera (from Sp. perra gorda or perra chica) | profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes | |
| padér-ilog | pader (from Sp. pared) + ilog (“river”, from Tagalog) | embankment | |
| pampalipas-oras | lipas (“to pass”, from Tagalog) + oras (from Sp. horas) | pastime; hobby | |
| pandáy-yero | panday (“smith”, from Tagalog) + yero (from Sp. hierro) | ironsmith | |
| patáy-malisya | patay (“dead”, from Tagalog) + malisya (from Sp. malicia) | feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss | |
| pusong-mamón | pusò (“heart”, from Tagalog) + mamón (from Sp. mamón) | soft-hearted; kind and compassionate | |
| sanib-puwersa | sanib (“to join together”, from Tagalog) + puwersa (from Sp. fuerza) | to join forces | |
| siling-habâ | sili (from Sp. chile) + haba (“lengthened”, from Tagalong) | Capsicum annuum var. longum | |
| siling-labuyò | sili (from Sp. chile) + labuyo (“wild chicken”, from Tagalog) | Capsicum frutescens | |
| singsíng-pari | singsing (“ring”, from Tagalog) + pari (“priest”, from Sp. padre) | millipede | |
| siráng-plaka | sira (“broken”, from Tagalog) + plaka (from Sp. placa) | broken record | |
| sulat-makinilya | sulat (“script; writing”, from Tagalog) + makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla) | typewritten | |
| taás-presyo | taas (“high”, from Tagalog) + presyo (from Sp. precio) | price increase | |
| tabíng-kalsada | tabi (“side”, from Tagalog) + kalsada (from Sp. calzada) | roadside | |
| tabíng-kalye | tabi (“side”, from Tagalog) + kalye (from Sp. calle) | roadside | |
| takaw-aksidente | takaw (“greed”, from Tagalog) + aksidente (from Sp. accidente) | accident-prone | |
| takaw-desgrasya | takaw (“greed”, from Tagalog) + desgrasya (from Sp. desgracia) | accident-prone | |
| takdáng-oras | takda (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + oras (from Sp. horas) | fixed or appointed time | |
| takdáng-petsa | takda (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + petsa (from Sp. fecha) | due date; deadline | |
| taním-bala | tanim (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + bala (from Sp. bala) | planting evidence of illegal bullet possession | |
| taním-droga | tanim (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + droga (from Sp. droga) | planting evidence of illegal drug possession | |
| taong-grasa | tao (“person”, from Tagalog) + grasa (from Sp. grasa) | homeless man or woman | |
| tubig-gripo | tubig (“water”, from Tagalog) + gripo (from Sp. grifo) | tap water | |
| tulak-droga | tulak (“to push”, from Tagalog) + droga (from Sp. droga) | drug pusher | |
| tulog-mantikà | tulog (“sleep”, from Tagalog) + mantikà (from Sp. manteca) | someone or something that doesn't wake up easily | |
| tunóg-lata | tunog (“sound; tune”, from Tagalog) + lata (from Sp. lata) | tinny; sounding like tin |
English has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. Code-switching between Tagalog and English is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but some English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest foreign vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are usually written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:
| Tagalog | English | Traditional word(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ábakús | abacus | ábakó (Sp. ábaco) | |
| abnormál | abnormal | di-karaniwan, di-normál (normal = Sp.) | |
| abórsiyón[50] | abortion | pagpapalaglág, aborto (Sp.) | |
| absent | absent | liban, awsente (Sp. ausente) | |
| aders | (from "others") not belongingto a group | ibá, hindî kabílang, hindî kasáma | |
| adik | addict | sugapâ, adikto (Sp. adicto) | |
| ádmirál | admiral | laksamana, almirante (Sp.) | |
| adres | address (computing) | direksiyón (Sp. dirección) | |
| adyenda | agenda | palatuntunan, ahenda (Sp. agenda) | |
| akáwnt | account (computing) | kuwénta (Sp. cuenta) | |
| akawntant | accountant | tagatuos, tagapagtuos, kontador (Sp. contador) | |
| ákroním | acronym | akrónimó (Sp. acrónimo) | |
| akrostik | acrostic | akróstikó (Sp. acróstico) | |
| akses | access | kakayaháng makuha, kakayaháng maabót, kakayaháng makapasok, akseso (Sp. acceso) | |
| aksis | axis | painugan, gargaran, ehe (Sp. eje) | |
| aktres | actress | artista (Sp.) | |
| akwaryum | aquarium | pabiyáy, akwaryo (Sp. acuario) | |
| álibáy | alibi | dahilán, reklamo (Sp. reclamo) | |
| alumnay | alumni | alumno (m) & alumna (f) (Sp.) | |
| ambus | ambush | tambangan | |
| amonya | ammonia | amonyako (Sp. amoníaco) | |
| ampibyan | amphibian, amphibious | ampibyo (Sp. anfibio) | |
| anawnser | announcer | tagapagpahayág, tagapagbalità (radio announcer), anunsiyadór (Sp. anunciador), lokutór (Sp. locutor) | |
| apír | (from “up here”) high five | ||
| apláy | apply | maglagáy (the act of putting to use or putting one thing to another), isabuhay (to put into practice), gumawa ng aplikasyón (to make an application for) (aplikasyon = Sp. aplicación) | |
| áplikánt | applicant | aplikante (Sp. aplicante) | |
| áprikót | apricot | albarikoke (Sp. albaricoque) | |
| arkipélagó | archipelago | kapuluán | |
| ármaláyt | (from “Armalite”) assault rifle | ripleng pansalakay (riple = Sp. rifle) | |
| armi | army | hukbô, militar (Sp.) | |
| asaynment | assignment | takdáng-aralín | |
| atak | attack | salakay, pagsalakay, atake(Sp. ataque) | |
| atorni | attorney | abogado (Sp.) | |
| aysing | icing/frosting | glaseado (Sp.) | |
| ayskrim | ice cream | sorbetes (Sp. sorbete) | |
| babay | bye-bye | paalam | |
| bádigárd | bodyguard | bantáy, tagabantay, tagapagbantay | |
| bádmintón | badminton | ||
| badtrip | (from “bad trip”) annoyed | inís, buwisit, asár (Sp.) | |
| badyet | budget | gastos (Sp. gasto), gugulín, laáng-gugulin, presupuwesto (Sp. presupuesto) | |
| bag | bag | bayóng, supot (paper or plastic bag) | |
| baks-opis | box office | takilya (Sp. taquilla) | |
| bakwít | evacuee | (mga) lumikas | |
| baléy | ballet | balé (Sp. balé) | |
| báliból/bóliból | volleyball | boleybol (Sp. voleibol), balonbolea (Sp. balonvolea) | |
| ban | ban | bawal, hindi puwede (puwede = Sp. puede), pagbabawal, prohibisyón (Sp. prohibicion) | |
| ban/van | van | purgoneta (Sp. furgoneta) | |
| bandyo | banjo | banyo (Sp.) | |
| bar | bar (business selling alcoholic drinks) | bahay-inuman, taberna (Sp.) | |
| baráyti | variety | pagkakaiba-iba | |
| barbekyú/barbikyú | barbecue | ihaw (literally “grilling”) | |
| barbel | barbell/dumbbell | pesas (Sp. pesa) | |
| barker | barker | tagatawag ng pasahero (pasahero = Sp. pasajero) | |
| barók | Baroque | baroko (Sp. barroco) | |
| bártendér | bartender | tagapaglingkod (ng alak), kamarero (Sp. camarero) | |
| báryabol | variable | baryable (Sp. variable) | |
| báryant | variant | kaanyo, baryánte (Sp. variante) | |
| basket | basket | sisidlán, sesta (Sp. cesta) | |
| básketból | basketball | balonsesto (Sp. baloncesto) | |
| basted | busted (turned down in a romantic relationship) | wasák ang pusò, tinanggihan | |
| basuka | bazooka | ||
| batón | baton (staff or truncheon) | batutà (Sp.), bótong | |
| bekon | bacon | tosino (Sp. tocino) | |
| bertdey | birthday | kaarawán, kapanganakan | |
| bes/beshie/bespren | best friend | kaibigan | |
| besbol/beysbol | baseball | ||
| bétsin | (from "Tien Chun Ve-Tsin") monosodium glutamate | glutamato monosodiko (Sp. glutamato monosódico) | |
| beybi | baby (affectionate term for a loved one) | mahál (Sans. महार्घ mahārgha), írog, íbig, sintá (Sans. चिन्ता cintā) | |
| bidyo | video | panoorin, bideo (Sp. vídeo) | |
| bidyoke | (from "videoke")karaoke | ||
| bikini | bikini; swimsuit | ||
| bílbord | billboard | karteléra (Sp. cartelera) | |
| bílding | building | gusalì, estruktura (Sp. estructura) | |
| bilíb | believe (impressed) | hangà, tiwalà | |
| bilyard | billiard | bilyár (Sp. billar) | |
| bisi | busy | abala, may ginagawa | |
| biskuwít | biscuit | galyetas (Sp. galleta) | |
| bip-stik | beef steak | bisték (Sp. bistec) | |
| blakbord | blackboard, chalkboard | pisara (Sp. pizarra) | |
| bláter | police blotter | pagpaparehistro ng sumbong sa pulisya (rehistro = Sp. registro, pulisya = Sp. policía) | |
| bodabíl | vaudeville | ||
| bodka | vodka | ||
| boksing | boxing | bokseo (Sp. boxeo) | |
| bold | (from "bold") naked | hubad, tiwangwang | |
| boling | bowling | bolos (Sp.) | |
| bolpen | ballpoint pen | panulat (any writing instrument that uses ink), pluma (Sp.) | |
| boo | boo; to dislike | ||
| bos | boss | punò, pinuno, hepe (Sp. jefe) | |
| boykot | boycott | boykoteo (Sp. boicoteo) | |
| brandi | brandy | ||
| bra/brasiyér | brassiere | tapapetso (Sp. tapa pecho) | |
| brawnawt | from ("brownout") power outage | pagkawala ng koryente (koryente = Sp. corriente) | |
| brip | briefs | panloob na panlalaki, panloob ng lalaki, kalsonsilyo (Sp. calzoncillo) | |
| brodkast | broadcast | pagsasahimpapawid | |
| brodkaster | broadcaster | tagapagbalita, tagapagsahimpapawid | |
| brokoli | broccoli | brekol (Sp. brécol) | |
| buldoser | bulldozer | pamungkal-sudsod | |
| bumerang | boomerang | bumeran (Sp. bumerán) | |
| bus | bus | awtobús (Sp. autobús) | |
| daspan | dustpan | pandakot | |
| daster | duster (loose dress) | ||
| dayagram | diagram | balangkas, banghay, danháy, diyagráma (Sp. diagrama) | |
| dáyapér | diaper | lampín | |
| daynosor | dinosaur | bawayak-kilabot | |
| dedbol | (from "dead ball") dead | nasawi, patáy, pumanaw, sumalangit, yumao | |
| detéktib | detective | tiktík, sekréta (Sp. policía secreta) | |
| dígri | degree (temperature) | grádo (Sp. grado) | |
| dísko | discotheque | sayáwan, diskoteka (Sp. discoteca) | |
| dispátser | dispatcher | despatsadór (Sp. despachador) | |
| dóbol-ded | double-dead meat | botsà | |
| donat | doughnut | bitso-bitsong bilog, roskilya (Sp. rosquilla) | |
| dram | drum (a large cylindrical container) | bariles (Sp. barril) | |
| drayber | driver | tsupér (Sp. chofer) | |
| dribol | dribble (basketball) | pagpapatalbog, patalbugin | |
| drowing | drawing | guhit | |
| dyaket | jacket | tsaketa (Sp. chaqueta) | |
| dyakpat | jackpot | pinakamalaking premyo (premyo = Sp. premio) | |
| dyambol | jump ball (basketball) | pagsimula ng laro | |
| dyanitor | janitor | tagalinis, tagapaglinis | |
| dyas | jazz | ||
| dyéneréytor | generator | heneradór (Sp. generador) | |
| dyinggel | (from “jingle”) peeing | ihi, pag-iihi | |
| dyip/dyipni | jeep/jeepney | ||
| dyudo | judo | hudo (Sp. judo) | |
| eksit | exit | labas, labasan | |
| elebeytor | elevator; lift | asensor (Sp. ascensor) | |
| ensayklopidya | encyclopedia | talaalaman, ensiklopédya (Sp. enciclopédia) | |
| entri | entry (record listed in a log, diary, website, etc) | lahók | |
| epek | effect | bisà, bunga, epékto (Sp. efecto) | |
| erkon/erkondisyoner | air conditioner | ayre akondisyonado (Sp. aire acondicionado), klimatisador (Sp. climatizador) | |
| ertkweyk | earthquake | lindol, paggalaw ng lupa, pagyayanig | |
| eskaleytor | escalator | eskalera (Sp. escalera mecánica) | |
| five-six/payb-siks | (from "five-six") (moneylending scheme commonly associated to Indians) | pagpapautang ng pera | |
| gadyet | gadget | kagamitán, aparato (Sp.) | |
| gang | criminal gang | barkadahang kriminal (barkada = Sp. barcada & kriminal = Sp. criminal) | |
| gambol | gamble | pagsusugal (sugal = Sp. jugar) | |
| geym | (from "game") ready | handâ | |
| gimik | gimmick | pakulô, pakanâ, pakuwela (kuwela = Sp. chulear) | |
| golp | golf | ||
| gradweyt | graduate | tapós (sa pag-aaral), nagtapós (ng pag-aaral), gradwado (Sp. graduado) | |
| grawnded | grounded (confined to one's room for misbehaving) | báwal, pinagbáwalan | |
| groser | grocer | abasero (Sp. abacero) | |
| gróserí | grocery | abaseríya (Sp. abasería) | |
| hani | honey | pulót | |
| haló | hello | kumustá (Sp, cómo está) | |
| hamster | hamster | ||
| hanger | hanger | pansampay | |
| hap islip | half slip; underskirt | nagwas (Sp. enagua) | |
| hardel | hurdle | luksuhang-hadlang, hadlang, harang | |
| hasel | hassle; bothersome | nakaiinis | |
| hatdog | hot dog | longganisa (Sp. longaniza), salsitsas (Sp. salchicha) | |
| hay | high (drugged) | sabog, basag, bogsa | |
| hayblad | (from "high blood") hypertension | altapresyon (Sp. alta presión) | |
| háy-iskúl | high school | paaraláng sekundarya (sekundarya = Sp. secundaria); mataás na paaralán | |
| haywey | highway | kalsada (Sp. calzada), pangunahing lansangan | |
| helikopter/helikapter | helicopter | elikópteró (Sp. helicóptero) | |
| hóldap/holdáper | (from "hold-up" or "hold-upper) kidnapper, mugger, robber | maglilíngo, mágnanákaw, mandurukot | |
| holen | (from "hole in") marble | marmol (Sp.) | |
| holwey | hallway; corridor | pasilyo (Sp. pasillo) | |
| ínterbiyú | interview | panayám, entrebista (Sp. entrevista) | |
| iskedyul | schedule | talaorasán (oras = Sp. horas), talatakdaan, oraryo (Sp. horario) | |
| iskert | skirt | palda (Sp. falda) | |
| iskolar | scholar | eskolár (Sp. escolar) | |
| iskór | score | marka (Sp. marca), puntos (Sp. punto) | |
| iskúl | school | paaralán, eskuwela (Sp. escuela) | |
| iskríp | script | sulat (handwritten texts or characters), manuskrito (Sp. manuscrito, text of a stage play, movie, etc.) | |
| iskrín | screen | tabing | |
| iskuter | scooter | motoneta (Sp.) | |
| iskuwater | squatter | (mga) taong naninirahan sa lupà ng iba, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupa ng iba, (mga) taong naninirahan sa lupang hindi sila may-ari, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupang hindi sila may-ari, | |
| iskrambol | ice scramble | ||
| iskuwirel | squirrel | ardilya (Sp. ardilla), buot | |
| islogan | slogan | bansag | |
| isnáb | snob | ||
| isnak | snack | meryenda (Sp. merienda) | |
| ispayral | spiral | anyong-suso, ikid, likaw, pilipit, paikid | |
| ispeling | spelling | pagkabaybay | |
| ispiker | speaker (person) | tagapagsalitâ, tagatalumpatì, mananalita, mananalumpatì, oradór (m) & oradora (f) (Sp.) | |
| isponsor | sponsor | tagatangkilik | |
| ispórt | sport | palarô, palakasan, paligsahan (also translates as “contest” or “tournament”), deporte (Sp.) | |
| ispréy | spray | wisik | |
| istak | stock (supply) | panustos | |
| istandard | standard | pamantayan, panukatan, norma (Sp.) | |
| istroberi | strawberry | presas (Sp. fresa) | |
| isyu | issue (controversial topic) | kontrobérsiyá (Sp. controversia), probléma (Sp. problema, problems or concerns), súliránin | |
| kabinet | cabinet | aparadór (Sp.) | |
| kambas | canvass | pagbibiláng ng boto (boto = Sp. voto) | |
| kantin | canteen | kainan, kantina (Sp. cantina) | |
| kápiráyt | copyright | karapatáng-sipì, karapatang may-ari, karapatang-akda | |
| karat | carat | kilates (Sp. quilate) | |
| karot | carrot | asanorya (Sp. zanahoria) | |
| karpet | carpet | alpombra (Sp. alfombra) | |
| kas | cash | pera, salapi, suki | |
| kaswalti | casualty (person suffering from injuries or who has been killed due to an accident or through an act of violence) | biktima (Sp. victima) | |
| kendi | candy | minatamís | |
| ketsap | ketchup | katsup (Sp. cátsup) | |
| keyk | cake | pastél (Sp.) | |
| kibord | keyboard | tipaan, teklado (Sp. teclado) | |
| klip | clip | ipit, pang-ipit | |
| koboy | cowboy | bakero (Sp. vaquero) | |
| kodak | Kodak | ||
| kolektor | collector | maniningíl, kobradór (Sp. cobrador) | |
| komonwelt | commonwealth | malasariling pamahalaan, sampamahalaan | |
| kompiyuter[51] | computer | ordenadór (Sp.) | |
| kondom | condom | ||
| kolek | collect | pag-iipon, pagtitipon, pagkokolekta (kolekta = Sp. colectar) | |
| korék | correct | ayos, tamà (Sans. उत्तम, uttama), tumpák, wasto | |
| kras | crash | bumagsák, banggaan, lagpakan | |
| kudeta | coup d'état | pagtatalsik sa pamahalaan, golpe de estado (Sp. golfe de estado) | |
| kukis | cookies | ||
| kyut | cute | guwápo (m) & guwápa (f) (Sp. guapo & guapa), lindo (m) & linda (f) (Sp.) | |
| lawd-ispiker | loud speaker | palakas-tinig, daktinig, altabos (Sp. altavoz) | |
| lebel | level | antás, nibel (Sp. nivel) | |
| leybel | label | pangalan | |
| leysi | lazy | tamad | |
| lobat[52] | low battery | mababang bateryá (baterya = Sp. batería) | |
| madyik | magic | salamangka (Sp. salamanca), mahíya (Sp. mágia) | |
| mágasín | magazine | diyaryo (Sp. diario) | |
| manikin | mannequin | tau-tauhan, maoy | |
| maws | computer mouse | ratón (Sp.) | |
| miskol | missed call | hindî nasagutáng tawag | |
| miting | meeting | pulong, pagpupulong | |
| mol/mall | shopping mall | pámilíhan | |
| nars | nurse | empermero (m) (Sp. enfermero), empermera (f) (Sp. enfermera) | |
| notbuk | note book | kuwaderno (Sp. cuaderno) | |
| okey | OK, okay | sige (Sp. sigue) | |
| opis | office | opisina (Sp. oficina), tanggapan | |
| pakshet/paksyet | fuckshit (obnoxious person) | gago (Sp.), loko (Sp. loco) | |
| pakyu | fuck you | putang iná mo (puta = Sp.) | |
| panti | panties | panloob na pambabae, panloob ng babae, kalsonsilyo (Sp. calzoncillo) | |
| pasword | password | senyas (Sp. señas), kontrasenyas (Sp. contraseñas) | |
| peke | fake | huwad, hindi totoo, palsó (Sp. falso) | |
| perstaym | first time | unang beses (una = Sp. & beses = Sp. vez) | |
| pesbuk/peysbuk | |||
| piktsur | picture | larawan, imahen (Sp. imagen), retrato (Sp.) | |
| plais | pliers | bokay-pato, sagam, alikate (Sp. alicate) | |
| plaslayt | flashlight | lente (Sp.) | |
| plastik | plastic | plástikó (Sp. plástico) | |
| playwud | plywood | tablasusón (tabla = Sp.) | |
| pontempen | fountain pen | pluma-de-biyahe (Sp. pluma-de-viaje) | |
| potobam | photobomb | pagsingit sa mga larawan | |
| pulís | police | pulisya (Sp. policía), magbantáy, bantayán, tagabantay, tagapagbantay | |
| putbol | football | ||
| rali | rally | martsa (Sp. marcha), pagtulungán, demostrasyon (Sp. demostración) | |
| repridyeretor/ref | refrigerator | palamigan, repriheradór (Sp. refrigerador) | |
| rebyu/ribyu | review | balik-aral, pagbabalik-aral | |
| reispeling | respelling | pagkabaybay ulit | |
| rises | recess (education) | duyo | |
| robot | robot | ||
| salayba | saliva | laway | |
| sámpol | sample | halimbawà, muwestra (Sp. muestra) | |
| sandwits | sandwich | pinalamanáng tinapay, bokadilyo (Sp. bocadillo), emparedado (Sp.) | |
| sarbey | survey | pagsusuri | |
| selpon[53] | cellphone | teléponó (Sp. teléfono) | |
| sori | sorry | patáwad, paumanhín, pasénsiyá na (pasénsiyá = Sp. paciencia) | |
| supermarket | supermarket | palengke, (Sp. palenque), supermerkado (Sp. supermercado) | |
| suplay | supply | panustos | |
| suplayer | supplier | tagapagtustos, abastesedor (Sp. abastecedor) | |
| syota/shota[54] | short time/shawty | kasintahan, nobyo (m) (Sp. novio) & nobya (f) (Sp. novia) | |
| tambay | stand by | pag-aansikot, paglalakwatsa (lakwatsa = Sp. la cuacha) | |
| trapik | traffic | trápikó (Sp. tráfico) | |
| teksbuk | textbook | aklat pampaaralan, aralang aklat, aklat-aralin | |
| tenis | tennis | ||
| tin-edyer | teenager | lalabintaunin, lalabinggulang, adolesente (Sp. adolescente) | |
| titser | teacher | tagapagturo, gurò (Sans. via Malay guru), maestro (m) and maestra (f) (Sp.) | |
| tisyert | T-shirt | damit, kamiseta (Sp. camiseta) | |
| tisyu | tissue | lamuymoy, himaymay, tehido (Sp. tejido) | |
| tráysikél | tricycle | trisiklo (Sp. triciclo) | |
| trak | truck | kamyón (Sp. camión) | |
| trey | tray | bandeha (Sp. bandeja) | |
| tsek | check, checkmark, tick (symbol) | gurlit, pampigil | |
| tsekmeyt | checkmate (chess) | pagkatalo sa ahedres (ahedres = Sp. ajedrez), mate[55] (Sp. mate) | |
| tses | chess | ahedres (Sp. ajedrez) | |
| wais | wise | mautak, tuso | |
| websayt | website | pook-sapot, pahinarya (Sp. paginaria) | |
| weder | weather | panahon | |
| yunit | unit | batayang sukat, pangkat, sambilang |
Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Antonio Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later. Some Malay loanwords, such as bansa and guro (which in turn came from Sanskrit; see below), were later additions to the Tagalog language during the first half of the 20th century. Said words were proposals by the late linguist Eusebio T. Daluz to be adopted for further development of the Tagalog language and eventually found widespread usage among the lettered segment of the Tagalog-speaking population.[56]
| Tagalog | Etymology | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|
| balaklaot[57] | barat laut (Malay, “northwest”) | northwestern winds | |
| balisâ[58] | belisah (Malay, meaning “restless; fidgety”) | restless; fidgety | |
| batubalanì[59] | batu (Malay and Tagalog, “stone”) + berani (Malay, “brave”) | magnetite; magnet stone | |
| bibingka[60] | kuih bingka (Malay, “tapioca or cassava cake”) | rice cake with coconut milk | |
| binibini[61] | bini-bini (Brunei Malay, “woman”) | young lady; miss | |
| bunsô[62] | bongsu (Malay, “youngest-born”) | youngest child | |
| dalamhatì | dalam (Malay, “within”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”) | grief | |
| dalubhasà[63] | juru (Malay, “expert”) + bahasa (Malay, “language”) | expert (in general) | |
| hatol[64] | hatur (Malay, “order; arrangement”) | sentence pronounced by a judge in court | |
| kanan[65] | kanan (Malay, “right”) | right-hand side | |
| kawal[66] | kawal (Malay, “watchman; patrol; guard”) | soldier; warrior | |
| kulambô[67] | kelambu (Malay, “mosquito net”) | mosquito net | |
| lagarì[68] | gergaji (Malay, “carpenter's saw”) | carpenter's saw | |
| lunggatî | lung (Tagalog root word meaning “grief”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”) | eagerness; ambition | |
| luwalhatì | luar (Malay, “outside”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”) | inner peace; glory (as in the Glory Be) | |
| pighatî | pedih (Malay, “pain”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”) | affliction; anguish; woe | |
| pilak[69] | perak (Malay ultimately of Khmer origin, “silver”) | silver (Ag) | |
| piralî[70] | pijar (Malay, “borax”) | calcium carbonate | |
| salaghatì | salag or salak (Tagalog, “full and levelled”) + hati (Malay, “liver; heart”) | displeasure; resentment | |
| Singapura | Singapura (Malay, "Singapore") | Singapore | |
| takal[71] | takar (Malay, “measure of capacity for oil, etc.”) | measurement by volume of liquids and of grains | |
| tanghalì[72] | tengah (Malay, “half”) + hari (Malay, “day”) | noon; midday | |
| tiyanak[73] | puntianak (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood) | vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child | |
| uluhatì | ulo (Tagalog, “head”) + hati (Malay, “liver”) | remembrance; reminiscence | |
| usap[74] | ucap (Malay, “utterance”) | conversation |
See also: Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities, Indosphere and Greater India.
Jean Paul-Potet estimates that there are around 280 words in Tagalog that originated from Sanskrit. As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog were mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese.[75] While it was generally believed that Malay played a key role in the dissemination of the Indian lexical influences in Southeast Asia, there are also cases of words that are not attested in Old Malay but are present in Old Javanese, thus highlighting the possibility that the latter played a more important role in the dissemination of these words in Maritime Southeast Asia than was previously given credit for. Examples of such words that also reached the Philippines include anluwagi ("carpenter"; from Javanese uṇḍahagi meaning "woodworker" or "carpenter") and gusali ("building"; from Javanese gusali meaning "blacksmith"). As these words are more closely related to their Middle Indo-Aryan counterparts, they are not listed below.[76]
| Tagalog | Sanskrit | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|
| aghám | आगम (āgama, “acquisition of knowledge, science”) | science (modern coinage) | |
| antalà | अन्तर (āntara, “duration, gap”) | delay | |
| asal | आचार (ācāra, “manner of action, conduct, behavior”) | behaviour; character | |
| bahalà | भार (bhāra, “burden, load, weight, heavy work”) | to manage; to take care of; to take charge | |
| balità | वार्त्ता (vārttā, “account, report”) | news | |
| bansâ | वंश (vaṃśá, “bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race”) | country (modern coinage) | |
| banyagà | वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “merchant, trader”) | foreigner (modern meaning) | |
| basa | वाचा (vācā, “voice, speech”) | to read | |
| bathalà | भट्टार (bhaṭṭāra, “noble lord, venerable”) | Supreme Being; God | |
| bihasa | अभ्यास (abhyāsa, “habit”) | expert; accustomed | |
| budhî | बुद्धि (buddhi, “understanding”) | conscience | |
| dawà | यव (yava, “Hordeum vulgare”) | Panicum miliaceum | |
| dayà | द्वय (dvaya, “twofold nature, falsehood”) | cheating; deception | |
| diwà | जीव (jīva, “the principle of life, vital breath”) | spirit; soul | |
| diwatà | देवता (devatā, “divinity”) | fairy, goddess, nymph | |
| dukhâ | दुःख (duḥkha, “sorrow, misery, hardship”) | poverty | |
| dusa | दोष (doṣa, “harm, damage, bad consequence”) | suffering | |
| dustá | दूषित (dūṣita, “defiled, violated, injured”) | ignominiously insulted | |
| gadyâ | गज (gaja, “elephant”) | elephant | |
| gandá | गन्ध (gandha, “aroma, fragrance”) | beauty; beautiful | |
| gurò | गुरु (guru, “master, teacher”) | mentor; teacher | |
| halagá | अर्घ (argha, “value”) | price; value; worth | |
| halatâ | अर्थय (arthaya, “perceive”) | noticeable; perceptible; obvious | |
| harayà | हृदय (hṛdaya, “heart”) | imagination | |
| hinà | हीन (hīna, “weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient”) | weakness; fragility | |
| hiwagà | विहग (vihaga, “bird”) | mystery; miracle | |
| kasubhâ | कुसुम्भ (kusumbha, “Carthamus tinctorius”) | Carthamus tinctorius | |
| kastulì | कस्तूरी (kastūrī, “Abelmoschus moschatus”) | Abelmoschus moschatus | |
| kathâ | कथा (kathā, “a feigned story, fable”) | literary composition; fiction; invention | |
| katâ-katâ | Reduplication of कथा (kathā, “story, fable”) | legend; fable; folk tale | |
| kalapati; palapati | पारापत (pārāpata, “pigeon”) | pigeon | |
| kubà | कुब्ज (kubja, “hunchback”) | hunchback | |
| kutà | कोट (koṭa, “fort, stronghold”) | fort | |
| ladyâ | राज (rāja, “king, chief, sovereign”) | Raja | |
| lagundî | निर्गुण्डी (nirguṇḍī, “Vitex negundo”) | Vitex negundo | |
| lahò | राहु (rāhu, “Rāhu”) | eclipse; to vanish | |
| lasa | रस (rasa, “taste, savour”) | taste | |
| likhâ | लेखा (lekhā, “drawing, figure”) | to create | |
| madlâ | मण्डल (maṇḍala, “circle, multitude”) | the general public | |
| maharlikâ | महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”) | nobility; prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen | |
| makatà | Tagalog prefix ma- + Sanskrit कथा (kathā, “story, fable”) | poet | |
| mukhâ | मुख (mukha, “face”) | face | |
| mulâ | मूल (mūla, “basis, foundation, origin, beginning”) | from; since; origin | |
| mutyâ | मुत्य (mutya, “pearl”) | amulet; charm; jewel; pearl | |
| naga | नाग (nāga, “serpent”) | dragon | |
| paksâ | पक्ष (pakṣa, “a point or matter under discussion”) | theme; topic; subject | |
| palibhasà | परिभाषा (paribhāṣā, “speech, censure, reproof”) | irony; sarcasm; criticism | |
| parusa | Tagalog prefix pa- + dusa, from Sanskrit दोष (doṣa) | punishment | |
| patola | पटोल (paṭola, “Trichosanthes dioica”) | Luffa acutangula | |
| raha | राज (rāja, “king or royal”, via Spanish) | king / royal (historical) | |
| saksí | साक्षी (sākṣī, “eye-witness”) | witness | |
| sakunâ | शकुन (śakuna, “a bird of omen”) | disaster | |
| salamuhà | समूह (samūha, “gathering, crowd”) | to mingle with people | |
| salantâ | श्रान्त (śrānta, “maimed, crippled”) | infirm | |
| salitâ | चरित (carita, “behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures”) | to speak; to talk; word | |
| samantalà | समान्तर (samāntara, “parallel”) | meanwhile | |
| sampalataya | सम्प्रत्यय (sampratyaya, “trust, confidence”) | to have faith, to believe in God | |
| sandata | संयत्त (saṃyatta, “prepared, being on one's guard”) | weapon | |
| siglá | शीघ्र (śīghra, “swift, quick, speedy”) | enthusiasm; vitality | |
| sintá | चिन्ता (cintā, “thought”) | love | |
| sukà | चुक्र (cukra, “vinegar”) | vinegar | |
| sutlâ | सूत्र (sūtra, “thread, string, wire”) | silk | |
| talà | तारा (tārā, “star”) | star, Tala (goddess) | |
| tanikalâ | शृङ्खल (śṛṅkhala, “chain”) | chain | |
| tinggâ | तीव्र (tīvra, “tin, iron, steel”) | tin | |
| tsampaka | चम्पक (campaka, “Magnolia champaca”) | Magnolia champaca | |
| upang | उप (upa, “towards, near to”) | so as to, in order to |
Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of Tamil as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including Old Malay and Tagalog. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below.[77]
| Tagalog | Tamil | Meaning in Tamil | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bagay | வகை (vakai) | kind, class, sort; goods; property; means of livelihood | thing; object; article | |
| baríl | வெடில் (veṭil) | explosion | gun; to shoot (with a gun) | |
| bilanggô | விலங்கு (vilaṅku) | fetters; shackles; manacles | captive; prisoner | |
| gulay | குழை (kuḻai) | to become soft, pulpy, as well-cooked | vegetable | |
| kalikam | காரிக்கம் (kārikkam) | unbleached plain cotton cloth | embroidered breeches from Brunei | |
| kawal | காவல் (kāval) | watchman; guard | soldier; warrior | |
| kawalì | குவளை (kuvaḷai) | wide-mouthed vessel; cup | frying pan, skillet | |
| kiyapò | கயப்பூ (kayappū) | aquatic flower | Pistia stratiotes | |
| manggá | மாங்காய் (māṅkāy) | unripe mango fruit | mango (in general) | |
| malunggáy | முருங்கை (muruṅkai) | Moringa oleifera | Moringa oleifera | |
| misáy | மீசை (mīcai) | moustache | moustache | |
| palisay | பரிசை (paricai) | shield; buckler | shield used in warrior dances | |
| puto | புட்டு (puṭṭu) | a kind of confectionery | rice cake | |
| tupa | ஆட்டுப்பட்டி (āṭṭuppaṭṭi) | a flock of sheep | sheep |
There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin, but some of them are very frequently use terms such as “salamat,” meaning “thank you.” According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably (roughly 23%) or unquestionably (roughly 26%) borrowed indirectly through Malay.[78] The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian. The table below shows different Arabic loanwords, including archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified.
Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language.[79] Examples include alahas (meaning jewel, from Sp. alhaja and ultimately from Arabic الْحَاجَة, al-ḥāja, “the necessary or valuable thing”), albayalde (meaning white lead, from Sp. albayalde and ultimately from Arabic الْبَيَاض, al-bayāḍ, meaning "white" or "whiteness"), alkansiya (meaning piggy bank, from Sp. alcancía and ultimately from Arabic كَنْز, kanz, meaning "treasure"), alkatsopas (meaning artichoke, from Sp. alcachofa and ultimately from Arabic الخُرْشُوف, al-ḵuršūf), almires (meaning small mortar, from Sp. almirez and ultimately from Arabic المِهْرَاس, al-mihrās), asapran (meaning saffron, from Sp. azafrán from Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان, az-zaʽfarān[80]), baryo (meaning village, from Sp. barrio and ultimately from Arabic بَرِّيّ, barriyy), kapre (a Filipino mythological creature, from Sp. cafre and ultimately from Arabic كَافِر, kāfir), kisame (meaning ceiling, from Sp. zaquizamí and ultimately from Arabic سَقْف فِي اَلْسَمَاء, saqf fī l-samāʼ, meaning "ceiling in the sky"), etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.
| Tagalog | Arabic/Persian | Malay intermediate | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| agimat | Arabic عَزِيمَة (ʽazīma, “amulet, talisman, magic spell”) | azimat (“talisman”) | amulet; talisman | |
| alak | Arabic عَرَق (ʽaraq, “liquor”) | arak (“liquor”) | liquor | |
| anakura[81] | Persian ناخدا (nāxuḏā, “ship's captain”) | nakhoda (“ship's captain”) | ship's captain | |
| daulat | Arabic دَوْلَة (dawla, “rotation, turn of fortune”) | daulat (“prosperity, happiness”) | good fortune | |
| hukóm | Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm, “judgment”) | hukum (“judgment, law”) | judge | |
| katan | Arabic خَتْن (ḵatn, “circumcision”) | khatan (“circumcision”) | circumcised | |
| kupyâ | Arabic كُوفِيَّة (kūfiyya, “headgear, keffiyeh”) | kopiah (“cap”) | iron helmet or similar headgear | |
| malim | Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʽallim, “teacher; navigator”) | malim (“maritime pilot; expert”) | maritime pilot | |
| mansigit | Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid, “mosque”) | temple, worship place | ||
| paham | Arabic فَهْم (fahm, “understanding”) | faham (“science, understanding”) | a learned person; scholar | |
| pangadyî | Tag. pang- + Arabic حَجِّي (ḥajjī, “pilgrim to Mecca”) | pengajian (“recitation, reading”) | Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity | |
| pinggán[82] | Persian پنگان (pingān, “cup, bowl”) | pinggan (“dish, plate, saucer”) | dish plate | |
| salabát | Arabic شَرْبَة (šarba, “any non-alcoholic drink”) | ginger tea | ||
| salamat[83] | Persian سَلَامَت (salāmat, “good health”), from Arabic سَلَامَة, (salāma, “peace; blessings”, greeting or thanking word) | thank you | ||
| salapî | Arabic صَرْف (ṣarf, “to pay, to earn”) | coin; money | ||
| salawál | Persian شلوار (šalvār, “bloomers, pantaloons, trousers”) | seluar (“breeches, trousers”) | underpants, pre-colonial dhoti-like men's garment | |
| siyák | Arabic شَيْخ (šayḵ, “elder, master, teacher, sheik”) | syeikh (“a mosque caretaker”) | Muslim cleric | |
| sultán | Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān, “strength sorveignty or authority”) | sultan (“king or royal”) | king or royal (historical) | |
| sumbali | Arabic بِاسْمِ اللّٰه (bismi llāh, “in the name of God”) | sembelih (“butcher an animal”) | cutting the throat of an animal | |
| sunát | Arabic سُنَّة (sunna, “tradition, specifically Islamic traditions”) | sunat (“circumcision”) | excision of the clitoris |
See also: Philippine Hokkien.
Most Chinese loanwords in Tagalog were derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese language most widely spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog. Many loanwords such as pancit[84] entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in Southern China[85]) as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade.[86] [87] Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery.[88] [89]
| Tagalog | Hokkien | Meaning in Hokkien | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| angkák | 紅麴 (âng-khak) | red yeast rice | red yeast rice | |
| apyán | 鴉片 (a-phiàn) | opium | opium | |
| ate | 阿姊 (á-ché) | appellation for elder sister | appellation for elder sister | |
| baktáw | 墨斗 (ba̍k-táu) | carpenter's ink marker | carpenter's ink marker | |
| bakyâ | 木屐 (ba̍k-kiah) | wooden clogs | wooden clogs | |
| bataw | 肉豆 (bah-tāu) | hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) | hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) | |
| batsoy | 肉碎 (bah-chhùi) | dish with loin of pork as main ingredient | batchoy | |
| bihon | 米粉 (bí-hún) | rice vermicelli | rice vermicelli | |
| biko | 米糕 (bí-ko) | sweetened rice cake | sweetened rice cake | |
| bilawo | 米漏 (bí-lāu) | rice winnower | flat round-shaped rice winnower and food container | |
| bimpo | 面布 (bīn-pò͘) | face towel | face towel | |
| bithay | 米篩 (bí-thai) | rice sifter | sieve (for sifting grain and sand) | |
| bitso | 米棗 (bí chó) | fried cake made of rice flour | youtiao | |
| betsin | 味精 (bī-cheng) | Monosodium glutamate | Monosodium glutamate | |
| buwisit | 無衣食 (bô-ui-si̍t) | out of luck, unlucky | nuisance | |
| diko | 二哥 (jī-ko)[90] [91] | appellation for second eldest brother | appellation for second eldest brother | |
| disó | 二嫂 (jī-só)[92] | second eldest brother's wife | sister-in-law | |
| ditsé | 二姊 (jī-ché) | appellation for second eldest sister | appellation for second eldest sister | |
| gintô[93] | 金條 (kim-tiâu) | gold bar | gold (Au) | |
| goto | 牛肚 (gû-tǒ͘) | ox tripe | goto – rice porridge with ox/beef tripe | |
| gunggóng | 戇戇 (gōng-gōng) | stupid | stupid | |
| hikaw | 耳鉤 (hǐ-kau) | earrings | earrings | |
| hopya | 好餅 (hó piáⁿ) | sweet mung bean cake | sweet mung bean cake | |
| hukbô | 服務 (ho̍k-bū) | service | army | |
| husi | 富紗 (hù se) | rich yarn | cloth made from pineapple fibre | |
| huwepe | 火把 (hóe-pé)[94] | torch | torch | |
| huweteng | 花當 (hoe-tǹg) | Jueteng | Jueteng | |
| impó[95] | 姆婆 (ḿ-pô)[96] or 引婆 (ín-pô)[97] | grandmother | grandmother | |
| ingkóng | 引公 (ín-kong)[98] | grandfather | grandfather | |
| insó | 引嫂 (ín-só) | sister-in-law | wife of an elder brother or male cousin | |
| Intsík | 引叔 (ín-chek)[99] [100] | uncle | (informal) Chinese people, language, or culture | |
| katay | 共伊刣 (kā i thâi) | have it slaughtered | to slaughter | |
| kikyam[101] | 雞繭 (ke-kián) | sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder | sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder | |
| kintsáy | 芹菜 (khîn-chhài) | celery (Apium graveolens) | celery (Apium graveolens) | |
| kitî | 雞稚 (ke-tī) | young chick | young chick | |
| kutsáy | 韭菜 (kú-chhài) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) | |
| kusot | 鋸屑 (kù-sut) | sawdust | sawdust | |
| kuya | 哥仔 (ko-iá)[102] | appellation for elder brother | appellation for elder brother | |
| lawin | 老鷹 (lāu-eng) | any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae | any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae | |
| lawláw | 落落 (làu-làu) | loose | dangling; sagging; hanging loose | |
| litháw[103] | 犁頭 (lê-thâu) | plough | ploughshare | |
| lomi | 滷麵 (ló͘-mī) | lor mee – Chinese noodle dish | lomi (a Filipino-Chinese noodle dish) | |
| lumpiyâ | 潤餅 (lūn-piáⁿ) | fried or fresh spring rolls | fried or fresh spring rolls | |
| mami | 肉麵 (mah-mī) | meat and noodles in soup | meat and noodles in soup | |
| maselan | Tagalog ma- + 西人 (se-lâng) | Westerner
| delicate; sensitive; hard to please | |
| miswa | 麵線 (mī-soàⁿ) | misua – Chinese salted noodles | very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup | |
| pansít | 扁食 (pán-si̍t) | kneaded food | pancit – any noodle dish | |
| pakyáw | 縛繳 (pa̍k-kiáu) | to submit by bundles | wholesale buying | |
| pasláng | 拍死人 (phah-sí lāng) | to beat people to death | to kill | |
| petsay | 白菜 (pe̍h-chhài) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) | |
| pesà | 白煠魚 (pe̍h-sa̍h hî) | plain boiled fish | plain boiled fish | |
| pinsé | 硼砂 (phêng-se) | borax | borax | |
| puntáw | 糞斗 (pùn-táu) | dustpan | dustpan | |
| putháw[104] | 斧頭 (pú-thâu) | axe | hatchet; small axe | |
| sampán | 舢板 (sam-pán) | Chinese boat
| Chinese boat
| |
| samyô | 散藥 (sám io̍h) | to sprinkle medicinal powder | aroma; fragrance; sweet odor | |
| sangko | 三哥 (saⁿ-ko) | appellation for third eldest brother | appellation for third eldest brother | |
| sangkî | 三紀 (saⁿ-kì) | Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) | Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) | |
| sansé | 三姊 (saⁿ-ché) | appellation for third eldest sister | appellation for third eldest sister | |
| singkî | 新客 (sin-kheh) | new guest or customer | newcomer; beginner | |
| sitaw | 青豆 (chhiⁿ-tāu) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) | |
| siyaho | 姐夫 (chiá-hu)[105] | brother-in-law (elder sister's husband) | husband of an elder sister or female cousin | |
| siyakoy | 油炸粿 (iû-cha̍h-kóe) | youtiao | shakoy | |
| siyansí | 煎匙 (chian-sî) | kitchen turner | kitchen turner | |
| sotanghon | 山東粉 (soaⁿ-tang-hún) | cellophane noodles | cellophane noodles | |
| sukì[106] | 主客 (chú-kheh) | special guest | regular customer; patron | |
| sungkî | 伸齒 (chhun-khí) | protruding tooth | buck tooth | |
| susì | 鎖匙 (só-sî) | key | key | |
| suwahe | 沙蝦 (soa-hê) | greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) | greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) | |
| suyà | 衰啊 (soe-a) | expression for "How unlucky!" | disgust | |
| siyokoy | 水鬼 (chúi-kúi) | water spirit; water devil | merman | |
| siyomay | 燒賣 (sio-mai) | steamed dumpling | shumai / siomai – steamed dumpling | |
| siyopaw | 燒包 (sio-pau) | meat-filled steamed bun | siopao – meat-filled steamed bun | |
| tahô | 豆腐 (tāu-hū) | tofu | taho | |
| táhuré (var. táhurí) | 豆乳 (tāu-jí) | soy milk; fermended bean curd | fermented tofu in soy sauce | |
| tanga[107] | 蟲仔 (thâng-á) | little insect/bug/worm | clothes moth | |
| tangláw | 燈樓 (teng-lâu) | lamp; lantern; lit. 'light tower' | light | |
| tansô | 銅索 (tâng-soh) | copper wire | copper (Cu), bronze | |
| tawsî | 豆豉 (tāu-sīⁿ) | beans preserved in soy sauce | beans preserved in soy sauce | |
| timsím (var. tingsím) | 燈芯 (teng-sim) | lampwick | lampwick | |
| tinghóy | 燈火 (teng-hóe) | wick lamp | wick lamp in glass filled with oil | |
| tikoy | 甜粿 (tiⁿ-kóe) | nian gao – sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake | |
| titò | 豬肚 (ti-tǒ͘) | pig tripe | pork tito – pig tripe | |
| tiyák | 的 (tiak) | true; real | sure; certain | |
| toge | 豆芽 (tāu-gê) | bean sprout | bean sprout | |
| tokwa | 豆乾 (tāu-koaⁿ) | tofu | tofu | |
| totso | 豆油醋魚 (tāu-iû- chhò͘-hî) | fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar | sautéed fish with tahure | |
| toyò | 豆油 (tāu-iû) | soy sauce | soy sauce | |
| tutsang | 頭鬃 (thâu-chang) | hair | short hair on a woman's head | |
| upo | 葫匏 (ô͘-pû) | bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) | bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) | |
| utaw | 烏豆 (o͘-tāu) | black soybean (Glycine max) | soybean (Glycine max) | |
| wansóy (var. unsóy, yansóy) | 芫荽 (oân-sui) | coriander/cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) | coriander/cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) |
There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese. Many of them were introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan[108] (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and karaoke (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means "empty orchestra") although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).
Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of otousan (from the Japanese お父さん meaning "father") which is reinterpreted as utusan (meaning "servant" or "maid") in Tagalog. As for the Tagalog word Japayuki, it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a portmanteau of the English word Japan and the Japanese word yuki (or 行き, meaning "going" or "bound to").
| Tagalog | Japanese | Meaning in Japanese | Meaning in Tagalog | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bonsay | 盆栽 (bonsai) | bonsai
| bonsai
| |
| dorobo | 泥棒 (dorobō) | thief; burglar; robber | thief; burglar; robber | |
| dyak en poy[109] or jak en poy | じゃん拳ぽん (jankenpon) | rock–paper–scissors game | rock–paper–scissors game | |
| karaoke | カラオケ (karaoke) | karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment) | karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment) | |
| karate | 空手 (karate) | karate | karate | |
| katanà | 刀 (katana) | katana
| katana
| |
| katól | 蚊取り線香 (katorisenkō) | mosquito coil
| mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense | |
| kimono | 着物 (kimono) | kimono (or other trad. Japanese clothing) | traditional Philippine blouse made of piña or jusi | |
| kiréy | 奇麗 (kirei) | pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair | (slang) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair | |
| kokang | 交換 (kōkan) | exchange; interchange | (slang) exchange; interchange | |
| pampam | ぱんぱん (panpan) | (slang) prostitute (esp. just after WWII) | (slang) prostitute | |
| shabú | シャブ (shabu) | (slang) methamphetamine hydrochloride | methamphetamine hydrochloride | |
| taksan-taksan | 沢山 (takusan) | much; many | (slang) much; many | |
| tansan | 炭酸 (tansan) | carbonated water | bottle cap | |
| tsunami | 津波 (tsunami) | tsunami
| tsunami; tidal wave | |
| toto | おとうと (otōto) | younger brother or child | young boy[110] [111] |
Tagalog gained Nahuatl words via Spanish from the Galleon trade with the Viceroyalty of New Spain during the Hispanic era.[112]
Here are some examples:
| Tagalog Word | Nahuatl Root Word | Spanish Word | Meaning and Further Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abokado | Ahuacatl | Aguacate | ||
| Akapulko (var. kapurko) | Acapolco | Acapulco | Senna alata
| |
| Alpasotis (var. pasotis) | Epazotl | Epazote | Dysphania ambrosioides
| |
| Atole[113] | Atolli | Atole | Paste made from flour | |
| Atsuwete | Achiotl | Achiote | Achiote | |
| Guwatsinanggo | Cuauchilnacatl | Guachinango | Shrewd; cunning; astute | |
| Kakaw | Cacáhuatl | Cacao | ||
| Kakawati (var. kakawate) | Cacáhuatl | Cacahuate | Gliricidia sepium
| |
| Kalatsutsi (var. kalanotse) | Cacaloxochitl | Cacalosúchil | Plumeria rubra
| |
| Kamatis | Xitomatl | Jitomates | Tomato | |
| Kamatsile | Cuamóchitl | Guamúchil | Pithecellobium dulce
| |
| Kamote | Camotli | Camote | Sweet potato | |
| Koyote (var. kayote) | Coyotl | Coyote | ||
| Kulitis | Quilitl | Quelite | ||
| Mekate | Mecatl | Mecate | Rope or cord made out of abaca | |
| Mehiko | Mēxihco | Mexico | Mexico | |
| Nanay[114] [115] | Nantli | Nana | Mother | |
| Paruparo[116] (var. paparo) | Papalotl | Papalote | Butterfly | |
| Petate[117] | Petlatl | Petate | Woven palm-matting | |
| Peyote | Peyotl | Peyote | Peyote | |
| Pitaka | Petlacalli | Petaca | Coin purse | |
| Sakate | Zacatl | Zacate | Hay or grass for fodder | |
| Sangkaka | Chiancaca | Chancaca | Cakes of hardened molasses | |
| Sapote | Tzapotl | Zapote | Pouteria sapota
| |
| Sayote | Chayotli | Chayote | Chayote
| |
| Sili | Chīlli | Chile | Chili pepper | |
| Singkamas | Xicamatl | Jícama | Mexican turnip | |
| Sisiwa | Chichiua | Chichigua | Wet nurse | |
| Tamalis (var. tamales) | Tamalli | Tamal | Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks | |
| Tapangko[118] | Tlapanco | Tapanco | Awning | |
| Tatay[119] | Tahtli | Tata | Father | |
| Tisa | Tizatl | Tiza | Chalk | |
| Tiyangge (var. tsangge) | Tianquiztli | Tianguis | Open-air market | |
| Tokayo (var. tukayo, katukayo) | Tocayotia | Tocayo | Namesake | |
| Tsiklet (var. tsikle) | Chictli | Chicle | Chewing gum | |
| Tsiko | Tzicozapotl | Chicozapote | Manilkara zapota
| |
| Tsokolate | Xocolatl | Chocolate | Chocolate |
Tagalog also absorbed Quechua vocabulary,[120] from South America at the Viceroyalty of Peru, especially after Don Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera former Governor of Panama, imported Peruvian soldiers and settlers to serve in the Philippines.[121]
| Tagalog Word | Quechua Root Word | Spanish Word | Meaning and Further Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpaka | Alpaca | Alpaca | Alpaca, a certain kind of ruminant and its wool | |
| Koka | Coca | Coca | certain bush | |
| Kondor | Condor | Condor | Vultur gryphus | |
| Gautso | Gaucho | Gaucho | "Gaucho, cowboy, herder" | |
| Guwano | Guano | Guano | excrement of sea birds used as manure | |
| Hipihapa | Jipijapa | Jipijapa | Fibre extracted from the leaves of the palm tree to makehats; the hat made of this material. | |
| Pampa | Pampa | Pampa | Prairie | |
| Papas | Papa | Papa | Potato | |
| Kinina | Quinina | Quinina | Quinine, febrifugal substance extracted from the bark of certain trees |
Tagalog has loanwords from Cebuano, mostly due to Cebuano and Bisayan migration to Tagalog-speaking regions. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog or relate to Cebuano or Bisaya culture; some others have pre-existing equivalents and are introduced to Tagalog by native Cebuano speakers. Some Tagalog slang are of Cebuano provenance (e.g. Tagalog jombag, from Cebuano sumbag).
| bayot | bayot | gay; homosexual man | gay; homosexual man; non-binary; trans woman; coward | |
| buang, buwang | buang | crazy; insane; mad | crazy; fool; idiot; hippie | |
| daks | dakô | (slang) having a large penis; well-endowed | big | |
| dugong | dugong | dugong; sea cow | dugong; sea cow | |
| habal-habal | habal-habal | motorcycle taxi | motorcycle taxi (from habal "to copulate") | |
| indáy | indáy | a term of address for a female housemaid | a young girl | |
| juts | diyotay | (slang) not hung; having a small penis; not well-endowed | small; minute | |
| katarungan | katarongan | justice (coined in the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz) | reason, justification (from tarong "straight; right; proper; sane") | |
| kawatán | kawatán | robber; burglar; thief; criminal | robber; burglar; thief (from kawat "to steal; to rob") | |
| kawáy | gawáy | waving of hands; calling someone by waving | tentacles | |
| kuskos-balungos | kuskos balungos | fuss; excessive activity, worry, bother, or talk about something | to scratch, scrape, or rub one's pubic hair | |
| Lumad | lumád | any of the indigenous non-Muslim peoples of Mindanao | native | |
| lungsód | lúngsod | city (introduced during the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz) | town/municipality | |
| tulisán | tulisán | highway robber; brigand; bandit; outlaw | bandit; mugger | |
| ukay-ukay | ukay-ukay | thrift store selling second-hand clothings, shoes and apparels | thrift store selling second-hand clothings, shoes and apparels (from ukáy; "to dig") |
| kataga | kataga | word | word (ka + root word "taga") | |
| magayon | magayon | beautiful | beautiful |