List of largest mammals explained

See also: Largest and heaviest animals.

The following is a list of largest mammals by family.

Tenrecs and allies (Afrosoricida)

• The largest of these insectivorous mammals is the giant otter shrew (Potamogale velox), native to Central Africa. This species can weigh up to 1kg (02lb) and measure 0.64m (02.1feet) in total length.^{[1] [2]}
• The larger of the two species of bibymalagasy (Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis), extinct tenrec relatives from Madagascar, is estimated to have weighed from 10 to 18 kilograms (21 to 40 lb).^[3]

Even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla)

• The largest species in terms of weight is the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), native to the rivers of sub-Saharan Africa. They can attain a size of 4500kg (9,900lb), 5.05m (16.57feet) long and 1.66m (05.45feet) tall.^{[4] [5] [6]} Prehistoric hippos such as H. gorgops and H. antiquus rivaled or exceeded the modern species as the largest members of the family and order to ever exist.
• The longest-bodied species, and tallest of all living land animals, is the giraffe (Giraffa sp.), measuring up to 5.8m (19feet) tall to the top of the head, and despite being relatively slender, reaching a top weight of 2000kg (4,000lb).^[7]
• The largest extant representative of the bovids, a diverse and well-known family, is the Asian forest-dwelling gaur (Bos gaurus), in which bulls can weigh up to 1500kg (3,300lb), 4.5m (14.8feet) in total length and stand 2.2m (07.2feet) at the shoulder.^{[8] [9]} The wild yak (B. mutus), reaches 2.05m (06.73feet) in height, and a weight of 1200kg (2,600lb).^[10] The living American bison (B. bison) of North America is 2to long, the tail adding 30to. Shoulder heights in the species can range from 152to.^[11] Weights can range from 318to.^{[12] [13] [14]} The European bison (B. bonasus) may be less heavy than the American species, but would exceed heights at withers with the tallest record of 210cm (80inches). When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bisons can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic American bison weighed 1724kg (3,801lb) ^[13] and the heaviest European bison weighed about 1900kg (4,200lb).^[15] The heads and forequarters of American species are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 20NaN0 long, which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense. Wild water buffaloes (Bubalus arnee) of Asia are larger and heavier than domestic buffaloes, and weigh from 700to. Their head-to-body-length is 240to with a tail 60to long, and a shoulder height of 150to. Both sexes carry horns that are heavy at the base and widely spreading up to 2m (07feet) The extinct giant bison (Bison latifrons) may be the largest bovid in the fossil record, with an estimated shoulder up to 2.5m (08.2feet) and a weight over 2000kg (4,000lb).^[16] Pelorovis also reached 2,000 kg in weight. Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) are usually smaller, although obese steers have been reported to weigh up to 2140kg (4,720lb).^[17] The largest antelope is the giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus) from Africa^{[18] [19] [20] [21]} They are typically between 220and in head-and-body length and stand approximately 130to at the shoulder and weigh 400to.^[22]
• The largest species in the pig family is generally the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), a native of the African rainforests, at up to 275kg (606lb), 2.55m (08.37feet) in length and 1.1m (03.6feet) high at the shoulder.^[23] Although wild boars (Sus scrofa) have reportedly reached 320kg (710lb) historically, especially the Manchurian subspecies (Sus scrofa ussuricus)^[24] and obese domestic pigs (S. domesticus) which have been weighed at 1157kg (2,551lb). The largest wild suid to ever exist was Kubanochoerus gigas, having measured up to 550kg (1,210lb) and stood more than 1.3m (04.3feet) tall at the shoulder.^[25]
• The largest living cervid is the moose (Alces alces), particularly the Alaskan subspecies (A. a. gigas), verified at up to 820kg (1,810lb), a total length of 3.5m (11.5feet) and a shoulder height of 2.4m (07.9feet).^[26] The largest deer of all time was the broad-fronted moose (Cervalces latifrons). The extinct Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) and the stag-moose (Cervalces scotti) were of similar size to the Alaskan moose. However, the Irish elk could have antlers spanning up to 4.3m (14.1feet) across, about twice the maximum span for a moose's antlers.^[27]
• The largest members of the camel family are either the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which is still wild in the steppe of central Asia, or the similarly sized dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), which no longer exists as a purely wild species but is widespread in the Middle East as a domestic animal, with a large introduced feral population in Australia. Both camels can weigh up to 1000kg (2,000lb), 4m (13feet) in total length, 2.5m (08.2feet) tall at the shoulder and a height of 3.45m (11.32feet) at the hump.^{[28] [29] [30]} Several giant camels are known from fossils, the previous record holders, Gigantocamelus and Titanotylopus from North America, both possibly reached 2485.6kg (5,479.8lb) and a shoulder height of over 3.4m (11.2feet).^{[31] [32]} Camelus moreli, also known as the "Syrian camel", may have been even larger, at an estimated shoulder height of 3.6 or even 4 m (12–13 ft).^[33]

Whales (Cetacea)

• The largest whale (and largest mammal, as well as the largest animal known ever to have existed) is the blue whale, a baleen whale (Mysticeti). The longest confirmed specimen was 33.58 m (110.17 ft) in length and the heaviest was 190 tonnes.^{[34] [35]} Its closest competitors are also baleen whales, the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), which can reach a size of 27m (89feet) in length and weight of 109 tonnes, and the bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) and North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica), both measured up to 21.2m (69.6feet) and estimated at that length to weigh about 133 tonnes.^{[26] [36]}
• The largest toothed whale (Odontoceti) is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), bulls of which usually range up to 18.2m (59.7feet) long and a mass of 50 tonnes.
• The orca or killer whale (Orcinus orca) is the largest species of the oceanic dolphin family. The largest orca ever recorded was a male off the coast of Japan, measuring 9.7m (31.8feet) long and weighed 10 tonnes.^[37]
• The largest porpoise is the Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), at up to 220kg (490lb) and 2.3m (07.5feet) in length.^[36]
• The largest beaked whale is the Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) at up to 14 tonnes and 13m (43feet) long.^[38]
• The largest of the beluga and narwhal is the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Adult male beluga whales can range from 3.5to, while the females measure 3to.
• The largest river dolphin is the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) from Amazon basin at a length of 1.53to, depending on subspecies. Females are typically larger than males. The largest female Amazon river dolphins can range up to 2.5m (08.2feet) long.
• Fragmentary fossils of extinct rorquals from the Pliocene epoch suggest they rivaled the size of the largest whales today.^[39]
• Perucetus, the largest Archaeoceti, has an estimated length exceeding 17.0–20.1 meters and weight ranging from 85–340 t which also rivaled the size of the largest whales today. However, later studies proposed a much smaller size of 17 m to 20 m and 98-114 t.^[40]

Carnivorans (Carnivora)

• The largest carnivoran as well as the largest pinniped is the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), attaining sizes up to 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) in weight and 6.9 m (23 ft) in length.^[26]
• The largest living land carnivoran, on average, is the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). It can reach a shoulder height of over 1.6m (05.2feet) and total length of as much as 3.1m (10.2feet). The heaviest wild polar bear weight recorded was 1002kg (2,209lb). The Kodiak bear, a brown bear (U. arctos) subspecies, rivals the polar bear in size, but is slightly smaller. It has a similar body length with the largest confirmed wild specimen weighing 751kg (1,656lb). The largest bear, and possibly the largest known mammalian land carnivore of all time, was Arctotherium angustidens. The largest specimen yet found is estimated to weigh up to 1600kg (3,500lb) and stood up to 3.39m (11.12feet) tall on the hind-limbs^[41]
• The largest living species of the family Felidae is the tiger (Panthera tigris),^[26] with reports of males up to 388.7and in the wilderness and captivity, respectively. Captive ligers, hybrids between lions (P. leo) and tigers, can grow up to non-obese weights over 410kg (900lb).^[42]
• Among the largest members of the family Felidae were the extinct American lion, averaging 256kg (564lb), the sabertooth Smilodon populator, of which the largest males might have exceeded 400kg (900lb), and sabertooths of genus Adeilosmilus (e.g., A. kabir), with an estimated mass of 350-.^[43]
• In the wilderness, the largest living member of Canidae is the gray wolf (Canis lupus). The largest specimens from the Mackenzie Valley wolf (C. l. occidentalis) or the Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus) weigh up to 80– and measure up to 2.5m (08.2feet) in total length and 0.97m (03.18feet) tall at the shoulder. Eurasian wolves from the Russian area have even been reported to weigh as much as 90–, though these figures require verification.^{[44] [45]} Domestic dogs however can occasionally grow heavier, up to 155.6kg (343lb).^[46]
• The largest known canid is an extinct member of subfamily Borophaginae, Epicyon haydeni. The largest known specimen of this species weighed an estimated 170kg (380lb).^[47]
• The largest and most diverse family of carnivores, the mustelids, reaches their maximum size (by mass) in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) of the North Pacific coasts, at up to 54kg (119lb), and (by length) the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) of the Amazonian rainforests, at up to 2.4m (07.9feet) in total.^{[48] [49]} The largest mustelid to ever exist was likely the odd cat-like Ekorus from Africa, about the size of a modern leopard and filling a similar ecological niche before big cats came to the continent. Another contender for largest of this family is the wolverine-like Megalictis, which according to older estimates could have reached the size of a modern black bear. Newer estimates, however, significantly downgrade its size, although, at a maximum weight more than twice that of a wolverine, it is larger than most (if not all) living mustelids.
• The largest species in the mongoose family is the African white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), at up to 6kg (13lb) and 1.18m (03.87feet) long.
• The largest species in the viverrid family is the Asian binturong (Arctictis binturong), at up to 27kg (60lb) and 1.85m (06.07feet) long, about half of which is tail.^{[50] [51]} The largest viverrid known to have existed is Viverra leakeyi, which was around the size of a modern wolf or small leopard at 41kg (90lb).^[52]
• The largest modern species in the hyena family is the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) of sub-Saharan Africa, at up to a maximum weight of 86–.^[53] Spotted hyenas can range up to 2.13m (06.99feet) in total length and 93cm (37inches) tall at the shoulder.^[51] The largest fossil hyena is the lion-sized Pachycrocuta, estimated at 200kg (400lb).^[54]
• The largest living procyonid is the raccoon (Procyon lotor) of North America, having a body length of 40to and a body weight of 3.5to. The extinct Chapalmalania of South America was the largest known member of this family, about 1.5m (04.9feet) in body length.
• The largest skunk is generally considered the striped skunk, which can weigh up to 6.35kg (14lb) and reaches lengths of up to 70cm (30inches). The American hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus leuconotus) is longer, reaching lengths of up to 82.5cm (32.5inches), but is usually less heavy, at up to 10lb.

Bats (Chiroptera)

• The large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) is generally reported as the largest bat.^[55] Its wingspan has been verified to 1.83m (06feet) and may possibly reach 2m (07feet).^[26] In weight it is surpassed by the closely related Indian flying fox (P. medius), which is the heaviest bat at up to 1.6kg (03.5lb).^[55] A few other relatively poorly known species of flying foxes may match these, but few measurements are available.^{[56] [57]}
• The spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum) of the Neotropics, at up to 95g, 14cm (06inches) long and about 0.9m (03feet) in wingspan, is the largest member of the family Phyllostomidae and is also believed to be the largest member of the microbat suborder.^[58]
• The great evening bat (Ia io), at 105mm long with an average wingspan of 0.51m (01.67feet) and a weight of 58g, is the largest vesper bat.^[59]

Armadillos (Cingulata)

• The extant giant of this group is the giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), native to tropical South America. The top size for this species is 54kg (119lb), 0.55m (01.8feet) high at the shoulder and 1.6m (05.2feet) in length, although captive specimens can weigh up to 80kg (180lb).^{[60] [61]}
• Much larger prehistoric examples are known, especially Doedicurus of South America, which probably averaged around 2 tonnes, though one specimen may have weighed 2.3 tonnes,^[62] and could reach 3.6m (11.8feet) in total length and 1.53m (05.02feet) high at the top of the shelled back.

Colugos (Dermoptera)

• Of the two colugo species in the order Dermoptera of gliding arboreal mammals in southeast Asia, the largest and most common is the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus). The maximum size is 2kg (04lb) and 73cm (29inches) in length.^[63]

Hedgehogs and gymnures (Erinaceomorpha)

• The largest of this order and family of prickly-skinned, small mammals is the greater moonrat (Echinosorex gymnura), native to the rainforests of the Malaysian Peninsula as well as Sumatra and Borneo. The maximum size of this species is over 2kg (04lb) and 60cm (20inches).^[26] The moonrat is a member of the same family as hedgehogs, which are typically much smaller than the moonrat. Even larger was the giant gymnure Deinogalerix from Miocene Europe. It was estimated to grow larger than a modern house cat.

Hyraxes (Hyracoidea)

• The largest species of hyrax seems to be the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), at up to 5.4kg (11.9lb) and 73cm (29inches) long. Prehistorically, the hyraxes were, for a time, the primary terrestrial herbivores in Africa, and some forms grew as large as modern horses.^[64]

Rabbits, hares, and pikas (Lagomorpha)

• The largest extant wild species may be the European hare (Lepus europaeus), native to western and central Eurasia. This lagomorph can range up to 7kg (15lb) in weight and 0.85m (02.79feet) in total length.^[65] However, the Alaskan hare (Lepus othus) has almost the same exact body-proportions and weighs slightly more, averaging 4.8kg (10.6lb) and reaching a maximum mass of 7.2kg (15.9lb).^[66] Also, an occasional Arctic hare (L. arcticus) can also weigh as much as 7kg (15lb) but is typically smaller overall than the European and Alaskan species.^[67]
• The largest pika species, the Chinese red pika (Ochotona erythrotis), reaches a body length of 29cm (11inches).^[68]
• The largest domestic rabbit breed is the Flemish Giant, which can attain a maximum known weight of 12.7kg (28lb). The largest lagomorph ever was Nuralagus rex, native to Menorca, which could have possibly grown up to 23kg (51lb).^[69]

Elephant shrews (Macroscelidea)

• The elephant shrews are named for their combination of long, trunk-like snouts and long legs combined with a general shrew-like body form, but these animals are in fact not closely related to any other extant order (including treeshrews) and are a unique group behaviorally and in appearance. The largest species is the recently discovered grey-faced sengi (Rhynchocyon udzungwensis), known only from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. This elephant shrew can range up to 0.75kg (01.65lb) and a length of 0.6m (02feet).^{[70] [71]}

Marsupials (Marsupialia)

• The largest opossum is the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) from North America. Virginia opossums can vary considerably in size, with larger specimens found to the north of the opossum's range and smaller specimens in the tropics. They measure 13 - 37 inches (35 - 94 cm) long from their snout to the base of the tail, with the tail adding another 8.5 - 19 inches (21.6 - 47 cm). Weight for males ranges from 1.7 to 14 pounds (0.8 - 6.4 kg) and for females from 11 ounces to 8.2 pounds (0.3 - 3.7 kg).^[72]
• The largest possum is the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) from Australia 32–58 cm^[73] with a tail length of 24–40 cm.^[74] It weighs 1.2-4.5 kg.^[74] Males are generally larger than females.
• The largest peramelemorph, the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta), reaches a body length of about, including a tail of, and weighs .^[75]
• The red kangaroo (Osphanter rufus) of Australia is the largest living marsupial, and the largest member of the kangaroo family. These lanky mammals have been verified to 91kg (201lb) and 2.18m (07.15feet) when standing completely upright.^[26] Unconfirmed specimens have been reported up to 150kg (330lb).^[76] Prehistoric kangaroos reached even larger sizes. Procoptodon goliah was one of the largest known kangaroos that ever existed, standing approximately 2m (07feet) and weighing about 230kg (510lb).^[77] Some species from the genus Sthenurus were similar in size as well.
• The northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus kreffti) is the largest vombatiform alive today with a head and body length up to 102cm (40inches) and a weight of up to 40kg (90lb). Prehistorically, this suborder contained many huge marsupials, including the largest to ever exist: Diprotodon. This rhino-sized herbivore would have reached more than 3.3m (10.8feet) in length and stood 1.83m (06feet) at shoulder and was estimated to weigh up to 3000kg (7,000lb).^{[78] [79]}
• The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), endemic to Tasmania, is the largest living marsupial carnivore. These stocky mammals can range up to 14kg (31lb) and 1.1m (03.6feet) in total length.^{[80] [81]} The recently extinct thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), a close relative of the devil, grew larger and was the largest member of the group to survive into modern times. The largest measured specimen was 290cm (110inches) from nose to tail.
• The largest carnivorous marsupials known to ever exist were the Australian marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) and the South American saber-toothed marsupial (Thylacosmilus) both ranging from 1.5to long and weighing between 100and.^{[82] [83]} Neither were closely related to the true marsupial carnivores of today. Rather, the marsupial lion was most closely related to the herbivorous koalas, while Thylacosmilus was a member of the order Sparassodonta, a group which may not have even been true marsupials.

Monotremes (Monotremata)

The largest extant monotreme (egg-bearing mammal) is the western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni) weighing up to 16.5kg (36.4lb) and measuring 1m (03feet) long.^[84] The largest monotreme ever was the extinct echidna species Murrayglossus hacketti, known only from a few bones found in Western Australia. It was about 1 m long^[85] and probably weighed about 30kg (70lb).^[86]

Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla)

• The largest extant species is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The largest size this species can attain is 4500kg (9,900lb), 4.7m (15.4feet) in total length, and 1.85m (06.07feet) tall at the shoulder.^[87] It is slightly larger than the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), which can range up to a weight of 4000kg (9,000lb).^[88] The extinct Elasmotherium sibricum was the largest rhino to ever exist. It stood approximately 2m (07feet) tall at the shoulder, up to 5m (16feet) long (excluding horn), and weighed from 3000to.^[89]
• The largest extant wild equids are the Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi), at up to 450kg (990lb), a shoulder height of 1.6m (05.2feet) and total length of 2.75m (09.02feet).^[90] Until it was domesticated into extinction the wild horse (E. ferus) was the largest equid. Domestic horses can reach a maximum weight of 1524kg (3,360lb) and shoulder height of 2.2m (07.2feet), probably far greater than the sizes attained by the wild horse.^[91] The largest prehistoric horse was Equus giganteus of North America. It was estimated to grow around the same size as the aforementioned domestic horse.
• The largest of the tapirs is the Malayan tapir (Acrocodia indica), the only member of the family outside of South America. Maximum size is about 2.5m (08.2feet) in length, 1.2m (03.9feet) tall at the shoulder, and up to 540kg (1,190lb) in weight.^[92]
• The second largest land mammal ever was Paraceratherium, a member of this order. The largest known species (Paraceratherium orgosensis) is believed to have stood up to 4.81NaN1 tall, measured over 7.41NaN1 long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes.^[93]

Pangolins (Pholidota)

• The largest species is the giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), at up to 1.7m (05.6feet) and at least 40kg (90lb).^[51]

Anteaters and sloths (Pilosa)

• The largest species is the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). A large adult can weigh as much as 65kg (143lb), be over 0.6m (02feet) tall at the shoulder and measure 2.4m (07.9feet) in overall length.^[94]

• The largest living sloths are the Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and Hoffmann's two-toed sloths (C. hoffmanni), which both can range up to 10kg (20lb) and 0.86m (02.82feet) long.^{[95] [96]}
• The sloths attained much larger sizes prehistorically, the largest of which were Megatherium which, at an estimated average weight of 4.5 tonnes and standing height of 5.1m (16.7feet), was about the same size as the African bush elephant^[97]

Primates (Primates)

• The gorillas (Gorilla gorilla & G. beringei) are the most massive living primates. The largest race is eastern lowland gorilla (G. b. graueri), with males average 140–, 1m (03feet) tall at the shoulder while on all fours and 1.65– tall when standing.^[98] The tallest wild gorilla (from the mountain gorilla race, G. b. beringei) stood 1.95m (06.4feet) and the heaviest wild one massed 267kg (589lb), although heavier weights have been observed in captivity.^[26] The great ape Gigantopithecus, which lived in Asia between 1 million and 100,000 years ago, is the largest primate known to have existed. It was estimated to stand 3m (10feet) tall and to weigh up to 540kg (1,190lb).^[99] However this is disputed and may only have been half of that weight.^[100]
• The largest of the Old World monkeys is the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) with large males being up to 50kg (110lb), 90cm (40inches) long and 50cm (20inches) at the shoulders.^[101] The prehistoric baboon Dinopithecus grew even larger than modern mandrills, weighing as much as a grown man.
• The largest New World monkey is the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), up to 15kg (33lb) and 1.6m (05.2feet) in total length.^[102]
• The largest lemur is the indri (Indri indri) which can weigh up to 12kg (26lb) and 90cm (40inches) in total length, though one fossil lemur, Archaeoindris, was gorilla-sized at 200kg (400lb).^{[103] [104]}
• Humans (Homo sapiens) can attain weights of up to 636kg (1,402lb) as well as heights of up to 2.72m (08.92feet), although these are cases of morbid obesity, tumor, gigantism or other medical malady. However, even when not afflicted with gigantism, humans are the tallest living primates. The largest man without growth abnormalities was 236cm (93inches) tall and weighed at least 230kg (510lb).^{[105] [106] [107]}

Elephants and allies (Proboscidea)

• The African bush elephant, with a largest recorded weight of 10.4 tonnes, is the largest extant member of the order Proboscidea.^[108] Though various contenders vie for the title of largest proboscid ever, including the steppe mammoth (M. trogontherii) of Asia, the columbian mammoth (M. columbi) of North America, and Paleoloxodon recki of Africa (each of these species possibly reaching a shoulder height of 4.51NaN1 and 14.3 tonnes in weight), the largest so far discovered species is believed to have been Palaeoloxodon namadicus. A recent estimate puts the largest individuals at a shoulder height of 5.21NaN1 and a weight of about 22 tonnes. This would make it the largest land mammal known to ever exist, surpassing even Paraceratherium/Indricotherium.
• Deinotherium "thraceiensis", at 4.01m (13.16feet) tall and a weight of 13.2t, rivaled those proboscideans in size, and was the largest member of its family (Deinotheriidae).^[108]

Rodents (Rodentia)

• The largest living rodent is the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), native to most of the tropical and temperate parts of South America east of the Andes, always near water. Full-grown capybaras can reach 1.5m (04.9feet) long and 0.9m (03feet) tall at the shoulder and a maximum weight of 105.4kg (232.4lb). The extinct Neochoerus pinckneyi from North America, at 90 to 113 kg (200 to 250 pounds), was 40% larger than the living capybara.^[109]
• The second largest living rodent is the North American beaver (Castor canadensis), which favors water perhaps even more than its larger cousin. Outsized male beaver specimens have been recorded up to 50kg (110lb), which is about twice the normal weight for a beaver, and 1.7m (05.6feet) in total length.^{[110] [111]} The Eurasian beaver (C. fiber) is close to the same average size, but is known to top out around a mass of 31.7kg (69.9lb).^[112] The largest of this family is the extinct giant beaver of North America. It grew over 8feet in length and weighed roughly 60to, also making it one of the largest rodents to ever exist.
• The largest species in the squirrel family is the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) of the Pacific Northwest, at up to 13.5kg (29.8lb) and 0.8m (02.6feet) long.^{[113] [114]}
• The largest porcupine is the Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) of Central Africa 63to long from the head to the base of the tail, with the tail adding a further 11-.^[115] They weigh from 10to, with exceptionally large specimens weighing up to 30kg (70lb);^{[116] [117]} males and females are not significantly different in size.^[115]
• The largest hutia is Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides) of Cuba 31cm-60cmcm (12inches-20inchescm), a tail that is 14cm-29cmcm (06inches-11inchescm) long, and weigh 2.8kg-8.5kgkg (06.2lb-18.7lbkg).^[63] The largest extinct blunt-toothed giant hutia to have weighed between 50 and 200 kg (110 and 440 lb).^[118]
• The largest guinea pig, the greater guinea pig (Cavia magna), grows to a total length of 3101NaN1 and weight of 6361NaN1 for males and a total length of 3031NaN1 and weight of 5371NaN1 for females.^[119]
• The largest Muroid is the Gambian pouched rat of Africa. It grows up to 1m (03feet) in total length and can weigh up to 4kg (09lb).^[120]
• The largest known rodent ever is Josephoartigasia monesi, an extinct species known only from fossils found in Uruguay. It was approximately 3m (10feet) long and 1.5m (04.9feet) tall, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5–2.5 tonnes.^[121] Prior to the description of J. monesi, the largest known rodent species were from the genus Phoberomys, of which two species have been discovered. An almost complete skeleton of the slightly smaller Late Miocene species, Phoberomys pattersoni, was discovered in Venezuela in 2000; it was approximately 3m (10feet) long, with an additional 1.5m (04.9feet) tail, and probably weighed around 700kg (1,500lb).^[122]
• The largest dipodid is the great jerboa (Allactaga major), with a body length of 180mm and a tail of 260mm.^[123]

Treeshrews (Scandentia)

• The largest of the treeshrews seems to be the common treeshrew (Tupaia glis), at up to 187 g (6.6 oz) and 40cm (20inches).^[124]

Dugongs and manatees (Sirenia)

• The largest living species in the order Sirenia of dugongs and manatees is the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). The largest manatees are found in the Florida subspecies. The maximum recorded size of this species was 1655kg (3,649lb) and a total length of 4.6m (15.1feet).^{[26] [125]}
• The extinct Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was the largest member to ever exist, growing up to at least 7.9m (25.9feet) long and weighing up to 11 tonnes.^[126] It was a member of the dugong family.

Shrews and moles (Soricomorpha)

• The largest species of this order is the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus), males of which can weigh up to 1 kg (35.3 oz) and reach lengths of 32cm (13inches).
• The largest species of shrew, typically among the smallest-bodied of mammals, is the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), weighing up to 100g and reach lengths of up to 16cm (06inches).^[127]
• The largest mole is the amphibious Russian desman (Desmana moschata), with a total length of up to 43cm (17inches) and an upper weight of 520g.^[128]

Aardvark (Tubulidentata)

• The only species in this order is the unique aardvark (Orycteropus afer) of sub-Saharan Africa. Aardvarks are typically up to 1.3m (04.3feet) in length with an average weight of up to 65kg (143lb) and a shoulder height up to 0.65m (02.13feet).^[129] However, individuals as large as 2.2m (07.2feet) and as heavy as 100kg (200lb) are recorded.^[130]

Other mammals

• An ancient relative of ungulates, Andrewsarchus, may have been the largest carnivorous land mammal ever, despite almost all living species being herbivorous. Known only from a 0.83m (02.72feet) skull found in Mongolia, about twice the length of a modern brown bear skull, this great beast has been estimated to range as high in size as 2m (07feet) at the shoulder and 4.5m (14.8feet) in length.^[131] Weight estimates range anywhere from 454 to 1,816 kg (1,000 to 4,000 lb.) based on the unknown proportion of the skull's size relative to the body size.^[132]
• The largest member of the extinct order Cimolesta was probably Coryphodon, which was about 1m (03feet) at shoulder height and 2.5m (08.2feet) in body length and may have weighed up to 700kg (1,500lb) in the largest species.^[133]
• The largest member of the extinct order Dinocerata (commonly known as Uintatheres) was Eobasileus. It was about 4m (13feet) long and stood 2.1m (06.9feet) tall at the shoulder, with a weight up to 4000 kg (8818 lbs).^[134]
• The largest "creodont" was either Megistotherium or Sarkastodon. Both have had estimated weights of around 800kg (1,800lb), though more recent studies suggest they were more likely closer to 500kg (1,100lb). Both were among the largest predatory mammals of all time.
• The largest member of the extinct Notoungulata, and the superorder Meridiungulata, was Toxodon. It was about 2.7m (08.9feet) in body length, with an estimated weight up to 1415kg (3,120lb).^[135]
• Taeniolabis taoensis is the largest non-therian mammal known, at a weight possibly exceeding 100 kg.^[136]
• Patagomaia chainko is the largest Mesozoic mammal known.

See also

• List of largest land carnivorans
• Largest organisms
• Largest prehistoric animals
• List of largest birds
• List of largest cats
• List of largest fish
  • List of largest plants List of largest reptiles
• List of largest insects
• List of heaviest land mammals
• Smallest organisms

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