List of largest extant lizards explained

Currently there are about 40 extant families of Lacertilia. These vary considerably, e.g. in shades, colours, and sizes. For example, the largest representative among Geckos, the New Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus), has a length of up to 36 cm (14 in), while the largest species in the family Varanidae, Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), has a length up to 3 metres (10 ft), and a body mass of 70 kg (154 lbs).

Largest extant lizards

Here are the 15 largest extant lizards based on the most reliable measurements for size, including length and weight. These include family types Varanidae, Iguanidae and Teiidae exceeding 9 kg (20 lbs) in mass.

Rank	Common name	Binomial name	Family	Maximum reliable or known mass kg (lb)	Maximum total length m (ft)	Image
1		Varanus komodoensis		166 (366) in captivity^[1] 81.5 (180) caught in the wild, excluding stomach contents Probably 100 (220) including stomach contents^[2] (see below)	3.13 (10.27) in captivity 3.04 (9.97) caught in the wild (see below)
2	Asian water monitor	Varanus salvator		25 (55)^[3] (see below)	3.21 (10.53) (see below)
3	Crocodile monitor	Varanus salvadorii		20 (44.1) (see below)	2.55 (8.37) longest verified specimen, but unverified considerable larger (see below)
4		Varanus niloticus		20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below)	2.43 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
5		Varanus giganteus		20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below)	2.44 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
6	Black-throated monitor	Varanus albigularis microsticus		27 (60)^[4]	2.1 (6.89)
7		Varanus varius		14 (30.87) more reliable (see below)	2.0 (6.55)^[5] (see below)
8	Blue iguana	Cyclura lewisi		14 (30.87)^[6] ^[7]	1.5 (4.91)
9	Galapagos land iguana	Conolophus subcristatus		13 (28.66)	1.5 (4.91)
10	Marine iguana	Amblyrhynchus cristatus		12 (26.46)	1.4 (4.59)
11	Rhinoceros iguana	Cyclura cornuta		10 (22.05)^[8]	1.22 (4.0).^[9] Probably 1.36 (4.46)
12	Green iguana	Iguana iguana		9.1 (20)^[10]	2.0 (6.55)
13	Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor	Varanus bitatawa		9 (19.84)	1.8 (5.84)
14		Salvator rufescens		9 (19.84)	1.4 (4.59)
15	Gray's monitor	Varanus olivaceus		8.9 (19.62)	1.88 (6.16)

By families

Agamas (Agamidae)

See also: Agamidae.

• The largest representatives in this group are species in the genus Hydrosaurus, which often exceed 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length.
  • The largest species – Makassar salfin lizard (Hydrosaurus microlophus) and Sulawesi black salfin lizard (Hydrosaurus celebensis) growing a length of 1.2 (3.9 ft) and 1.13 m (3.7 ft) respectively.^[11]
  • A Weber's salfin lizard (Hydrosaurus weberi), Philippine salfin lizard (Hydrosaurus pustulatus) and Amboina salfin lizard (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) (previously counts the largest species in this group), have a length of 1 m (3.3 ft).
• The Australian water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii) and Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) can also exceed this length.^{[12] [13]}
• The frilled lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) has length up to 85 cm (2.79 ft) and mass up to 870 g (1.92 lb),^[14] probably even 900 g (2 lb)^[15]
• Uromastyx aegyptia is one of heaviest representatives among agamas, with length up to 76 cm (30 in)^[16] and mass 2 kg (4.4 lbs).^[17]
• A central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) have a length of 60cm (20inches),^{[18] [19] [20]} and are the largest in their genus.

American legless lizards (Anniellidae)

See also: Anniellidae.

• The largest American legless lizards is the Californian legless lizards (Anniella pulchra) attaining 18cm (07inches) long.

Glass lizards (Anguidae)

See also: Anguidae.

• Many representatives of this family are legless lizards. Among these the largest species, and also the largest legless lizard in the world, is the sheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus), reaching a maximum length of more 135 cm (4.43 ft) and a mass in 1.1kg (02.4lb).^[21]
• The eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) and slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus) may reach lengths of up to 108cm (43inches)^[22] and 107cm (42inches)^[23] respectively.
• However, this family also has lizards with legs, among which the largest is the Texas alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus infernalis) growing to from 45.7 cm (18 in) till 64 cm (25.2 in)^{[24] [25]} in different sources.

Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)

• Of all chameleons, the largest is the Parson's chameleon (Calumma parsonii), reaching a length of 68 cm (27 in).^{[26] [27]} But the longest species is the Malagasy giant chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti). It has a length of up to 68.5 cm (27 in).^[28]
• Other large chameleons are the veiled chameleon (Chameleo calyptratus) and Meller's chameleon (Trioceros melleri), with lengths of up to 61 cm (24 in)^{[29] [30]} Exceptionally large specimens of the latter have reputedly reached over 76 cm (30 in) and mass 600 g (1.3 lb), although this is unlikely.^[31]

Spinytail lizards (Cordylidae)

See also: Cordylidae.

• Many species in this family are small to medium-sized lizards that range in length from 6 to 30 cm (2.4 to 11.8 inches).^[32] There are large species in the genus Smaug, the largest of which is a giant girdled lizard (Smaug giganteus), with snout-vent length up to 20.5 cm (8.07 in)^[33] and total length up to roughly 40 cm (15.74 in).^[34]

Casquehead lizards (Corytophanidae)

See also: Corytophanidae.

• Casquehead lizards are quite large lizards. In particular, the genus Basiliscus typically measures 70–75 cm (28–30 in).^{[35] [36]} But the largest species in this group is the plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons), frequently growing to 91 cm (36 in).^[37]
• Another large species in this group is the eastern casquehead iguana (Laemanctus longipes) reaching up to 70 cm (27.6 in) including its long, thin tail.

Collared lizards (Crotaphytidae)

See also: Crotaphytidae.

• In this family it is not known exactly which species is the largest, but according to current data the largest is the reticulated collared lizard (Crotaphytus reticulatus) with length up to 41 cm (16 in) and mass 78.77 g (2.8 oz).^[38]

Anoles (Dactyloidae)

• Large species in this group are usually crown giant anolis ecomorphs^{[39] [40] [41]} The species generally considered the largest is the knight anole (Anolis equestris), which can reach up to 51 cm (20 in) in total length, 19 cm (7.5 in) in snout-vent length and weigh 137 g (4.83 oz).^{[42] [43]}
• However, in the equester species complex there are also species reaching the same length and even larger. These include A. baracoae, A. luteogularis, A. noblei and A. smallwoodi.^{[44] [45] [46] [47]}

Geckos (Gekkota)

See also: Gekkota.

• Species of geckos belong to different groups. For example, many species of geckos are in family Gekkonidae, but there are very large species in the family Diplodactylidae. For example, to them belongs the largest gecko species New Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus), which can be 36–43.18 cm (14–17 in) long and mass 212–279 g (7.5–9.8 oz)^{[48] [49]}
• Other representatives of the same genus as the aforementioned gecko can also reach huge sizes. These include gargoyle gecko (Rhacodactylus auriculatus), greater rough-snouted giant gecko (Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus) and lesser rough-snouted giant gecko (Rhacodactylus trachycephalus).^{[50] [51] [52]} As well as former species in this genus: crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus), Sarasins' giant gecko (Correlophus sarasinorum) and Bavay's giant gecko (Mniarogekko chahoua).^{[53] [54] [55]}
• A extant member of the genus Hoplodactylus, Duvaucel's gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii), in which be present a largest gecko ever lived (see the largest extinct lizards) can also reach large sizes. It can reach total length 30 cm (12 in)^[56] with a snout-vent length (SVL) up to 16 cm (6.3 in), and weigh up to 120 grams (4.2 oz).^[57]
• There are also large species in the family Gekkonidae. These include tokay gecko (Gekko gekko), Smith's green-eyed gecko (Gekko smithii) and Andaman giant gecko (Gekko verreauxi), which can reach and even exceed 30 cm (12 in).^{[58] [59] [60]}
• Another genus with large geckos is Uroplatus. The largest representative in this genus is the giant leaf-tail gecko (Uroplatus giganteus), which can reach a snout–vent length of 20 cm and a total length of 32.2 cm. Another species that grows almost as large is the common flat-tail gecko (Uroplatus fimbriatus), which can exceed 30 cm (12 in) and more.^[61]
• The genus Phelsuma in subfamily Uroplatinae also has large species. Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi) is one of the largest day geckos, reaching a length of about and Round Island day gecko (Phelsuma guentheri), Madagascar giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis) and Phelsuma madagascariensis can reach even more impressive lengths of 30 cm (12 in) or more.^{[62] [63] [64]}
• Outside of the families Diplodactylidae and Gekkonidae, there are large geckoes among the Eublepharidae. The African fat-tailed gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) reaches a length of up to 23 cm (9.1 in),^[65] and a mass of 75g.^[66] The leopard gecko (Euplepharis macularis) reaches even large sizes – up to 28 cm (11 in) long with a mass of 60–80 g (2.1–2.84 oz).^[67]
• The largest species of a family Phyllodactylidae, the giant wall gecko (Tarentola gigas) growing 30cm (10inches) in length,^[68] and 15.5cm (06.1inches) in SVL.

Plated lizards (Gerrhosauridae)

See also: Gerrhosauridae.

• The largest species in this family is the giant plated lizard (Matobosaurus validus), with a total length of up to 69 cm (27 in)^{[69] [70]} or even 75 cm (29.5 in),^[71] with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 28 cm (11 in). Another large plated lizard is the Sudan plated lizard (Broadleysaurus major), with a length of about 51–60 cm (20–24 in).

Beaded lizards and Gila monster (Helodermatidae)

See also: Gila monster and Helodermatidae.

• This family includes large and stocky lizards, including the infamous Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), which reaches a total length up to 60 cm (23.6 in) with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 36 cm (14.1 in) and a body mass from 1kg (02lb) to 2.2kg (04.9lb) depending on the source. But despite the stocky and massive body of this lizard, it is not the largest representative of the family. Greatly exceeding it in size are the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (Heloderma exasperatum), with a total length of up to 91 cm (36 in),^[72] a SVL of up to 47 cm (18.5 in) and a mass from 2kg (04lb) to 4kg (09lb)^{[73] [74]} depending on the source.

Iguanas (Iguanidae)

See also: Iguanidae.

• Iguanas are very large lizards, some of which can reach lengths of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and mass more than 10kg (20lb). They are the largest lizards after some large species of monitor lizards, and the largest lizards in the New World. Iguanas vary considerably in size and form, but even the smallest lizards in this family are still quite large. For example, the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) can reach a length of up to 61 cm (24 in).^[75] The largest species of the genus Sauromalus is the San Esteban chuckwalla (Sauromalus varius), up to 76 cm (27 in) long and 1.4kg (03.1lb) in weight,^[76] while the second-largest is the Angel Island chuckwalla (Sauromalus hispidus), up to 64 cm (25.2 in) long.
• Many sources describe the green iguana (Iguana iguana) as the largest iguanid, often reaching lengths up to 1.5 metres (4.91 ft) and masses of 4kg (09lb),^[77] and with a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a mass of 8kg (18lb)^[78] and in some cases even 9.1kg (20.1lb). However, the heaviest species in this family is the blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi), with a total length of up to 1.5 m (4.91 ft), a SVL of 51–76 cm (30 in) and a mass of up to 14kg (31lb) It is the eighth-heaviest and largest extant lizard.^[79]

• Other large species in this family include the Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristataus), with a length of about 1.5 m (4.91 ft) and a mass of up to 13kg (29lb). It is the second-heaviest iguanid after the blue iguana and the ninth-heaviest and largest lizard in the world. Another large species from the same genus is the Santa Fe land iguana (Conolophus pallidus), reaching a SVL of 56.4cm (22.2inches) and a mass of 7.2kg (15.9lb). The Galapagos pink land iguana (Conolophus marthae) have snout-vent length 57.5cm (22.6inches) and the mass of 8kg (18lb).^[80]
• The marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) is the tenth-largest extant lizard in the world, and the largest reptile on Galapagos Islands after the Galapagos land iguana, not including turtles reaching a maximum total length of 1.4 m (4.59 ft), a SVL of from 12 till 56 cm (from 4.72 till 22 in)^{[81] [82]} and a mass of from 1to^[83] depending on islands.
• Aforementioned genus Cyclura includes other very large iguanas, such as Anegada rock iguana (Cyclura pinguis) reaching a snout-vent length (SVL) of 56cm (22inches)^[84] and a mass 7.75kg (17.09lb).^[85] A second largest species in this genus and second longest iguanid overall, and also one of the largest lizards in the Caribbean, the Cuban iguana (Cyclura nubila) reaching a length in 1.6m (05.2feet) with a SVL in 74.5cm (29.3inches).^[85]
• The rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) has a length in 1.36m (04.46feet), with a SVL 56cm (22inches) and a mass more 4.56-.^[85] Previously considered of the subspecies aforementioned rhinoceros iguana, the Mona ground iguana (Cyclura strejnegeri) exceeds a total length of 1.22 m (4 ft),^[86] the SVL 53.5cm (21.1inches), mass of 6.4kg (14.1lb)^[85] and is the largest native terrestrial lizard in Puerto-Rico.
• At least two subspecies (Cyclura cychlura cychlura and Cyclura cychlura inornata) of the Northern Bahamian rock iguana (Cyclura cychlura) can be over 1.5m (04.9feet) in length.^{[87] [88] [89] [90]}
• A member of the genus Iguana, lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima) can reach SVL 43.4cm (17.1inches), and mass 3.5kg (07.7lb).^[91]
• The black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) and western spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) are the largest species in the genus Ctenosaura, reaching a length in 1.3m (04.3feet).^[92] The longest is Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura) with a length of 1.4m (04.6feet).

True lizards (Lacertidae)

See also: Lacertidae.

• This family includes 300 diverse species. Among the largest is Gran Canaria giant lizard (Gallotia stehlini), reaching a length of 80cm (30inches),^{[93] [94]} with a SVL of 26.5cm (10.4inches)^[95] and a mass of almost 1.7kg (03.7lb).^[96] A subspecies the same genus – El Hierro giant lizard (Gallotia simonyi machadoi), perhaps also is one of the largest lacertid, and able reach a length of 60cm (20inches). A Tenerife lizard (Gallotia galloti) have a total length in 44cm (17inches) and a SVL of 14.5cm (05.7inches).^[97] Another large lizard in this genus are La Gomera giant lizard (Gallotia brovoana), reaching a length of almost 50cm (20inches) and a SVL in 19cm (07inches)^[98]
• Estimated to reaching the snout-vent length of 40- and a mass in 5kg (11lb),^[99] La Palma giant lizard (Gallotia auaritae) perhaps the largest living lacertid outsized even Gran Canaria giant lizard (Gallotia stehlini). However, on the other hand, it is very little data to confirm this, and therefore the aforementioned Gran Canaria giant lizard is usually considered the largest representative of its family.
• The longest member of this family is ocellated lizard (Timon lepidus), having a length of 90cm (40inches),^[100] with a SVL 26cm (10inches)^[101] and a mass 0.5kg (01.1lb).^[102] A representative the same genus, the Moroccan eyed lizard (Timon tangitanus) can have a length of 70cm (30inches), and is one of the longest members of this family.
• The European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), Iberian emerald lizard (Lacerta schreiberi) and western green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) can exceed a length 40cm (20inches)^[103] and more, and with a SVL at least 13cm (05inches).^[104] The largest species in this group is Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata), reaching a length of 50cm (20inches), and a SVL of 16cm (06inches).^[105]

Earless monitor lizards (Lanthanotidae)

See also: Lanthanotidae.

• The only living species in this family – earless monitor lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) typically has a snout-vent length (SVL) of about 20abbr=onNaNabbr=on,^[106] and a total length of about 40abbr=onNaNabbr=on.^[107] The longest recorded in the wild had length in 44.1cm (17.4inches).^[108] A specimen collected in the 1960s had a total length of 20abbr=onNaNabbr=on,^[109] and near the time of its death an individual kept at the Bronx Zoo from 1968 to 1976 had a total length of 47abbr=onNaNabbr=on and weighed 209g, but it was highly obese.^[110]

Curly-tailed lizards (Leiocephalidae)

See also: Leiocephalidae.

• The largest curly tailed lizards Leiocephalus carinatus Adults may attain a snout to vent length (SVL) of 10.5cm (04.1inches), or a total length, including the tail, of 26cm (10inches). The dorsal scales are keeled and pointed. L. carinatus resembles lizards of the genus Sceloporus, but with the tail usually curled upward, especially when the lizard is in a horizontal position on rocks or on the ground.^[111]

Leiosaurids (Leiosauridae)

See also: Leiosauridae.

• The Largest ever Enyalius catenatus The body mass can be up to 38.66g. The species is reproduces sexually and is gonochoric.^[112]

Liolaemids (Liolaemidae)

See also: Liolaemidae.

• Members of the genus Liolaemus are vary considerably in size (45–100 millimetres or 1.8–3.9 inches snout–vent length) and weight (3–200 grams or 0.1–7.1 ounces). The largest species are L. chlorostictus (85 mm max. SVL), L. dorbignyi (98.3 mm max. SVL), L. duellmani (83 mm max. SVL), L. forsteri (93 mm max. SVL), L. foxi (82.9 mm max. SVL), L. huayra (94.3 mm max. SVL), L. inti (90.4 mm max. SVL), L. jamesi (97.5 mm max. SVL), L. melanogaster (91 mm max. SVL), L. nigriceps (88.8 mm max. SVL), L. orientalis (99.2 mm max. SVL), L. patriciaiturrae (96.5 mm max. SVL), L. puritamensis (90.8 mm max. SVL), L. robertoi (84 mm max. SVL), L. scrocchii (95 mm max. SVL) and L. stolzmanni (92 mm max. SVL). The L. fabiani, L. filiorum, L. pachecoi, L. pleopholis, L. polystictus, L. robustus, L. thomasi, L. vallecurensis, L. vulcanus, and L. williamsi, L. austromendocinus, L. elongatus, L. gununakuna, L. petrophilus, and L. thermarum also may reach large sizes (around 10 cm)

Madagascan iguanas (Opluridae)

See also: Opluridae.

• The biggest species of Madagascan iguanas is Madagascar spotted spiny-tailed iguana (Oplurus quadrimaculatus), it can reach a length of 25-.

Legless lizards (Pygopodidae)

See also: Pygopodidae.

• The largest legless lizard this family is the common scaly-foot (Pygopus lepidopodus) with a length of 70cm (30inches), a SVL of 24cm (09inches)^[113] with an weight of ^[114] and also the largest legless lizard in Australia^[115] and biggest in the world overall, if don't counts some members the family Anguidae.
• Another large member is Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis) with a maximum length of 60 cm (23.6 in),^[116] according to some information even 1.02m (03.35feet)^{[117] [118]} and a body length (snout-vent length) of 29cm (11inches).^{[117] [118] [119]}

Skinks (Scincidae)

See also: Scincidae.

• In this family of about 1500 species, many skinks have a snout-vent length (SVL) of 12cm (05inches). The largest member of this family, the Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata), can grow to the length of 81cm (32inches),^{[120] [121]} a SVL of 35 cm (13.8 in) and a mass of 0.8-.^{[122] [123]} The heaviest is the common blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua scincoides), reaching a length of 60cm (20inches), a SVL of 36 cm (14.1 in)^[124] and a mass of 1kg (02lb).^[125]
• In the genus Tiliqua be present also other a large species of skinks. One of them is the subspecies Indonesian blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua gigas) – Merauke blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua gigas evanescens) growing a length of 66-,^[126] thus not only being the longest species in the genus Tiliqua, but also the second by length in family Scincidae after Solomon Islands skink. The large sizes also may reach blotched blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea) with a length of 35-,^[127] according to some information even 59.6cm (23.5inches), a SVL of 32cm (13inches) and a mass of 0.8kg (01.8lb),^[128] Centralian blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua multifasciata) exceeding in length of 45cm (18inches) with a SVL of 28.9cm (11.4inches),^[129] western blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua occipitalis) with a length of 50cm (20inches)^[130] and a SVL of 30.7cm (12.1inches), probably 32cm (13inches),^[131] shingleback lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) with a total length of 41cm (16inches),^[132] a SVL of 26-^[133] and a mass of 0.6kgto0.9kgkg (01.3lbto02lbkg)^[134] and a Irian Jaya blue tongue skink (Tiliqua sp.) with total length of .^[135]
• Previously considered of species in the genus Tiliqua is pink-tongued skink (Cyclodomorphus gerrardii) has a length of 45cm (18inches)^{[136] [137]} and a SVL of .^[138]
• The land mullet (Bellatorias major) is one of the largest skinks and can reach a SVL of 16cm-31cmcm (06inches-12inchescm)^[139] with a total length of .^[140] The representative the same genus – the major skink (Bellatorias frerei) also grows large sizes – a total length in with a SVL of ^[141]
• The King's skink (Egernia kingii) is one of the longest skinks and can exceed a length of with a SVL of ^[142] and weighing . Other large skinks are Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink (Egernia cunninghami) and yakka skink (Egernia rugosa), both of which reach a length in .^{[143] [144]}
• A representative of the genus Eumeces is Schneider's skink (Eumeces schneiderii) has a length of with a SVL in .^[145] Previously considered of species in the aforementioned genus – Kishinoue's giant skink (Plestiodon kishinouyei) is the largest species in its genus and may grows a length of with a SVL of . Other large members in the genus Plestiodon are a broad-headed skink (Plestiodon laticeps) and a Great Plains skink (Plestiodon obsoletus) with a maximum length of 32.4 cm (12.8 in)^[146] and ^[147] and a SVL and ^[148] respectively.
• The genus Chalcides includes many legless or almost legless skinks. The largest among these are the Italian three-toed skink (Chalcides chalcides) and the western three-toed skink (Chalcides striatus) which have a length of and ^[149] respectively. In the genus Acontias also are limbless skinks many of which are quite small lizards, but the largest among these is giant legless skink (Acontias plumbeus) at approximately reaching 40 cm (16 in) in length.
• The fire skink (Mochlus fernandi) is the largest member in its genus and also one of the largest African skinks, growing the length of and a SVL of ^[150]
• Telfair's skink (Leiolopisma telfairii) the largest living skink in Mauritius, attains a size over in SVL^[151] and may grows in length^[152] with a maximum length of and a mass in .^[153] Its extinct relative is Mauritian giant skink (Leiolopisma mauritiana), which in twice excelled to length of its contemporary (see the largest extinct lizards) and was the biggest known skink of all time.
• The terror skink (Phoboscincus bocourti) is an endangered skink and may reach in length^[154] and in SVL^{[155] [156]} thus not only being one of the largest extant skinks, but the second biggest reptile on its island after monitor lizards, and so is an apex predator in its territory.

Tegus and Teiids (Teiidae)

See also: Teiidae.

• Many teiids are quite small lizards. Although some members such as tegus are one of the biggest lizards in the world after monitor lizards and iguanas. The largest species this large family are Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae) and red tegu (Salvator rufescens) attains more 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in a length and in a mass. Argentine black and white tegu usually counts the largest species in its family with a length of 1.5 m (4.91 ft) and a mass of . Although, however, the red tegu, as more massive and bulky, can weigh more – the length is about 1.4m (04.6feet), and the weight is .^[157]
• Both species of genus Dracaena, the northern caiman lizard (Dracaena guianensis) and the Paraguay caiman lizard (Dracaena paraguayensis), can have a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft) and a mass in .^[158]
• The largest member of the genus Tupinambis is the gold tegu (Tupinambis teguixin) with a maximum SVL in .^[159] Other large teiids this group are the cryptic golden tegu (Tupinambis cryptus) (maximum size: 391mm SVL with a 530mm tail), the Cusco tegu (Tupinambis cuzcoensis) (SVL of 247mm or larger) and the Maracaibo Basin tegu (Tupinambis zuliensis) (a 273mm SVL with a 537mm tail).^[160]

Monitor lizards (Varanidae)

Body size in monitor lizards shows greater variation than in any other family of animals with adult animals weighing between and 80,000 g (176.3 lb). The family includes both the largest living lizards and the largest lizards that have ever existed, yet about a third of the living species are dwarfs that seldom exceed in weight. Such massive size disparity between species makes the group ideal model animals to study the effects of gigantism on ecology and physiology, but at present little of their potential in this field has been explored.^[161] Although, species weighing around are often found. This family includes the Komodo dragon, which is the largest of all extant lizards, with a length of 3 meters (10 ft) and approximate weight of . Some of the largest representatives of the Varanidae such as the Komodo dragon, crocodile monitor, perentie and lace monitor can count an apex predators. In the list of the largest lizards, monitors occupy the first seven places.

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

• The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest living lizard in the world, with an average mass in and for males and females respectively.^[162] The largest males from Komodo, may reach more 80 kg (176.3 lb). The largest specimen of Komodo dragon, a large male from Loh Liang National Park with length of 3.04m (09.97feet), a SVL of 1.54m (05.05feet) and a mass in 81.5 kg (178.5 lb).^[163] As stated above, females are generally much smaller than males. The largest female weighed about .^[164] The heaviest specimen in the wild weighed about . The study noted that weights greater than were possible but only after the animal had consumed a large food. The largest accurately measured individual according to Gerard Wood for Guinness World Records was a specimen put on display at the Saint Louis Zoological Park, Missouri in 1937. This individual reportedly measured 3.13 m (10.27 ft) and weighed, although a large portion of this was likely undigested food. Because Komodo dragons can eat up to 60% their own body weight, this weight record is considered invalid. Excluding this specimen, the Komodo dragon's maximum size is surpassed by large snakes like the green anaconda (up to 97.5kg (215lb) in the wild^[165]) and the reticulated python (up to 150kg (330lb) in captivity^[166]), but considering that these exceptionally large specimens are reported at a much lower frequency, it is still arguable that the Komodo dragon is the largest exant squamate on Earth.

Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator)

• The Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) is second-biggest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon,^{[1] [167]} and also the longest lizard in the world. The largest specimens come from Malaysia, particularly around the Cameron Highlands, where specimens over 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in total length are sometimes encountered. Jasmi (1988) records that wild specimens can weigh up to . The largest member this species from Sri-Lanka and attained in length of about 3.21m (10.53feet).^[1] Thailand is also home to some huge water monitors but, elsewhere the water monitor grows smaller sizes. The biggest found in Java are around 2.1m (06.9feet) of total length, 2 m (6.6 ft) in Sri Lanka, 1.7m (05.6feet) in Sumatra and mainland India and less than 1.5 m (4.91 ft) on the island of Flores.^[168] Unverified weights of 50, 70 and even 90 kg (110, 150 and even 198 pounds) have been reported in escaped pets in Florida but such enormous weights remain unverified.^[1] The 80 males slaughtered for the skin trade in Sumatra had an average weight of only, with a snout-vent length of and a total length of 142cm (56inches); while 42 females had an average weight of, with a nose-to-cloaca length of and a total length of 149.6cm (58.9inches).^[169] Among these monitor lizards, some specimens weighed from 16kg-20kgkg (35lb-40lbkg). Another study in Sumatra by the same authors also estimates the weight of some specimens at ^[170] while the average adult weight in the population is estimated to be about .^[171]

Crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii)

• The crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) sometimes is regarded as the longest lizard in the world. The longest verified individual, a specimen at Museum Koenig, is long.^{[5] [172]} Some have been claimed to be much larger, including three individuals that reportedly were, and long, but these sizes are unverified.^{[1] [173]} The tail of the crocodile monitor is proportionally very long, typically 2–2.7 times the snout-to-vent length.^[174] A weight of up to usually is reported,^[175] but in this slender and long-tailed arboreal species healthy adults (for example, discounting obese captives) typically weigh .^[5] Some sources suggest a mass up to,^[176] although, this is highly questionable.^[173]

Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)

• The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) is the largest lizard native to Africa alive today and fourth or fifth-largest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, crocodile monitor and competes with perentie.^[1] In most cases, males of Nile monitors reach a total length of 150–170 cm (4.9-5.5 ft) and weigh in the region of,^[177] while females are about 1.34m (04.4feet) long and weigh about . Exceptionally large wild specimens of the Nile monitors can probably reach about 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) in length and weigh about, making them one of the largest lizards in the world fauna.^[1] In 1929, a photograph of a Nile monitor from South Africa was published, which was said to have reached a total length of 2.13m (06.99feet) and weighed almost .^[178] The same author also reports that he shot another monitor lizard approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long.^[177] The largest animal this species reliably known to date reached a total length of 242cm (95inches) with a length from the muzzle to cloaca length and estimated at ^[179] According to Faust (2001), the largest representative this species measured 2.43 m (7.97 ft).^[1] A specimen with a length of 188cm (74inches) (length from tip of muzzle to cloaca is) was recorded from Orange Province in South Africa. Near Lake Chad, the maximum recorded size for a male is 2.07m (06.79feet) and for a female is 1.55m (05.09feet). The largest female Nile monitor for which there is reliable data reached 1.7m (05.6feet). Thus, it seems likely that in South Africa some specimens can reach lengths of 200 cm (6.6 ft) or more, but they are very rare.^[177]

Perentie (Varanus giganteus)

• The perentie (Varanus giganteus) is by average length and weight the largest extant lizard native to Australia and fifth or fourth-biggest lizard in the world after Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, crocodile monitor and competes with Nile monitor.^[1] Its endemic to arid central Australia, found west of the Great Dividing Range. The largest individual recorded by (Stokes, 1846) measuring 2438 mm (8 ft) in total length.^[1] However based on the vagueness of this account some authors claim Stokes' reported measurement of 2438 mm (8 ft) is exaggerated and a more likely maximum length may instead be 2.3m (07.5feet) (Stirling, 1912).^[1] There have been larger individuals supposedly measuring more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in total length and in mass reported but such claims remain unverified.^[1] The maximum size of the perentie is probably not as great as many authors claim King & Green (1993) provide a useful discussion of size in this species. The longest found on Barrow Island by King et al. (1989) had a total length of 1.96m (06.43feet) with a SVL in and the heaviest weighed . Butler (1970) record s a specimen of with a total length of 1.93m (06.33feet) from the same island.^{[1] [180]} Stokes (1846) records that two specimens collected on Barrow Island in 1840 had total lengths of 2.13m (06.99feet). Strimple (1988) suggested that one of these animals was the type specimen used by Gray, which has a total length of only 2.02m (06.63feet). Many perenties do not grow to such an enormous size, and the specimens on Barrow Island may grow larger than the main population. The limited data available suggests that females reach a smaller maximum size than males, rarely exceeding 1.4m (04.6feet) TL. Bredl (1987) records males of 1.8mand1.9mm (05.9feetand06.2feetm) TL, and a female of 1.3m (04.3feet) TL. It appears that perenties approaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in length are the exception rather than the rule, and that in general few specimens grow larger than 1.5 m (4.91 ft). If specimens of 2.4 m (7.9 ft) or more have ever existed, none seem to have survived to the present.^[180]

Black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus)

• The black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus) is a subspecies of rock monitor (Varanus albigularis) and, perhaps, the heaviest lizard in Africa. Although, little information is available on the size of this species of monitor lizards. According to many information black-throated monitor attains 2.1 m (6.89 ft) in length and 27 kg (60 lb) in mass.^{[4] [181] [182]} However, unknown whether this mass is reached in captivity or in the wild. By another – black-throated monitor has a mass of .^[183] However, specimens 2.13m (06.99feet) for this species rock monitor was recorded.^[184]

Lace monitor (Varanus varius)

• The lace monitor (Varanus varius) is the second-largest lizard in Australia after perentie^[185] and seven-largest lizard in the world overall. The largest instances may measuring in the length of 2 m (6.6 ft) with a SVL of and a mass of . In 1986 Gerard Krefft suggested that lace goannas grow as large as 250cm (100inches).^[185] None of this size exist now and specimens of 2 m (6.6 ft) TL are exceptional. A lizard from Mallacoota, Victoria measured SVL, 192cm (76inches) TL and weighed .^[185] Another from Healesville was 192cm (76inches) long and weighed almost .^[185] It was found to have eaten four foxcubs, three young rabbits and three large blue-tongued skinks,^[185] and all this was taken into account when weighing, is unknown. And, accordingly, the most commonly used maximum size for this species is a length of 192cm (76inches) and a weight of for the previously mentioned specimen.^[5] In conu'ast, a large male in the spring measured 1,5 m (4.91 ft) TL and weighed . Males grow larger than females and probably have larger home ranges.^[185]

In the genus Varanus has more 80 species of lizards and all of to 11 subgenera, members which vary considerably in sizes:^[3]

• The largest representative of the subgenus Empagusia is Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) with a length in 1.75m (05.74feet) and a SVL of, a mass of,^[186] and in captivity even more – .^[187] However, in average much less – 1,5 m (4.91 ft) in a length and in a mass.^{[5] [188]} Even so, by some reports it grows much larger.^{[5] [188] [189]}
• Another large species of this group are the clouded monitor (Varanus nebulosus) with a length of 1.5 m (4.91 ft) and a SVL of,^[190] the roughneck monitor (Varanus rudicollis), which has a total length of 1.46m (04.79feet), a SVL of with a mass of,^{[189] [191]} the Dumeril's monitor (Varanus dumerilii) (Maximum size is about 135cm (53inches) TL. A breeding pair maintained in captivity measured 130cm (50inches) TL, 2950g (male) and 100cm (00inches), 2300g (female). Wild animals of SVL weigh about)^{[5] [189] [192]} and the yellow monitor (Varanus flavescens) with a maximum length of 95.2cm (37.5inches), a SVL of 44.8cm (17.6inches)^[3] and a mass of 1040g.^{[189] [193]}

• The largest members of this subgenus are the mangrove monitor (Varanus indicus) and its close relatives with a total length of 1.5 m (4.91 ft)^{[3] [189] [194]} (The largest Mariana monitors (Varanus tsukamotoi) found on Guam were for male and for female in SVL with wrights of 1900g and 500g in weight respectively),^{[5] [189] [194]} the Rainer Günther's monitor (Varanus rainerguentheri) with a maximum total length of 1.33m (04.36feet), probably even 1.5 m (4.91 ft),^{[195] [3]} the tricolor monitor (Varanus yuwonoi) having the maximum length of 1.46m (04.79feet),^[195] the blue-tailed monitor (Varanus doreanus) exceeding 1.35m (04.43feet) long,^[5] the Rennell Island monitor (Varanus juxtindicus) reaching 1.33m (04.36feet) in length^[5] and the New Ireland monitor (Varanus douarrha) growing the length in 1.33m (04.36feet).^[3]
• Other large lizards in this group include the quince monitor (Varanus melinus) (maximum length of 1.28m (04.2feet)),^[196] the peach-throated monitor (Varanus jobiensis) (a total length of 1.2m (03.9feet) and a SVL of),^[197] the Mussau Island blue-tailed monitor (Varanus semotus) (a total length of 1.2m (03.9feet) and a SVL of)^[3] and the sago monitor (Varanus obor) (a total length of 1.13m (03.71feet) and a SVL of).^[3]

• The largest tree monitor is the blue tree monitor (Varanus macraei) with a maximum total length about 1.1m (03.6feet) and a SVL of .^{[5] [3]} Another large tree monitors are the emerald tree monitor (Varanus prasinus), which can attains 1m (03feet) in a total length, in a snout-vent length,^[198] the black tree monitor (Varanus beccarii) with a maximum size of SVL, 94.5cm (37.2inches) total length^[199] and the Bogert's monitor (Varanus bogerti) measuring a length in 94cm (37inches) with a SVL of .^[3]

• Whilst, in this subgenus have a lot of species, they are the smallest monitor lizards.^[3] In its include Dampier Peninsula monitor (Varanus sparnus) – the smallest monitor with a length of 227mm, a SVL of 116mm and a mass of .^[3]
• The largest species in this subgenus is the black-palmed rock monitor (Varanus glebopalma) measuring the maximum size of 397mm and 1.1m (03.6feet) for SVL and total length respectively (an average mass constitute with a SVL of 290mm, for the max.size much higher).^[5] Another big member this group is Mitchell's water monitor (Varanus mitchelli), which may grow a length in 60-^[200] with a SVL in 22-.^[5]

• The only species Papusaurus is a crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) (see higher).

• This are large frugivorous monitor lizards (175cm (69inches) long or more with a mass in >).^[201] The Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor (Varanus bitatawa) with a maximum size instead be 180cm (70inches) in length and in mass, the Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus), the biggest individual of which was just 188cm (74inches) long and a mass of and the Panay monitor (Varanus mabitang) with the largest specimen which had a length of 175cm (69inches) and a mass in,^{[201] [202]} are one of the biggest lizards in the world. They measuring of, and SVL respectively.^[202]

• The largest species Polydaedalus are the nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) and the black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus) (see higher).
• Another large member of African monitors is a rock monitor, and to be more precise, its type species – white-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis albigularis) with a maximum length of 2m (07feet) and 15-^[203] and an average size of 0.8- in length and 3.2- for females and 6- for males in mass^{[204] [205] [206]} by some sources. But, however, according to others even mass in is a very rarely.^{[189] [184]}
• Although, large sizes may reach also other members of Polydaedalus. This include savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) and Yemen monitor (Varanus yemenensis) with a length of 100cm (00inches) (SVL)^{[3] [189] [207]} and 115cm (45inches) (SVL)^[3] respectively (First one can weighing don't less 1kg (02lb))^[207] However, Bosc's monitor in captivity can be extremely obese and exceed 150cm (60inches) (SVL)^[3] long and 6kg (13lb)) weight.^[207]
• The ornate monitor can attains the length of 2m (07feet),^[3] however, the ornate monitor is not currently considered a separate species, but is merely a polymorphisms of two different species.^[208]

• The subgenus Psammosaurus includes in its a large lizards and medium by size monitor lizards, growing the length of don't less 120cm (50inches).^[3] The hugest member this little group and also, the largest lizard in Central Asia – desert monitor (Varanus griseus) specifically, Caspian monitor (Varanus griseus caspius) with a max.total length of 1.4m (04.6feet), a SVL of and a mass of 2850g and a SVL of with a mass in 2700g for longest and heaviest males and females respectively.^{[189] [209]} The Nesterov's desert monitor (Varanus nesterovi) also quite large monitor attaining 1.2m (03.9feet) in a length and in a SVL.^[3]

• The Solomon Island spiny monitor (Varanus spinulosus) is a species of subgenus Solomonosaurus, with a maximum reliable length and mass in captivity of 1m (03feet) (SVL) and respectively.^[5]

• The largest Soterosaurus is an Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) (see higher).
• Second hugest after Asian water monitor are the marbled water monitor (Varanus marmoratus) and the Palawan water monitor (Varanus palawanensis) with a total length of almost 2m (07feet) (SVL of last one measuring).^{[3] [210] [211]} By the data marbled water monitor can weighing about,^[5] although, since V. palawanensis was previously considered a subspecies of V. marmoratus, which species this weight referred to is unknown.^[211]
• Even medium-sized monitors this subgenus are quite large. For example, the yellow-headed water monitor (Varanus cumingi) and the large-scaled water monitor (Varanus nuchalis) with maximum length of 1.5m (04.9feet) and 1.45m (04.76feet), a SVL of and and and in max.mass respectively.^{[3] [5]} Also they include the Togian water monitor (Varanus togianus) (1.5m (04.9feet) in TL and in SVL), the Samar water monitor (Varanus samarensis) (1.4m (04.6feet) long with SVL), the Rasmussen's water monitor (Varanus rasmusseni) (1.21m (03.97feet) in length and SVL) and the Enteng's monitor lizard (Varanus dalubhasa) (1.16m (03.81feet) long and in SVL).^[3]

• The largest members of this group are the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), perentie (Varanus giganteus) and lace monitor (Varanus varius) (see higher).
• After their, next place occupies the yellow-spotted monitor or Argus monitor (Varanus panoptes), which also is third biggest lizard in Australia, with a maximum length of 1.6m (05.2feet) (SVL of) and mass of,^{[3] [5]} although in captivity huge individuals can weigh about and even more.^[212]
• A close relative of the aforementioned species is Gould's monitor (Varanus gouldii), also attains large sizes — exclusively large specimens measuring length of 1.55m (05.09feet) (SVL of) with a mass of .^{[189] [213]} The Rosenberg's monitor (Varanus rosenbergi) grows 1.5m (04.9feet) long,^{[189] [214]} probably 1.6m (05.2feet) with a SVL of .^[3]
• Albeit, not as long as some other species of large varanids, the Spencer's monitor (Varanus spenceri) can weigh a very large for its length due to its massive and bulky body, and has a length of 1.2m (03.9feet) (SVL of) and mass of from ^{[189] [215]} till ^{[3] [5]} depending on sources.
• The smallest representative of this genus is the Mertens' water monitor (Varanus mertensi) with a length of 1.3m (04.3feet) (SVL of).^[3] Though, not as bulky as some other species of monitor lizards, in captivity, it can weigh up to .^{[189] [216]}

Night lizards (Xantusidae)

See also: Xantusidae.

• The largest night lizard is the yellow-spotted tropical night lizard (Lepidophylum flavimaculatum) which attains a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 12.69cm (05inches) with a tail 1/3 times exceeding the body length.

Knob-scaled lizards (Xenosauridae)

• The largest xenosaurid is a knob-scaled lizard (Xenosaurus grandis) with a snout-vent length of 12.9cm (05.1inches) and a total length of 24cm (09inches).^[217]

See also

• Megalania – the largest land lizard to have ever lived
• Mosasauridae, an extinct family in the order Squamata which includes the largest lizards of the world
• List of largest reptiles
• List of largest snakes
• List of largest extinct lizards

Sources

• Web site: Eastern Blue-tongue Lizard . The Australian Museum . . 2000 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Largest Monitor Lizards by Paleonerd01 on DeviantArt. Deviantart.com. 18 August 2019 . 30 January 2022.
2. Island differences in population size structure and catch per unit effort and their conservation implications for Komodo dragons. Biological Conservation. 2007. 135. 2. 247–255. Jessop. T.. Madsen. T.. Ciofi. C.. Jeriimansyah. M.. Purwandana. D.. Rudiharto. H.. Arifiandy. A.. Phillips. J.. 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.025. 2007BCons.135..247J .
3. Web site: Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus). Bfn.de.
4. Web site: Black-Throated Monitor Care Guide - Everything Reptiles. Everythingreptiles.com. 12 August 2021 .
5. Book: Pianka, E. . King, D. . King, R.A. . 2004 . Varanoid Lizards of the World . Indiana University Press . 9780253343666 .
6. Book: De Vosjoli. Phillipe. David. Blair. The Green Iguana Manual. Advanced Vivarium Systems. 1992. Escondido, California. 1-882770-18-8. registration.
7. Dorge. Ray. A Tour of the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana Captive-Breeding Facility. Reptiles: Guide to Keeping Reptiles and Amphibians . 4. 9. 1996. 32–42.
8. Web site: Rhinoceros Iguana. Sea World. 20 October 2009.
9. Book: Richard D. . Bartlett . Patricia Pope . Bartlett . Michele . Earle-Bridges . David . Wenzel . Iguanas : Everything about Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior A complete pet owner's manual Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals . Barron's Educational Series . 2003 . 95 .
10. De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Susan Donoghue, Roger Klingenberg, David Blair (2003), The Green Iguana Manual, Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 978-1-882770-67-0
11. Web site: 4 SPECIES HYDROSAURUS DARI INDONESIA YANG BARU DIKONFIRMASIKAN PADA TAHUN 2020. Riqnauf.blogspot.com. 30 January 2022.
12. Web site: Thai Water Dragon Care (Physignathus cocincinus). Crestwoodvethospital.com. 30 January 2022.
13. Web site: Chinese Water Dragon – Physignathus Cocincinus. Petmd.com.
14. Web site: Chlamydosaurus kingii (Frilled Lizard). Animaldiversity.org.
15. Hauschild, Bosch (1997), pp. 69.
16. Web site: Uromastyx aegyptia. reptile-database.reptarium.cz. 26 April 2022.
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234093613_Aspects_of_the_ecology_of_the_Arabian_spiny-tailed_lizard_Uromastyx_aegyptia_microlepis_BLANFORD_1875_at_Mahazat_as-Sayd_protected_area_Saudi_Arabia#pf2
18. Web site: Pogona barbata. Dragon-files.com. 26 April 2022.
19. Web site: ADW:Pogona vitticeps:INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.org. 26 April 2022.
20. Web site: How Big Do Bearded Dragons Get?. Mybeardies.com . 19 July 2017 . 26 April 2022.
21. Web site: Pseudopus apodus . reptile-database.reptarium.cz . 26 April 2022.
22. Web site: Eastern Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) . Srelherp.uga.edu . 26 April 2022.
23. Web site: Slender Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus). Srelherp.uga.edu . 26 April 2022.
24. Web site: Texas Alligator Lizard . Biodiversity.utexas.edu . 26 April 2022.
25. Web site: Digimorph – Gerrhonotus infernalis (Texas alligator lizard) . Digimorph.org . 26 April 2022.
26. Web site: The chameleon the size of a house cat: 7 fascinating facts. Africageographic.com. 14 November 2017 .
27. Web site: Parsons chameleon (Calumma parsonii). Jungledragon.com.
28. Dustin . Smith . Joy . Vinci . Christopher V. . Anderson . Jennifer Ketterlin . Eckles . Frank . Ridgley . Frank J.. Mazzotti. Observations on Nesting and Clutch Size in Furcifer oustaleti (Oustalet's Chameleon) in South Florida . Southeastern Naturalist. 15. 8. 2016. 75–88. 10.1656/058.015.sp808 . 90309093 .
29. Web site: Veiled Chameleon – Chameleo calyptratus calyptratus. Petmd.com.
30. Web site: CHAMELEONS -Romfilatelia – O lume intr-un timbru. Romfilatelia.ro.
31. Web site: Chamaeleo Trioceros melleri profile. Adcham.com.
32. Web site: Cordylidae. Britannica.com.
33. Web site: Smaug giganteus. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
34. Web site: Giant girdled lizard – SANBI. Sanbi.org. 20 May 2018 .
35. Bustamante-Enríquez LM, Arteaga AF (2012). Western Basilisk (Basiliscus galeritus). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mindo. Version 2012.a
36. Web site: Basiliscus basiliscus (Common Basilisk). Animaldiversity.org.
37. Web site: Green Basilisk Care Sheet. Reptilecentre.com. 25 April 2022.
38. Web site: Reticulate Collared Lizard data – Encyclopedia of Life. Eol.org. 30 January 2022.
39. Web site: FIVE ANOLE FAUNAS, PART ONE : Greater Antillean Ecomorphs. Anoleannals.org. 30 January 2022.
40. 10.1098/rsos.170058. Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: Ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species. 2017. Dickson. Blake V.. Sherratt. Emma. Losos. Jonathan B.. Pierce. Stephanie E.. Royal Society Open Science. 4. 10. 170058. 29134056. 5666239. 2017RSOS....470058D.
41. Web site: The Origin of Species: Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree. Biointeractive.org. 30 January 2022.
42. Kirsten E. Nicholson and Paul M. Richards (2011). Home-range size and overlap within an introduced population of the Cuban knight anole, Anolis equestris (Squamata: Iguanidae) Phyllomedusa, 10 (1), 65–73
43. Camposano. Krysko. Enge. Donlan. Granatosky. 2008. The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida. Iguana. 15. 4. 212–219.
44. Web site: Anolis baracoae. reptile-database.reptarium.cz. 30 January 2022.
45. Web site: Anolis luteogularis. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
46. Web site: Anolis noblei. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
47. Web site: Anolis smallwoodi. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
48. Web site: New Caledonian Giant Gecko Care Sheet. 4 November 2013. Reptilesmagazine.com.
49. Book: Proceedings of the scientific meetings of the Zoological Society of London. 1883. 1883 . 123–124. Biodiversitylibrary.org.
50. Web site: Gargoyle Gecko:Facts, Pictures, Lifespan, Behavior & Care Guide. Petkeen.com. 6 August 2021 .
51. Web site: Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus . Endemia.nc. 30 January 2022.
52. Web site: Rhacodactylus trachycephalus. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
53. Book: Robbie, Hamper . The crested gecko, Rhacodactylus ciliatus, in captivity. 2003. ECO Publishing. 0971319758. Lansing, Mich.. 190641818.
54. Web site: Mniarogekko chahoua. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
55. Web site: Correlophus sarasinorum (Sarasin's Giant Gecko). Reptilianostra.com. 23 April 2019.
56. Web site: 50 Duvaucel's Geckos Released On Island They Once Roamed. Reptilesmagazine.com. 14 February 2018 .
57. Web site: Duvaucel's gecko – Lizards – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Teara.govt.nz.
58. Web site: Large Forest Gecko – Gekko smithii / Gekko hulk. Ecologyasia.com.
59. Web site: Tokay gecko. Nationalzoo.si.edu. 25 April 2016 .
60. Veselý M. Milan Veselý. 1999. A note on the morphology and natural history of Gekko verreauxi Tytler 1864 (Reptilia, Sauria, Gekkonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica. 79. 1. 95–99.
61. Web site: Common flat-tail gecko (Uroplatus fimbriatus) – JungleDragon. Jungledragon.com.
62. Web site: The Günther's gecko. m.facebook.com. 21 May 2022.
63. Web site: Phelsuma grandis. reptile-database.reptarium.cz. 23 April 2022.
64. Glaw F, Vences M (2007). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. Third edition.
65. Web site: African fat tail gecko, Hemitheconyx caudicinctus, care sheet. Reptiles.swelluk.com. 22 July 2020 . 21 May 2022.
66. Web site: Hemitheconyx caudicinctus (Fat-tail Gecko). Animaldiversity.org. 21 May 2022.
67. Web site: Leopard Gecko Information & Facts. Thebeardeddragon.org.
68. Web site: Macroscincus coctei in the "Ilhéu Razo" (Cape Verde) del Dr. Franco Andreone. Caboverde.com.
69. Web site: Matobosaurus validus. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
70. Web site: Giant plated lizard – SANBI. Sanbi.org. 20 May 2018 .
71. Web site: Epic's Interactive Blog: Reptiles found in the Kruger – The giant plated lizard. Epicenabled.blogspot.com. 3 December 2015 .
72. Web site: Heloderma exasperatum. Giuseppe. Mazza. October 28, 2012.
73. Beck, D. D. (2005). Biology of Gila monsters and beaded lizards (Vol. 9). Univ of California Press.
74. Grzimek, Dr. H.C. Bernhard. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Volume 6 Pgs. 321–322 and 151–152. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
75. Book: Stebbins, Robert. Robert C. Stebbins. Western Reptiles and Amphibians. 2003. Houghton Mifflin . 338–339, 537. New York. 0-395-98272-3.
76. Book: Case, T. J.. 1982. Ecology and evolution of insular gigantic chuckwallas, Sauromalus hispidus and Sauromalus varius. 184–212. Iguanas of the World. Noyes Publications. Park Ridge, New Jersey. 0-8155-0917-0.
77. Rivas, J.A. (2008). Pers. comm.
78. Book: Philippe De Vosjoli. Susan Donoghue. Roger Klingenberg. David Blair.. The Green Iguana Manual. BowTie Press. 111. 2003. 1882770676.
79. Web site: The 10 Largest Lizards in The World. A-z-animals.com. 18 August 2021 . 12 February 2022.
80. News: es. Cruz M. Márquez B.. Estado poblacional de las iguanas terrestres (Conolophus subcristatus, C. pallidusy C.marthae: Squamata, Iguanidae), Islas Galápagos. Boletín Técnico, Serie Zoológica. Sangolquí, Équateur. ESPE. 9. June 2010. 19–37. .
81. Miralles . Macleod . Rodríguez . Ibáñez . Jiménez-Uzcategui . Quezada . Vences . Steinfartz . amp. 2017 . Shedding Light On the Imps of Darkness: An Integrative Taxonomic Revision of the Galápagos Marine Iguanas (Genus Amblyrhynchus) . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . XX . 3 . 1–33 . 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx007. free .
82. Wikelski, M. . Trillmich, F. . 1997 . Body Size and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Marine Iguanas Fluctuate as a Result of Opposing Natural and Sexual Selection: An Island Comparison . Evolution . 51 . 3 . 922–936 . 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03673.x . 28568579 . 205780374 . free .
83. Endangered animals of the world pp. 48
84. Mitchell, N. . Cyclura pinguis . 1996 . e.T6031A12343361 . 1996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6031A12343361.en.
85. David W. . Blair . WEST INDIAN IGUANAS OF THE GENUS Cyclura . https://web.archive.org/web/20080411062032/http://images.cyclura.com/download/pdf/WestIndianRockIguanas.PDF . 11 April 2008 . dead.
86. News: en. Leonhard. Stejneger. The herpetology of Puerto Rico. Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus. New York. 1902. 549–724.
87. Iverson, J. . Grant, T.D. . Buckner, S. . 2019 . Cyclura cychlura ssp. inornata . 2019 . e.T6041A3099869 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6041A3099869.en . 12 November 2021.
88. Web site: Solved: How the 'Monstrous' Iguanas of the Bahamas Got So Darn Big . Tennenhouse . Erica . 20 May 2019 . Atlas Obscura Daily Newsletter . 24 February 2020.
89. Knapp, C.R. . Buckner, S.D. . 2004 . Cyclura cychlura ssp. cychlura . 2004 . e.T6039A12349025 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T6039A12349025.en . 12 November 2021.
90. Web site: Andros Iguana . International Iguana Foundation - Andros Iguana . International Iguana Foundation . 2006-02-15 . https://archive.today/20070807185154/http://www.iguanafoundation.org/article.php?articleID=47 . dead . 2007-08-07 . 8 September 2007 .
91. http://www.iucn-isg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Lesser_Antillean_Iguana_CAP_2014-2016.pdf Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima): Conservation Action Plan, 2014–2016
92. Web site: Spiny-Tailed Iguana Care Sheet: Diet, Habitat, Needs, & FAQs. reptile.guide. 3 November 2021 .
93. Book: Damian Harper, Isabella Noble. Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet Canary Islands. 10 January 2020 . 9781786574985.
94. Web site: The giant lizard of Gran Canaria. Algogar.com. 21 May 2022.
95. M. Molina-Borja. M. A. Rodrıguez-Domınguez. 2004. Evolution of biometric and life-history traits in lizards (Gallotia) from the Canary Islands. 44–53.
96. Web site: Gran Canaria Giant Lizard – Encyclopedia of Life. Eol.org. 24 April 2022.
97. Airam Rodríguez. Manuel Nogales. Beatriz Rumeu. Beneharo Rodríguez. 2008. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Diet of the Endemic Lizard Gallotia galloti in an Insular Mediterranean Scrubland. Journal of Herpetology . 42. 2. 213–222. 10.1670/07-0752.1 . 40060504 . 10261/12799 . 43531872 . free.
98. Salvador, A. (2015). Lagarto gigante de La Gomera – Gallotia bravoana. In: Virtual Encyclopedia of Spanish Vertebrates. Salvador, A., Marco, A. (Eds.). National Museum of National Sciences, Madrid.
99. J.A. Mateo, M. García-Márquez, L.F. López-Jurado, F Barahona (2001): Description of the giant lizard of La Palma (Canary Islands) from subfossil remains. Spanish Journal of Herpetology 15: 53–59.
100. Web site: Timon lepidus. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
101. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/HER_28_1_2_0104-0106.pdf
102. Web site: Biotropics - Timon lepidus (DAUDIN, 1802) - Ocellated Lizard; housing, feeding, breeding etc . 2010-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190427/http://www.biotropics.com/englisch/html/timon_lepidus.html . 2015-09-23 . dead .
103. Web site: Lacerta bilineata – Monaco Nature Encyclopedia . Monaconatureencyclopedia.com. 22 February 2019 .
104. Web site: Reptiles . Parquenacionalsierraguadarrama.es.
105. Web site: Lacerta trilineata citrovittata Werner, 1935. Naturewonders.org. 24 April 2022.
106. Book: Das, I. . 2010 . Reptiles of South-East Asia . New Holland . 226 . 978-1-84773-347-4.
107. Web site: Lanthanotus borneensis – Description . borneo-taubwaran.de . 27 July 2019 .
108. Langner, C. . 2017 . Hidden in the heart of Borneo — Shedding light on some mysteries of an enigmatic lizard: First records of habitat use, behavior, and food items of Lanthanotus borneensis Steindachner, 1878 in its natural habitat . Russian Journal of Herpetology . 24 . 1 . 1–10 . 10.30906/1026-2296-2019-24-1-1-10.
109. Sprackland, R.G.. 1999 . Sarawak's Earless Monitor Lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis) . Reptiles . March . 72–79 .
110. Mendyk . Shuter . Kathriner . 2015 . Historical notes on a living specimen of Lanthanotus borneensis (Squamata: Sauria: Lanthanotidae) maintained at the Bronx Zoo from 1968 to 1976 . Biawak . 9 . 2 . 44–49 .
111. [Hobart Muir Smith|Smith, H.M.]
112. Web site: Wied's Fathead Anole - Encyclopedia of Life. 2021-09-16. eol.org.
113. Web site: Common Scaly-foot. grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au.
114. Web site: Common Scalyfoot - Encyclopedia of Life. eol.org.
115. Web site: Esperance Fauna: Common Scaly-foot - Pygopus lepidopodus. esperancewildlife.blogspot.com. July 2008 .
116. Web site: 2007. Fact Sheet Burton Snake Lizard - Queensland Museum. Queensland Museum. www.qm.qld.gov.au.
117. Web site: Burton's Legless Lizard - Appearance, Diet, Habitat. theanimalfacts.com.
118. Web site: Discover Nature at JCU - Lialis burtonis - JCU Australia. jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015 .
119. Web site: Legless lizards - Museum of Tropical Queensland. mtq.qm.qld.gov.au.
120. Web site: Solomon Islands Skink Care Sheet. Dubiaroaches.com. 14 October 2021 .
121. Web site: Prehensile Tailed Skink Care Sheet. lllreptile.com.
122. Web site: Solomon Islands Skink – The Animal Facts – Appearance, Diet, Habitat. Theanimalfacts.com.
123. Web site: Giant Solomon Island Skink. Hoglezoo.org.
124. Web site: Eastern Blue-tongued Skink (Tiliqua scincoides) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development. Ielc.libguides.com. 19 May 2022.
125. Web site: Waratah Software Natural Images of Australia. 2008. 2008-05-03.
126. Web site: Blue-tongued skink size. Reptileschool.com. 22 March 2023 .
127. Web site: Blotched blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea). Jungledragon.com.
128. Gestation, parturition and neonatal behaviour in the blotched blue-tongued lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea, in captivity: observations of maternal care in a viviparous lizard. Eprints.utas.edu.au. December 2004 . Edwards . Ashley . Jones . Susan .
129. Shea. Glenn M. 2006. Diet of two species of bluetongue skink, Tiliqua multifasciata and Tiliqua occipitalis (Squamata: Scincidae). Australian Zoologist. 33 . 3. 359–364. 10.7882/AZ.2006.009. free.
130. Web site: Blue-Tongued Skink - Tiliqua. Petmd.com.
131. Web site: WESTERN BLURTONGUE – Reptile and Grow. Reptileandgrow.com.au.
132. Web site: Shingleback Lizard – The Australian Museum. Australian.museum.
133. Wilson, S. & Swan, G. (2003). A complete guide to reptiles of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney.
134. Web site: Tiliqua rugosa (Shingleback Lizard, Shingle-Back, Stumpy Tail Lizard, Pinecone lizard, Sleepy Lizard). Animaldiversity.org.
135. Web site: How big do Irian Jaya blue tongue skinks get? - Eyebulb.com. Eyebulb.com. 22 May 2022.
136. Web site: Pink Tongued Skink – Cyclodomorphus gerrardii. Exotic-pets.co.uk.
137. Web site: The Pink-Tongued Skink - SnakeTracks.com. Snaketracks.com.
138. Web site: Discover Nature at JCU – Cyclodomorphus gerrardii – JCU Australia. Jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015 .
139. Web site: Bellatorias major. reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
140. Web site: Habitat Use and Thermal Biology of the Land Mullet Egernia major a Large Scincid Lizard from Remnant Rain Forest in Southeastern Australia. Researchgate.net.
141. Web site: Bellatorias frerei (syn.Egernia frerei) – JCU Australia. Jcu.edu.au. 19 October 2015 .
142. Web site: KING SKINK – Reptile and Grow. Reptileandgrow.com.au.
143. Web site: Cunningham's Skinks Protect Their Offspring Against Predators, Study Says. Reptilesmagazine.com. 3 September 2020 .
144. Web site: Yakka skink – Egernia rugosa – DAWE. Awe.gov.au.
145. [George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]
146. Web site: Broad-Headed Skink. Virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com.
147. Web site: Great Plains Skink. Herpneb.unl.edu.
148. Web site: Plestiodon obsoletus (Great Plains skink). Animaldiversity.org.
149. Web site: Western Three-toed Skink – Projeto LIFE Charcos. Lifecharcos.lpn.pt. 20 May 2022.
150. Web site: Mochlus fernandi – WildBog. Wildbog.com.
151. Book: Pernetta, A.P.. Ross, T.N.. Jones, C.G.. 2005. Leiolopisma telfairii (Telfair's Skink) Caudal Luring. 36. 3. 320–321.
152. Web site: Telfair's Skink – Protected Endemic Sanctuaries. Pes.govmu.org. 20 May 2022.
153. N.Cole. Darwin Initiative. Telfair's skink. darwininitiative.org.
154. Web site: Terror skinks, social skinks, crocodile skinks, monkey-tailed skinks… it's about skinks (skinks part II). Blogs.scientificamerican.com. 20 May 2022.
155. Book: James Evans. 2021. Princeton University Press. Lizards of the World: A Guide to Every Family. 978-1-78240-957-1.
156. Phoboscincus bocourti at ReptileDatabase.cz
157. Web site: Аргентинский красный тэгу (Tupinambis rufescens). myreptile.ru.
158. Norman, D.R. (1994). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Paraguayan Chaco. Volume I. and Reptiles of the Paraguayan Chaco. Vol. I. Heredia, 82–83 pp.
159. [species:Michael B. Harvey|Harvey MB]
160. John C. Murphy. Michael J. Jowers. Richard M. Lehtinen. Stevland P. Charles. Guarino R. Colli. Ayrton K. Peres Jr. Catriona R. Hendry. R. Alexander Pyron. 2016. PLOS ONE. Cryptic, Sympatric Diversity in Tegu Lizards of the Tupinambis teguixin Group (Squamata, Sauria, Teiidae) and the Description of Three New Species. 11. 8. e0158542 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0158542. 27487019 . 4972348 . 2016PLoSO..1158542M . free .
161. Web site: Size. Biocyclopedia.com. 23 May 2022.
162. Rebecca J. Laver. Deni Purwandana. Achmad Ariefiandy. Jeri Imansyah. David Forsyth. Claudio Ciofi. Tim S. Jessop. 2012. California State University Fullerton. Life-History and Spatial Determinants of Somatic Growth Dynamics in Komodo Dragon Populations. PLOS ONE . 7. 9. e45398 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0045398 . 23028983 . 3446886 . 2012PLoSO...745398L . free .
163. T. S. Jessop et al. (2006): Maximum body size among insular Komodo dragon populations covaries with large prey density. OIKOS 112, pp. 422–429
164. P. Sastrawan, C. Ciofi: Population Distribution and Home Range. In: Murphy et al. (2002), pp. 44, 53, 55, 58–59, 61–62, 70, 72.
165. Web site: Life history and conservation of the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus). Rivas. Jesús.
166. Web site: World's longest snake captured, promptly dies. 12 April 2016 .
167. Shine . R. . Harlow, P. S. . Keogh, J. S. . amp. Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra . Biological Conservation . 77 . 2–3 . 125–134 . 1996 . 10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0. 1996BCons..77..125S .
168. Web site: Varanus Salvator. Biocyclopedia.com. 24 May 2022.
169. Shine, R., Harlow, P. S., & Keogh, J. S. (1996). Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra. Biological Conservation, 77(2), 125–134.
170. Shine, R., & Harlow, P. S. (1998). Ecological traits of commercially harvested water monitors, Varanus salvator, in northern Sumatra. Wildlife Research, 25(4), 437–447.
171. Dryden, G. L.; Green, B.; Wikramanayake, E. D.; Dryden, K. G. (1992-02-03). "Energy and water turnover in two tropical varanid lizards, Varanus bengalensis and V. salvator". Copeia 1992 (1): 102–107.doi:10.2307/1446540.
172. Böhme . W. . Ziegler . T. . 1997 . Großwarane im Museum Koenig, mit Bemerkungen zu Afrikas größter Echse . Tier und Museum . 5 . 3 . 65–74 .
173. Book: Wood, Gerald . The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats . 1983 . Guinness Superlatives . 978-0-85112-235-9 .
174. Auliya . M. . Koch . A. . 2020 . Visual Identification Guide to the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus) . Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, IUCN SSC Monitor Lizard Specialist Group . BFN-Skripten . 552 .
175. Turner, F., R. Jennrich, J. Weintraub. 1969. Home ranges and body size of lizards. Ecology, 50: 1076-1081.
176. Web site: Varanus salvadorii (Crocodile Monitor). Animaldiversity.org.
177. Web site: Varanus Nilotlcus. Biocyclopedia.com.
178. Status of the Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) in Southwestern Florida. Kevin M.. Enge. Kenneth L.. Krysko. Kraig R.. Hankins. Todd S.. Campbell. F. Wayne. King. Southeastern Naturalist. 3. 4. 2004. 571–582. 10.1656/1528-7092(2004)003[0571:SOTNMV]2.0.CO;2 . 86322057 .
179. Enge, K. M., Krysko, K. L., Hankins, K. R., Campbell, T. S., & King, F. W. (2004). Status of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in southwestern Florida. Southeastern Naturalist, 3(4), 571–582.
180. Web site: Varanus Giganteus. Biocyclopedia.com. 30 January 2022.
181. Web site: Black Throated Monitor - Oakland Zoo. Oaklandzoo.org.
182. Web site: Black Throat Monitor - Reptile Range. Reptilerange.com.
183. Web site: Fact Sheet for Black Throated Monitor Lizard. yumpu.com.
184. Web site: Varanus Albigularis. Biocyclopedia.com. 3 June 2022.
185. Web site: Varanus Varius. Biocyclopedia.com. 2 February 2022.
186. Auffenberg (1994):14-15
187. Web site: Bengal Monitor Lizard articles - Encyclopedia of Life. Eol.org. 2 July 2022.
188. Web site: Varanus Bengalensis. Biocyclopedia.com. 3 June 2022.
189. Book: Daniel Bennett. 1995. Viper Press. A Little Book Of Monitor Lizards. 0952663201.
190. http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/lizards/clouded_monitor.htm Lizards of Southeast Asia : Clouded Monitor - Varanus nebulosus
191. Web site: Varanus Rudicollis. Biocyclopedia.com. 3 June 2022.
192. Web site: Varanus Dumerilii. Biocyclopedia.com. 3 June 2022.
193. Web site: Varanus Flavescens. Biocyclopedia.com. 3 June 2022.
194. Web site: Varanus Indlcus. Biocyclopedia.com. 4 June 2022.
195. Robert W. Mendyk. 2010. International Varanid Interest Group. BIAWAK - Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry. Biawak . 4. 1. 1936-296X.
196. Thomas Ziegler. Norbert Rütz. Johannes Oberreuter. Simone Holst. 2010. International Varanid Interest Group. First F2 Breeding of the Quince Monitor Lizard Varanus melinus Böhme & Ziegler, 1997 at the Cologne Zoo Aquarium. 4. 3. 82–92.
197. Web site: Varanus Jobiensis. Biocyclopedia.com. 4 June 2022.
198. Web site: Varanus Prasinus. Biocyclopedia.com. 5 June 2022.
199. Web site: Varanus Beccari. Biocyclopedia.com. 5 June 2022.
200. Glen Gaikhorst. James McLaughlin. Brian Larkin. Meagan McPharlin. 2009. Wiley-Liss, Inc.. Successful Captive Breeding of Mitchell's Water Monitor, Varanus mitchelli (Mertens 1958), at Perth Zoo. Zoo Biology . 29 . 5 . 615–625 . 10.1002/zoo.20244 . 19459149 .
201. Book: Stephanie J.Law. Selvino R. de Kort. Daniel Bennett. Merlijn van Weerd. 2016. Herpetological Conservation and Biology. Morphology, Activity Area, and Movement Patterns of the Frugivorous Monitor Lizard Varanus bitatawa. 467–475. 11. 3.
202. Maren Gaukle. 2010. International Varanid Interest Group. Overview on the Present Knowledge on Varanus mabitang Gaulke and Curio, 2001, Including New Morphological and Meristic Data. 4. 2.
203. Web site: Varanus albigularis . Monitor-Lizards.net. 2013-06-06. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120731221235/http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/polydaedalus/albigularis.html. 2012-07-31.
204. Web site: White Throated Monitor – Varanus albigularis . Reptiliana: Ultimate Reptile Resource. 2013-06-06. March 2008.
205. Web site: African Savannah Monitor – Varanus exanthematicus albigularis . WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. 2013-06-06.
206. Gardner BR, Barrows MG (2010). "Yolk coelomitis in a white-throated monitor lizard (Varanus albigularis)". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 81 (2): 121-122.
207. Web site: Varanus Exanthematicus. Biocyclopedia.com. 9 June 2022.
208. Dowell, S.A, D.M. Portik, V. de Buffrenil, I. Ineich, E. Greenbaum, S.O. Kolokotronis and E.R. Hekkala. (2015). Molecular data from contemporary and historical collections reveal a complex story of cryptic diversification in the Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus Species Group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.004
209. Web site: Varanus Griseus. Biocyclopedia.com. 10 June 2022.
210. http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/soterosaurus/marmoratus.html Marmoratus
211. Web site: Varanus palawanensis.
212. http://panoptesv.com/HBD/argus.html Argus Monitor
213. Web site: Varanus Gouldii. Biocyclopedia.com. 2 July 2022.
214. Web site: Varanus Rosenbergi. Biocyclopedia.com. 2 July 2022.
215. Web site: Varanus Spenceri. Biocyclopedia.com. 2 July 2022.
216. Web site: Varanus Mertensi. Biocyclopedia.com. 2 July 2022.
217. Smith GR, Lemos-Espinal JA, Ballinger RE (1997). "Sexual dimorphism in two species of knob-scaled lizards (Genus Xenosaurus) from Mexico". Herpetologica 53: 200-205.