List of largest European cities in history explained

Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence.These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:

Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)

City70006500 – 60005000400038003000 – 25002000160013001000700600500 – 400300200100 – 1
Athens10,000 – 15,0002,500 – 5,0005,000 – 10,00070,000 – 100,000 – 130,000150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000100,000 – 200,000[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
Argos600 – 1,2005,000 – 10,00030,000 – 60,000[22] [23] [24] [25]
Aegina20,000 – 40,000[26]
Akrotiri8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]
Agrigento200,000 – 800,000[36] [37] [38] [39] [40]
Avaricum40,000[41]
Bibracte30,000[42]
Cerveteri25,000 – 40,000[43] [44] [45] [46] [47]
Capua100,000300,000100,000[48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
Choirokoitia300 – 6002,000[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60]
Corinth5,000[61] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000[62] [63] [64]
Crotone50,000 – 80,000[65]
Dobrovody10,000 – 16,000[66] [67]
Dimini300[68]
Durrington Walls4,000[69] [70] [71]
Fedorivka6,000
Gournia4,000[72] [73]
Heuneburg10,000[74] [75] [76] [77]
Ischia5,000 – 10,000[78] [79] [80]
Knossos1001,0001,300 – 2,00018,00020,000 – 40,000 – 100,00030,0005,000 – 10,000[81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]
Lepenski Vir150 – 1,000[88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]
Mycenae20,000[94] 30,000 – 35,000[95]
Manika (Greece)6000 – 15,000[96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
Malia700 – 1,0005,000 – 10,000 – 12.500
Maidanetske10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000[102] [103]
Nea Nikomedeia500 – 700[104]
Okolište1000 – 3000
Palaikastro18,000[105]
Populonia25,000 – 40,000[106] [107]
Tarquinia20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000
Vinča-Belo Brdo2000 – 2500[108] [109]
Veii25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000[110] [111] [112]
Volsinii13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000
Vulci15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000
Sesklo3001000 – 5000[113] [114] [115] [116] [117]
Sparta40,000 – 50,000[118]
Syracuse, Sicily200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000200,000 – 400,000[119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125]
Sybaris100,000 – 300,000[126] [127] [128] [129] [130]
Solnitsata350[131] [132]
Tiryns1,200 – 1,80010,00015,000[133] [134]
Nebelivka17,000
Taranto100,000 – 300,000[135] [136]
Talianky15,000 – 30,000[137] [138] [139]
Thebes, Greece4,000 – 6,0008,00030,000 – 60,000[140] [141] [142] [143] [144]
Los Millares1,000 – 2,300[145] [146] [147]
Pavlopetri5002,000[148] [149]
Rome3,145 – 7,40024,240 – 60,60080,000130,000250,000 – 300,000350,000500,000 – 1,000,000[150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161]
Rhodes100,000 – 200,000100,000[162]

Timeline: Roman Empire–modern age (1–1800 A.D.)

City1 – 100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800
Agrigento50,000[163]
Athens30,000 – 90,000110,00025,00035,000 – 50,00040,000[164] [165] [166]
Aquileia12,000 – 100,000100,000[167] [168] [169]
Augsburg25,000 – 50,00025,000 – 50,00012,00050,00030,000 – 50,00045,000 – 50,000 – 100,00026,00028,000 – 32,000[170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176]
Amalfi80,000[177]
Antwerp5,00020,000100,000 – 200,00046,000 – 90,00075,000[178] [179] [180] [181] [182]
Arles75,000 – 100,000[183] [184] [185]
Autun40,000 – 100,000[186] [187] [188]
Amsterdam30,00065,000 – 100,000 – 175,000175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000195,000 – 201,000[189] [190] [191]
Barcelona50,00060,000 – 70,000100,000[192] [193] [194]
Bruges50,000125,000 – 200,000[195] [196]
Bucharest60,00050,000[197]
Brussels30,000100,000100,00070,000[198]
Bordeaux15,00030,000 – 40,00050,000100,000[199] [200] [201]
Berlin6,00012,00020,000172,000[202]
Bologna35,00050,000 – 70,000[203] [204] [205]
Bolgar25,000 – 30,00050,000
Capua30,000
Carnuntum12,000 – 50,00050,00050,000[206] [207] [208]
Cádiz100,00087,000[209]
Corinth100,000 – 200,000 – 700,00045,000 + in 856 AD.[210] [211] [212] [213] [214]
Constantinople12,000400,000400,000 – 800,000100,000 – 800,000100,000 – 800,000100,000 – 250,000500,000 – 1,000,000500,000300,000400,00070,000100,000400,000 – 660,000700,000300,000 – 700,000400,000 – 570,000[215] [216] [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] [222] [223] [224]
Córdoba45,000350,00060,000[225]
Cologne40,00040,00015,000 – 20,00021,00020,00021,000 – 50,00050,000 – 60,00050,000 – 60,00040,00045,00040,00050,000[226] [227] [228] [229] [230]
Danzig30,00060,000 – 80,000[231]
Dublin1,000 – 2,0004,000 – 5,00010,00020,00075,000200,000[232] [233] [234] [235]
Edirne (Adrianople)10,00028,000125,000160,000 – 183,00093,000100,000
Feodosia40,00085,000 – 88,00050,00040,00036,000 – 44,000
Florence15,00050,000 – 60,00080,000 – 120,00070,00070,000[236] [237] [238]
Gela30,000
Genoa80,00050,000100,000100,00060,00070,00090,000[239] [240] [241]
Ghent5,00010,00060,000 – 80,00070,000 – 80,00080,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000[242] [243] [244] [245] [246] [247]
Gortyna22,500[248]
Granada26,000150,000100,00070,000[249] [250]
Hamburg8,00015,000 – 20,00040,000 – 60,000 – 100,00063,000 – 75,000117,000 – 130,000[251]
Kyiv10,00018,000[252] [253]
Lisbon35,00050,000 – 60,00060,000 – 70,000 – 120,000120,000 – 140,000200,000237,000[254] [255] [256]
London30,00045,000 – 50,000 – 60,00010,000 – 12,00020,000 – 25,00010,000 – 20,00020,000 – 25,00050,000 – 100,00050,000 – 100,000 – 120,000225,000 – 410,000550,000 – 700,000861,000 – 1,000,000[257] [258] [259] [260] [261] [262] [263] [264]
Lugdunum (Lyon)50,000 – 100,000 – 200,00050,000 – 100,000 – 200,00012,00020,00040,000 – 70,00040,000 – 70,000100,000150,000[265] [266] [267] [268] [269] [270]
Leuven45,000[271]
Lublin40,000 – 70,000
Lübeck6,00024,00030,000 – 37,00032,00024,000
Madrid60,000105,000182,000
Magdeburg30,00040,000 – 45,000
Marseille15,00080,000 – 100,00080,00083,000 – 100,000
Mainz15,00020,00030,00025,00024,00020,00020,000 – 42,000[272]
Messina100,000[273]
Milan30,000 – 40,00040,000100,00090,000200,000125,000100,000180,000113,000122,000 – 250,000[274] [275] [276] [277] [278]
Metz40,00025,00040,000[279]
Montpellier30,000 – 40,00015,00040,000[280]
Moscow20,000 – 30,00030,000 – 40,000100,000200,000200,000270,000[281] [282]
Narbonne20,00030,000 – 50,00031,000
Naples30,00050,00030,00030,00050,000 – 60,000200,000350,000207,000500,000[283] [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289]
Nimes40,000 – 60,00040,000[290] [291] [292] [293]
Nuremberg10,00020,00020,00020,000 – 52,00040,000 – 50,000 – 100,00027,000[294] [295] [296]
Ostia Antica20,000 – 50,000 – 100,00050,000 – 100,000[297] [298] [299] [300] [301] [302]
Ohrid40,000
Palermo60,000 – 350,000150,000150,00050,000100,000124,000135,000[303]
Paris8,00030,00020,000 – 30,00020,000 – 30,00020,00050,000110,000 – 160,000228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000280,000225,000245,000 – 420,000515,000546,000 – 830,000[304] [305] [306] [307] [308] [309]
Padua25,000 – 40,00025,000 – 40,00025,000 – 40,00040,000[310]
Philippi10,000 – 100,000[311]
Pliska44,000
Plovdiv20,00020,00030,000
Pozzuoli30,000 – 100,000[312]
Pskov35,00052,000 – 60,000
Preslav60,00060,000[313]
Prague10,000[314] 22,00040,000 – 77,00095,000 – 100,00070,000100,00048,00077,000 – 100,000[315] [316]
Regensburg25,00040,000
Reims30,000 – 50,00030,000
Rome1,000,000 – 1,650,0001,000,0001,200,0001,100,000100,00090,00040,000 – 50,00050,00030,00020,00050,000 – 55,00090,000 – 110,000120,000 – 150,000150,000[317] [318] [319] [320] [321] [322]
Ravenna50,00050,000
Rhodes40,000
Rouen10,00030,00040,00070,00040,000 – 70,00040,000 – 70,00063,00080,000 – 90,000[323] [324]
Saint Petersburg100,000+220,000 – 425,000[325]
Salerno50,00050,00030,0004,000[326]
Smolensk20,000 – 30,000 – 40,00025,00050,00064,00040,000[327] [328]
Sarai100,00 – 600,000[329]
Speyer30,000+30,00020,000
Seville90,000150,00025,000100,000 – 300,00080,00096,000[330]
Siena50,000 – 120,000[331] 25,000[332]
Stara Zagora35,00030,00040,00038,000
Syracuse, Sicily80,000 – 90,000
Thessaloniki30,000 – 200,00050,00040,000150,000150,000100,000 – 150,000100,000 – 150,000[333] [334] [335] [336] [337]
Trakai50,000
Trnovo48,00035,000
Targoviste25,000 – 40,00050,000 – 60,00045,000 – 60,000
Trier70,000 – 80,000 – 100,00070,000 – 80,000 – 100,00015,00020,000[338] [339] [340]
Toulouse20,00040,00050,00030,00040,00024,00050,00043,00050,000[341] [342] [343] [344] [345]
Venice60,00080,000110,000 – 180,000110,000 – 150,000100,000 – 170,000200,000140,000140,000[346]
Verona20,000 – 25,00040,000[347] [348]
Veliky Novgorod10,000 – 15,000 – 18,00020,000 – 30,000 – 40,00050,000 – 60,000 – 400,00050,000[349] [350] [351] [352]
Vienna15,000 – 20,00015,000 – 20,00012,00020,00024,00045,00030,000 – 50,000 – 60,000100,000 – 113,000250,000[353] [354]
Worms28,000 – 60,00020,000
Ypres40,000 – 80,000 – 200,00040,000 – 80,000 – 200,000[355] [356] [357] [358] [359] [360]
Zadar30,000[361]

Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)

1400
City Population
275,000
125,000
125,000
110,000
100,000
100,000
95,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
1700
City Population
700,000
550,000
500,000
215,000
188,000
180,000
150,000
138,000
130,000
120,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
1800
City Population
1,000,000
600,000
426,000
250,000
240,000
220,000
220,000
200,000
180,000
172,000
120,000

Data from Chandler (1987)

CityCountry430 B.C.200 B.C.A.D. 100A.D. 361A.D. 500A.D. 622
SevilleSpain37–40,00040,000
LondonUnited Kingdom30,000
SyracuseItaly125,000100,00051–60,00045–50,000
RomeItaly35,000150,000450,000150,000100,00050,000
MilanItaly30,00040,000
AthensGreece155,00075,00075,00050–60,000
CorinthGreece70,00070,00050,000
Byzantium/
Constantinople		Turkey36,000300,000400,000350,000
CityCountry80090010001100115012001250130013501400145015001550157516001650
LondonUnited Kingdom15,00025,00040,00045,00050,00060,00050,00074,000112,000187,000410,000
LisbonPortugal15,00015,00015,00035,00045,00055,00060,00055,00062,00085,000100,000170,000
CórdobaSpain160,000200,000450,00060,00060,00060,00040,00036,00030,00032,000
SevilleSpain35,00040,00090,000125,000125,000150,00075,00090,00060,00060,00060,00046,00070,000100,000126,00060,000
GranadaSpain60,00060,00060,00075,00090,00060,00090,000165,00070,00070,00060,00068,000
MadridSpain80,000125,000
ParisFrance25,00020,00030,00050,000110,000160,000228,000215,000280,000150,000185,000210,000220,000245,000455,000
AmsterdamNetherlands48,000165,000
RomeItaly50,00040,00035,00035,00035,00030,00033,00038,00058,00070,000102,000110,000
TurinItaly25,00030,00030,00035,00040,00040,00040,00075,000114,000209,000215,000224,000265,000
MilanItaly25,00020,00030,00042,00045,00060,00065,00060,00050,00080,00083,00089,00075,00098,000107,000105,000
PalermoItaly35,00075,00090,000125,000150,00075,00035,00025,00039,00060,00070,000105,000132,000
VeniceItaly35,00045,00055,00060,00070,00090,000110,00085,000110,000100,000115,000171,000157,000151,000134,000
CopenhagenDenmark15,00022,00030,00040,00055,00076,00080,00084,00090,000110,000
PragueCzech Republic25,00035,00035,00033,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		Turkey250,000300,000300,000200,000200,000150,000100,000100,00080,00075,00045,000200,000660,000680,000700,000700,000
SmolenskRussia80,000100,000120,000
MoscowRussia30,00080,00075,00060,00080,000100,000
CityCountry167517001750177518001825185018621875190019141925193619501975
LondonUnited Kingdom485,000550,000676,000710,000861,0001,335,0002,320,0002,803,0004,241,0006,480,0007,419,0007,742,0009,710,0008,860,00010,500,000
LisbonPortugal178,000188,000213,000219,000237,000258,000262,000280,000243,000363,000455,000567,000875,0001,600,000
CórdobaSpain27,00028,00034,00052,000
SevilleSpain80,00068,00096,00083,000117,000148,000212,000383,000685,000
GranadaSpain35,00045,00053,00058,00075,000
MadridSpain115,000105,000110,000132,000182,000201,000216,000303,000373,000539,000623,000791,0001,220,0001,527,0004,150,000
ParisFrance540,000530,000556,000600,000547,000855,0001,314,0001,800,0002,250,0003,330,0004,000,0004,800,0005,950,0005,900,0009,400,000
AmsterdamNetherlands195,000210,000219,000209,000195,000196,000225,000268,000289,000510,000601,000718,000859,0001,800,000
RomeItaly105,000138,000146,000148,000142,000125,000158,000194,000251,000438,000570,000758,0001,155,0001,665,0003,600,000
NaplesItaly170,000207,000310,000355,000430,000350,000413,000447,000450,000563,000691,000852,0001,210,0001,900,000
MilanItaly114,000113,000110,000117,000122,000156,000182,000226,000267,000491,000655,000917,0001,103,0001,400,0003,800,000
PalermoItaly128,000125,000111,000127,000135,000154,000170,000175,000188,000255,000370,000470,000672,000
VeniceItaly138,000143,000158,000151,000146,00099,000141,000171,000226,000354,000
BerlinGermany26,000113,000136,000172,000222,000446,000582,0001,045,0002,707,0003,500,0004,013,0004,226,0003,707,0002,000,000
BudapestHungary--------309,208733,385880,371960,9951,060,4311,629,0002,026,543
PragueCzech Republic48,00058,00077,00098,000117,000474,000670,000745,000951,0001,275,000
CopenhagenDenmark30,000181,000571,0001,140,0003,300,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		Turkey750,000700,000625,000600,000570,000675,000785,000820,000873,000900,0001,125,000817,0001,035,0003,200,000
EdirneTurkey100,00085,00082,00080,00088,00085,000
MoscowRussia105,000114,000146,000177,000248,000257,000373,000346,000600,0001,120,0001,805,0001,764,0004,050,0005,100,00010,700,000
Saint PetersburgRussia74,000164,000220,000438,000502,000565,000764,0001,439,0002,133,0001,430,0002,983,0002,700,0004,280,000

See also

Notes and References

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  3. Book: Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Storey, G.. 2006. University of Alabama Press. 978-0-8173-5246-2. 37.
  4. Book: Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Beer, J.. 2004. Praeger. 978-0-313-28946-0. 4.
  5. Book: After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. Schwartz, G.M.. Nichols, J.J.. 2010. University of Arizona Press. 978-0-8165-2936-0. 80.
  6. Web site: Urban History of Athens Presentation. 9 December 2008. 2014-09-24.
  7. Book: Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. Kellogg, D.L.. 2013. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-166386-4. 36.
  8. Book: Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Hansen, M.H.. 1988. Commissioner, Munksgaard. 9788773041895. 7.
  9. Book: Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Wilson, N.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-78800-0. 214.
  10. Book: The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics. O'Sullivan, L.. 2009. Brill. 9789004178885. 110.
  11. Web site: Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy. Robert. history-world.org. 2014-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20141215185620/http://history-world.org/greece%20legacy.htm. 15 December 2014. usurped.
  12. Web site: BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment. bbc.co.uk. 2014-09-24.
  13. Web site: The population of Sparta and Athens. ancientgreekbattles.net. 2014-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20141008042721/http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pages/47932_Population.htm. 8 October 2014. dead.
  14. Web site: The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC. 12 December 2005. Ian Morris. 2014-09-24.
  15. Book: Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World. Rocca, S.. 2008. Coronet Books Incorporated. 978-3-16-149717-9. 333.
  16. Book: Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice. Lathrop, D.. Ruma, L.. 2010. O'Reilly Media. 978-1-4493-8880-5. registration. 169.
  17. Book: Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC. Moreno, A.. 2007. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-922840-9.
  18. Book: Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens. Van Wees, H.. 2013. I. B. Tauris. 978-1-78076-686-7.
  19. Book: Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai. Kellogg, D.L.. 2013. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-964579-4. 37.
  20. Book: The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Keith Roberts. 2013. Columbia Business School Pub.. 978-0-231-52685-2.
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  22. Book: Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY. 1993. Oxford University Press, USA. 978-0-19-535943-5. 124.
  23. Book: Civilization or Barbarism . Diop, C.A.. Salemson, H.J.. De Jager, M.. 1991. L.M. Ngemi. 978-1-55652-048-8. 160.
  24. Book: Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Blumberg, A.. 1995. Greenwood Press. 978-0-313-28751-0. 242.
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  26. Book: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Hornblower, S.. Spawforth, A.. Eidinow, E.. 2012. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-954556-8. 16.
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  29. Book: Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Thornton, I.. New, T.. 2007. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-139-46231-0. 80.
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  32. Web site: Civilization.ca – Greece: Secrets of the Past – Fast Facts. historymuseum.ca. 2014-09-24. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062147/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr2040e.html. dead.
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  35. Book: Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Stewart, I.. 2012. Random House. 978-1-4481-4942-1. 198.
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  37. Book: A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table. Lemprière, J.. 1842. T. Allman. 26.
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  39. Book: The Light of Alexandria. Maynard, J.. 2005. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. 978-1-4116-5335-1. 35.
  40. Book: The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients. Rollin, C.. Bell, J.. 1870. vb. 1. Harper & Brothers. 286.
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  42. Book: Maschner, Herbert D. G.. New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research. 1 January 1996. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. 9780881040791.
  43. Book: An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Pounds, N.J.G.. 1976. del 1330. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-29126-2.
  44. Book: The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia. Moretti, A.M.S.. Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per l'Etruria meridionale. 2001. L'Erma di Bretschneider. 9788882650124.
  45. Book: The Etruscan World. Jean MacIntosh Turfa. Turfa, J.M.I.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-05530-2.
  46. Book: An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Pounds, N.J.G.. 1976. del 1330. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-29126-2. 54.
  47. Book: A Short History of the World. Roberts, J.M.. 1993. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-511504-8. 110.
  48. Web site: p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands. forgottenbooks.com. 2014-09-24.
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  50. Book: A Companion to Latin Studies. CUP Archive. 356. 1963.
  51. Book: Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. de Ligt, L.. 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-01318-6. 236.
  52. Book: The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Randsborg, K.. Klavs Randsborg. 1991. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-38787-3. 93.
  53. Book: Italy. Facaros, D.. Pauls, M.. 2004. Cadogan Guides. 978-1-86011-113-6. 11.
  54. Choirokoitia Web site: Choirokoitia - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports . 2014-04-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140403152522/http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/choirokoitia.html . 3 April 2014 .
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  56. Book: Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel). MobileReference. 2011. MobileReference. 978-1-61198-124-7.
  57. Book: Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages. Bryant, S.. 2008. Wiley. 978-0-470-72205-3. 161.
  58. Book: Cyprus. Spilling, M.. Spilling, J.A.. 2010. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. 978-0-7614-4855-6. 23.
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  60. Book: The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropaedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 1995. Encyclopædia Britannica. 978-0-85229-605-9.
  61. Book: Storey, Glenn. Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. 30 April 2006. University of Alabama Press. 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  62. Book: International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Trudy. Ring. Robert M.. Salkin. Sharon La. Boda. 1 January 1994. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-884964-02-2.
  63. Book: HarperCollins atlas of archaeology. HarperCollins (Firm). 1988. Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. 978-0-7230-1005-0.
  64. Book: Fodor's Greece. Rockwood, C.. 1997. Fodor's Travel Publications. 978-0-679-03227-4. registration.
  65. Book: The Formation of the Greek People. Jarde, A.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-19586-0. 217.
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  69. News: The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age . Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press . 169 . 2013. 978-0-19-957286-1 . Fokkens . Harry . Harding . Anthony .
  70. News: Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge . University of York . 2013.
  71. News: NEWSLETTER – December 2013 . Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society . 2 . 2013.
  72. http://www.minoancrete.com/gournia.htm Gournia, Minoan Crete
  73. Book: Frommer's Greece Day by Day. Brewer, S.. Kollias, T.. 2011. Wiley. 978-1-118-02336-5. 246.
  74. Book: Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction. Walsh, J.S.P.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-81284-5. 49.
  75. Web site: World Archaeology News 22 January 2013. archaeology.ws. 2014-09-24.
  76. Web site: Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps – Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz – Academia.edu. academia.edu. 2014-09-24. Fernández-Götz. Manuel.
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  79. Book: Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present. Gosden, C.. 2004. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-78795-6. 65.
  80. Book: Ancient Greece and Rome. 978-0-19-517072-6. 1–253. Gagarin. Michael. 2009-12-31.
  81. Book: Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Castleden, R.. 2012. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-96785-8.
  82. Web site: Unicity Europe .:|:. Home. unicityeuro.com. 2014-09-24.
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  84. Book: Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Ring, T.. Watson, N.. Schellinger, P.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-25958-8. 172.
  85. Book: Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Mithen, S.. 2012. Harvard University Press. 978-0-674-07219-0. 77.
  86. Book: Ancient Technology. Humphrey, J.W.. 2006. Greenwood Press. 978-0-313-32763-6. 56.
  87. Book: World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Denemark, R.A.. Friedman, J.. Gills, B.K.. Modelski, G.. 2002. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-57144-4.
  88. Book: Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter . Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab. 2000. vb. 21. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 9788778761774.
  89. Book: Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction. Coles, B.. 1981. Cornell University Press. 978-0-8014-1398-8.
  90. Book: The Oneness Revealed. Devdeep, S.. Lulu.com. 978-0-557-96338-6. 63. 2011.
  91. Book: The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers. Cummings, V.. Jordan, P.. Zvelebil, M.. 2014. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-955122-4. 523.
  92. Book: Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. Price, T.D.. 2013. OUP USA. 978-0-19-991470-8. 123.
  93. Book: Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones. Schorn, D.. 2008. Ozark Mountain Publishing, Incorporated. 978-1-886940-99-4. 177.
  94. Book: Tellier, Luc-Normand. Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. 1 January 2009. PUQ. 9782760522091.
  95. Web site: 11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew. abuss.narod.ru. 2014-09-24.
  96. Web site: THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE. 6 November 2007. 2014-09-24. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051959/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum1(pdf)/Sampson.pdf. 4 March 2016. dmy-all.
  97. Book: Old World Archaeology Newsletter. Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept. 1988. vb. 12–13. 0732-1635.
  98. Anthropologie. Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos".. Anthropologie: International Journal of the Science of Man. 2001. vb. 39–40. Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos.. 0323-1119.
  99. Web site: Thinking the Bronze Age. 12 February 2007. Erika Weiberg. 2014-09-24.
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  101. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:169578/FULLTEXT01.pdf
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  103. Web site: High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization.
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  105. Web site: Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete. 3 August 2005. Rodney Castelden. 2014-09-24. 8 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122815/http://s3.amazonaws.com/BronzeAge/Minoan_Life_in_Bronze_Age_Crete.pdf. dead.
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  110. Book: The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life .... De Puy, W.H.. 1887. Eaton & Mains.
  111. Book: A Global History of Architecture. Ching, F.D.K.. Jarzombek, M.M.. Prakash, V.. 2010. Wiley. 978-1-118-00739-6. 96.
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  113. Web site: hol προγράμματα | hellas online . https://web.archive.org/web/20150912212451/http://users.hol.gr/~dilos/prehis/prerm6.htm . 12 September 2015 . dead . users.hol.gr . 2014-09-24 .
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  115. Book: The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D.. Bintliff, J.. 2012. Wiley. 978-1-118-25520-9. 58.
  116. Book: Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. Runnels, C.N.. Murray, P.. 2001. Stanford University Press. 978-0-8047-4050-0. 146.
  117. Book: Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC. D'Amato, R.. Rava, G.. 2013. Osprey Publishing Limited. 978-1-78096-860-5.
  118. Book: Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Nielsen, T.H.. 2004. Steiner. 978-3-515-08438-3. 22.
  119. Book: Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Gates, C.. 2011. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-82327-5.
  120. Book: Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc. Niebuhr, B.G.. 1853. vb. 2. Walton Maberly. 261.
  121. Book: The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres. Cicero, M.T.. Kelsall, C.. 1812. White, Cochrane, and Company. 348.
  122. Book: The Dublin Review. Wiseman, N.P.. 1839. vb. 7. Tablet Publishing Company. 483.
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  125. Book: Great cities of the ancient world. De Camp, L.S.. 1972. Doubleday. 9780385091879. registration.
  126. Book: Ancient Greece at Work. Glotz, G.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-19558-7. 108.
  127. Book: Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Crawford, M.H.. Whitehead, D.. 1983. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-29638-0. 317.
  128. Book: The Rise Of The Greeks. Grant, M.. 2012. Orion. 978-1-78022-275-2.
  129. Book: Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Tsetskhladze, G.R.. 2006. v. 1. Brill. 9789004122048.
  130. Book: The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization. Durant, W.. 2011. Simon & Schuster. 978-1-4516-4758-7.
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  132. Web site: Bulgaria archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town Provadia-Solnitsata – Telegraph. telegraph.co.uk. 2014-09-24.
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  134. Web site: Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns – UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. whc.unesco.org. 2014-09-24.
  135. Book: Oppenheimer, Michael. The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times. 1 January 2002. Tauris. 978-1-86064-570-9.
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  139. Book: Baumer, Christoph. The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. 11 December 2012. I.B.Tauris. 978-1-78076-060-5.
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  142. Book: Buck, Robert J.. A History of Boeotia. 1 January 1979. University of Alberta. 9780888640512.
  143. Book: Clinton, Henry Fynes. An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. 1 January 1851. University Press.
  144. Book: Bibliotheca Classica, Or A Dictionary of All the Principal Names and Terms Relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature and Mythology of Antiquity and of the Ancients: With a Chronological Table. John. Lemprière. John David. Ogilby. 1 January 1839. W.E. Dean.
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  146. Web site: Los Millares – Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares. archaeology.about.com. 2014-09-24. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170107062419/http://archaeology.about.com/od/mterms/qt/los_millares.htm. 7 January 2017. dmy-all.
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  148. Web site: Ancient Greek city digitally recreated – Archaeology – Science – The Independent. 23 October 2011. independent.co.uk. 2014-09-24.
  149. Web site: The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city. archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk. 2014-09-24. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061935/https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2010/12/divers-to-excavate-3500bc-underwater.html#.U3EpL7nU_IU. dead.
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  155. Book: Harris, P. M. G.. The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline. 1 January 2001. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780275971311.
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  160. Book: Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC. Goldsworthy, A.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-135-88181-8.
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  164. Book: Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. 12 December 2002. Palm Digital Media Group. 978-0-7408-1698-7.
  165. Book: Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. 1 January 1996. Princeton University Press. 0-691-02749-8.
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  167. Book: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Hornblower, S.. Spawforth, A.. Eidinow, E.. 2012. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-954556-8. 129.
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  170. Book: Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. Flood, J.. 2006. v. 1. De Gruyter. 978-3-11-091274-6.
  171. Book: German Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Boyle, N.. 2008. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-157863-2.
  172. Book: The European Reformation, 1500–1610. Armstrong, A.. Hamer, J.. 2002. Heinemann Educational. 978-0-435-32710-1. 43.
  173. Book: The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Scheidel, W.. 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-49556-2. 244.
  174. Book: Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650–1750. McIntosh, T.. 1997. v. 62. University of North Carolina Press. 978-0-8078-5063-3. 2.
  175. Book: German History, 1770–1866. Sheehan, J.J.. 1993. Clarendon Press. 978-0-19-820432-9. 74.
  176. Book: Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century. Morris, T.A.. 2002. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-74819-8. 14.
  177. Book: Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Tellier, L.N.. 2009. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. 9782760522091. 270.
  178. Book: The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land … To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table … Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings. 1834. Allen & Ticknor. 173.
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  180. Book: The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Spruyt, H.. 1996. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-02910-8. 88.
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  182. Book: Everyday Life in the Renaissance. Hinds, K.. 2009. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. 978-0-7614-4483-1. 78.
  183. Web site: "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer – Academia.edu. academia.edu. 2014-09-24. Fischer. Svante. Victor. Helena.
  184. Book: Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera. Steves, R.. Smith, S.. 2013. Avalon Travel Publishing. 978-1-61238-874-8.
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  187. Book: Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Crumley, C.. 2013. Elsevier Science. 978-0-323-14402-5. 390.
  188. Book: The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Stark, R.. 1996. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-02749-4. 131.
  189. Book: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Rich, E.E.. Wilson, C.H.. 1967. v. 4. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-04507-0. 82.
  190. Book: The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Turner, B.L.. 1990. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. 978-0-521-36357-0. 104.
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  193. Book: The Later Medieval City: 1300–1500. Nicholas, D.M.. 2014. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-90187-7.
  194. Book: Medieval Iberia . Gerli, E.M.. Armistead, S.G.. 2003. Routledge. 978-0-415-93918-8. 147.
  195. Book: Spruyt, Hendrik. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. 1 January 1996. Princeton University Press. 0691029105.
  196. Book: Dunton, Larkin . The World and Its People . Silver, Burdett . 1896 . 160.
  197. Book: 3000 Years of Urban Growth. Tertius. Chandler. Gerald. Fox. 24 September 2013. Elsevier. 9781483271255.
  198. Book: European Art of the Sixteenth Century. Zuffi, S.. 2006. J.P. Getty Museum. 978-0-89236-846-4. 181.
  199. Book: Introduction to Global Politics. Richard W. Mansbach. Mansbach, R.W.. Taylor, K.L.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-51737-2.
  200. Book: IBN JALDUN: STUDIES. Serrano, A.. Viguera, M.J.. López, J.P.. Méndez, J.M.C.. Fundación José Manuel Lara. Legado Andalusí. Alcázar (Seville, Spain). 2006. Fundación El Legado Andalusí. 9788496556348. 193.
  201. Book: The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile : containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures. Flügel, G.T.. Grund, F.J.. 1834. Hilliard, Gray & Co.. 144.
  202. Book: Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Ring, T.. Watson, N.. Schellinger, P.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-63944-9. 92.
  203. Book: People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14. de Ligt, L.. Northwood, S.J.. 2008. Brill. 9789004171183. 150.
  204. Book: The Birth of Europe. Goff, J.L.. 2009. Wiley. 978-1-4051-3726-3. 102.
  205. Web site: International trade and institutional change. https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230511/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdf. dead. 3 September 2015. 30 November 2009. Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler. 2014-09-24.
  206. Book: Historical Dictionary of Austria. Fichtner, P.S.. 2009. Scarecrow Press. 978-0-8108-6310-1. 54.
  207. Book: The Danube: A Cultural History. Beattie, A.. 2010. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-976835-6. 109.
  208. Book: Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. Bowman, A.. Wilson, A.. 2011. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-960235-3. 190.
  209. Book: The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Turner, B.L.. 1990. Cambridge University Press with Clark University. 978-0-521-36357-0. 107.
  210. Book: Gunn, Angus M.. Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies. 1 January 2008. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313087479.
  211. Book: Jeffers, James S.. The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era: Exploring the Background of Early Christianity. 7 October 1999. InterVarsity Press. 978-0-8308-1589-0.
  212. Book: Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. Steve. Friesen. Daniel N.. Schowalter. James. Walters. 14 June 2010. BRILL. 978-9004181977.
  213. Book: Jensen, Irving L.. Jensen Survey-2 Volume Set -Old and New Testaments. 1 June 1982. Moody Publishers. 978-0-8024-8287-7.
  214. Book: The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary. Morris, L.. 1985. Inter-Varsity Press. 978-0-8028-0064-0. 18.
  215. Web site: History 303: Populations . Annette Lindblom . tulane.edu . 2014-09-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150826083011/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/H303/handouts/Population.htm . 26 August 2015 .
  216. Web site: Europe in 1500. remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. 2014-09-24. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062011/http://remus.shidler.hawaii.edu/genes/Bavaria/Europe%20in%201500.htm. dead.
  217. Book: Rosser, John H.. Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. 1 January 2012. Scarecrow Press. 9780810875678.
  218. Book: Bunson, Matthew. A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. 1 January 1991. OUP USA. 9780195102338.
  219. Book: Brown, Neville. History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective. 29 June 2005. Routledge. 9781134977598.
  220. Book: Davis, R. H. C.. A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis. 16 August 2013. Routledge. 9781317867890.
  221. Book: Hoffmann, Richard. An Environmental History of Medieval Europe. 10 April 2014. Cambridge University Press. 9780521876964.
  222. Book: Dawson, Christopher. Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson). 9 August 2012. CUA Press. 9780813218182.
  223. Book: Collins, Paul. The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century. 1 January 2013. PublicAffairs. 9781610390149.
  224. Web site: Archived copy . 22 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012639/https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/viewFile/13458/13392 . 28 March 2014 . dead . dmy-all .
  225. Web site: Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000. geography.about.com. 2014-09-24. 5 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130605084829/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201c.htm. dead.
  226. Book: Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Bruce, S.G.. 2010. Brill. 9789004180079. 48.
  227. Book: Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. van Tilburg, C.. 2007. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-12975-1. 42.
  228. Book: Information Revolutions in the History of the West. Dudley, L.. 2008. Edward Elgar. 978-1-84844-280-1. 26.
  229. Web site: 2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt . 29 September 2010 . 2014-09-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140824213540/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/pegel_k__ln__millionenstadt_2010.pdf . 24 August 2014 .
  230. Book: A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Holborn, H.. 1982. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-00795-3. registration. 38.
  231. Book: The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Rich, E.E.. Wilson, C.H.. 1967. v. 4. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-04507-0. 83.
  232. Book: Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective. Grigg, D.B.. 1980. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-29635-9. registration. 128.
  233. Book: Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. Duffy, S.. 2005. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-135-94824-5. 69.
  234. Book: Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Hudson, B.T.. 2005. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-516237-0. 92.
  235. Book: A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Hansen, M.H.. Københavns universitet. Polis centret. 2000. v. 21. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 9788778761774. 255.
  236. Book: The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Spruyt, H.. 1996. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-02910-8. 132.
  237. Web site: Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy. italyworldclub.com. 2014-09-24. 25 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061552/https://www.enchantingitaly.com/regions/toscana/firenze/firenze.htm. dead.
  238. Book: Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Chant, C.. Goodman, D.. 2005. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-63620-4. 141.
  239. Book: Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Abu-Lughod, J.L.. 1991. pts. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-506774-3. 125.
  240. Book: The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. Scott, T.. 2012. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-927460-4. 17.
  241. M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
  242. Book: Lodge, R. Anthony. French, from Dialect to Standard. 1 January 1993. Psychology Press. 978-0-415-08071-2.
  243. Book: Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity. Campbell, B.M.S.. Overton, M.. 1991. Manchester University Press. 978-0-7190-3171-7. 131.
  244. Book: Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns. Cohn, S.K.. Aiton, D.. 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-02780-0. 17.
  245. Book: The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge.... Ripley, G.. 2012. Nabu Press. 978-1-276-65397-8. 235.
  246. Book: Rubens: A Portrait. Oppenheimer, P.. 2002. Cooper Square Press. 978-0-8154-1209-0. 43.
  247. Book: Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Bairoch, P.. Braider, C.. 1991. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-03466-9. 181.
  248. Book: Settlement, Urbanization, and Population. Bowman, A.. Wilson, A.. 2011. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-960235-3. 185.
  249. Book: Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Tellier, L.N.. 2009. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. 9782760522091. 260.
  250. Book: The Oxford History of Mexico. Meyer, M.C.. Beezley, W.H.. 2000. Oxford University Press, USA. 978-0-19-511228-3. registration. 31.
  251. Book: Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Koenigsberger, H.G.. Mosse, G.L.. Bowler, G.. 2014. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-87586-4.
  252. Book: The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. HOHENBERG, P.M.. Lees, L.H.. Hohenberg, P.M.. 2009. Harvard University Press. 978-0-674-03873-8. 10.
  253. Book: The Ukraine. Allen, W.E.D.. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-64186-0. 38.
  254. Book: Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Bairoch, P.. Braider, C.. 1991. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-03466-9. 180.
  255. Book: The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J.. SJ, L.F.. Reff, D.T.. Danford, R.. 2014. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-91781-6. 194.
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  257. http://www.ctcwd.com/rrose/websites/london/history.htm{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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  263. Web site: Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages. 29 May 2012. thefinertimes.com. 2014-09-24.
  264. Book: Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500–1750. Thirsk, J.. Chartres, J.. 1990. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-36881-0. 6.
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  292. Web site: The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France. 25 September 2013. Mihalevich. 2014-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105238/http://conservationengineers.org/conferences/2013presentations/Tuesday_Nimes_Aqueduct_GMihalevich.pdf. 26 March 2014. dead.
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  294. Book: Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage. van Gelderen, M.. Skinner, Q.. 2002. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-80203-1. 131.
  295. Book: That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity. Coon, L.L.. Haldane, K.J.. Sommer, E.W.. 1990. University Press of Virginia. 978-0-8139-1293-6. registration. 142.
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  301. Book: The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights. Tigay, A.M.. 1994. Jason Aronson. 978-1-56821-078-0. 436.
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  303. Book: Medieval Manuscript Production in the Latin West: Explorations with a Global Database. E. Buringh. 9789004175198. 2011. Brill. 73.
  304. Book: Introduction to Global Politics. Richard W.. Mansbach. Kirsten L.. Taylor. 17 June 2013. Routledge. 9781136517389.
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  316. Book: The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994. HOHENBERG, P.M.. Lees, L.H.. Hohenberg, P.M.. 2009. Harvard University Press. 978-0-674-03873-8. 10.
  317. Book: Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Paul. Bairoch. Christopher. Braider. 18 June 1991. University of Chicago Press. 978-0-226-03466-9.
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  321. Book: Chew, Sing C.. The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation. 19 December 2006. Rowman Altamira. 978-0-7591-1402-9.
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  325. Book: Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855–1870. Zelnik, R.E.. Columbia University. Russian Institute. 1971. v. 1. Stanford University Press. 978-0-8047-0740-4. 49.
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  328. Book: A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. Magocsi, P.R.. 2010. University of Toronto Press. 978-1-4426-1021-7. 89.
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  335. Book: The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Karl Kaser. 2011. Lit. 978-3-643-50190-5. 196.
  336. Book: Once Upon a Time. Barber, R.. 2004. Sword of the Lord Publishers. 978-0-87398-639-7. 335.
  337. Book: The Wilton Translation of the New Testament. Wilton, C.C.. 2012. Trafford Publishing. 978-1-4669-0856-7. 285.
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  339. Book: Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train. LaVerne, F.K.. Globe Pequot Press. 978-0-7627-6163-0. 337. 1991.
  340. Book: Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer. Baker, M.. 2013. Dorrance Publishing Company. 978-1-4809-0187-2. 182.
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  342. Book: Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France. Benedict, P.. 2005. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-134-89218-1.
  343. Book: Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History. Lepage, J.D.G.G.. 2010. McFarland. 978-0-7864-6027-4. 275.
  344. Book: The End of the Ancient World. Lot, F.. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-136-20233-9. 71.
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  346. Book: A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Dursteler, E.. 2013. Brill. 9789004252523. 257.
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  348. Book: The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150. Miller, M.C.. 1993. Cornell University Press. 978-0-8014-2837-1. registration. 7.
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  352. Book: Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Martin, J.. 2007. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-85916-5. 68.
  353. Book: Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Singh, S.J.. Haberl, H.. Chertow, M.. Mirtl, M.. Schmid, M.. 2012. Springer. 9789400711778. 251.
  354. Book: Ziak, Karl. Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart. 1 January 1964. Europa-Verlag.
  355. Book: Boissonnade. Life & Work In Medieval Europe. 5 September 2013. Routledge. 978-1-136-19641-6.
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  358. Book: Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Zimmerman, L.M.. Veith, I.. 1993. Norman Pub.. 978-0-930405-53-3. 130.
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