List of large volcanic eruptions explained

This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume.

<11.7KA (Holocene)

See main article: List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions.

11.7 to 49KA

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	data-sort-type="number" width=80px	Age in Ka^[1]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
6		Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50 50	12	caldera formation
6		Great Rift Valley, Kenya	24.9 < 25	12.3	Ruplax Tuff
6		Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20 20	12.5	Upper Toluca Pumice
6		Kyūshū	11 11	12.8	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6		Eifel hotspot	20 20	12.9
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9 10.9	14.6
6		Campanian volcanic arc	79 79	14.9	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6		Kamchatka	17.5 17.5	15
6	Towada	Honshū	56 56	15.6	eruption episode L
7		Campanian volcanic arc		15.7
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3 1.3	19.3	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100 100	19.3	Kiau Ignimbrite
7		Simushir, Kuril Islands	200 200	20
6		Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10.1 >10	21	Kulau Ignimbrite
6		Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	21	Caldera formation 2
6		South Aegean Volcanic Arc	20.1 >20	21.8	Cape Riva
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9 1.9	22	Basal Pumice
6		SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	10.1 ⩾10	22.8	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
8		Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170 1170	26.5	Oruanui eruption
6		Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14 14	26.6	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?		Luzon Volcanic Arc		27-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2 2.2	28.6	Codola Pumice
6		Campanian volcanic arc	10.1 ≥10	29.1	Y3
6		SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50 50	29.3	Dawson Tephra
6		Turkey	65.4 65.4	29.7
7-8		Kyūshū	940 940 - 1,040^[2]	30^[3]	Ito Ignimbrite
6		Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10 10	30.8	Nemo III
6		Kamchatka	30.1 >30	32.2	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11 11	32.8	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6		Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58 58	33.3	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7		Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150 150	33.6	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.3 31.3	34	Nemo II
6		Sunda Arc, Bali	84 84	34.6	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25 25	35	Caldera II
6		Hokkaidō	10 10	35.3^[4]	Nu-p
6		Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1 26.1	35.6	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46 46	36	eruption episode N
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10 10	38.3	Nu-r
7		Kamchatka	120 120	39	Southern sea cliffs
7		Hokkaidō	170 170	39.3	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
7		Campanian volcanic arc	430 430 - 680	39.9	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
5		Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone		40
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40 40	40	Caldera I
6		SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30 30	40	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10 10?	40	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6		Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70 70	41	Irosin Ignimbrites
6		Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11 11	42.3	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.3 10.3	42.5	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 14.4 DRE	43	Kt-1
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150 150	43.6	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6		Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15 15	43.7	Kn III-5 Tephra
6		Honshū	25.9 25.9	44	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6		Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60 60	44.5	caldera formation
7		Kamchatka	225 225	44.5	caldera formation
5-6		Honshū	5 5 - 10	45	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	115.1 >115	45	Nemo I
6		Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49 49	45
7		Hokkaidō	350 350 - 390^[5]	46	caldera formation

50 to 99KA

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	data-sort-type="number" width=80px	Age in Ka^[6]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 10.2 DRE	50	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone	100 >100 DRE^[7]	50	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1 13.1	51	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235 235	52	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6		Kyūshū	12.0 12^[8]	53.5	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.8 13.75	54	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 20.1 DRE	50 - 60	Kt-3
5^[9]	Torfajökull^[10]	Iceland	44 DRE	55.4	Þórsmörk ignimbrite and Greenland II-RHY-1
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	10.1 ≥ 10	56	X2
6		Campanian volcanic arc	40.0 40	56	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6		Honshū	40.0 40	59.6	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50.0 50	60	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10.0 10	61	eruption episode Q
6		Cascade Volcanic Arc	12.6 > 12.5	62.5	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6		Honshū	20.0 20	66	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6		Kamchatka	12.5 12.5	69.4	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37.0 37	69	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	24.0 24	70	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde		73
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5.0 5 - 10	73	Nisaka Tuff
8		Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 2,800 - 5,300^[11]	74	Youngest Toba Tuff
6		Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10.0 10	74	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	11.1 > 11 DRE	75	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.4 12.35	80	CA-1a Tephra
6		Kamchatka	42.0 42	80	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6		Honshū	10.0 10	80	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
7?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25.0 25	81	Inararo Tuff
6		Campanian volcanic arc	10.0 10	82.8	X4; I-7
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300 300	84	Los Chocoyos eruption
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 16.8 DRE	84	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25.0 25	85	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 10.8 DRE	84 - 87	Kt-7
7-8		Kyūshū	930 930 - 1,860	87	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 9.9 DRE	87 - 106	Kt-8

100 to 299KA

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	data-sort-type="number" width=80px	Age in Ka^[12]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands		100	Tozurahara eruption
6		Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90	100	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14	100	Middle Pumice
6		Honshū	50	100	Ontake-1 Pumice
6		Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Boroi Ignimbrites
6		Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?	100	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7		Kyūshū	350	100	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20	105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6		Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10	105	Sunda Caldera
7		Hokkaidō	230 – 310	106
6		Cape Verde	10.33	106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	106.2	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10	108.9	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175	117.5	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220	124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150	130	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6		Kyūshū	50	141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?	143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7		Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		150	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone		150
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110	161	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE^[13]	164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7		Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)	175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50	176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc		180
7		Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5	182.3
7		Campanian volcanic arc		205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		230	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		230	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		230	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150	240	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		240	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7		Ethiopia	276	240	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū		266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46	278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		280	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			280	Pakai Ignimbrite
7		Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175	280

300 to 999KA

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	data-sort-type="number" width=80px	Age in Ka^[14]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		300	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		300	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7		Campanian volcanic arc	460	300	Bolsena Caldera
7		Campanian volcanic arc		320
7		Kyūshū		321	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū		370	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7		Lazio, Italy	> 200	370	Mophi Tephra
6		Campanian volcanic arc		390
6-7		Iturup, Kuril Islands	90	410	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7		Tibesti Mountains	150	430	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7		Kamchatka	375	440	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon		440	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū		450	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		450
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū		500	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138	500	Middle Toba Tuff
7		Kyūshū		520	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone		560
7		Kyūshū		580	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū		600	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6		Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75	610	Rockland Caldera formation
8		Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000	631	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150	650	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū		650	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū		650
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		680	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		710	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7		Eastern California	790	760	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		830	Matahana B
7		Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone		840	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290	840	Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū		870	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 - 950	870
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		950	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		970	Unit E

1 to 9.9MA

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	data-sort-type="number" width=80px	Age in Ma^[15]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
7		Vanuatu		001 1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001 1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū		001 1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7		Honshū		001 1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū		001 1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7		Hokkaidō	130	001 1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.01 1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift		001.09 1.09
8		Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean		001.1 1.1
7		Kamchatka		001.13 1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7		Cascade Volcanic Arc	117	001.15 1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite, Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.18 1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū		001.2 1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra		001.2 1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū		001.2 1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.2 1.2	Unit D
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.21 1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7		New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)		001.22 1.223
7		Yellowstone hotspot	280	001.27 1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		001.3 1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū		001.4 1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7		Hokkaidō		001.4 1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.4 1.4	Unit C
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.53 1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone		001.55 1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake^[16]	Honshū		001.6 1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7		New Mexico, USA		001.61 1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		001.65 1.65
6		Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex		001.7 1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7		Valleny Islands		001.7 1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka		001.7 1.7
7		Honshū		001.75 1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7		Honshū		001.76 1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7		New Mexico, USA	101	001.78 1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7		Kamchatka		001.78 1.78
7		Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala		001.8 1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		001.88 1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7		Hokkaidō		001.9 1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		002 2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		002 2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		002 2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū		002 2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7		Honshū		002 2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7		Honshū		002 2
8		Yellowstone hotspot		002.07 2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot		002.11 2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7		Honshū		002.18 2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		002.2 2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?		Turkey		002.5 2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū		002.8 2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		002.9 2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7		Honshū		003 3.03	Teragi Group^[17]
7		Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex		003.5 3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū		003.5 3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		004 4	Atana Ignimbrite
8		Yellowstone hotspot		004.5 4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?		Yellowstone hotspot		005.5 5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex		005.7 5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		006.1 6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?		Yellowstone hotspot		006.3 6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot		006.6 6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		007 7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7		Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		008.3 8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?		Yellowstone hotspot		008.6 8.6-10
8	Grey's Landing Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	2800	008.7 8.72	Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	1700	008.9 8.99	McMullen Ignimbrite

10MA and older

width=50px	VEI	width=150px	Volcano/complex	width=150px	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	width=70px	Material volume (km^3)	width=80px	Age in Ma^[18]	width=180px	Tephra or eruption name
?		Yellowstone hotspot		010 10 – 10.2	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8		Yellowstone hotspot		011 10 – 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		011.5 11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		011.6 11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		012.7 12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		012.8 12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7		Kyūshū		012.8 12.8
?		Yellowstone hotspot		012.8 13.9-12.8
7		Kyūshū		013 13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		013 13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field		013.3 13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū		013.1 15.1-13.1
8		Honshū		013.7 13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8		Kyūshū		013.7 13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7		Shikoku		014 14
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū		014.4 14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		015 15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot		015 15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
?		Yellowstone hotspot?		015 15
8		Kyūshū		015.1 15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?		015.5 16.5-15.5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot		015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot		015.6 15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot		015.7 15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot		015.8 15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot		016 16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot		016.5 16.5	Oregon Canyon Tuff
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone		019 19	Oxaya Ignimbrite
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field		019 19	Joe Lott member
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field		023 23	Osiris Tuff
8		San Juan volcanic field		027.8 27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff
8?	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field		028 28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field		028 28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field		028.1 28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field		028.2 28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico		028.5 28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex		029.2 29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian		029.5 29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian		029.5 29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen		029.5 29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	Yemen		029.6 29.6
8		Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex		030 30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada		033 33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico		034.9 34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff, City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado		035.3 35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7		Skukum Group		050 50
8	Deccan Traps			066 66	This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū		070 70	Noi Rhyolite
8		Southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of the Solomon Islands		121 121	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps		132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps		132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps		132 132	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong		140 140
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy		274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera^[19]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex		317 325-317	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley		374 374	Cerberean Caldera now forms the northern part of the Marysville Igneous Complex in central Victoria at Lake Eildon National Park.
8	Glen Coe	Scotland		420 420^[20]
8	Scafells	Lake District		450 450+^[21]

See also

• Geologic time scale
• Timeline of volcanism on Earth
• Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

References

Bibliography

• Ward, Peter L. . Peter Langdon Ward . 2 April 2009 . Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways . Thin Solid Films . 517 . 11 . 3188–3203 . 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005 . 2010-03-19 . 2009TSF...517.3188W . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120022421/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/SO2InitiatesClimateChange.pdf . 20 January 2010 .
  • Supplementary Table I: Web site: Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces . Teton Tectonics . 2010-03-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120021410/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Table_S1.pdf . 2010-01-20.
  • Supplementary Table II: Web site: Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) . Teton Tectonics . 2010-03-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120022442/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Table_S1_References.pdf . 2010-01-20.
• Web site: Large Holocene Eruptions . . 2010-04-17 .

Further reading

• Scott E. Bryan . Ingrid Ukstins Peate . David W. Peate . Stephen Self . Dougal A. Jerram . Michael R. Mawby . J.S. Marsh . Jodie A. Miller . The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. Earth-Science Reviews. 2010. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001. 102 . 3–4 . 207–229. 2010ESRv..102..207B .
• Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project Website Web site: VOGRIPA.
• Book: Lee Siebert . Tom Simkin . Paul Kimberly . Volcanoes of the World . . 2011 . 9780520268777.

Notes and References

1. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
2. 10.3389/feart.2020.00170 . Shinji Takarada . Hideo Hoshizumi . 2020 . Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption . Frontiers in Earth Science . 8 . 170 . 2020FrEaS...8..170T . free .
3. 2013-05-01 . Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka . Victoria C. Smith . etal . Quaternary Science Reviews . 67 . 121–137 . 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026. 2013QSRv...67..121S .
4. Web site: Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan . Yamamoto . Takahiro . 2014 . gsj.jp . . 2021-01-04 . ja.
5. Web site: 2020 . Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes. . Geological Survey of Japan, AIST . 2021-01-03 . ja.
6. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
7. C. . Bouvet de Maisonneuve . F. . Forni . O. . Bachmann . Magma reservoir evolution during the build up to and recovery from caldera-forming eruptions – A generalizable model? . Earth-Science Reviews . 218 . 2021 . 103684 . 0012-8252. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103684 . 236237501 . 10356/161241 . free .
8. Web site: Yoshihisa Kawanabe . Hideo Hoshizumi . Jun'ichi Itoh . Seiko Yamasaki . Geological Survey of Japan, AIST . Kuju : Geological Maps of Japan . 2015.
9. Web site: Thórsmörk Ignimbrite(correlated to Ash Zone 2). VOGRIPA. 27 May 2024. This source has not yet been updated by post 2019 knowledge.
10. Moles. J.D.. McGarvie. D.. Stevenson. J.A.. Sherlock. S.C.. Abbott. P.M.. Jenner. F.E.. Halton. A.M.. 2019. Widespread tephra dispersal and ignimbrite emplacement from a subglacial volcano (Torfajökull, Iceland). Geology. 47. 6. 577–580. 10.1130/G46004.1. free.
11. 10.3389/feart.2014.00016 . Antonio Costa . Victoria C. Smith . Giovanni Macedonio . Naomi E. Matthews . 2014 . The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption . Frontiers in Earth Science . 2 . 16 . 2014FrEaS...2...16C . free .
12. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
13. 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755 . Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez . Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez . 2020 . Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 392 . 106755 . 2020JVGR..39206755C . 213394831 .
14. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
15. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
16. Teruki Oikawa . 2003 . The Spatial and Temporal Relationship between Uplifting and Magmatism in the Hida Mountain Range, Central Japan . 10.4116/jaqua.42.141 . free . Quaternary Research . 42 . 3 . 141–156 . ja . 2021-01-04.
17. Toshiki Haji . Takashi Kudo . Sota Niki . Takafumi Hirata . 2023 . The Age of the Lower Tuff in the Utaosa Rhyolite, Teragi Cauldron, southwest Japan:Uranium‒lead dating of Late Pliocene zircon using femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled multi-collector ICP mass spectrometry . 10.5575/geosoc.2023.0002 . free . The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan . 129 . 1 . 341–354 . ja.
18. [Radiocarbon dating|start from 1950 CE]
19. Casas-García . Raymundo . Rapprich . Vladislav. Breitkreuz. Christoph. Svojtka. Martin. Lapp. Manuel. Stanek. Klaus. Hofmann. Mandy. Linnemann. Ulf. 2019-11-15 . Lithofacies architecture, composition, and age of the Carboniferous Teplice Rhyolite (German–Czech border): Insights into the evolution of the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. en. 386 . 106662 . 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106662 . 2019JVGR..38606662C . 202913004 . 0377-0273.
20. Web site: Glencoe – Geology . May 12, 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090511102925/http://www.glencoe-nts.org.uk/Geology-g.asp . 11 May 2009 .
21. Book: Timing and Duration of The Volcanism and Related Intrusions. The Geology of England and Wales. P. J. Brenchley. Geological Society of London. 2006. 116. 9781862392007 .