List of khans of the Yarkent and Turpan khanates explained

This is a list of Khans of the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) and the Turpan Khanate (1487-1660?).

Said Khan successors in the Yarkent Khanate (1465–1759)

The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks. Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power in Kashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. In Yarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused a civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.
In 1713 Tsewang Rabtan captured both rivals, Khoja Daniyal and Ahmad Khoja, took them as prisoners to Ili and remnant of the Yarkent Khanate - Altishar (union of 6 cities, it included Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, Uchturpan, Aksu and Kucha)-became a full dependency of Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan (1697–1727), paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In exchange, Tsewang Rabtan appointed Khoja Daniyal in 1720 a ruler of Altishar with obligation to deliver tribute to Dzungar capital in Kainuk (near present day Ghulja in Ili River Valley) annually in person. Next Dzungar Khan Galdan Tseren (1727–1745) confirmed rights of Khoja Daniyal, but increased tribute, as result taxes, collected by Kara Taghlik Khojas in Altishar in favor of Dzungar Khanate, reached 55% of income of peasants, artisans and traders in Altishar. Increased taxes were caused by growing military expenses of 100,000 Dzungar Army that was involved in military conflicts with all neighbors of Dzungar Khanate, including Russian troops in Siberia. In 1735 Khoja Daniyal died but his sons continued to rule Altishar on behalf of Dzungars. Khoja Jahan was ruling Yarkand (1735-1755), Khoja Yusup was ruling Kashgar (1735-1752), Khoja Abdullah was ruling Aksu, Khoja Ubaidullah was ruling Khotan. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. Khoja Yusup took advantage from struggle for power between Dzungar princes after death of Galdan Tseren in 1745, when 2 of his sons, middle, 13-year old Ajan (1745–1749) and eldest, Lama Darji (1749–1752), born of concubine, were killed within 7 years after short khanships and 2 nephews, Dawachi (1752–1755) and Amursana (1755–1756), came into struggle for power after that. Khoja Yusup arrested all pro-Dzungar Begs in Altishar, expelled all Dzungars from the country and stopped tribute payments to Dzungar Khanate in 1752. In May 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great-grandsons of Appak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja, were rescued by Qings troops in Ili River Valley from Dzungar's captivity (which were sent here originally by the Qianlong Emperor on demand of Amursana, who asked the Manchu emperor to aid him to overthrow Dawachi from Dzungar Khanate's reign) and sent to Altishar to claim mandate of Qing China for the country. Burhan ad-Din Khoja sent letter with ultimatum of surrender to Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Jahan, the eldest son of Khoja Daniyal, who was declared a Khan of Altishar after death of Khoja Yusup in 1755. In his letter Burhan ad-Din Khoja claimed that he was appointed a ruler of Altishar by new Dzungar Khan Amursana (previous Dzungar Khan Dawachi fled to Uchturpan after losing battle to Qing troops in Baghistan (Ili River Valley) where he was captured with his son Lodja Noyon by Burhan ad-Din Khoja's people in July 1755, then handed over to Qing troops in Ili on August 1, 1755, Qings delivered him to Beijing for imprisonment on November 20, 1755) and Amursana in turn was appointed a Dzungar Khan by the Qianlong Emperor, so Khoja Jahan must return to Amursana all taxes that Kara Taghliks collected in Altishar for several years since 1752 and beg him for his life and lives of all relatives after that. Khoja Jahan burnt out letter of Burhan ad-Din Khoja after reading it to the people during military council in the royal palace Altunluk in Yarkand and declared a total war against Ak Taghliks. Burhan ad-Din Khoja crossed Tengri tagh with 10,000 troops of mountaneers and arrived at Aksu in October 1755 which was already under control of his supporters, while his brother Jahan Khoja stayed in Baghistan, because he was retained in Ili in the headquarters of Qing Army officially as a temporary ruler of Baghistan, but actually like a hostage and managed to leave only after rebellion of Amursana against Qing troops. He didn't join Amursana in rebellion and instead destroyed and burnt out both Dzungar Buddhist temples, Golden and Silver, in Ghulja and Kainuk cities of Baghistan, that were built by Galdan Boshugtu Khan and represented a sacred symbols of Dzungar Power. Burhan ad-Din Khoja moved against Kashgar and Yarkand in November 1755 after defeating Kara Taghlik troops in the battle near Uch Turpan, he was joined by Jahan Khoja only a few months later. In the ensuing bloody war Ak Taghliks under Burhan ad-Din Khoja emerged victorious and established full control of Altishar in January 1756 but brothers refused to submit to Qings after that. They killed Qing China emissary Amintu with 100 Manchu troops in Kucha on July 2, 1757, who was sent to Altishar to determine the sizes of tribute and taxes to be paid by each city monthly and annually to Qing China and also terms of sending of peasants (Taranchis) to Ili River Valley, where headquarters of Qing Army in occupied territory of New Line (Xinjiang) were located, for cultivation of land and providing food for troops, the practice, that was previously employed by Dzungars since 1713. So, the war between Altishar and Qing China became imminent. In the end of 1759 Altishar was conquered by Qing China (with both Ak Taghlik Khojas having been killed on October 17, 1759 after fierce 2-years fighting with conquering Qing Army since spring 1758), that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of former Dzungar Khanate, that was exterminated by Qing China during military campaigns in 1756–1757. It happened after last Dzungar Khan Amursana rebelled in October 1755 against Qing troops, which refused to leave occupied Ili River Valley, and massacred most of them, also he recognized that was deceived by the Qianlong Emperor and will never be let to rule the whole Dzungar Khanate and decided to oppose Qing plans to liquidate Dzungar Khanate with dividing Dzungaria into 4 administrative districts with separate Dzungar chieftains in each. In response, the Qianlong Emperor sent a 200,000-strong Qing army to Dzungaria in the spring of 1756 with order to quell rebellion by any means. Because resistance of Dzungars wasn't stopped and only increased, the Qianlong Emperor ordered to Military Council in Beijing on March 23, 1757, to take decisive actions against "Thieves and Criminals" and approved offer of Commander-in-chief of Qing Army in Dzungaria Zhao Hui to eliminate the whole Dzungar nation till last baby. Dzungaria was devastated during 1756–1758 with total loss of population up to 1,000 000 (40% of which fled, 30% were killed in actions and 30% died due to epidemic of smallpox, that started in 1757 and spread throughout all corners of Dzungaria), completely depopulated and later colonized by migrants from different parts of China. Amursana fled to Russia in 1757 where in the same year he died due to illness (smallpox), after that his dead body was handed over to Qings by Russian authorities.

Ahmad Alaq successors in the Turpan Khanate (1462–1690)

Annexed by the Dzungars. After exterminating of Dzungar Khanate by Qing China in 1756–1757, remnants of Dynasty survived in semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) till the 20th century, last ruler of which Maqsud Shah died in 1930. In 1720 Qing troops temporarily occupied Turpan region during offensive against Dzungar Khan Tsewang Rabtan in Tibet in attempt to cut off communications of Dzungars between Tibet and Dzungaria itself. On August 13, 1720, Qing troops entered Pichan, on August 20, 1720, entered Turpan and on October 9, 1720, came to Urumchi. While local ruler Emin Khoja greeted Qing troops, other-Aziz Khoja, supported Dzungars and left Turpan with part of population, relocating them to Uchturpan and Aksu of Altishar. Next year Qing troops were forced to leave Turpan, although the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) tried to send reinforcements to this region. They came back only in 1755 when the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) managed to solve task of neutralizing of Dzungars. Emin Khoja of Turpan joined Qing troops and aided them in military campaigns against Dzungars in 1756–1757 years and Ak Taghlik Khojas in Altishar in 1758–1759 years. In January 1758, the Qianlong Emperor ordered Emin Khoja to capture region of Chalish near Turpan and create a food base here for arriving Qing troops, that planned to start offensive against Altishar on spring. On February 2, 1758, 6 days before beginning of Chinese new lunar year of Tiger (February 8, 1758), Emin Khoja troops and accompanied Qings troops of Aligun took Kurla, Karashar was taken several days before. Nevertheless, military campaign of 1758 was devastating for Qing Army that suffered heavy casualties in the first battles with Khojas' Army. On summer Qing Army for 3 months was unable to take Kucha, which was surrounded from 3 sides by high clay city walls, that were reinforced with willow branches, while rear of the city was defended by the mountain. Artillery fire was ineffective against the clay walls and couldn't breach them, so tunnel was dug under the walls. When job was almost finished defenders of Kucha noticed the lights from the underground at night and dug pit on the rear of tunnel, then set up fire. 600 Qing soldiers in tunnel died of smoke due to suffocation, but finally city was abandoned by its defenders due to lack of supplies. In November 1758 Qing Army was surrounded by Ak Taghlik Khojas' Army near Yarkand on the Karasu river and hardly avoided full annihilation by narrowly escaping the trap in February 1759. Commander-in-chief of Qing Army Zhao Hui was wounded during escape . Contrary, campaign of summer 1759 was successful for Qing Army due to wide use of artillery, that Army of Khojas didn't have. On August 6, 1759, Qing Army took Kashgar and next day Yarkand. Ak Taghlik Khojas, brothers Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja, retreated to Badakhshan where they were killed by killers, sent by Qings, on October 17, 1759. On December 23, 1759, the Qianlong Emperor declared that the military operation against Altishar is completed (after delivering the head of Jahan Khoja to Beijing, the grave of Burhan ad-Din Khoja and his body were found by Qings in Badakhshan near village Argu, present Afghanistan, only in 1763) and New Line 新疆 (Xinjiang) on the West was successfully created. Emin Khoja was left as semi-autonomous ruler of Turpan and later appointed as ruler of Yarkand in the newly-created province of Nan-lu (Southern Road) in 1760, while ruler of Kumul Yusup Khoja was sent to rule Kashgar in 1760. Their sons and brothers were appointed by Qings as a local rulers, Beks (together with Kara Taghlik Beks, who supported Qings), in different cities and towns of conquered Altishar, that was divided into 8 administrative districts: Kashgar, Yarkand, Yengihissar, Khotan, Uchturpan, Aksu, Kucha and Karashar (Chalish) of province " Nanlu Bachen" or "Union of 8 cities on Southern Road". By September 1761, total 31 Hakim Beks were appointed in the cities and towns of former Altishar to collect taxes, who monthly and annually delivered them to Qing Military Coverner of New Line 新疆 (Xinjiang) in Ili River Valley in Dzungaria, the practice, that copied that of the former Dzungar Khans (including regular sending of peasants, Taranchis, to cultivate lands in Ili to harvest crops for troops), who were finally annihilated, but were very soon replaced by the new Conqueror-Qing China.

Bibliography

See also

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