List of key works of Carolingian illumination explained

Key works of are those Illuminated manuscripts of the Carolingian period which are recognised in art historical scholarship as works of particular artistic significance (especially those included in general overviews).

The first work to be considered Carolingian is the Godescalc Evangelistary, which was created for Charlemagne between 781 and 783. Until this point, Merovingian and Insular illumination had continued without a breach. The developers of Carolingian illumination were the so-called "court school of Charlemagne" at the Palace of Aachen, which created the manuscripts of the "." Contemporary was the "Palace School" which was probably based in the same place, but whose artists were from Byzantium or Byzantine Italy. The codices of this school are also known as the "group of the Vienna Coronation Gospels" after their most outstanding examples. After the death of Charlemagne, the centre of illumination shifted to Rheims, Tours and Metz. Since the Court School dominated in the time of Charlemagne, it was more influential in later times than the works of the Palace School. The high point of Carolingian illumination came to an end in the late ninth century. In late Carolingian times a developed which incorporated forms from insular illumination, before a new epoch began at the end of the tenth century with the development of

List of manuscripts

ImageNameDateLocation, SchoolContentsInventory #
Godescalc Evangelistarybetween 781 and 783Aachen (?)Evangeliary
six full page miniatures, ornamental decorations, initials and borders; written in gold and silver letters on purple-dyed parchment
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. nouv. acq. lat. 1203
Montpellier Psalterbefore 788MondseePsalter
two full page miniatures, 165 large and 2000 small initials
Montpellier, Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire, Section Médicine, Ms. 409
Ada Gospelsc.790, second part at the beginning of the 9th centuryAachen, (Court School of Charlemagne)EvangeliaryTrier,, Cod. 22
Saint-Martin-des-Champs Gospels or Paris Arsenal-Gospelsc. 790Aachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)EvangeliaryParis, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Ms. 599
Dagulf Psalterbefore 795Aachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)PsalterVienna, Austrian National Library, Ms. 1861
St. Riquier Gospels, or Centula Gospels, or Abbeville GospelsEnd of the eight centuryAachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)EvangeliaryAbbeville, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 4
Vienna Coronation Gospels or Reich Gospelsshortly before 800Aachen (?), Vienna Coronation Gospels Group ("Palace School of Charlemagne")Evangeliary; four full-page images of the Evangelists, 16 Canon tables; written with gold and silver letter on purple-dyed parchmentVienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Schatzkammer Inv. XIII 18
c.800Saint-Amand Abbey (?)Evangeliary; 18 Canon tables, two images of the Evangelists (originally four); Incipit and initial pagesGhent, Sint-Baafskapittel, Ms. 13
Charlemagne Gospels[1] c.800Aachen, around the Court School of CharlemagneEvangeliaryMunich,, Cim. 1 (= 2° Cod. ms. 29)[2]
Hiltfred Gospels[3] 801/825FranceEvangeliaryCologne,, Dom Hs. 13[4]
Aachen Gospels or Schatzkammer Gospels or Carolingian GospelsBeginning of the 9th centuryAachen (?), Vienna Coronation Gospels Group ("Palace School of Charlemagne")EvangeliaryAachen, Cathedral Treasury, Inv.-Nr. 4
Xanten GospelsBeginning of the 9th centuryAachen (?), Vienna Coronation Gospels Group ("Palace School of Charlemagne")EvangeliaryBrussels, Royal Library of Belgium, Ms. 18732
Gospels of AachenAnfang des 9. JahrhundertsAachen (?), Vienna Coronation Gospels Group ("Palace School of Charlemagne")EvangeliaryBrescia, Biblioteca Queriniana, Ms. E. II.9
London Gospel fragmentAnfang 9. JahrhundertAachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)A single miniature depicting Luke 1.8-13London, British Library, Cotton Clausius B.V.
first quarter of the 9th centuryWest FranciaApokalypse; 74 illustrationsTrier, Stadtbibliothek, Cod. 31
Codex Aureus of Lorschc.810Aachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)Evangeliary; six full-page miniatures, 12 Canon tables; written in gold and silver letters on purple-dyed parchmentBucharest, National Library of Romania; Vatican City, Vatican Library, Pal. lat. 50
Harley Golden Gospelsc.800Aachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)EvangeliaryLondon, British Library, Harley Ms. 2788
Ebbo Gospelsbetween 816 and 835RheimsEvangeliaryÉpernay, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 1
Stuttgart Psalterbetween 820 and 830Saint-Germain-des-PrésPsalterStuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. bibl. fol. 23
Utrecht Psalterc. 825RheimsPsalter; 166 line drawingsUtrecht,, Ms. 484
Vatican Agrimensorum codexc.825Aachen (?)Text on surveyingVatican City, Vatican Library, Pal. lat. 1564
Vatican Terencec.825Aachen (?)Terence

Comedies; over 130 illustrations

Vatican City, Vatican Library, Vat. lat. 3868
Bern Physiologusbetween 825 and 850RheimsPhysiologus
25 framed and 10 unframed miniatures
Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex Bongarsianus 318
Fleury Gospelsbetween 825 and 850FleuryEvangeliaryBern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex 348
Psalter of Louis the Germansecond quarter of the 9th centurySaint-OmerPsalterBerlin, State Library, Ms. theol. lat. fol. 58
Gospels of St. Medard de Soissonsbefore 827Aachen, Ada School (Court School of Charlemagne)Evangeliary; Six full-page miniatures and 12 canon tables; written with gold and silver letters on purple-dyed parchmentParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 8850
Leiden Arateabetween 830 and 840Lotharingia (Aachen or Metz)Latin verse translation of Aratus' Phainomena by Germanicus with additions from Avienius' translation; 35 full-page miniatures (four images missing)Leiden, Leiden University Library, Voss. lat. Q 79
Bamberg Biblebetween 834 and 843ToursBibleBamberg, State Library, Msc.Bibl.1
c.840ToursBible; four full-page miniaturesLondon, British Library, Add. Ms. 10546
Codex Vaticanus Reginensis latinus 124c. 840FuldaRabanus Maurus

Vatican, Vatican Library, Reg. lat. 124
Fuldaer Evangeliarc.840FuldaEvangeliaryWürzburg, Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg, Mp. theol. fol. 66
Madrid Handbook of 809c.840MetzHandbook of 809
52 illustrations of the constellations
Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Cod. 3307
Drogo Sacramentary842MetzSacramentary
41 historicising initials
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 9428
Bamberger Boethiusc.845ToursBoethius

De institutione arithmetica libri II

Bamberg, State Library, Msc.Class.5
First Bible of Charles the Bald or Vivian Bible845/846ToursBible; eight full-page miniatures, four canon tables, 87 initialsParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 1
between 846 and 869Court School of Charles the BaldOldest royal prayer book; two full-page miniatures, one full-page decorative initialMunich, Treasury of the Residenz, ResMü. Schk0004-WL
Lothaire Gospelsbetween 849 and 851ToursEvangeliary; six miniatures, nine framed incipit pages, twelve canon tables, 18 framed chapter indices, and five initials.Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 266
Prüm Gospelsc.850ToursEvangeliary; five miniature, initials, canon tables, framesBerlin, State Library, Ms. theol. lat. fol. 733
or Emperor Lothair's Gospelsbefore 852Aachen, Court School of Emperor LothairEvangeliarBerlin, State Library, Ms. theol. Lat. folio 260
Paris Terencesecond half of the ninth centuryRheimsTerence

Comodies; 148 illustrations

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 7899
Gospels of Francis IIsecond half of the ninth centurySaint-AmandEvangeliaryParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 257
Gospels of St. Denis[5] second half of the ninth centurynorth or north east FranceEvangeliaryParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 9387
Golden Psalter of St. Gallenbegun c. 860 and continued from 870 to 900St. Denis (?) (Court School of Charles the Bald), later continued at St. GallPsalter; two full-page miniatures, 15 full or half page illustrations on the Psalm titlesSt. Gall, Abbey Library, Cod. Sang. 22
Düsseldorf, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, B. 113second third of the 9th centuryRheimsEvangeliaryDüsseldorf, University and State Library, B. 113
Bern Prudentiuslast third of the 9th centuryReichenau (?)Prudentius

Poetry

Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex Bongarsianus 264
Psalter of Charles the Baldafter 869St. Denis (?) (Court School of Charles the Bald)PsalterParis, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 1152
or Metz Sacramentaryc. 870Metz or St. Denis (?) (Court School of Charles the Bald)Sakramentary (Fragment, 10 leaves); five full-page miniatures and two initial pagesParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 1141
Codex Aureus of St. Emmeramc. 870St. Denis (?) (Court School of Charles the Bald)Sacramentary; seven full-page miniatures, 12 canon tables, 10 ornamental pagesMunich, Bavarian State Library, Clm 14000
Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura or Bible of Charles the Baldc. 870St. Denis (?) (Court School of Charles the Bald)Bible; 24 (originally 25) title miniatures, four canon tables, 35 decorative pages, 91 initials; written in gold and silver letters on purple-dyed parchmentRome, San Paolo fuori le mura, Cod. Membra. Saeculi IX.
Folchard Psalterc.870St. GallPsalterSt. Gall, Abbey Library, Cod. Sang. 23
Second Bible of Charles the Baldbetween 871 and 873St. AmandBibleParis, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. lat. 2
Prague Gospelslate 9th centurySt. VaastEvangeliar; 15 canon tables, eight miniatures, framed incipit and initial pagesPrague, Kapitulni Knihovna, Cim. 2

References

  1. [Harald Wolter-von dem Knesebeck]
  2. http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10622/ Charlemagne Gospels
  3. http://www.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05140132 Hiltfred-Evangeliar
  4. http://www.ceec.uni-koeln.de/ceec-cgi/kleioc/0010/exec/katl/%22kn28-0013%22 Catalogie entry
  5. http://www.bildindex.de/dokumente/html/obj20076863#|home Gospels of St. Denis

Bibliography