List of jötnar in Norse mythology explained

The extant sources for Norse mythology, particularly the Prose and Poetic Eddas, contain many names of jötnar and gýgjar (often glossed as giants and giantesses respectively). While many of them are featured in extant myths of their own, many others have come down to us today only as names in various lists provided for the benefit of skalds or poets of the medieval period and are included here for the purpose of completeness.

List of jötnar

A

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"Sea"	Hlér Gymir (contested)	Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Logi, Kári Wife: Rán Daughters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Hversu Noregr byggðist, Lokasenna, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur
all black			Nafnaþulur
"The all-powerful one"	None attested		Skáldskaparmál
Big barrel, harass			Nafnaþulur
Dark, auburn			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
	None attested	None attested	Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks

Contested	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
"The one who brings grief" or "she-who-offers-sorrow"	Járnviðja (possibly)		Gylfaginning, Völuspá hin skamma
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	None attested	None attested	Hávamál
"The argumentative one"	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Gravel-bidder" or "gravel-offerer"	None attested		Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Svipdagsmál

	Örgrimnir		Nafnaþulur
"Luminous wanderer"	None attested		Chronicon Lethrense, Christ I, Gesta Danorum, Gothica Bononiensia. Orendel, Skáldskaparmál

B

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
back hole			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
ring			Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
bone wood			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
Roarer	None attested		Gylfaginning, Háleygjatal, Haustlöng, Skírnismál, Völuspá
"Mountain Yeller" or "Bear Yeller"	None attested		Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Vafthrudnismal
Contested	None attested		Hávamál, Gylfaginning
twin, hermaphrodite			Hávamál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
shelter wolf			Nafnaþulur, Sturlu þáttr
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
"Bloody-hair"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
"Evil-thorn"	None attested		Hávamál, Gylfaginning
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Farm-starver"			Skáldskaparmál
storm rouser, storm lightning			Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá
"Billow"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál

D

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
		Daughter: Flaumgerðr Foster son: Bárðr	Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Hálfdanar þáttr svarta ok Haralds hárfagra, Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Comber" or "foaming sea"	Bára	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Wave"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
mute, dumb, murky		Wife: Mjǫll Son: Bárðr	Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Door" or "Door-warden"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur

E

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
blade servant, eagle	None attested	None attested	Völuspá
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
fire goat, smoke goat	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
'the stormy one', 'the glowing one'	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
fire troll, ember troll	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
fire, old			Nafnaþulur
	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma

F

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
troll woman			Nafnaþulur
"Cruel Striker"	None attested		Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál
fenn dweller, arrow	None attested		Grottasöngr, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	Hróðvitnir, Vánagandr		Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
Hider			Hárbarðsljóð, Hávamál, Nafnaþulur
one who does much work, board worker			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
Thrower, flayer			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
demise, danger			Nafnaþulur
"Ancient giant" or "Original owner"	None attested		Hversu Noregr byggðist, Nafnaþulur, Orkneyinga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Ynglingatal
frost		Father: Kari Son: Snær
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
the old one			Nafnaþulur

G

Name	Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
	singer, sorcerer			Nafnaþulur

	"lazy walker"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur
	"lazy walker"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning
	"Gait"	Aurnir		Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
	spear redder			Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Þórsdrápa
	goat			Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	goat			Nafnaþulur
	"fenced-in"	None attested		Gylfaginning, Heimskringla, Hyndluljóð, Lokasenna, Skáldskaparmál, Skírnismál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
				Nafnaþulur
	stormer, ousher, inciter			Nafnaþulur
Gillingr		Grimling		Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
	"seeress" or "roaring one"			Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	moon, pale gleam			Grettis saga, Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	noise, uproar			Þórsdrápa
	noise, uproar			Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	noise			Nafnaþulur
				Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
	protruding rock			Nafnaþulur
	sea, overhanging			Nafnaþulur
	sea, grind			Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	"Grasp"			Haustlöng, Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis, Skáldskaparmál
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
				Gesta Danorum, Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Þórsdrápa, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	mask, night			Nafnaþulur
	mask, night			Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	masked wolf		Sons: Grímarr, Grímnir
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	grip			Nafnaþulur
	milling teeth			Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	witch, monster, fox			Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
				Nafnaþulur
	"Battle-invitation"			Hávamál, Skáldskaparmál
	cold wind, smoke			Nafnaþulur
	golden, yelling	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
	sea, devourer,	Ægir (contested)		Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Lokasenna, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Skírnismál

H

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
			Nafnaþulur
have, grasp			Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
smooth, slippery, conceal, large, tall			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Hard-grip"			Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur
"Hard worker"	Hraðverkr		Nafnaþulur, Sturlu þáttr
high climber			Nafnaþulur, Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
"He Who Hates" or "Enemy"	Mánagarmr
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Lifting"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
			Hervarar saga, Widsith

"Hel-blinder" or "All-blind"			Gylfaginning
	Gullveig
"Ruler over Hel"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
"Hanging jaw"	Hengjankjapta		Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
fire, desolator			Nafnaþulur
noise			Nafnaþulur
"Transparent-on-top"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Hrönn, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
silence, hearing, yell	None attested		Völsunga saga
			Nafnaþulur
			Skáldskaparmál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
Hölgi's wife			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Corpse Swallower"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál
destroyer, fur coat			Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
boat shack	None attested		Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
"Frost-Gerðr", Soot-Gerðr	None attested	None attested	Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, Nafnaþulur
"Frost-masked", sooty mask	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur Skírnismál
"the one covered with hoarfrost" or "the sooty one"		Wife: Hyrja Children: Feima, Heiðr, Hljóð, Hrossþjófr, Kleima	Gríms saga loðinkinna, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skírnismál, Völsunga saga
frost giant, soot giant			Nafnaþulur
ring rounder, ring paler			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
famous spear			Nafnaþulur
"Famed"	None attested		Hymiskviða
unrest, storm, slime, fame
			Nafnaþulur
"Wave"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Kólga, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
"Horse-thief"			Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
pile, heap			Nafnaþulur

"Brawler"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
sadness, pain			Nafnaþulur
"Decrepit"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs, Völuspá
brave noble wolf			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
whale			Nafnaþulur
wind, stone			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Gylfaginning, Hymiskviða, Nafnaþulur
bitch	None attested	None attested	Hyndluljóð
"Fire-Smoked"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Húsdrápa, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál

I

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"The moveable", "The hard-working one"	None attested		Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
the grey one, battle			Nafnaþulur
the grey one, battle	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
			Nafnaþulur
the dark looking	None attested		Nafnaþulur, Skaldskaparmal, Vafþrúðnismál
the dark coloured		Sister: Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
forest dweller, the evil, enveloper			Nafnaþulur

J

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
iron din			Nafnaþulur
"Iron dagger"	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
"Ironwoodite"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Háleygjatal, Nafnaþulur
"Earth"	Fjörgyn, Hlóðyn
"Huge monster"	Miðgarðsormr
giant, eater			Nafnaþulur

K

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
cold horse, cold mustache			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
wind gust, curly		Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Ægir, Logi Son: Frosti	Hversu Noregr byggðist, Orkneyinga saga
"A narrow strait of water", rock chasm			Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Cool-wave"	None attested	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Uðr	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál

cat			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
crow			Nafnaþulur
yeller			Nafnaþulur

L

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
	Nál		Gylfaginning, Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis, Skádskaparmál
good wind, reluctance, journey			Skáldskaparmál
leave, smear			Nafnaþulur
witch	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur
colour. looks, shape, oar	Lútr		Ragnarsdrápa, Skáldskaparmál
ugly, terrible			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
hairy finger			Nafnaþulur
			Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
"Fire"	Hálogi	Father: Fornjótr Brothers: Ægir, Kári Wife: Glöð Daughters: Eisa, Eimyrja
Contested	Hvedrung, Loptr

M

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis, Nafnaþulur
			Grottasöngr, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
center, fishing ground			Nafnaþulur
the middle, man			Nafnaþulur
"Mead wolf", "Mid wolf" or "Sea wolf"	None attested		Grímnismál
	Heidraupnir (supposed), Hoddmimir (supposed), Hoddrofnir (supposed)		Gylfaginning, Heimskringla, Nafnaþulur, Sigrdrífumál, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá
		Son: Aegir	Hymiskviða
"Powdered Snow"	None attested	Father: Snær Siblings: Thorri, Fǫnn, Drífa Consorts: Dumbr, Rauðfeldr Sons: Bárðr, Þorkell	Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss, Hversu Noregr byggðist
"Furious Battler"	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"The one who is striving for sons"	None attested	None attested	Vafþrúðnismál
fog calf	None attested	None attested	Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur
""the one moving according to particular times"^[1]	Mundilföri, Mundilfœri, Mundilfær
’Mouth Harp’, mouth witch, hole harp/witch			Nafnaþulur
’Dark Rider’			Nafnaþulur

N

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
nail farer	None attested		Gylfaginning
	Nörr		Forspjallsljóð, Gylfaginning, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Höfuðlausn, Sonatorrek, Vafþrúðnismál
corpse	Narfi		Gylfaginning, Haustlöng, Lokasenna, Skáldskaparmál, Ynglingatal
spear	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
"Night"	None attested		Alvíssmál, Gylfaginning, Sigrdrífumál, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál

O

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
strong axe			Nafnaþulur
strong axe	None attested	None attested	Ragnarsdrápa
without feet		Son: Brûsi	Ketils saga hœngs, Nafnaþulur, Orm Storolfsson
not glad, not gleaming			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
"Yeller"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur

R

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"Bent bone" or "Bowlegged"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
sword strong	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
	None attested		Baldrs draumar, Gesta Danorum, Grógaldr, Gylfaginning, Sigurðardrápa
wooly, wool plucker, roarer	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur

S

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"Seaman's mouth" or "Seaman's nose"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
"Bargain grasper" or "Hall robber"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
"Familiar foe"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Victorious girl-friend"	None attested		Gylfaginning, Haustlöng, Lokasenna, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá
Contested	None attested	Consort: Surtr (supposed)	Fjölsvinnsmál
			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Grímnismál, Gylfaginning, Heimskringla, Hyndluljóð, Lokasenna, Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Treachery" or "Mockery"	Skalli		Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
	’’Screaming’’		Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	None attested	None attested	Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
		Father: Frosti	Annals of Lund, Annales Ryensis, Chronicon Lethrense, Gesta Danorum, Hversu Noregr byggdist, Orkneyinga saga, Ynglinga saga
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	None attested	Father: Miðvitnir	Grímnismál, Nafnaþulur, Ynglingatal
			Nafnaþulur
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
		Grandfather: Starkad Aludreng Father: Stórverkr Foster father: Hrosshárs-Grani (Odin)	Gautreks saga, Gesta Danorum, Hervarar saga, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, Norna-Gests þáttr, Skáldskaparmál, Sögubrot, Ynglinga saga
			Nafnaþulur, Sturlu þáttr
			Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	Stunni		Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Black" or "The swarthy one"	Surti,^[2] Surt^[3]	Wife: Sinmara (supposed)	Fáfnismál, Fjölsvinnsmál, Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs, Völuspá
			Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	’’Black’’		Nafnaþulur
"Mild-One"	Svasud,^[4] Suasuthur^[5]		Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
"Shame-lips" or "Shame Goddess"			Skáldskaparmál
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs

T

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"Thistle-beard"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur
			Haustlöng, Skáldskaparmál
"Thanks"	Loki (supposed)	None attested	Gylfaginning
thorn, needle
		Sister: Irpa
			Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
assault, storm
three goat			Nafnaþulur
"Thrice mighty"	None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
"Strength Yeller"	None attested		Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál
"Uproar"	None attested		Hversu Noregr byggðist, Nafnaþulur, Þrymskviða, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Nafnaþulur
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs

U

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
"Wolf rune" or "wolf-woman"	None attested	Sisters	Gylfaginning, Heimdalargaldr, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá hin skamma
"Wave"	Unn	Parents: Ægir, Rán Sisters: Blóðughadda, Bylgja, Dröfn, Dúfa, Hefring, Himinglæva, Hrönn, Kólga	Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Skáldskaparmál
"Loki of the Outyards"			Gesta Danorum, Gylfaginning

V

Name	Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
	"Mighty Weaver" or "Mighty in riddles"			Nafnaþulur, Vafþrúðnismál
Vagnhöfði	"Swordfish-Head"	None attested		Gesta Danorum, Nafnaþulur, Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
				Gylfaginning
				Nafnaþulur
				Nafnaþulur
				Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
	"Wet and Sleety"	None attested	Son: Vindsvalr
				Nafnaþulur
	"Very blind"	None attested	None attested	Laufás-Edda, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál
				Nafnaþulur
				Nafnaþulur

				Nafnaþulur
		’’Wind’’		Nafnaþulur

	"Wind-cool"	Vindljóni		Gylfaginning, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál
				Haustlöng, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál

		Viporr		Nafnaþulur
		None attested	None attested	Nafnaþulur

Y

Name meaning	Alternative names	Attested relatives	Attestations
	None attested		Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis
"seething clay"^[6]	Aurgelmir, Brimir, Bláinn, Ogelmir		Grímnismál, Gylfaginning, Hyndluljóð, Nafnaþulur, Skáldskaparmál, Vafþrúðnismál, Völuspá
	None attested	None attested	Þórsdrápa
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs
			Vilhjalms saga sjóðs

References

Faulkes, Anthony (transl. and ed.) (1987). Edda (Snorri Sturluson). Everyman.
Larrington, Carolyne (transl. and ed.) (1996). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics.

External links

Nafnaþulur in Old Norse

Notes and References

Simek (2007:222).
von See, Klaus et al.: Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda 1/II; Heidelberg: Winter, 2019 (S. 1156)
Birkett, Tom (2018). The Norse Myths: Stories of The Norse Gods and Heroes Vividly Retold. Quercus. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-78648-880-0. "Surt is the most powerful of the fire-giants, and he rules over the realm known as Muspelheim."
Tales of Norse Mythology, Helen A. Guerber
Vafthrudni's-mal, W. Taylor's translation
Myths of the Nosemen from the Eddas and Sagas, Helen A. Guerber, 1909, Chapter 1: The Beginning