List of invocations of the Insurrection Act explained

This is a list of invocations of the Insurrection Act of 1807.[1]

The act has been invoked in response to 30 incidents, the latest of which was the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

List

Date invokedInvokerCauseResults
April 19, 1808Thomas JeffersonViolations of the Embargo Act of 1807 around Lake Champlain.[2] Violations continue, act repealed in 1809.[3]
February 10, 1831Andrew JacksonDispute around Arkansas-Mexico border.[4] Resolved before troops sent.
August 24, 1831Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.[5] Rebellion suppressed.[6]
January 28, 1834Riot over labor dispute in Maryland.[7] Resolved before troops sent.
April 15, 1861Abraham LincolnSecession of southern states, American Civil War.[8] Civil war ends after four years. Beginning of Reconstruction era.[9]
October 17, 1871Ulysses S. GrantWhite supremacist insurgency across former Confederacy.[10] Insurgency suppressed.
May 22, 1873Violence in Louisiana after contested election.[11] Resolved before troops sent.
December 21, 1874White supremacist insurrection and massacre in Vicksburg.[12] Insurrection suppressed.[13]
May 15, 1874White supremacist attempted coup in Arkansas.[14] Resolved before troops sent.
September 15, 1874White supremacist insurgency and coup in Louisiana.[15] New Orleans and state government liberated, insurgency continues in other areas until 1877.
October 17, 1876White supremacist paramilitaries in South Carolina.[16] Paramilitaries dispersed, troops stay until 1877.
July 18, 1877Rutherford B. HayesRailroad strike in multiple states.[17] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[18]
October 7, 1878War between rival business/gang factions in Lincoln County, New Mexico.[19] Most fighting stops.[20]
May 3, 1882Chester A. ArthurGang violence in the Arizona Territory.[21] Gangs suppressed.
November 7, 1885; February 9, 1886Grover ClevelandRiots against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory. Occurred in 1885 and 1886.[22] Riots suppressed.
July 8, 1894Strike in multiple states.[23] Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[24]
April 28, 1914Woodrow WilsonStrike and uprising in Colorado.[25] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[26]
August 30, 1921Warren G. HardingStrike and uprising in West Virginia.[27] Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[28]
July 28, 1932Douglas MacArthurArmy general illegally invokes act against WW1 veterans marching for military bonuses in Washington, D.C..[29] Protest suppressed.[30]
June 21, 1943Franklin D. RooseveltRace riot in Detroit.[31] Riot suppressed.[32]
September 23, 1957Dwight D. EisenhowerArkansas National Guard forbids Black students from a school in Little Rock.[33] Arkansas National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school.[34]
September 30, 1962John F. KennedySiege and riot of University of Mississippi due to racial integration.[35] Riot suppressed.[36]
June 11, 1963Governor of Alabama forbids Black students from a school in Tuscaloosa.[37] Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort Black students to school.[38]
September 10, 1963Alabama National Guard forbids Black students from all-white schools.Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.
March 20, 1965Lyndon B. JohnsonAlabama police suppress first Selma to Montgomery marches.[39] Federalization of Alabama National Guard before the third march.
July 24, 1967Protests and riots against systematic racism in Detroit.[40] Riots suppressed.[41]
April 5, 1968Riots and civil unrest in multiple states after the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr..[42] Riots suppressed.[43]
November 24, 1987Ronald ReaganPrison riot in Atlanta over announced deportations of Cuban detainees.[44] Riot suppressed.[45]
September 20, 1989 George H. W. BushLooting in the United States Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo.[46] Order restored.[47]
May 1, 1992Riots and uprising in Los Angeles over acquittal of officers who attacked Rodney King.[48] Riot suppressed.[49]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Guide to Invocations of the Insurrection Act . brennancenter.com . Brennan Center . 2 February 2024.
  2. Web site: Muller . H.N. . Smuggling into Canada; How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson's Embargo . vermonthistory.org . Vermont History . 2 February 2024.
  3. http://www.rkci.org/library/gsp/early/nonintercourseact.htm United States Non-Intercourse Act - March 1, 1809
  4. Web site: Proclamation 42—Ordering Persons to Remove From Public Lands in Arkansas . presidency.uscb.edu . The American President Project . 2 February 2024.
  5. Schwarz, Frederic D. "1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion," American Heritage, August/September 2006. "
  6. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Belmont. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff. July 1973. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. October 8, 2013. December 27, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227091400/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Southampton/087-0030_Belmont_1973_Final_Nomination.pdf. dead.
  7. Web site: Andrew Jackson and the C & O Canal . werehistory.org . We're History . 2 February 2024.
  8. Web site: The Civil War: The Senate's Story . senate.gov . Senate . 2 February 2024.
  9. Web site: Kelly . Martin . Timeline of the Reconstruction Era . thoughtco.com . ThoughtCo . 2 February 2024.
  10. Web site: Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era . georgiaencyclopedia.org.
  11. Web site: The Colfax Massacre . history.com . History . 2 February 2024.
  12. Web site: Dec. 7, 1874: Vicksburg Massacre . zinnedproject.com . Zinn Education Project . 2 February 2024.
  13. Web site: Wright . Trudy Lee . 2023-02-10 . Peter Crosby (1844-1884) . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213050357/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/peter-crosby-1844-1884/ . 2023-12-13 . 2023-12-12 . . en-US.
  14. Driggs Jr., Orval Truman (1947). The issues of the Clayton regime (1868–1871). (Thesis: M.A.).
  15. The White Leaguers Make a Demonstration in New Orleans. Cincinnati Daily Gazette (Cincinnati, Ohio), Tuesday, September 15, 1874, Page: 1
  16. Web site: Proclamation 232—Law and Order in the State of South Carolina . presidency.usbc.edu . The American Presidency Project . 2 February 2024.
  17. Book: White, Richard . The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896 . 2017 . 978-0199735815 . Oxford University Press . 346–347.
  18. Piper . Jessica . 2013 . The Great Railroad Strike of 1877: A Catalyst for the American Labor Movement . The History Teacher . 47 . 1 . 93–110 . 43264188 . 0018-2745.
  19. Book: Roberts . Calvin A. . Roberts . Susan A. . A History of New Mexico . University of New Mexico Press . 2004 . 978-0826335074 . 234.
  20. Book: Nolan, Frederick. The Lincoln County War: A Documentary History. Sunstone Press. 2009. 1992. Santa Fe, NM. 978-0-86534-721-2 . 304–322.
  21. Web site: Proclamation 253—Law and Order in the Territory of Arizona . presidency.ucsb.edu . The American Presidential Project . 2 February 2024.
  22. Book: Clayton David Laurie. Ronald H. Cole. The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877-1945. March 21, 2013. 1997. Government Printing Office. 978-0-16-088268-5. 85–109.
  23. Web site: Pullman Strike Causes, Result, Summary, & Significance Britannica . 2021-12-16 . www.britannica.com . en.
  24. Web site: Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996 . PBS . July 25, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140209171617/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/ . February 9, 2014 . September 3, 2001 .
  25. Web site: The Arrival of Mother Jones. The Spirit of Mother Jones Festival. 25 March 2021. Shandon, Cork. Cork Mother Jones Committee. 1 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419193150/https://motherjonescork.com/the-story-of-mother-jones/the-arrival-of-mother-jones-part-4/. 19 April 2021.
  26. Reviewed Work: Representation and Rebellion: The Rockefeller Plan at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 1914–1942 by Jonathan H. Rees . Hennen . John . 2011 . The Journal of American History . 97 . 4 . 1149–1150. 41508986 . 10.1093/jahist/jaq129.
  27. Web site: What Made the Battle of Blair Mountain the Largest Labor Uprising in American History. Abby Lee. Hood. Smithsonian Magazine . 2022-08-16. August 25, 2021.
  28. News: Coal Owners Want Government to Destroy Miners' Union . May 4, 2022 . . October 15, 1921.
  29. "'Take Job in the Forest or Go Home' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys", Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News, May 17, 1933, p. 1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps", Milwaukee Journal, May 20, 1933, p. 1
  30. . Heroes: Battle of Washington . August 8, 1932 . August 30, 2011 . Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years. . https://web.archive.org/web/20081025065911/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744107,00.html . 2008-10-25 . live .
  31. Web site: RACE RIOT OF 1943 . detriothistorical.org . Encyclopedia of Detroit . 2 February 2024.
  32. Web site: Detroit race riot of 1943 . blackfacts.com . BlackFacts . 2 February 2024.
  33. Web site: Little Rock Nine . history.com . History . 3 February 2024.
  34. Web site: The Little Rock Nine . nmaahc.si.edu . National Museum of African American History and Culture . 3 February 2024.
  35. Web site: Elliot . Debbie . Integrating Ole Miss: A Transformative, Deadly Riot . npr.org . NPR . 3 February 2024.
  36. Web site: Riots over desegregation of Ole Miss . history.com . History . 3 February 2024.
  37. Web site: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door . encyclopediaofalabama.org . Encyclopedia of Alabama . 3 February 2024.
  38. Web site: Executive Order 11111—Providing Assistance for the Removal of Obstructions of Justice and Suppression of Unlawful Combinations Within the State of Alabama . presidency.ucsb.edu . The American Presidential Project . 3 February 2024.
  39. Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973. Oxford University Press, p. 218.
  40. Web site: Boissoneault . Lorraine . Understanding Detroit’s 1967 Upheaval 50 Years Later . smithsonianmag.com . Smithsonian Magazine . 3 February 2024.
  41. Web site: Jay . Mark . Leavell . Virginia . Material Conditions of Detroit's Great Rebellion . jstor.org . JSTOR . 3 February 2024.
  42. Web site: Taylor . Alan . The Riots That Followed the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. . theatlantic.com . 3 February 2024.
  43. Web site: Significant Illinois Fires: Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Riots . guides.library.illinois.edu . Encyclopedia to Illinois LibGuide . 3 February 2024.
  44. Web site: Harte . Tiffany . Pandemonium at the Pen: Cuban Refugees Riot to Stay in the U.S. . atlantahistorycenter.com . Atlanta History Center . 3 February 2024.
  45. Web site: Wheatly . Thomas . When inmates facing deportation took over Atlanta's federal penitentiary . axios.com . 3 February 2024.
  46. Web site: Hurricane Hugo Haunts Virgin Islands . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . 3 February 2024.
  47. Web site: U.S. Orders In Troops to Quell Island Violence : St. Croix Looting and Lawlessness in Wake of Hurricane Damage Spurs Authorization by Bush . lattices.com . LA Times . 3 February 2024.
  48. Web site: When LA Erupted In Anger: A Look Back At The Rodney King Riots . npr.org . NPR . 3 February 2024.
  49. Web site: The Insurrection Act was last used in the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Invoking it again could undo years of police reform, some warn. . nbcnews.com . 3 February 2024.

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