List of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens explained

This is a list of investigational hallucinogens and entactogens, or hallucinogens and entactogens that are currently under formal development for clinical use but are not yet approved.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The list also includes non-hallucinogenic drugs related to hallucinogens, such as non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists and non-hallucinogenic ketamine analogues. Cannabinoids, or cannabinoid receptor modulators, are not included in this list. Many of the indications are not for continuous medication therapy but rather are for medication-assisted psychotherapy or short-term use only.

This list was last comprehensively updated in October 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• Midomafetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, social anxiety in autism – Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), Lykos Therapeutics ^{[1] [2]}

Phase 3

• CYB003 (CYB-003; deuterated psilocybin analogue; deuterated psilocin) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder, alcoholism, psychiatric disorders – Cybin ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
• Ketamine (HTX-100; NRX-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist – suicidal ideation, mental disorders – NRx Pharmaceuticals ^[8]
• Psilocybin (COMP-360; COMP360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, anorexia nervosa, bipolar depression, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatoform disorders, pervasive child development disorders – COMPASS Pathways ^{[9] [10]}

Phase 2

• Arketamine ((R)-ketamine; PCN-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders – ATAI Life Sciences ^[11]
• CYB004 (CYB-004; deuterated dimethyltryptamine; deuterated DMT; dDMT) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – Cybin ^[12]
• Dimethyltryptamine (DMT; BMND-01, BMND-02, BMND-03) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, fibromyalgia, substance-related disorders – Biomind Labs ^[13]
• Esketamine (CLE-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Clexio Biosciences ^[14]
• GM-2505 – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, psychedelic hallucinogen, and serotonin releasing agent – major depressive disorder – Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals ^[15]
• Ketamine (Ereska; IN ketamine; ketamine IN; intranasal ketamine; intranasal racemic ketamine; PMI-100, PMI-150, SLS-002, TUR-002) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, acute pain, cancer pain – Seelos Therapeutics ^[16]
• Ketamine (AWKN-001, AWKN-P-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – alcoholism, binge-eating disorder, gambling, impulse control disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder – Awakn Life Sciences ^[17]
• Ketamine extended-release (R-107, R107) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Douglas Pharmaceuticals ^[18]
• Ketamine prolonged-release oral (KET-01) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders, neuropathic pain – Ketabon ^[19]
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; lysergide; MM-120) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – anxiety disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, cluster headache, major depressive disorder, pain – MindMed ^{[20] [21] [22]}
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; lysergide; MB-22001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – MindBio Therapeutics ^[23]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; BPL-002, BPL-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – alcoholism, major depressive disorder – Beckley Psytech ^[24]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; BMND-05, BMND-08) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – Alzheimer's disease, pain – Biomind Labs ^[25]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; GH001, GH-001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders – GH Research ^{[26] [27] [28]}
• Methylone (MDMC; TSND-201) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and entactogen – post-traumatic stress disorders – Transcend Therapeutics ^[29]
• Midomafetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – alcoholism – Awakn Life Sciences ^[30]
• MSP-1014 (psilocin prodrug) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Mindset Pharma, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical ^{[31] [32]}
• OSU-6162 (PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist, dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ₁ receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer") – bipolar depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, depressive disorders, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Parkinson's disease – Carlsson Research AB, Pfizer ^{[33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]}
• Psilocybin (CYB-001; INT0052/2020) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – mental disorders, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders – Cybin ^[40]
• Psilocybin (MYCO-001, MYCO-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, headache, substance-related disorders – Mydecine ^{[41] [42]}
• Psilocybin (PEX-010) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – adjustment disorders, alcoholism, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders – Filament Health ^[43]
• Psilocybin (PFN™; TRP-8802, TRP-8803, TRP-8804, TRYP-0082) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – binge-eating disorder, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, complex regional pain syndrome, pain – Tryp Therapeutics ^[44]
• Psilocybin (SYNP-101; synthetic psilocybin) – alcoholism, obsessive–compulsive disorders, cluster headache, migraine – Ceruvia Lifesciences ^[45]
• RE-104 (FT-104; 4-HO-DiPT/iprocin prodrug) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – postnatal depression – Reunion Neuroscience ^[46]
• Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – post-traumatic stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson's disease, pervasive child development disorders, panic disorder – Nobilis Therapeutics ^[47]
• Zolunicant (18-methoxycoronaridine; 18-MC; MM-110) – α₃β₄ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, other actions – leishmaniasis, opioid-related disorders, substance-related disorders – MindMed ^[48]

Phase 1/2

• Dimethyltryptamine (DMT; SPL-026) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Small Pharma, Cybin ^[49]
• Ibogaine – various actions and hallucinogen – opioid-related disorders – ATAI Life Sciences/DemeRx ^[50]
• Psilocybin (PSY-0.1, PSY-0.2, PSY-0.3, PSY-0.4/0.5, PSY-0.6) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – substance-related disorders, neurological disorders, opioid-related disorders, psychiatric disorders, traumatic brain injury, cancer, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, and additional unspecified conditions – Revive Therapeutics ^[51]
• Psilocybin infusion (ELE-101, ELE-Psilo, ELE-Psilo+) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Eleusis, Beckley Psytech ^[52]

Phase 1

• (R)-Midomafetamine ((R)-MDMA; (R)-methylenedioxymetamfetamine; MM-402) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – pervasive child development disorders – MindMed ^[53]
• (R)-Midomafetamine ((R)-MDMA; R-MDMA; EMP-01) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia – EmpathBio ^{[54] [55]}
• Dimethyltryptamine (DMT; VLS-01) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders – ATAI Life Sciences, Viridia Life Sciences ^{[56] [57]}
• Dimethyltryptamine (DMT; EBRX-101) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – smoking withdrawal, alcoholism – Entheon Biomedical ^{[58] [59]}
• DLX-001 (DLX-1; AAZ; AAZ-A-154) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist – CNS disorders, major depressive disorder – Delix Therapeutics ^{[60] [61]}
• Esketamine ((S)-ketamine; S-ketamine; AWKN-002) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – alcoholism – Awakn Life Sciences ^[62]
• Ketamine oral (Keticap) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – mood disorders – Neurocentrx Pharma ^[63]
• Ketanserin – serotonin 5-HT_2A and α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist – hallucinogen antidote – MindMed ^{[64] [65]}
• Lys-MDA – methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) prodrug (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) – unknown – MindMed, MiHKAL ^{[66] [67]}
• Lys-MDMA – midomafetamine (MDMA) prodrug (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) – unknown – MindMed, MiHKAL
• Mescaline (BMND-06, BMND-09) – non-selective serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – obesity, Parkinson's disease, inflammation – Biomind Labs ^{[68] [69]}
• Psilocybin (MLS-101) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – psychiatric disorders – MycoMedia Life Sciences ^[70]

Preclinical

• 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BOL-148; NYPRG-101) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions – cluster headache, migraine – Ceruvia Lifesciences ^{[71] [72]}
• 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BOL-148; BETR-001, TD-0148A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions – cluster headache, major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, post-traumatic stress disorders – Transcend Biodynamics, BetterLife Pharma ^{[73] [74] [75]}
• 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Clearmind Medicine ^[76]
• 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC; metaphedrone) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and entactogen – dyskinesias – Clearmind Medicine ^[77]
• 5-Methoxy-2-aminoindane (5-MeO-AI; MEAI; CMND-100) – serotonin releasing agent and entactogen – alcoholism, cocaine use disorder, metabolic syndrome, obesity – Clearmind Medicine ^[78]
• 5-MeO-MiPT (MSD-001; "moxy") – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – undefined indication – Mindstate Design Labs ^{[79] [80] [81]}
• AKO-001 – serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonist – stroke – Akome Biotech ^[82]
• AKO-002 (psilocybin-based formulation) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – Alzheimer's disease – Akome Biotech ^[83]
• AKO-003 (ketamine-based psychedelic formulation) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Akome Biotech ^[84]
• AKO-004 – serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – Parkinson's disease – Akome Biotech ^[85]
• BMB-201 (BMB-A39a prodrug) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist and psychoplastogen – generalized anxiety disorder, pain – Bright Minds Biosciences ^{[86] [87] [88] [89]}
• BMB-202 – selective serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder – Bright Minds Biosciences ^{[90] [91] [92] [87]}
• Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – psychiatric disorders, social phobia – Psilera ^[93]
• EB-002 (EB-373; psilocin prodrug) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – anxiety disorders – Enveric Biosciences ^[94]
• EGX-A – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist – depressive disorders – ATAI Life Sciences ^{[95] [96] [97]}
• EGX-B – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist – depressive disorders – ATAI Life Sciences ^{[98] [96] [97]}
• ENX-105 – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptor agonist – mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder – Engrail Therapeutics ^{[99] [100] [101]}
• GM-3009 (ibogaine analogue) – various actions – opioid-related disorders – Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals ^[102]
• Ibogaine – various actions and hallucinogen – CNS disorders, neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury – MINDCURE ^[103]
• Ibogaine derivatives - Terran Biosciences – various actions and potential hallucinogens – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Terran Biosciences ^[104]
• ITI-1549 – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist – psychiatric disorders – Intra-Cellular Therapies ^{[105] [106] [107]}
• Ketamine depot (ALA-3000) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders – Alar Pharmaceuticals ^[108]
• Ketamine subcutaneous (BB-106) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – acute pain, mental disorders – Bexson Biomedical ^[109]
• Ketamine analogue (Ketamir, Ketamir-2) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders – MIRA Pharmaceuticals ^[110]
• Long-acting MDMA prodrug (long-acting midomafetamine prodrug) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Terran Biosciences ^[111]
• LPH-5 – selective serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Lophora, Beckley Psytech ^{[112] [113] [114]}
• LPH-48 (shorter-acting LPH-5 analogue) – undefined mechanism of action and serotonergic hallucinogen – alcoholism – Lophora ^{[115] [116] [117]}
• Lucid-PSYCH (Lucid-201) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Lucid Psycheceuticals ^{[118] [119] [120]}
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; lysergide) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Delix Therapeutics ^[121]
• MBDB – serotonin and norepinephrine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂ receptor ligand, and entactogen – autism – PharmAla Biotech ^{[122] [123] [124] [125]}
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; LSR-1019) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, psychiatric disorders – Lusaris Therapeutics ^[126]
• Mescaline (JOUR-5700) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – alcoholism – Journey Colab ^[127]
• Midomafetamine microneedle transdermal patch (MDMA; "ecstasy") – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-related disorders – PharmaTher, Revive Therapeutics ^[128]
• MSP-4019 – undefined mechanism of action (5-MeO-DMT- and DMT-inspired drug) – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Mindset Pharma, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical ^{[129] [130]}
• MSP-4020 – undefined mechanism of action (5-MeO-DMT- and DMT-inspired drug) – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Mindset Pharma, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical ^{[131] [130]}
• MYCO-006 – undefined mechanism of action and short-acting MDMA-like entactogen – anxiety disorders – Mydecine ^{[132] [133] [134] [135]}
• MYCO-007 – undefined mechanism of action and short-acting MDMA-like entactogen – undefined indication – Mydecine ^[136]
• Norbaeocystin – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions – mental disorders – PsyBio Therapeutics ^[137]
• PSIL-001 (DMT analogue) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator – depressive disorders, mood disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, substance-related disorders – Psilera ^{[138] [139]}
• PSIL-002 (DMT analogue) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator – depressive disorders, mood disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, substance-related disorders – Psilera ^{[140] [139] [141]}
• Psilacetin (O-acetylpsilocin; 4-AcO-DMT) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – substance-related disorders – Psilera ^[142]
• Psilocin (PLZ-1015) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – pervasive child development disorders – Pilz Bioscience ^[143]
• PSYLO-1001 (Psylo-1001; PSYLO-100X) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT₆ receptor modulator – mental disorders – Psylo ^[144]
• PSYLO-3001 (Psylo-3001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia – Psylo ^[145]
• PSYLO-4001 (Psylo-4001) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders, major depressive disorder – Psylo ^{[146] [147]}
• Research programme: hydroxynorketamine derivatives - Spirify Pharma – amino acid modulators and serine protease modulators – depressive disorders, pain – Spirify Pharma ^[148]
• Research programme: Ibogaine analogues - Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals (GM-300X) – various actions – opioid-related disorders – Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals ^[149]
• Research programme: mental disorder therapeutics - Cybin (Deuterated DMT series - Cybin) – serotonin receptor modulators and psychedelic hallucinogens – mental disorders – Small Pharma, Cybin ^[150]
• Research programme: micro-dose serotonergics - Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals – serotonin receptor agonists – attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder – Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals ^[151]
• Research programme: non-hallucinogenic psychedelic therapeutics - Intra-Cellular Therapies (ITI-1500) – undefined mechanism of action – psychiatric disorders – Intra-Cellular Therapies ^[152]
• Research programme: psilocin derivatives - Enveric Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists and potential psychedelic hallucinogens – mental disorders – Enveric Biosciences ^[153]
• Research programme: psilocin prodrugs and derivatives - Terran Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists and psychedelic hallucinogens – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Terran Biosciences ^[154]
• Research programme: psychedelic and empathogenic compounds - Terran Biosciences – serotonin receptor modulators – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Terran Biosciences ^[155]
• Research programme: psychedelic-based neurological therapeutics - Psilera – undefined mechanism and psychedelic hallucinogens – alcoholism, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, neurodegenerative disorders – Psilera ^[156]
• Research programme: psychedelic-based therapeutics - Clearmind Medicine/SciSparc – undefined mechanism of action – metabolic disorders, obesity, psychiatric disorders – Clearmind Medicine, SciSparc ^[157]
• Research programme: psychedelic microneedle patch - PharmaTher – undefined mechanism of action – neurological disorders, neuromuscular disorders, pain, psychiatric disorders – PharmaTher ^[158]
• Research programme: psychoplastogen therapeutics - Collaborations Pharmaceuticals – undefined mechanism of action – opioid-related disorders – Collaborations Pharmaceuticals ^[159]
• Research programme: serotonin 2A receptor agonists - Bright Minds Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists – major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder – Bright Minds Biosciences ^[160]
• Research programme: serotonin 2A/C receptor agonists - Bright Minds Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor agonists – pain – Bright Minds Biosciences ^[161]
• Research programme: small tryptamine derivatives - Marvel Biosciences (non-hallucinogenic neuroplasticity program - Marvel Biosciences) – adenosine A_2A receptor antagonists – depressive disorders – Marvel Biosciences ^[162]
• Research programme: SPL 029 series - Cybin (Oral DMT series - Cybin; SPL029) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – mental disorders – Small Pharma, Cybin ^[163]
• Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists - Cybin – serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonists (phenethylamines) – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Cybin ^[164]
• Tabernanthalog (TBG; DLX-007; DLX-7) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist – CNS disorders – Delix Therapeutics ^{[165] [166] [167]}
• Triptax – undefined mechanism of action – depressive disorders – Biomind Labs ^[168]

Research

• Baeocystin (PLZ-1019) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions – pervasive developmental disorders in children – Pilz Bioscience ^{[169] [170]}
• CYB005 (CYB-005; deuterated phenethylamine derivative) – undefined mechanism of action ("non-hallucinogenic doses") – psychiatric disorders – Cybin ^{[171] [172] [173]}
• Ibogaine – various actions – anorexia nervosa, neurological disorders, substance-related disorders – Biomind Labs ^[174]
• LSR-3000 – undefined mechanism of action (tryptamine serotonergic neuroplastogen) – neurological disorders – Lusaris Therapeutics ^[175]
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; lysergide; LSD-CUREfilm) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – mental disorders – CURE Pharmaceutical ^[176]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; LSR-2000) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – alcoholism, major depressive disorder – Lusaris Therapeutics ^[177]
• Mescaline (BMND-04) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – eating disorders, neurological disorders – Biomind Labs ^[178]
• Midomafetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy"; MDMA-CUREfilm) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – mental disorders – CURE Pharmaceutical ^[179]
• MYCO-002 – undefined mechanism of action and MDMA-like entactogen – mental disorders – Mydecine ^{[180] [181] [182]}
• MYCO-004 (patch-delivered tryptamine compound) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen – smoking withdrawal, substance-related disorders – Mydecine ^{[183] [184]}
• MYCO-005 (psilocin analogue) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – anxiety disorders, depressive disorders – Mydecine ^{[185] [186]}
• N-Methyltryptamine (NMT; monomethyltryptamine) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen – unspecified – Core One Labs ^[187]
• Noribogaine derived therapeutic – various actions – opioid-related disorders – Mindmed, Nextage Therapeutics ^[188]
• Norpsilocin (PLZ-1017) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions – pervasive developmental disorders in children – Pilz Bioscience ^[189]
• Psilocybin – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – cancer – Dominari Holdings ^[190]
• PSYLO-5001 (Psylo-5001) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – mental disorders – Psylo ^[191]
• Research programme: 3,4-Methylenedioxymetamfetamine derivatives - Enveric Biosciences – serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine releasing agents and entactogens – mental disorders, neurological disorders, psychotic disorders – MagicMed Industries, Enveric Biosciences ^[192]
• Research programme: Ibogaine derivatives - MindMed/Nextage Therapeutics – various actions and potential hallucinogens – opioid-related disorders – Mindmed, Nextage Therapeutics ^[193]
• Research programme: lysergic acid diethylamide derivatives - Enveric Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists – mental disorders, neurological disorders, psychotic disorders – MagicMed Industries, Enveric Biosciences ^[194]
• Research programme: mescaline derivatives - Enveric Biosciences – serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonists – mental disorders, neurological disorders – MagicMed Industries, Enveric Biosciences ^[195]
• Research programme: non-hallucinogenic psychedelic therapeutics - Sintalica Bioscience/University of Messina – undefined mechanism of action and non-hallucinogenic tryptamine serotonergic agents – Sintalica Bioscience, University of Messina ^[196]
• Research programme: psychiatric disorder therapies (neuroplastogens) - AbbVie/Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals – undefined mechanism of action – psychiatric disorders – AbbVie, Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals ^[197]
• Research programme: non-hallucinogenic psychiatric therapies - Daiichi Sankyo/Psylo – undefined mechanism of action – mental disorders – Daiichi Sankyo, Psylo ^[198]
• Research programme: non-tryptamine psychedelic small molecules - Otsuka America Pharmaceutical – serotonin receptor modulators – neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders – Mindset Pharma, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical ^[199]
• Research programme: psychedelic and empathogenic therapeutics - COMPASS Pathways – undefined mechanism of action – mental disorders – COMPASS Pathways, MiHKAL ^[200]
• Research programme: psychedelic and empathogenic compounds subcutaneous - Bexson Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action – depressive disorders, mental disorders, pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-related disorders – Bexson Biomedical ^[201]
• Research programme: psychedelic therapeutics - COMPASS Discovery Center – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor modulators – mental disorders – COMPASS Discovery Center, COMPASS Pathways ^[202]
• Research programme: tryptamine analog therapeutics - Diamond Therapeutics – serotonin receptor modulators – Diamond Therapeutics ^[203]

Phase unknown

• Ketamine intravenous/oral (Braxia) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders – Braxia Scientific ^[204]
• Psilocybin (REL-P11) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders, psychiatric disorders – Arbormentis, Relmada Therapeutics ^[205]

Not under development

Development suspended

• Esketamine ((S)-ketamine; AM-101; esketamine otic gel; Keyzilen) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – tinnitus – Altamira Therapeutics ^[206]

No development reported

• Arketamine ((R)-ketamine; HR-071603; (R)-ketamine nasal spray) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – depressive disorders – Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine ^[207]
• Esketamine ((S)-ketamine; esketamine DPI; Falkieri; PG061) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – bipolar depression, depressive disorders – Celon Pharma ^[208]
• Esketamine ((S)-ketamine; IPX-237, IPX237-C0001, IPX237-C0002, IPX237-L0001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – unspecified – IMPAX Laboratories, Amneal Laboratories ^[209]
• Hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine; 6-HNK; SPL-801-B) – unknown mechanism of action (non-hallucinogenic ketamine derivative and metabolite) – depressive disorders – Small Pharma, Cybin ^[210]
• Ketamine (ELE-Ket+) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Beckley Psytech ^[211]
• Ketamine intranasal – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – cluster headaches – CCH Pharmaceuticals ^[212]
• Ketamine sublingual (ketamine wafer; SLS-003; Wafermine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – acute pain, dental pain, pain, depressive disorders – iX Biopharma ^[213]
• Ketamine transdermal patch (SHX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Shenox Pharmaceuticals ^[214]
• Midomafetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – mood disorders, substance-related disorders – MindMed ^[215]
• Psilocybin (biosynthetic psilocybin; PB-1818) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – depressive disorders – PsyBio Therapeutics ^[216]
• Psilocybin (low-dose psilocybin; BPL-PSILO) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – headache – Beckley Psytech ^[217]
• Research programme: ketamine derivatives - Shenox Pharmaceuticals (SHX-004; SHX-004/005/006/007/011; SHX-005; SHX-006; SHX-007; SHX-011) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists and dissociative hallucinogens – major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain – Shenox Pharmaceuticals ^[218]
• Research programme: serotonin psychedelics - Mydecine Innovations Group – serotonin modulators and psychedelic hallucinogens – mental disorders – Mydecine ^[219]
• Research programme: tryptamine based therapeutics - PsyBio Therapeutics – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonists – anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance-related disorders – PsyBio Therapeutics ^[220]
• XW-10508 (oral esketamine conjugate prodrug) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder, pain – XWPharma ^[221]

Development discontinued

• Ketamine (Ketals) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anaesthesia, drug-induced dyskinesia, Rett syndrome – PharmaTher ^[222]
• Ketamine intranasal – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – autistic disorder – Roivant Sciences ^[223]
• Research programme: ketamine deuterated - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – pain – Teva Pharmaceutical Industries ^[224]
• Salvinorin A (INT0054/2020; RLS-01) – κ-opioid receptor agonist – depressive disorders, unspecified – Revixia Life Sciences IntelGenx Corp ^[225]

20th century (1940s–1980s)

• (R)-Ariadne (BL-3912A; Dimoxamine) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist – depression – Bristol-Myers Company ^{[226] [227] [228] [229]}
• Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB; brolamfetamine) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – unknown – unknown ^{[230] [231]}
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; LSD-25; lysergide; Delysid) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – various uses – Sandoz ^[232]
• Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA; tenamfetamine) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent, weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, entactogen, and weak psychedelic hallucinogen – unknown – unknown
• Psilocybin (Indocybin) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – various uses – Sandoz ^[233]

Formal development never or not yet started

• Nitrous oxide (N₂O; "laughing gas") – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – being studied for depression but doesn't seem to be being formally developed towards approval^{[234] [235] [236] [237]}

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

• Bupropion/dextromethorphan (DXM/BUP; Auvelity) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, CYP2D6 inhibitor, and dissociative hallucinogen combination – major depressive disorder – Axsome Therapeutics ^[238]
• Esketamine ((S)-ketamine; Spravato) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder – Johnson & Johnson ^[239]

Off-label drugs

• Ketamine – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – major depressive disorder, other depressive disorders, and other conditions ^[240]

Discontinued drugs

• Tabernanthe spp. extracts (containing ibogaine) (Lambarène, Iperton) – various actions and stimulant – fatigue, asthenia, depression, illness recovery ^{[241] [242]}

See also

• Psychedelic treatments for trauma-related disorders
• List of investigational drugs
• Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer
• Psychedelics Drug Development Tracker - Psychedelic Alpha
• Psychedelic Drug Development Tracker Bullseye (February 2024) - Psychedelic Alpha

Notes and References

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2. Web site: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Blinded, Dose Finding Phase 2 Pilot Safety Study of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Social Anxiety in Autistic Adults (MAA-1) – Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies – MAPS. maps.org.
3. Web site: CYB 003 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
4. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on CYB-003 with Synapse. synapse.patsnap.com.
5. Palfreyman M, Krakowsky J, Morgan M, Canal C, Pathare P, Avery K, Reichelt A, Hartsel J, Nivorozhkin A, Inamder A, Varty G . ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P361. In Vitro and In Vivo Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology . 47 . Suppl 1 . 220–370 (271) . December 2022 . 36456694 . 9714399 . 10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0 .
6. Inamdar A, Morgan M, Krakowsky J, Reichelt A, Canal C, Mueller T, Avery K, Pathare P, Hartsel J, Nivorozhkin A, Varty G, Palfreyman M . ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P362. Pharmacokinetic Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology . 47 . Suppl 1 . 220–370 (271–272) . December 2022 . 36456694 . 9714399 . 10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0 .
7. Web site: Development Pipeline. Cybin.
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17. Web site: Ketamine - Awakn Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
18. Web site: Ketamine extended release - Douglas Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
19. Web site: Ketamine prolonged release oral - Ketabon - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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30. Web site: Midomafetamine - Awakn Life Sciences .
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44. Web site: Psilocybin - Tryp Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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46. Web site: RE 104 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
47. Web site: NBTX 001 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
48. Web site: Zolunicant - Mindmed - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
49. Web site: SPL 026 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
50. Web site: Ibogaine - ATAI Life Sciences/DemeRx - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
51. Web site: Psilocybin - Revive Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
52. Web site: Psilocybin infusion - Beckley Psytech - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
53. Web site: R(-)-Methylenedioxymetamfetamine - Mindmed - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
54. Web site: EMP 01 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
55. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on EMP-01 with Synapse . Synapse . 1 November 2024 . 2 November 2024.
56. Web site: N,N-Dimethyltryptamine - Viridia Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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59. Web site: Entheon Biomedical Announces Ethics Approval for In Vivo DMT Study. Entheon Biomedical. Corp. Newsfile.
60. Web site: DLX 1 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
61. Web site: Delix Therapeutics completes dose study for DLX-001 . PharmaTimes . 21 June 2023 . 23 October 2024.
62. Web site: S-ketamine - Awakn Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
63. Web site: Oral Ketamine - Neurocentrx Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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77. Web site: 3-Methylmethcathinone - Clearmind Medicine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
78. Web site: 5-Methoxy 2-aminoindane - Clearmind Medicine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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129. Web site: MSP 4019 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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139. Web site: Psilera’s New Compounds Show Potential for Significant Treatment Improvement in Depression and Neurodegenerative Disorders. August 10, 2022. Psychedelic Alpha.
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142. Web site: Psilacetin - Psilera - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
143. Web site: Psilocin - Pilz Bioscience - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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