List of investigational attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs explained

This is a list of investigational attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but are not yet approved.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2021. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• ATT-377 Combination treatment of Methylphenidate ER, cyproheptadine ^[1]
• TRN-110 [extended-release] undefined mechanism / extended-release form of an undisclosed drug ^[2]

Phase 3 clinical trials

• Centanafadine [sustained-release] (centanafadine SR, CTN-SR, EB-1020, EB-1020 SR) serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[3]
• Dexmethylphenidate [controlled release] (CTX-1301) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[4]
• Edivoxetine (LY-2216684) norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[5]
• Molindone [extended-release] (AFX-2201, EN-1733A, molindone XR, SPN-810, SPN-810M, Zalvari) antipsychotic / dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist and serotonin receptor modulator (e.g., serotonin 5-HT_2B and 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist) specifically under development for impulsive aggression in ADHD ^{[6] [7] [8]}
• Serdexmethylphenidate (KP-484) dexmethylphenidate prodrug / norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^{[9] [10]}
• Solriamfetol (ADX-N05, ARL-N05, JZP-110, SKL-N05; Sunosi) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[11]

Phase 2 clinical trials

• CX-717 ampakine / AMPA receptor modulator ^[12]
• Mazindol [controlled release] (NLS-0, NLS-1, NLS-10, NLS-13, NLS-2, Nolazol, Quilience) serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[13]
• PDC-1421 (BLI-1005) norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[14]

Phase 1 clinical trials

• AFX-2401 "neurotransmitter modulator" ^[15]
• Atomoxetine [oral solution] (TAH-9922) norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[16]
• Dextroamphetamine [abuse-deterrent immediate-release] (ADAIR) norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[17]

Preclinical/research

• Atomoxetine [oral suspension] norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[18]
• Dextroamphetamine [controlled release] (CTX-1302) norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[19]
• NNI-351 DYRK1A inhibitor and "neurogenesis enhancer" ^[20]

No development reported

• AFI-002 undefined mechanism ^[21]
• Altropane (123-I Altropane®, [123I]-E-IACFT Injection, [123I]NAV5001, CFT, Iodine-123-E-IACFT Injection, NAV-5001, O-587) dopamine reuptake inhibitor / single-photon emission-computed tomography enhancer ^[22]
• Amphetamine [oral abuse-deterrent immediate-release] (ADAIR) norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[23]
• Bavisant (BEN-2001, JNJ-1074, JNJ-31001074) histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[24]
• BCWP-E003 undefined mechanism ^[25]
• BLI-1008 undefined mechanism ^[26]
• Brilaroxazine (RP-5000, RP-5063) atypical antipsychotic / dopamine receptor partial agonist and serotonin receptor modulator ^[27]
• Cannabidiol/gabapentin (Cannbleph) cannabinoid receptor modulator and gabapentinoid ^[28]
• Ciforadenant (CPI-444, V-81444) adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist ^[29]
• CM-4612 (CM-ADHD, CM-AT, CM-PK) gastrointestinal/pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy ^[30]
• CRD-102 undefined mechanism ^[31]
• Dasotraline (DSP-225289, SEP-225289, SEP-0225289, SEP-225289-HCI, SEP-289) serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[32]
• Dextroamphetamine [abuse-resistant] (PF-08, PFR 08001, PFR08026) – norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[33]
• Dextroamphetamine sulfate [modified release capsules] (HLD-900, HLD-100) norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[34]
• Dopamine [intranasal] (DopaMat, MPP-18) dopamine receptor agonist ^[35]
• Eltoprazine (DU-28853) serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1B receptor agonist ^[36]
• Fasoracetam [co-crystallised] (AEVI-004, NFC-1) racetam / metabotropic glutamate receptor modulator ^[37]
• GTS-21 (DMXB-A, DMXB-A sustained release, DMXB-A-SR) α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[38]
• Guanfacine [once-daily] (Guanfacine Carrier Wave, SPD-547) α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[39]
• IPX-233 (IPX233 ER C0003, IPX233-C0001, IPX233-C0002, IPX233-T0001, IPX233-T0002) central nervous system stimulant ^[40]
• Masupirdine (M1, M1 of SUVN-502, SUVN-502, SVN-502) serotonin 5-HT₆ receptor antagonist ^[41]
• Methylphenidate [extended-release/abuse-resistant] (COL-171) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[42]
• Methylphenidate [fast dissolve tablet] [Samyang Holdings Biopharmaceuticals] norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[43]
• Methylphenidate [transdermal system] (SHX-009) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^{[44] [45]}
• Methylphenidate/naltrexone (AVK-001) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and opioid receptor antagonist ^[46]
• Nic-12 undefined mechanism ^[47]
• NLS-2 antianaemic / heavy metal / iron replacement ^[48]
• PD-3044 dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[49]
• Pitolisant (tiprolisant; BF-2.649, BF-2649, Ozawade, Wakix) histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[50]
• R-Sibutramine metabolite ((+)-desmethylsibutramine, (+)-didesmethylsibutramine, R-DDMS, R-desmethylsibutramine, R-didesmethylsibutramine) serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[51]
• Selegiline [transdermal] (Emsam) monoamine oxidase B inhibitor ^[52]
• SKL-13865 (SKL-ADHD) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[53]
• Sofinicline (A-422894.0, ABT-894) α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator ^[54]
• SPN-811 undefined mechanism ^[55]
• Taminadenant (NIR-178, PBF-509) adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist ^[56]

Research programmes

• Ampakines / AMPA receptor modulators [RespireRx] (CX-516, CX-614, CX-707, CX-929, CX-1501, CX-1763, CX-1796, CX-1837, CX-1846, CX-1942, CX-2007, CX-2076) ^[57]
• Cannabis extracts [Cannabis Science] (CBIS GAP-001, CBIS LC-001, CBIS OBLD-001, CBIS OCD-001, CBIS PC-001, CBIS PPC-001, CBIS PS-001, CBIS SD-001, CBIS SSA-001, CBIS-OS-001, CBIS-PTSD-001, CS NEURO 1, CS-S/BCC-1, CS-TATI-1) cannabinoid receptor modulators ^[58]
• Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors / adrenergic receptor antagonists [Pfizer] (NRI-022, NRI-193, WAY-253203, WAY-256805, WAY-260022, WAY-315193, WAY-318068) ^[59]
• Pim2 / PolyPhetamine [ITL Pharma] ^[60]
• Subtype-selective glutamate NMDA receptor modulators / glutamate NR2B receptor modulators [Novartis] ^[61]

Not under development

Development discontinued

• ABT-418 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[62]
• Amphetamine [transdermal patch] [Noven/Takeda] norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[63]
• Ampreloxetine (TD-9855) norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[64]
• AR-08 adrenergic receptor agonist ^[65]
• Aripiprazole (Abilify, Abilify Maintena, Abilify MyCite, Abilitat, Ao Pai, Aripiprazole depot, Aripiprazole ECER tablets, Arlemide; OPC-14597, OPC-14597 IMD, OPC-31) atypical antipsychotic / dopamine receptor partial agonist and serotonin receptor modulator ^[66]
• AZD-5213 histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[67]
• Bifemelane (SON-216) monoamine oxidase inhibitor and weak norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[68]
• Bradanicline (ATA-101, TC-0569, TC-5619, TC-5619-238) α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[69]
• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti, Rxulti; Lu-AF41156, OPC-34712, OPDC-34712) atypical antipsychotic / dopamine receptor partial agonist and serotonin receptor modulator ^[70]
• Buspirone [transdermal] (BuSpar Patch) serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, other actions ^[71]
• Cipralisant (GT-2331; Perceptin) histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[72]
• CX-516 (1-BCP, AMPAlex, BDP-12, SPD-420) ampakine / AMPA receptor modulator ^[73]
• CX-1739 ampakine / AMPA receptor modulator ^[74]
• Donepezil (Aricept, Aricept D, Aricept Dry Syrup, Aricept Evess, Aricept ODT, Aricept SR, Donepezil SR, E-2020, E-2022, Eranz) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ^[75]
• Droxidopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, 3,4-threo-DOPS, L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, L-threodops, Northera, threo-dopaserine, threo-DOPS) prodrug of norepinephrine / adrenergic receptor agonist ^[76]
• Fasoracetam (AEVI-001, LAM-105, MDGN-001, NFC-1, NS-105) racetam / metabotropic glutamate receptor modulator ^[77]
• Ispronicline (AZD-3480, RJR-1734, TC 01734, TC-1734, TC-1734-112) α₄β₂-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[78]
• KP-106 (dextroamphetamine prodrug oral film) norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent ^[79]
• Lauflumide (flmodafinil, bisfluoromodafinil; NLS-14, NLS-4) weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, possibly other actions ^[80]
• Manifaxine (BW-1555U88, GW-320659) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[81]
• Mecamylamine (Inversine, Tridmac) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ^[82]
• MEM-68626 5-HT₆ receptor antagonist ^[83]
• Metadoxine [sustained/extended-release] (pyridoxine-pyrrolidone carboxylate, pyridoxine pidolate; MDX, metadoxine SR, MG-01CI) serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist, GABA modulator, other actions ^[84]
• Methylphenidate [transdermal patch] (TAH-9901) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[85]
• MK-0249 histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[86]
• Modafinil (AFT-801, Alertec, Attenace, CN-801, CRL-40476, Modasamil, Modasonil, Modavigil, Modiodal, Provigil, Sparlon, Vigil) weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, possibly other actions ^[87]
• Nicotine/opipramol (ND-0801; opipramol/nicotine) tricyclic antidepressant / monoamine and sigma receptor modulator and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[88]
• NLS-8(melafenoxate) undefined mechanism ^{[89] [90]}
• NS-2359 (GSK-372475) serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[91]
• OPC-64005 serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[92]
• ORG-26576 (ORG26576) ampakine / AMPA receptor modulator ^[93]
• PF-3654746 (PF-03654746) histamine H₃ receptor antagonist ^[94]
• Phacetoperane (NLS-3) methylphenidate analogue / central nervous system stimulant / norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (?) ^[95]
• Pirepemat (IRL-752) "cortical enhancer" / serotonin 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist and α_2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist, other actions ^{[96] [97]}
• Pozanicline (A-87089.0, ABT-089) α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[98]
• SEP-225432 serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[99]
• SGS-742 (CGP-36742, DVD-742, Lu-AE58479, SGS-742) GABA_B receptor antagonist ^[100]
• SPD-483 undefined mechanism ^[101]
• SPD-554 (Guanfacine Carrier Wave project) α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[102]
• SPI-339 (NEO-339) undefined mechanism ^[103]
• TAK-137 AMPA receptor potentiator ^[104]
• TC-6683 (AZD 1446, TC-6683) α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ^[105]
• Tipepidine [sustained-release] (TS-141) GIRK inhibitor ^[106]
• Vortioxetine (Brintellix, LU-AA21004, LuAA 21004, Trintellix) antidepressant / serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin receptor modulator ^[107]

Research programmes

• Potassium channel modulators [Astellas Pharma/Icagen] ^[108]

Formal development never or not yet started

• Dopamine precursors (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-DOPA (levodopa))^[109]

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents

• Amphetamine (Adzenys ER, Adzenys XR-ODT, Dyanavel XR, Evekeo, Evekeo ODT) ^{[110] [111] [112] [113]}
• Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Zenzedi, Xelstrym) ^{[114] [115]}
• Fenethylline (Biocapton, Captagon, Fitton) amphetamine and theophylline prodrug discontinued/no longer used
• Levoamphetamine (Cydril) discontinued/no longer used^[116]
• Lisdexamfetamine (Elvanse, Tyvense, Venvanse, Vyvanse) dextroamphetamine prodrug ^[117]
• Methamphetamine (dextromethamphetamine; Desoxyn, Methampex) ^{[118] [119]}
• Mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis) ^[120]
• Pemoline (Betanamin, Ceractiv, Cylert, Tradon) withdrawn/discontinued due to toxicity ^{[121] [122]}

Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors

• Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin, Focalin XR) ^[123]
• Methylphenidate (Adhansia XR, Aptensio XR, Benjorna, Biphentin, Concerta, Cotempla XR-ODT, Daytrana, Equasym, Foquest, Jornay PM, Metadate, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, Methydur, MethyPatch, Oradur, QuilliChew ER, Quillivant XR, Ritalin, Ritalin SR) ^{[124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]}
• Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate (Azstarys) ^[136]

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

• Atomoxetine (tomoxetine; Strattera) ^[137]
• Viloxazine [extended-release] (Qelbree) ^[138]

α₂-Adrenergic receptor agonists

• Clonidine (Catapres, CloniBID, Clonicel, Jenloga XR, Kapvay) ^[139]
• Guanfacine (Connexyn, Intuniv, Intuniv XR, Tenex) ^{[140] [141] [142]}

Off-label drugs

• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist^[143]
• Modafinil (Provigil) weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, possibly other actions
• Reboxetine (Edronax) norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor^[144]
• Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., venlafaxine (Effexor), duloxetine (Cymbalta))
• Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., desipramine (Norpramin) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

See also

• List of investigational drugs

Further reading

• Childress A, Tran C . Current Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Expert Opin Investig Drugs . 25 . 4 . 463–74 . 2016 . 26814173 . 10.1517/13543784.2016.1147558 . 207477710 .
• Jain R, Katic A . Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . Prim Care Companion CNS Disord . 18 . 4 . August 2016 . 27828696 . 10.4088/PCC.16r01979 .
• Buoli M, Serati M, Cahn W . Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review . Expert Rev Neurother . 16 . 2 . 131–44 . 2016 . 26693882 . 10.1586/14737175.2016.1135735 . 33004517 .
• Nageye F, Cortese S . Beyond stimulants: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing novel compounds for ADHD . Expert Rev Neurother . 19 . 7 . 707–717 . July 2019 . 31167583 . 10.1080/14737175.2019.1628640 . 174810839 .
• Perugi G, Pallucchini A, Rizzato S, Pinzone V, De Rossi P . Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Expert Opin Pharmacother . 20 . 12 . 1457–1470 . August 2019 . 31112441 . 10.1080/14656566.2019.1618270 . 162170434 .
• Childress AC, Beltran N, Supnet C, Weiss MD . Reviewing the role of emerging therapies in the ADHD armamentarium . Expert Opin Emerg Drugs . 26 . 1 . 1–16 . March 2021 . 33143485 . 10.1080/14728214.2020.1846718 . 226251694 .

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer

Notes and References

1. Web site: ClinicalTrials.gov. clinicaltrials.gov.
2. Web site: TRN 110 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
3. Web site: Centanafadine - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
4. Web site: Dexmethylphenidate controlled release - Cingulate Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
5. Web site: Edivoxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
6. Web site: Molindone - Supernus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
7. Ceresoli-Borroni G, Nasser A, Adewole T, Liranso T, Xu J, Schwabe S, Findling RL . A Double-Blind, Randomized Study of Extended-Release Molindone for Impulsive Aggression in ADHD . J Atten Disord . 25 . 11 . 1564–1577 . September 2021 . 32338106 . 10.1177/1087054720909084 . 216556900 .
8. Robb AS, Connor DF, Amann BH, Vitiello B, Nasser A, O'Neal W, Schwabe S, Ceresoli-Borroni G, Newcorn JH, Candler SA, Buitelaar JK, Findling RL . Closing the gap: unmet needs of individuals with impulsive aggressive behavior observed in children and adolescents . CNS Spectr . 26. 5. 448–456 . March 2020 . 32228725 . 10.1017/S1092852920001224 . 214750205 . 2066/241059 . free .
9. Web site: KP484. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180308025224/https://kempharm.com/pipeline-products/#kp484 . 2018-03-08 .
10. Web site: PRODRUG TECHNOLOGY - Prodrugs for ADHD Treatments: Opportunities & Potential to Fill Unmet Medical Needs. Dan. Marino. March 4, 2019.
11. Web site: Solriamfetol - Jazz Pharmaceuticals/SK Biopharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
12. Web site: CX 717 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
13. Web site: Mazindol controlled release - NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
14. Web site: PDC 1421 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
15. Web site: AFX 2401 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
16. Web site: Atomoxetine oral solution - TAHO Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
17. Web site: Dextroamphetamine - GRI Bio - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
18. Web site: Atomoxetine hydrohloride oral suspension - OWP Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
19. Web site: Dextroamphetamine controlled release - Cingulate Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
20. Web site: NNI 351 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
21. Web site: AFI 002 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
22. Web site: Altropane - Alseres Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
23. Web site: Amphetamine oral - Alcobra - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
24. Web site: Bavisant - BenevolentAI/Johnson & Johnson - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
25. Web site: BCWP E003 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
26. Web site: Research programme: BLI 1008 - Biolite - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
27. Web site: Brilaroxazine - Reviva Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
28. Web site: Research programme: cannabinoid-based therapeutics - Axim Biotechnologies - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
29. Web site: Ciforadenant - Corvus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
30. Web site: CM 4612 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
31. Web site: CRD 102 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
32. Web site: Dasotraline - Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
33. Web site: Amfetamine prodrug - Ensysce Biosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
34. Web site: Amfetamine modified release - Highland Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
35. Web site: Dopamine intranasal - Mattern Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
36. Web site: Eltoprazine - Elto Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
37. Web site: Co-crystallised fasoracetam - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
38. Web site: GTS 21 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
39. Web site: Guanfacine once-daily - Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
40. Web site: IPX 233 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
41. Web site: Masupirdine - Suven Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
42. Web site: Methylphenidate extended-release/abuse-resistant - Collegium Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
43. Web site: Research programme: fast dissolve tablet therapeutics - Samyang - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
44. Web site: SHX 009 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
45. https://www.dazhoubiomed.com/cpgx
46. Web site: Methylphenidate/naltrexone - Avekshan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
47. Web site: Nic 12 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
48. Web site: NLS 2 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
49. Web site: PD 3044 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
50. Web site: Pitolisant - Bioprojet - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
51. Web site: R-sibutramine metabolite - Sepracor - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
52. Web site: Selegiline transdermal - Somerset Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
53. Web site: SKL 13865 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
54. Web site: Sofinicline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
55. Web site: SPN 811 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
56. Web site: Taminadenant - Novartis/Palobiofarma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
57. Web site: Research programme: AMPA receptor agonists - RespireRx - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
58. Web site: Research programme: cannabis extract therapeutics - Cannabis Science - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
59. Web site: Research programme: norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors - Pfizer - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
60. Web site: Research programme: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder therapeutics - ITL Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
61. Web site: Research programme: subtype-selective NMDA receptor modulators - Novartis - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
62. Web site: ABT 418 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
63. Web site: Research programme: transdermal amfetamine patch - Noven/Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
64. Web site: Ampreloxetine - Theravance Biopharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
65. Web site: AR 08 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
66. Web site: Aripiprazole - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
67. Web site: AZD 5213 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
68. Web site: Research programme: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder therapies - Nxera Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
69. Web site: Bradanicline - CODA Biotherapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
70. Web site: Brexpiprazole - Lundbeck/Otsuka - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
71. Web site: Buspirone transdermal - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Elan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
72. Web site: Cipralisant - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
73. Web site: CX 516 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
74. Web site: CX 1739 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
75. Web site: Donepezil - Eisai - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
76. Web site: Droxidopa - Sumitomo Pharma/Lundbeck - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
77. Web site: Fasoracetam - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
78. Web site: Ispronicline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
79. Web site: KP 106 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
80. Web site: Lauflumide - NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
81. Web site: Manifaxine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
82. Web site: Mecamylamine - Targacept - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
83. Web site: Research programme: serotonin 6 receptor antagonists - Memory Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
84. Web site: Metadoxine extended-release - Arcturus Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
85. https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800053853
86. Web site: MK 0249 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
87. Web site: Modafinil - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
88. Web site: Nicotine/opipramol - NeuroDerm - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
89. Web site: NLS 8 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
90. Web site: NLS Pharmaceutics Announces an R&D Update Webcast to Review the Company's Growing Portfolio of Pre-Clinical Compounds.
91. Web site: NS 2359 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
92. Web site: OPC 64005 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
93. Web site: ORG 26576 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
94. Web site: PF 3654746 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
95. Web site: Phacetoperane - NLS Pharmaceutics Ltd - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
96. Web site: Pirepemat - Integrative Research Laboratories - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
97. Hjorth S, Waters S, Waters N, Tedroff J, Svensson P, Fagerberg A, Edling M, Svanberg B, Ljung E, Gunnergren J, McLean SL, Grayson B, Idris NF, Neill JC, Sonesson C . (3S)-3-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-3-methoxypyrrolidine (IRL752) -a Novel Cortical-Preferring Catecholamine Transmission- and Cognition-Promoting Agent . J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 374 . 3 . 404–419 . September 2020 . 32605972 . 10.1124/jpet.120.000037 . 10454/17970 . 220283184 . free .
98. Web site: Pozanicline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
99. Web site: SEP 228432 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
100. Web site: SGS 742 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
101. Web site: SPD 483 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
102. Web site: SPD 554 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
103. Web site: SPI 339 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
104. Web site: TAK 137 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
105. Web site: TC 6683 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
106. Web site: Tipepidine - Taisho Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
107. Web site: Vortioxetine - Lundbeck - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
108. Web site: Research programme: central nervous system therapeutics - Astellas Pharma/Icagen - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
109. Wilens TE, Morrison NR, Prince J . An update on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults . Expert Rev Neurother . 11 . 10 . 1443–65 . October 2011 . 21955201. 3229037 . 10.1586/ern.11.137 .
110. Web site: Amfetamine extended-release - Tris Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
111. Web site: Amfetamine extended-release (liquid suspension) - Aytu BioPharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
112. Web site: Amfetamine controlled release (orally disintegrating tablet) - Aytu BioPharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
113. Web site: Amphetamine sulfate oral - Arbor Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
114. Web site: Dexamfetamine - Arbor Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
115. Web site: Dexamfetamine transdermal - Noven Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
116. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ . Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective . J Psychopharmacol . 27 . 6 . 479–96 . June 2013 . 23539642 . 3666194 . 10.1177/0269881113482532 .
117. Web site: Lisdexamfetamine - Shionogi/Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
118. Web site: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. www.accessdata.fda.gov.
119. Web site: Desoxyn . www.accessdata.fda.gov.
120. Web site: Mixed amfetamine salts - Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
121. Web site: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs . www.accessdata.fda.gov.
122. Web site: Cylert . www.accessdata.fda.gov.
123. Web site: Dexmethylphenidate - Celgene/Novartis - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
124. Web site: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. www.accessdata.fda.gov.
125. Web site: Ritalin . June 2021 . accessdata.fda.gov.
126. Web site: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. www.accessdata.fda.gov.
127. Web site: Methylphenidate controlled release - Purdue Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
128. Web site: Methylphenidate transdermal - Noven Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
129. Web site: Methylphenidate extended release - ALZA - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
130. Web site: Methylphenidate extended release - Aytu BioPharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
131. Web site: Methylphenidate extended-release oral suspension - Tris Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
132. Web site: Methylphenidate - UCB - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
133. Web site: Methylphenidate sustained release - DURECT Corporation - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
134. Web site: Methylphenidate extended release - Highland Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
135. Web site: Methylphenidate extended-release chewable tablets - Tris Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
136. Web site: Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate - Zevra Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
137. Web site: Atomoxetine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
138. Web site: Viloxazine hydrochloride - Supernus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
139. Web site: Clonidine controlled release - Concordia Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
140. Web site: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. accessdata.fda.gov.
141. Web site: Tenex . accessdata.fda.gov.
142. Web site: Guanfacine extended release - Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
143. Buoli M, Serati M, Cahn W . Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review . Expert Rev Neurother . 16 . 2 . 131–44 . 2016 . 26693882 . 10.1586/14737175.2016.1135735 . 33004517 .
144. Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, Thome J, Dom G, Kasper S, Nunes Filipe C, Stes S, Mohr P, Leppämäki S, Casas M, Bobes J, Mccarthy JM, Richarte V, Kjems Philipsen A, Pehlivanidis A, Niemela A, Styr B, Semerci B, Bolea-Alamanac B, Edvinsson D, Baeyens D, Wynchank D, Sobanski E, Philipsen A, McNicholas F, Caci H, Mihailescu I, Manor I, Dobrescu I, Saito T, Krause J, Fayyad J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Foeken K, Rad F, Adamou M, Ohlmeier M, Fitzgerald M, Gill M, Lensing M, Motavalli Mukaddes N, Brudkiewicz P, Gustafsson P, Tani P, Oswald P, Carpentier PJ, De Rossi P, Delorme R, Markovska Simoska S, Pallanti S, Young S, Bejerot S, Lehtonen T, Kustow J, Müller-Sedgwick U, Hirvikoski T, Pironti V, Ginsberg Y, Félegyházy Z, Garcia-Portilla MP, Asherson P . Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD . Eur Psychiatry . 56 . 14–34 . February 2019 . 30453134 . 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 . free . 10651/51910 . free .