List of investigational antidepressants explained

This is a list of investigational antidepressants, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of depression but are not yet approved. Specific indications include major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, and postpartum depression, among others.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

This list was last comprehensively updated in August 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, δ-opioid receptor antagonist, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination – New Drug Application (NDA) rejected in 2019, no updates since 2021 ^{[1] [2]}

Phase 3

• Aticaprant (AVTX-501; CERC-501; JNJ-3964; JNJ-67953964; LY-2456302) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[3]
• CYB003 (CYB-003; deuterated psilocybin analogue) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}
• Cycloserine/lurasidone (Cyclurad; NRX-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist and atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) combination ^[8]
• Esmethadone (dextromethadone; REL-1017) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and other actions ^[9]
• Ketamine (HTX-100; NRX-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[10]
• Navacaprant (BTRX-140; BTRX-335140; CYM-53093; NMRA-140; NMRA-335140) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[11]
• Pimavanserin (ACP-103; BVF-048; Nuplazid) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist or inverse agonist ^[12]
• Psilocybin (COMP-360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[13] [14]}
• Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922; JNJ-7922; MIN-202) – orexin OX₂ receptor antagonist ^[15]
• SEP-4199 (non-racemic amisulpride; aramisulpride/esamisulpride [85:15 ratio]) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist) ^[16]
• SNG-12 (Synapsinae) – glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor ^[17]
• Solriamfetol (Sunosi; JZP-110; SKLN05; ARL-N05; YKP-10A; R-228060; ADX-N05) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^{[18] [19] [20]}
• Ulotaront (SEP-363856; SEP-856) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[21]

Phase 2/3

• PRAX-114 – extrasynaptic GABA_A receptor-preferring positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[22]

Phase 2

• 4-Chlorokynurenine (4-CL-KYN; AV-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist and kynurenine modulator ^[23]
• Ademetionine (MSI-190; MSI-195; S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine; Sam-E; SAMe; Strada) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis ^[24]
• ALTO-100 (NSI-189) – unknown mechanism of action (hippocampal neurogenesis stimulant and indirect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulator) ^{[25] [26]}
• ALTO-203 – histamine H₃ receptor agonist ^[27]
• Apimostinel (AGN-241660; GATE-202; NRX-1074) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist ^[28]
• Arketamine ((R)-ketamine; PCN-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[29]
• Azetukalner (1OP-2198; Encukalner; VRX-621698; XEN-1101; XPF-008) – KCNQ potassium channel agonist ^[30]
• BHV-7000 (BPN-25203; KB-3061) – KCNQ2 potassium channel stimulant ^[31]
• BI-1358894 – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor ^{[32] [33]}
• Brezivaptan (ANC-501; THY-1773; TS-1211; TS-121) – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[34]
• Centanafadine (CTN; EB-1020) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[35]
• Deudextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-786; CTP-786; d-DM/Q; d6-DM/Q; deuterated dextromethorphan/ultra-low-dose quinidine) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination ^[36]
• Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; BMND-01; BMND-02; BMND-03) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[37]
• Emestedastat (UE-2343; Xanamem) – 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor (glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor) ^[38]
• Esketamine (CLE-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[39]
• FKB-01MD (FKB01MD; TGBA-01AD; TGBA01AD) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1D receptor modulator, and serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonist ^[40]
• GM-1020 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^{[41] [42]}
• GM-2505 – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, psychedelic hallucinogen, and serotonin releasing agent ^[43]
• Itruvone (PH-10; PH-10A; PH10-NS) – chemoreceptor cell stimulant, vomeropherine, and neurosteroid ^[44]
• JNJ-54175446 (JNJ-5446) – purinergic P2X₇ receptor antagonist ^[45]
• JNJ-55308942 – purinergic P2X₇ receptor antagonist ^[46]
• Ketamine (extended-release; R-107; R107) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[47]
• Ketamine (intranasal; Ereska; PMI-100; PMI-150; SLS-002; TUR-002) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[48]
• Ketamine (prolonged-release oral; KET-01) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[49]
• Liafensine (BMS-820836; DB-104) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[50]
• Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) – norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent ^[51]
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; MB-22001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[52]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; BPL-002; BPL-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[53]
• Mifepristone (Mifeprex; RU-38486; RU-486) – progesterone receptor antagonist, glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and androgen receptor antagonist ^[54]
• NBI-1070770 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[55]
• NORA-520 (brexanolone prodrug) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[56]
• Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNTA; Botox; Botulinum toxin A injectable; GSK-1358820; OnabotA X; onabotulinumtoxinA X; Vistabel; Vistabex) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent ^[57]
• Onfasprodil (CAD-9271; MIJ-821; MIJ821) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[58]
• OPC-64005 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[59]
• Osavampator (TAK-653; NBI-1065845; NBI-845) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[60]
• OSU-6162 (PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist (non-hallucinogenic), dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ₁ receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer") ^{[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]}
• PDC-1421 (ABV-1504; ABV-1505; ABV-1601; BLI-1005) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[68]
• Pegipanermin (DN-TNF; INB-03; LIVNate; Quellor; XENP-1595; XENP-345; XPro-1595; XPro595; XPro) – tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor ^[69]
• Pramipexole (CTC-413; CTC-501) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist ^[70]
• Pregnenolone methyl ether (3β-methoxypregnenolone; MAP-4343) – microtubule-associated protein (MAP) stimulant and tubulin polymerization promoter ^[71]
• Ralmitaront (RG-7906; RO-6889450) – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[72]
• RE-104 (FT-104; 4-HO-DiPT/iprocin prodrug) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[73]
• Rislenemdaz (AVTX-301; CERC-301; MK-0657) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[74]
• Ropanicant (SUVN-911) – α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ^[75]
• SP-624 – sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) stimulant ^[76]
• SPN-820 (NV-5138; SPN-821) – sestrin2 modulator and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulant ^[77]
• Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215; JNJ-3215) – orexin OX₁ receptor antagonist ^[78]
• Tildacerfont (SPR-001; LY-2371712) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[79]
• Tramadol (controlled-release; ETS-6103; ETX-6103; Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, and other actions ^[80]
• TS-161 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[81]
• Zelquistinel (AGN-241751; GATE-251) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor partial positive allosteric modulator ^[82]

Phase 1/2

• PT-00114 (PT100114) – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[83]

Phase 1

• ABX-002 (LL-340001 prodrug) – thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonist ^{[84] [85]}
• Agomelatine (ALTO-300; agomelatine 25mg formulation) – serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^{[84] [86]}
• BI-1569912 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[87]
• BRII-296 (extended-release injectable aqueous suspension formulation of brexanolone) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^{[87] [88]}
• Brilaroxazine (RP-5000; RP-5063) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[89]
• Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101) – serotonin precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor combination ^[90]
• Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) – microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor ^[91]
• DGX-001 – gut–brain axis modulator ^{[92] [93]}
• Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; VLS-01) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[94]
• DLX-001 (DLX-1; AAZ; AAZ-A-154) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist ^{[95] [96]}
• DSP-3456 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[92]
• Ebselen (DR-3305; Harmokisane; PZ-51; SPI-1005; SPI-3005) – multiple mechanisms of action ^[97]
• Icalcaprant (CVL-354) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[98]
• KAR-2618 (GFB-887) – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor ^[99]
• PIPE-307 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor antagonist ^[100]
• SAL-0114 – undefined mechanism of action ^[101]
• Scopolamine (DPI-385-CVS; DPI-386; DPI-386 Nasal Gel; DPI-386-SG; DPI-386-SS; DPI-387; DPI-521-CG; DPI-550-TBI; INSCOP spray) – non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ^[102]
• Traneurocin (NA-831; Cycloprolylglycine; CPG) – unknown or undefined / ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator, and racetam-like drug ^[103]
• XW-10508 (oral esketamine conjugate prodrug) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[104]

Preclinical

• 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BETR-001, TD-0148A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions^{[105] [106] [107]}
• ACD856 (ACD-856) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC positive allosteric modulator ^{[108] [109]}
• ALTO-202 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[110]
• Brexpiprazole (long-acting injectable; MTD-211) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[111]
• CB-03 (CB-04; CB-003; CB03-154) – KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 potassium channel stimulant ^[112]
• CRHR1 antagonist therapeutic (HMNC Brain Health) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[113]
• Duloxetine (oral suspension) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[114]
• ENX-104 – presynaptic dopamine D₂ and D₃ autoreceptor antagonist (at low doses) ^{[115] [116] [117]}
• ENX-105 – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptor agonist (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[118] [119]}
• Etifoxine deuterated (GRX-917) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant) ^[120]
• GABA positive allosteric modulator (CS Bay Therapeutics) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[121]
• INV-88 – macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor ^[122]
• ITI-333 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, μ-opioid receptor biased partial agonist, α_1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and dopamine D₁ receptor antagonist ^[123]
• ITI-1549 – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist^{[124] [125] [126]}
• Ketamine (depot; ALA-3000) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[127]
• Lithium cocrystal (AL-001; LiProSal; lithium salicylate L-proline ionic cocrystal) – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer (improved formulation of lithium) ^[128]
• LPH-5 – selective serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[129] [130] [131]}
• LPCN-1154 (LPCN1154; oral brexanolone) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^{[132] [133]}
• Lucid-PSYCH (Lucid-201) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[134] [135] [136] [137]}
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; LSR-1019) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[138]
• Midomafetamine (microneedle transdermal patch; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) ^[139]
• Nezavist – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[140]
• NLX-101 (F-15599) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist ^[141]
• PSIL-001 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[142] [143]}
• PSIL-002 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[144] [143] [145]}
• Psylo-4001 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[146] [147]}
• SYT-510 – endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor ^[148]
• TF-0066 – undefined mechanism of action ^[149]

Research

• BHV-5000 – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[150]
• NP-10679 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[151]
• Psilocybin (MYCO-001; MYCO-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[152]
• Small molecule therapeutic - Rugen Therapeutics – undefined mechanism of action ^[153]

Phase unknown

• Amuxetine – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^{[154] [155]}
• EDG-005 – undefined mechanism of action ^[156]
• EDG-006 – undefined mechanism of action ^[157]
• Iloperidone (Fanapt; Fanaptum; Fiapta; HP-873; ILO-522; VYV-683; Zomaril) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[158]
• INV-407 – undefined mechanism of action ^[159]
• Ketamine (intravenous/oral; Braxia) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[160]
• SK-2110 (buprenorphine implant) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, and δ-opioid receptor antagonist – under development in China ^{[161] [162]}
• Venlafaxine (controlled-release) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[163]

Not under development

Development suspended

• BVF-045 (bupropion/undisclosed serotonin reuptake inhibitor) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^{[164] [165] [166]}
• Dexmedetomidine (BXCL-501; Igalmi; KalmPen) – α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[167]
• ETX-155 – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[168]
• Ganaxolone (CCD-1042; Ztalmy) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[169]

No development reported

• AAG-561 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[170]
• Adinazolam (Deracyn; U-41123; U-41123F) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine ^[171]
• Amitifadine (DOV-21947; EB-1010) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[172]
• AN-788 (NSD-788) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[173]
• ANAVEX 1-41 (blarcamesine analogue) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulator, and sodium and chloride channel modulator ^[174]
• Aripiprazole (transdermal; AQS-1301) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[175]
• Arketamine (HR-071603; (R)-ketamine nasal spray) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[176]
• AZD-8108 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[177]
• BCI-632 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[178]
• BCI-838 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[179]
• BMS-866949 (CSTI-500) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[180]
• BNC-210 (IW-2143) – α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[181]
• Bryostatin 1 (MW-904) – protein kinase C (PKC) stimulant ^[182]
• BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) – nociceptin receptor antagonist ^[183]
• Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination ^[184]
• Cericlamine (JO-1017) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[185]
• Citalopram/pipamperone (PipCit; PNB-01) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and typical antipsychotic combination ^[186]
• Depression therapy - Genopia Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action ^[187]
• (R)-Desmethylsibutramine ((+)-desmethylsibutramine; or (R)-desmethylsibutramine/(+)-didesmethylsibutramine) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[188]
• Dipraglurant (ADX-48621; mGluR5-NAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[189]
• Erteberel (LY-500307; SERBA-1) – estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist ^[190]
• Esketamine (esketamine DPI; Falkieri; PG061; S-ketamine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[191]
• Eszopiclone (Lunesta) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and Z-drug ^[192]
• EVT-101 (ENS-101) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[193]
• Fananserin (RP-62203) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist and dopamine D₄ receptor antagonist ^[194]
• Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) – fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) agonist ^[195]
• Filorexant (MK-6096) – orexin OX₁ and OX₂ receptor antagonist ^[196]
• GEA-857 (alaproclate analogue) – potassium conductance putative blocker ^[197]
• GSK-588045 – serotonin 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_1B, and 5-HT_1D receptor antagonist ^[198]
• GSK-1360707 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[199]
• HS-10353 – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^{[200] [201]}
• Hypidone – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₆ receptor agonist ^[202]
• Igmesine (CI-1019; JO-1784) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist ^[203]
• Imiloxan (RS-21361) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[204]
• IN-ASTR-001 – undefined mechanism of action ^[205]
• Ketamine (transdermal patch; SHX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[206]
• Ketamine (sublingual; ketamine wafer; SLS-003; Wafermine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[207]
• KFM-19 – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonist ^[208]
• LSM-6 (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine) – undefined mechanism of action (adrenergic and serotonergic agent; constituent of Limacia scanden Lour.) – was under development in Malaysia ^{[209] [210]}
• Lumateperone deuterated (ITI-1284) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[211]
• Midomafetamine (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA; ecstasy) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) ^[212]
• Mitizodone (HEC-113995) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1B receptor partial agonist ^{[213] [214] [215]}
• Nivacortol (nivazole; NEBO-174; novozola) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist ^[216]
• Omiloxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[217]
• Oxitriptan (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP; EVX-301) – serotonin precursor ^[218]
• Pseudohypericin – undefined mechanism of action (constituent of St John's wort) ^[219]
• Psilocybin (CYB-001; INT0052/2020) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[220]
• Psilocybin (biosynthetic psilocybin; PB-1818) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[221]
• QRX-002 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[222]
• RG-7351 – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[223]
• Riluzole (sublingual; BHV-0223; Nurtec) – complex mechanism of action or glutamatergic modulator ^[224]
• Risperidone (Risperdal) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[225]
• SAR-102779 (SAR-10279) – neurokinin NK₂ receptor antagonist ^[226]
• SD-254 (deuterated venlafaxine) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[227]
• SEP-378614 – undefined mechanism of action ^[228]
• SNA-1 – undefined mechanism of action ^[229]
• SPL-801-B ((2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine; 6-HNK) – non-hallucinogenic ketamine derivative/metabolite ^[230]
• TrkB receptor antagonist (Celon Pharma) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkB antagonist ^[231]
• YDP-2225 – undefined mechanism of action ^[232]

Development discontinued

• ABT-436 – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[233]
• Adatanserin (WAY-SEB-324; WY-50324; SEB-324) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[234]
• ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ receptor modulator ^[235]
• Amesergide (LY-237733) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and other actions ^[236]
• Amibegron (SR-58611; SR-58611A) – β₃-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[237]
• Aprepitant (MK-869) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist^{[238] [239] [240]}
• ARA-014418 (AR-A014418; GSK-3β Inhibitor VIII) – glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β inhibitor ^[241]
• Armodafinil (CEP-10953; Nuvigil; (R)-modafinil) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[242]
• Atipamezole (antisedan; MPV-1248) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[243]
• Atomoxetine (LY-139603; Strattera; Tomoxetine) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[244]
• AZD-2066 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonist ^[245]
• AZD-2327 – δ-opioid receptor agonist ^[246]
• AZD-7268 – δ-opioid receptor agonist ^[247]
• AZD-8129 (AR-A000002; AR-A2XX; AR-A2) – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor antagonist ^[248]
• Basimglurant (NOE-101; RG-7090; RO-4917523) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonist ^[249]
• Befloxatone (MD-370503) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[250]
• BMS-181101 (BMY-42569) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist ^[251]
• Buspirone (transdermal; BuSpar Patch) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[252]
• Casopitant (GW-679769; GW679769) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist^[253]
• Centpropazine – unknown mechanism of action ^{[254] [255]}
• Cibinetide (ARA-290) – erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) agonist ^[256]
• Citalopram (controlled-release) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[257]
• Clavulanic acid (RX-10100; Serdaxin; Zoraxel) – β-lactamase inhibitor and unknown mechanism of action (glutamate transporter GLT1 expression enhancer, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin modulator, possibly via Munc18-1 and Rab4 interactions) ^{[258] [259] [260] [261] [262] [263]}
• Clovoxamine (DU-23811) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[264]
• Coluracetam (BCI-540; MKC-231) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis enhancer, and racetam ^{[265] [266] [267]}
• CP-316311 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[268]
• Crinecerfont (NBI-74788; SSR-125543; SSR-125543A) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[269]
• CRL-41789 – undefined mechanism of action ^[270]
• Cutamesine (AGY-94806; Msc-1; SA-4503) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist ^[271]
• CX157 (KP157; TriRima; Tyrima) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor^[272]
• Dapoxetine (LY-210448; Priligy) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[273]
• Dasotraline (DSP-225289; SEP-225289; SEP-0225289; SEP-289) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[274]
• DDP-225 – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ^[275]
• Decoglurant – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[276]
• Delequamine (RS-15385; RS-15385197) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[277]
• Delucemine (NPS-1506) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor polyamine site antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[278]
• Dexmecamylamine (AT-5214; NIH-11008; S-mecamylamine; TC-5214) – α₃β₄ and α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[279]
• Dexnafenodone (LU-43706) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[280]
• DMP-695 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[281]
• DOV-216303 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[282]
• DPC-368 – undefined mechanism of action ^[283]
• DSP-1200 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, and α_2A-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[284]
• Edivoxetine (EDP-125; LY-2216684) – norepinephrine reuptake inhbitor ^[285]
• Elzasonan (CP-448187) – serotonin 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D receptor antagonist^[286]
• Emapunil (AC-5216; XBD-173) – translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant) ^[287]
• Emicerfont (GW-876008; GW-876008X) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[288]
• Eplivanserin (Ciltyri; Sliwens; SR-46349; SR-46349B; SR-46615A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist ^[289]
• Eptapirone (F-11440) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist ^[290]
• Esreboxetine ((S,S)-Reboxetine; AXS-14; PNU-165442G) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[291]
• Esuprone (LU-43839) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[292]
• Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Ethyl-EPA) – omega-3 fatty acid ^[293]
• Farampator (CX-691; ORG-24448) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[294]
• Fasoracetam (AEVI-001; LAM-105; MDGN-001; NFC-1; NS-105) – unknown mechanism of action (metabotropic glutamate receptor modulator) and racetam ^{[295] [296] [297]}
• FCE-25876 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[298]
• Flerobuterol (CRL-40827) – β-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[299]
• Flesinoxan (DU-29373) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[300]
• Flibanserin (Addyi; BIMT-17; Girosa) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, and dopamine D₄ receptor antagonist ^[301]
• (R)-Fluoxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[302]
• Fluparoxan (GR-50360; GR-50360A) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[303]
• Gaboxadol (LU-02030; LU-2-030; MK-0928; OV-101; THIP) – GABA_A receptor agonist ^[304]
• Girisopam (EGIS-5810; GYKI-51189) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine ^[305]
• GYKI-52895 – dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[306]
• Haloperidol (CLR-3001) – typical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator; low-dose withdrawal therapy) ^{[307] [308]}
• HT-2157 (SNAP-37889) – galanin GAL₃ receptor antagonist ^[309]
• ICI-170809 (ZM-170809) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[310]
• Idazoxan – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[311]
• Ipsapirone (BAY-Q-7821; TVX-Q-7821) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[312]
• IRFI-165 – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonist ^[313]
• Istradefylline (KW-6002; Nourianz; Nouriast) – adenosine A₂ receptor antagonist ^[314]
• JNJ-18038683 – serotonin 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist ^[315]
• JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[316]
• JNJ-26489112 – unknown mechanism of action (topiramate successor) ^[317]
• JNJ-39393406 – α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[318]
• Lanicemine (AZD-6765) – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[319]
• LB-100 (LB-1) – protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor ^[320]
• Levoprotiline (CGP-12103; CGP-12103A; CGS-12103; R(–)-oxaprotiline; R(–)-hydroxymaprotiline) – histamine H₁ receptor antagonist, other actions, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^{[321] [322]}
• Lithium – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer ^[323]
• Litoxetine (IXA-001; SL-810385) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and weak serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ^[324]
• Losmapimod (FTX-1821; GS-856553; GSK-856553; GW-856553; GW-856553X) – p38-α/β mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor and double homeobox 4 (DUX4) inhibitor ^[325]
• LU-AA34893 (LU-AA-34893) – serotonin receptor modulator ^[326]
• LU-AA39959 (LU-AA-39959) – ion channel modulator ^[327]
• Lubazodone (SM-50C; YM-35992; YM-992) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist ^[328]
• Masitinib (AB-07105; AB-1010; Alsitek; Masican; Masipro; Masiviera) – tyrosine kinase inhibitor and other actions ^[329]
• Mecamylamine (Inversine; Tridmac) – nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[330]
• MIN-117 (WF-516) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, and α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[331]
• MK-1942 – undefined mechanism of action ^{[332] [333]}
• ML-105 – undefined mechanism of action ^[334]
• Naloxone/tianeptine (TNX-601; TNX-601-CR; TNX-601-ER) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, tricyclic antidepressant, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination ^{[335] [336] [337]}
• Naluzotan (PRX-00023) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and sigma σ₁ receptor antagonist ^[338]
• NB-415 – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[339]
• Neboglamine (nebostinel; CR-2249; XY-2401) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site positive allosteric modulator ^[340]
• Nefiracetam (BRN 6848330; CCRIS 6729; DM 9384; DMPPA; DN-9384; DZL-221; HL-0812; HPI-001; Motiva; Translon) – unknown mechanism of action (voltage-gated calcium channel potentiator, α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor potentiator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor potentiator (possible glycine site partial positive allosteric modulator), ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor potentiator, and GABA_A receptor agonist) and racetam ^{[341] [342] [343] [344] [345]}
• Nemifitide (INN-00835) – unknown mechanism of action ^[346]
• NS-2359 (GSK-372475) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[347]
• NS-2389 (GW-650250; GW-650250A) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[348]
• ORM-10921 – α_2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[349]
• Orvepitant (GW-823296; GW-823296X; GW823296) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^{[350] [351]}
• Osanetant (ACER-801; SR-142801; SR-142806) – neurokinin NK₃ receptor antagonist ^[352]
• Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[353]
• PF-04455242 – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[354]
• PT-150 (ORG-34517; SCH-900636) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist and androgen receptor antagonist ^[355]
• Radafaxine (GW-353162; (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[356]
• Ramelteon (Rozerem; TAK-375) – melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[357]
• Rapastinel (BV-102; GLYX-13; TPPT-amide) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist ^[358]
• RG-7166 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[359]
• Ritanserin (R-55667) – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[360]
• Robalzotan (AZD-7371; NAD-299) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist
• Rolipram (ME-3167; ZK-62711) – phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor ^[361]
• Sabcomeline (BCI-224; CEB-242; Memric; SB-202026) – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor agonist ^[362]
• Saredutant (SR-48968) – neurokinin NK₂ receptor antagonist^{[363] [364]}
• SB-236057 – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor inverse agonist ^[365]
• SB-245570 – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor antagonist ^[366]
• Sibutramine (Aoquqing; BTS-54524; Ectiva; KES-524; Meridia; Reductase; Reductil; Reduxade; Sibutral) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[367]
• Siramesine (LU-28179) – sigma σ₂ receptor agonist ^[368]
• Sirukumab (CNTO-136; Plivensia) – interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitor ^[369]
• SKL-10406 (SKL-DEP) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[370]
• SKL-PSY (FZ-016) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[371]
• Sodium phenylbutyrate (slow-release; LU-901; Lunaphen) – histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ^[372]
• SSR-149415 (SR-149415) – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[373]
• SSR-241586 – neurokinin NK₂ and NK₃ receptor antagonist ^[374]
• Tandospirone (metanopirone; Sediel; SM-3997) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[375]
• Tasimelteon (BMS-214778; Hetlioz; VEC-162) – melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[376]
• Tedatioxetine (LU-AA24530) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, and α_1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[377]
• Tianeptine (JNJ-39823277; TPI-1062) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^[378]
• TS-111 – undefined mechanism of action ^[379]
• Tulrampator (CX-1632; S-47445) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[380]
• Vanoxerine (boxeprazine; GBR-12909) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[381]
• Verucerfont (GSK-561679; NBI-77860) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[382]
• Vestipitant (GW-597599; GW-597599B) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^[383]
• Viloxazine (Qelbree) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[384]
• VN-2222 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[385]
• VUFB-17649 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[386]
• VUFB-18285 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[387]
• ZD-4974 – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^[388]
• Zelatriazin (TAK-041; NBI-1065846; NBI-846) – G protein-coupled receptor 139 (GPR139) agonist ^[389]
• Ziprasidone (Geodon) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[390]

Preregistration submission withdrawal

• Aripiprazole/sertraline (ASC-01) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^[391]

Formal development never or not yet started

• Mevidalen (LY-3154207; D1 PAM) – dopamine D₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator – under development for Lewy body disease ^{[392] [393]}
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O; "laughing gas") – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist – being studied for depression but doesn't seem to be being formally developed towards approval^{[394] [395] [396]}

Clinically used drugs

See main article: List of antidepressants.

Approved drugs

• Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[397]
• Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn
• Amisulpride (Solian) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist) ^[398]
• Amitriptyline (Elavil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Amoxapine (Asendin) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Aripiprazole (Abilify) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[399]
• Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; SAGE-547; SGE-102; Zulresso) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression ^[400]
• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[401]
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[402]
• Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination ^[403]
• Butriptyline (Evadyne) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) – discontinued
• Cariprazine (Vraylar) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[404]
• Citalopram (Celexa) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[405]
• Desipramine (Norpramin) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^{[406] [407]}
• Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; Khedezla) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn ^[408]
• Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; WIP-DF17) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – registered in South Korea ^{[409] [410] [411]}
• Dosulepin (dothiepin; Prothiaden) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Doxepin (Sinequan) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Duloxetine (Cymbalta; Drizalma Sprinkle) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^{[412] [413]}
• Escitalopram (Lexapro) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[414]
• Esketamine (Spravato) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[415]
• Fluoxetine (Prozac; Sarafem) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^{[416] [417]}
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• Gepirone (Exxua) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[418]
• Hypericum extract (LI-160; St John's wort) – undefined mechanism of action ^[419]
• Imipramine (Tofranil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Iproniazid (Marsilid) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor – withdrawn^[420]
• Isocarboxazid (Marplan) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor
• Levomilnacipran (Fetzima) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[421]
• Levosulpiride (L-sulpiride; Levobren; Levopraid; Levosulpride; RV-12309; Sulpepta) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor agonist ^[422]
• Lofepramine (Lomont) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Lumateperone (Caplyta) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[423]
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[424]
• Maprotiline (Ludiomil) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Mianserin (Tolvon) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Milnacipran (Dalcipran; Ixel; Savella) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[425]
• Mirtazapine (Remeron) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor inverse agonist, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^[426]
• Moclobemide (Aurorix; Manerix) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[427]
• Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and other actions – mostly withdrawn ^[428]
• Nomifensine (Merital; Alival) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn^[429]
• Nortriptyline (Aventyl) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[430]
• Olanzapine/fluoxetine (OFC; Symbyax; ZypZac) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^[431]
• Opipramol (Ensidon; G-33040; Insidon; Nisidana) – sigma σ₁ and σ₂ receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor antagonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^[432]
• Paroxetine (Paxil; Seroxat) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^{[433] [434]}
• Phenelzine (Nardil) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor
• Protriptyline (Vivactil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[435]
• Reboxetine (Edronax) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[436]
• Selegiline (Emsam) – monoamine oxidase MAO-B irreversible inhibitor, catecholaminergic activity enhancer, and weak norepineprhine releasing agent (via metabolites) ^[437]
• Sertraline (Zoloft; Lustral) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[438]
• Setiptiline (Tecipul; Tesolon) – serotonin receptor antagonist, α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^[439]
• Tianeptine (Coaxil; Stablon; Tatinol) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^[440]
• Toludesvenlafaxine (ansofaxine; 4-methylbenzoate desvenlafaxine; desvenlafaxine prodrug; LPM-570065; LY-03005; Ruoxinlin) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[441]
• Tranylcypromine (Parnate) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor
• Trazodone (Oleptro; Trittico) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and other actions ^[442]
• Trimipramine (Surmontil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator)
• Venlafaxine (Effexor) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[443]
• Vilazodone (Viibryd) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[444]
• Viloxazine (Vivalan) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
• Vortioxetine (Trintellix) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1B receptor agonist, and serotonin 5-HT_1D, 5-HT₃, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist ^[445]
• Zimelidine (Zelmid) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn
• Zuranolone (BIIB-125; S-812217; SAGE-217; SGE-797; Zurzuvae) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression ^[446]

See also

• List of antidepressants
• List of investigational drugs

Further reading

• Brady LS, Lisanby SH, Gordon JA . New directions in psychiatric drug development: promising therapeutics in the pipeline . Expert Opin Drug Discov . 18 . 8 . 835–850 . 2023 . 37352473 . 10.1080/17460441.2023.2224555 .
• Web site: PhRMA . 2023 Medicines in Development – Mental Illness . PhRMA . 5 August 2024.

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer

Notes and References

1. Web site: Buprenorphine/samidorphan - Alkermes - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
2. Web site: Taylor NP . FDA rejects Alkermes' depression drug ALKS 5461 . Fierce Biotech . 4 February 2019 . 8 August 2024.
3. Web site: Aticaprant - Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
4. Web site: CYB 003 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
5. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on CYB-003 with Synapse. synapse.patsnap.com.
6. Palfreyman M, Krakowsky J, Morgan M, Canal C, Pathare P, Avery K, Reichelt A, Hartsel J, Nivorozhkin A, Inamder A, Varty G . ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P361. In Vitro and In Vivo Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology . 47 . Suppl 1 . 220–370 (271) . December 2022 . 36456694 . 9714399 . 10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0 .
7. Inamdar A, Morgan M, Krakowsky J, Reichelt A, Canal C, Mueller T, Avery K, Pathare P, Hartsel J, Nivorozhkin A, Varty G, Palfreyman M . ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P362. Pharmacokinetic Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology . 47 . Suppl 1 . 220–370 (271–272) . December 2022 . 36456694 . 9714399 . 10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0 .
8. Web site: Cycloserine/lurasidone - NRx Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
9. Web site: Esmethadone - Relmada Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
10. Web site: Ketamine - NRx Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
11. Web site: Navacaprant - Neumora Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
12. Web site: Pimavanserin - ACADIA Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
13. Web site: Psilocybin - COMPASS Pathways - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
14. Najib J . The role of psilocybin in depressive disorders . Curr Med Res Opin . 40. 10. 1793–1808 . August 2024 . 39177339 . 10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536 .
15. Web site: Seltorexant - Janssen Research & Development/Minerva Neurosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
16. Web site: SEP 4199 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
17. Web site: SNG 12 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
18. Web site: Solriamfetol - Jazz Pharmaceuticals/SK Biopharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
19. Web site: YKP 10A - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
20. Abad VC, Guilleminault C . Solriamfetol for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea . Expert Rev Respir Med . 12 . 12 . 1007–1019 . December 2018 . 30365900 . 10.1080/17476348.2018.1541742 . Solriamfetol hydrochloride, previously known as JZP-110, SKLN05, ARL-N05, YKP-10A, R-228060, ADX-N05, was initially developed by the SK Group as YKP-10A, a drug to treat depression. SK Group licensed rights outside of 11 countries in Asia to Aerial BioPharma in 2011. [...].
21. Web site: Ulotaront - Otsuka Pharmaceutical/Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
22. Web site: PRAX 114 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
23. Web site: AV 101 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
24. Web site: Ademetionine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
25. Web site: ALTO 100 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
26. Web site: NSI 189 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
27. Web site: ALTO 203 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
28. Web site: Apimostinel - AbbVie - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
29. Web site: Arketamine - ATAI Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
30. Web site: Azetukalner - Xenon Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
31. Web site: BHV 7000 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
32. Web site: BI 1358894 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
33. Grimm S, Keicher C, Paret C, Niedtfeld I, Beckmann C, Mennes M, Just S, Sharma V, Fuertig R, Herich L, Mack S, Thamer C, Schultheis C, Weigand A, Schmahl C, Wunder A . The effects of transient receptor potential cation channel inhibition by BI 1358894 on cortico-limbic brain reactivity to negative emotional stimuli in major depressive disorder . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 65 . 44–51 . December 2022 . 36343427 . 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.009 . 2066/286079 . free .
34. Web site: ANC 501 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
35. Web site: Centanafadine - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
36. Web site: Deudextromethorphan - Avanir Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
37. Web site: N,N-Dimethyltryptamine - Biomind Labs - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
38. Web site: UE 2343 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
39. Web site: Esketamine - Clexio Biosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
40. Web site: FKB 01MD - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
41. Web site: GM 1020 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
42. Klein AK, Austin EW, Cunningham MJ, Dvorak D, Gatti S, Hulls SK, Kiss L, Kruegel AC, Marek GJ, Papp M, Sporn J, Hughes ZA . GM-1020: a novel, orally bioavailable NMDA receptor antagonist with rapid and robust antidepressant-like effects at well-tolerated doses in rodents . Neuropsychopharmacology . 49 . 6 . 905–914 . May 2024 . 38177696 . 11039472 . 10.1038/s41386-023-01783-1 .
43. Web site: GM 2505 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
44. Web site: Itruvone - VistaGen Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
45. Web site: JNJ 54175446 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
46. Web site: JNJ 55308942 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
47. Web site: Ketamine extended release - Douglas Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
48. Web site: Ketamine intranasal - Seelos Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
49. Web site: Ketamine prolonged release oral - Ketabon - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
50. Web site: Liafensine - Denovo Biopharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
51. Web site: Lisdexamfetamine - Shionogi/Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
52. Web site: Lysergic acid diethylamide - MindBio Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
53. Web site: Mebufotenin - Beckley Psytech - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
54. Web site: Mifepristone - Corcept Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
55. Web site: NBI 1070770 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
56. Web site: Brexanolone prodrug - Gerbera Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
57. Web site: Onabotulinum toxin A - AbbVie - AdisInsight .
58. Web site: Onfasprodil - Novartis - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
59. Web site: OPC 64005 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
60. Web site: TAK 653 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
61. Web site: OSU 6162 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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68. Web site: PDC 1421 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
69. Web site: Pegipanermin - INmune Bio - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
70. Web site: Pramipexole - Chase Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
71. Web site: Pregnenolone methyl ether - Mapreg - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
72. Web site: Ralmitaront - Roche - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
73. Web site: RE 104 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
74. Web site: Rislenemdaz - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
75. Web site: Ropanicant - Suven Life Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
76. Web site: SP 624 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
77. Web site: NV 5138 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
78. Web site: JNJ 61393215 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
79. Web site: Tildacerfont - Spruce Biosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
80. Web site: Tramadol controlled release - e-Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
81. Web site: TS 161 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
82. Web site: Zelquistinel - Gate Neurosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
83. Web site: PT 00114 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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86. Web site: ALTO-300 . Carilion Clinic . 2024-08-09 . ALTO-300 is a 25 mg formulation of the atypical antidepressant agomelatine, which targets the melatonin and serotonin signaling systems and has been shown to modulate mood and circadian rhythms. This medication is approved for the treatment of depression in several countries outside of the United States..
87. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=10
88. Carlini SV, Osborne LM, Deligiannidis KM . Current pharmacotherapy approaches and novel GABAergic antidepressant development in postpartum depression . Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 25 . 1 . 92–100 . December 2023 . 37796239 . 10557560 . 10.1080/19585969.2023.2262464 . BRII-296 is an extended-release injectable aqueous suspension formulation of brexanolone. Phase 1 trials in 116 subjects testing 6 dose regimens are complete with the sponsor reporting that a single intramuscular injection of 600 mg achieved dose linearity, early drug absorption, and gradual and extended-release profiles without the need for dose titration or tapering, however results have not been published (Brii Biosciences Limited 2023b)..
89. Web site: Brilaroxazine - Reviva Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
90. Web site: Carbidopa/oxytriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
91. Web site: Crisdesalazine - GNT Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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95. Web site: DLX 1 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
96. Web site: Delix Therapeutics completes dose study for DLX-001 . PharmaTimes . 21 June 2023 . 23 October 2024.
97. Web site: Ebselen - Sound Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
98. Web site: Icalcaprant - Cerevel Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
99. Web site: KAR 2618 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
100. Web site: PIPE 307 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
101. Web site: SAL 0114 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
102. Web site: Scopolamine - Repurposed Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
103. Web site: Traneurocin - NeuroActiva - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
104. Web site: XW 10508 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
105. Web site: BETR 001 . AdisInsight . 29 August 2024 . 24 October 2024.
106. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on Bromolysergide with Synapse . Synapse . 14 October 2024 . 24 October 2024.
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108. Web site: ACD 856 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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110. Web site: ALTO 202 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
111. Web site: Brexpiprazole long-acting injectable - Biodexa Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
112. Web site: CB 03 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
113. Web site: CRHR1 antagonist therapeutic - HMNC Brain Health - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
114. Web site: Duloxetine oral suspension - OWP Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
115. Web site: ENX 104 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
116. Web site: Engrail Therapeutics Initiates ENX-104 Clinical Program for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder Characterized by Anhedonia. markets.businessinsider.com.
117. Web site: Corporate Summary . 2024 . Engrail Therapeutics, Inc. .
118. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on ENX-105 with Synapse. synapse.patsnap.com.
119. Web site: Engrail closes $157M series B, fueled by investors' renewed interest in neuropsychiatry . Bayer M . 19 March 2024 . Fierce Biotech .
120. Web site: Etifoxine deuterated - GABA Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
121. Web site: GABA positive allosteric modulator - CS Bay Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
122. Web site: INV 88 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
123. Web site: ITI 333 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
124. Web site: ITI 1549 . AdisInsight . 15 January 2024 . 23 October 2024.
125. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on ITI-1549 with Synapse . Synapse . 12 October 2024 . 23 October 2024.
126. Davis R, Dutheil SS, Zhang L, Lehmann E, Awadallah N, Yao W, Snyder G, Li P . ACNP 62nd Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P251 - P500: P358. Discovery and Characterization of ITI-1549, a Novel Non-Hallucinogenic Psychedelic for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders . Neuropsychopharmacology . 48 . Suppl 1 . 211–354 (272–273) . December 2023 . 38040810 . 10729596 . 10.1038/s41386-023-01756-4 . December 1, 2024 .
127. Web site: Ketamine depot - Alar Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
128. Web site: Lithium cocrystal - Alzamend Neuro - AdisInsight .
129. Web site: LPH 5 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
130. M Ro Rsted E, Jensen AA, Smits G, Frydenvang K, Kristensen JL . Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylpiperidines as Selective Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Agonists . J Med Chem . 67 . 9 . 7224–7244 . May 2024 . 38648420 . 11089506 . 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00082 .
131. Jensen AA, Cecchi CR, Hibicke M, Bach AH, Kaadt E, Märcher-Rørsted E, Nichols CD, Elfving B, Kristensen JL . The selective 5-HT 2A receptor agonist LPH-5 induces persistent and robust antidepressant-like effects in rodents . bioRxiv . 22 April 2024 . 10.1101/2024.04.19.590212 .
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133. Web site: Lipocine Inc. . Lipocine Announces LPCN 1154 Meets Bioequivalence with IV Brexanolone in Pivotal Study . PR Newswire . 25 June 2024 . 9 August 2024.
134. Web site: Lucid PSYCH - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
135. Web site: Mental health disorders | Neurodegenerative disorders | Toronto . https://web.archive.org/web/20220531162910/https://www.lucidpsycheceuticals.com/pipeline . 2022-05-31 .
136. Web site: Our Science . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605022303/https://fsdpharma.com/our-science/ . 2023-06-05 .
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138. Web site: 5 methoxy N, N dimethyltryptamine - Lusaris Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
139. Web site: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine microneedle patch - PharmaTher/Revive Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
140. Web site: Alcohol-use disorder and depression therapeutic - Lohocla Research - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
141. Web site: NLX 101 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
142. Web site: PSIL 001 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
143. Web site: Psilera's New Compounds Show Potential for Significant Treatment Improvement in Depression and Neurodegenerative Disorders. August 10, 2022. Psychedelic Alpha.
144. Web site: PSIL 002 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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146. Web site: Psylo 4001 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
147. Web site: PSYLO - Next generation neuroscience for transformative treatments. October 28, 2024. PSYLO.
148. Web site: SYT 510 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
149. Web site: TF 0066 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
150. Web site: BHV 5000 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
151. Web site: NP 10679 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
152. Web site: Psilocybin - Mydecine Innovations Group - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
153. Web site: Small molecule therapeutic - Rugen Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
154. Web site: Amuxetine hydrochloride - CSPC Pharmaceutical Group - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
155. Web site: 20241Q.pdf . May 2024 . 8 August 2024.
156. Web site: EDG 005 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
157. Web site: EDG 006 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
158. Web site: Iloperidone - Vanda Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
159. Web site: INV 407 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
160. Web site: Ketamine - Braxia Scientific - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
161. Web site: SK 2110 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
162. Web site: 8741810.PDF . 7 August 2024 . [SK2110 - Buprenorphine implant for the treatment of major depressive disorder SK2110 is an implant of buprenorphine hydrochloride for patients with major depression and refractory depression who cannot be relieved by taking at least two drugs. Buprenorphine hydrochloride was developed by Indivior and is a KOR1 antagonist and MOR1 agonist. Currently, the highest development stage of the drug is approval for marketing, which is used to treat opioid dependence, chronic pain, pain and substance-related disorders. The company changes the route of administration to prepare an implant, which can reduce the frequency of administration, improve the bioavailability of the drug, improve patient compliance, and maintain a stable blood drug concentration, thereby reducing adverse drug reactions. At the same time, the implanted administration method can also play a role in avoiding drug abuse. At present, the project is conducting laboratory preparation small-scale trial prescription process exploration and preliminary pharmacodynamic studies. SK2110 can take effect quickly and quickly relieve patients' depressive symptoms. It is expected to submit an IND application to my country's drug regulatory authorities in 2024.].
163. Web site: Venlafaxine controlled release - Beijing CoSci Med Tech - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
164. Web site: Research programme: antidepressants - Biovail Corporation - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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166. Web site: Biovail Corporation Responds to Investor Enquiries. July 23, 2007. BioSpace.
167. Web site: Dexmedetomidine - BioXcel Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
168. Web site: ETX 155 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
169. Web site: Ganaxolone - Marinus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
170. Web site: AAG 561 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
171. Web site: Adinazolam - Solvay - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
172. Web site: Amitifadine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
173. Web site: AN 788 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
174. Web site: ANAVEX 1 41 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
175. Web site: Aripiprazole transdermal - Aequus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
176. Web site: Arketamine - Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
177. Web site: AZD 8108 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
178. Web site: BCI 632 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
179. Web site: BCI 838 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
180. Web site: BMS 866949 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
181. Web site: BNC 210 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
182. Web site: Bryostatin 1 - Synaptogenix - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
183. Web site: BTRX 246040 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
184. Web site: Bupropion/naltrexone - Currax Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
185. Web site: Cericlamine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
186. Web site: Citalopram/pipamperone - PharmaNeuroBoost - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
187. Web site: Depression therapy - Genopia Biomedical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
188. Web site: R-sibutramine metabolite - Sepracor - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
189. Web site: Dipraglurant - Addex Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
190. Web site: Erteberel - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
191. Web site: Esketamine - Celon Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
192. Web site: Eszopiclone - Sumitomo Pharma America - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
193. Web site: EVT 101 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
194. Web site: Fananserin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
195. Web site: Fibroblast growth factor 1 - Zhittya Genesis Medicine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
196. Web site: Filorexant - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
197. Web site: GEA 857 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
198. Web site: GSK 588045 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
199. Web site: GSK 1360707 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
200. Web site: HS 10353 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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202. Web site: Hypidone hydrochloride - Shanghai Synergy Pharmaceutical Sciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
203. Web site: Igmesine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
204. Web site: Imiloxan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
205. Web site: IN ASTR 001 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
206. Web site: Ketamine transdermal patch - Shenox Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
207. Web site: Ketamine sublingual - iX Biopharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
208. Web site: KFM 19 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
209. Web site: LSM 6 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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211. Web site: Lumateperone deuterated - Intra-Cellular Therapies - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
212. Web site: Methylenedioxymetamfetamine - Mindmed - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
213. Web site: Mitizodone phosphate - Sunshine Lake Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
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215. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on Mitizodone Phosphate with Synapse . Synapse . 2 August 2024 . 15 August 2024.
216. Web site: Nivazole - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
217. Web site: Omiloxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
218. Web site: Oxitriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
219. Web site: Pseudohypericin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
220. Web site: Psilocybin - Cybin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
221. Web site: Psilocybin - PsyBio Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
222. Web site: QRX 002 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
223. Web site: RG 7351 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
224. Web site: Riluzole sublingual - Biohaven Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
225. Web site: Risperidone - Janssen - AdisInsight .
226. Web site: SAR 102779 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
227. Web site: SD 254 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
228. Web site: SEP 378614 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
229. Web site: SNA 1 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
230. Web site: SPL 801 B - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
231. Web site: Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor antagonist - Celon Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
232. Web site: YDP 2225 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
233. Web site: ABT 436 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
234. Web site: Adatanserin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
235. Web site: ADX 71149 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
236. Web site: Amesergide - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
237. Web site: Amibegron - sanofi-aventis - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
238. Rupniak NM, Kramer MS . NK1 receptor antagonists for depression: Why a validated concept was abandoned . J Affect Disord . 223 . 121–125 . December 2017 . 28753469 . 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.042 .
239. Keller M, Montgomery S, Ball W, Morrison M, Snavely D, Liu G, Hargreaves R, Hietala J, Lines C, Beebe K, Reines S . Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder . Biol Psychiatry . 59 . 3 . 216–223 . February 2006 . 16248986 . 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.013 .
240. Web site: Aprepitant Completed Phase 3 Trials for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Treatment . DrugBank Online . 9 August 2024.
241. Web site: ARA 014418 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
242. Web site: Armodafinil - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
243. Web site: Atipamezole - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
244. Web site: Atomoxetine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
245. Web site: AZD 2066 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
246. Web site: AZD 2327 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
247. Web site: AZD 7268 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
248. Web site: AZD 8129 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
249. Web site: Basimglurant - Noema Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
250. Web site: Befloxatone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
251. Web site: BMS 181101 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
252. Web site: Buspirone transdermal - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Elan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
253. Trist DG, Ratti E, Bye A . Why receptor reserve matters for neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor antagonists . J Recept Signal Transduct Res . 33 . 6 . 333–7 . December 2013 . 24106886 . 10.3109/10799893.2013.843194 .
254. Web site: Centpropazine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
255. Ashrafuzzaman . Md. . Ji . Su Hyun . Ahn . Hyomin . Chung . Hwan Won . Choi . Daeun . Park . Ju Jin . Go . Minji . Pyo . Jung In . Shafioul . Azam Sharif Mohammed . Lee . Duck-Hyung . Chi . Sung-Gil . Song . Chiman . Cheong . Chan Seong . Han . Seo-Jung . Identification of 1-phenoxy-3-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-2-ol derivatives as novel triple reuptake inhibitors . Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society . Wiley . 44 . 7 . 29 March 2023 . 1229-5949 . 10.1002/bkcs.12693 . free . 596–599 . Centpropazine, possessing the 1-aryloxy-3-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-2-ol scaffold is an antidepressant, only marketed in India, and has never been clinically approved likely due to its low bioavailability (Figure 2).10 To the best of our knowledge, the exact modes of action of centpropazine are unclear. The fact that centpropazine possesses antidepressant effects is remarkable. Although its efficacy in treating depressive symptoms has been previously investigated,11-13 its pharmacological studies of the specific monoamines affected have not been reported..
256. Web site: Cibinetide - Araim Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
257. Web site: Citalopram controlled release - Lundbeck A/S/Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
258. Web site: Clavulanic acid - Opus Genetics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
259. Balcazar-Ochoa LG, Ventura-Martínez R, Ángeles-López GE, Gómez-Acevedo C, Carrasco OF, Sampieri-Cabrera R, Chavarría A, González-Hernández A . Clavulanic Acid and its Potential Therapeutic Effects on the Central Nervous System . Arch Med Res . 55 . 1 . 102916 . January 2024 . 38039802 . 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102916 .
260. Ochoa-Aguilar A, Ventura-Martinez R, Sotomayor-Sobrino MA, Gómez C, Morales-Espinoza MR . Review of Antibiotic and Non-Antibiotic Properties of Beta-lactam Molecules . Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem . 15 . 1 . 3–14 . 2016 . 27185396 . 10.2174/1871523015666160517114027 .
261. Connolly KR, Thase ME . Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder . Expert Opin Emerg Drugs . 17 . 1 . 105–126 . March 2012 . 22339643 . 10.1517/14728214.2012.660146 .
262. Riesenberg R, Rosenthal J, Moldauer L, Peterson C . Results of a proof-of-concept, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of RX-10100 (Serdaxin®) in subjects with major depressive disorder . Psychopharmacology (Berl) . 221 . 4 . 601–610 . June 2012 . 22203317 . 10.1007/s00213-011-2604-x .
263. Kost GC, Selvaraj S, Lee YB, Kim DJ, Ahn CH, Singh BB . Clavulanic acid increases dopamine release in neuronal cells through a mechanism involving enhanced vesicle trafficking . Neurosci Lett . 504 . 2 . 170–175 . October 2011 . 21964384 . 3195833 . 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.032 .
264. Web site: Clovoxamine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
265. Web site: Coluracetam - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
266. Schifano F, Catalani V, Sharif S, Napoletano F, Corkery JM, Arillotta D, Fergus S, Vento A, Guirguis A . Benefits and Harms of 'Smart Drugs' (Nootropics) in Healthy Individuals . Drugs . 82 . 6 . 633–647 . April 2022 . 35366192 . 10.1007/s40265-022-01701-7 .
267. Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R . Ketamine: translating mechanistic discoveries into the next generation of glutamate modulators for mood disorders . Mol Psychiatry . 22 . 3 . 324–327 . March 2017 . 28070122 . 5641407 . 10.1038/mp.2016.249 . Because AMPA appeared critical to ketamine's antidepressant effects, researchers reasoned that AMPA positive modulators—also known as AMPAkines—could positively influence mood. Previous studies evaluating AMPAkines in mood disorders achieved mixed results, potentially due to low bioavailability and toxicity profile.20 To overcome the issue of low bioavailability, other AMPAkines were recently developed and tested in initial Phase 1 and 2 studies, particularly coluracetam (BCI-540)21 and ORG-26576.22 Both agents showed preliminary therapeutic effects in major depressive disorder when tested in small samples.23,24.
268. Web site: CP 316311 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
269. Web site: Crinecerfont - Neurocrine Biosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
270. Web site: CRL 41789 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
271. Web site: Cutamesine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
272. Borbély É, Simon M, Fuchs E, Wiborg O, Czéh B, Helyes Z . Novel drug developmental strategies for treatment-resistant depression . Br J Pharmacol . 179 . 6 . 1146–1186 . March 2022 . 34822719 . 9303797 . 10.1111/bph.15753 .
273. Web site: Dapoxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
274. Web site: Dasotraline - Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
275. Web site: DDP 225 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
276. Web site: Decoglurant - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
277. Web site: Delequamine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
278. Web site: Delucemine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
279. Web site: Dexmecamylamine - Atacama Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
280. Web site: Dexnafenodone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
281. Web site: DMP 695 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
282. Web site: DOV 216303 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
283. Web site: DPC 368 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
284. Web site: DSP 1200 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
285. Web site: Edivoxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
286. Dale E, Pehrson AL, Jeyarajah T, Li Y, Leiser SC, Smagin G, Olsen CK, Sanchez C . Effects of serotonin in the hippocampus: how SSRIs and multimodal antidepressants might regulate pyramidal cell function . CNS Spectr . 21 . 2 . 143–161 . April 2016 . 26346726 . 4825106 . 10.1017/S1092852915000425 . The 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist elzasonan (CP-448187) was recently under development for the treatment of MDD and was tested in several phase-2 clinical trials, but its development program was also discontinued.140.
287. Web site: Emapunil - Dainippon Sumitomo/Novartis - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
288. Web site: Emicerfont - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
289. Web site: Eplivanserin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
290. Web site: Eptapirone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
291. Web site: Esreboxetine - Axsome Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
292. Web site: Esuprone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
293. Web site: Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid - Amarin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
294. Web site: Farampator - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
295. Web site: Fasoracetam - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
296. Connolly JJ, Glessner JT, Elia J, Hakonarson H . ADHD & Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future: A Review of the Changing Landscape of Drug Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . Ther Innov Regul Sci . 49 . 5 . 632–642 . September 2015 . 26366330 . 4564067 . 10.1177/2168479015599811 .
297. Malykh AG, Sadaie MR . Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders . Drugs . 70 . 3 . 287–312 . February 2010 . 20166767 . 10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000 .
298. Web site: FCE 25876 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
299. Web site: Flerobuterol - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
300. Web site: Flesinoxan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
301. Web site: Flibanserin - Sprout Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
302. Web site: R-fluoxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
303. Web site: Fluparoxan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
304. Web site: Gaboxadol - Lundbeck A/S - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
305. Web site: Girisopam - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
306. Web site: GYKI 52895 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
307. Web site: CLR 3001 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
308. Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P, Placenza F, Hudson CJ, Seeman P, Seeman MV . Depression treatment by withdrawal of short-term low-dose antipsychotic, a proof-of-concept randomized double-blind study . J Affect Disord . 166 . 139–143 . September 2014 . 25012422 . 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.014 .
309. Web site: HT 2157 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
310. Web site: ICI 170809 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
311. Web site: Idazoxan - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
312. Web site: Ipsapirone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
313. Web site: IRFI 165 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
314. Web site: Istradefylline - Kyowa Kirin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
315. Web site: JNJ 18038683 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
316. Web site: JNJ 19567470 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
317. Web site: JNJ 26489112 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
318. Web site: JNJ 39393406 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
319. Web site: Lanicemine - AstraZeneca - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
320. Web site: LB 100 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
321. Web site: Levoprotiline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
322. Noguchi S, Inukai T . Repeated treatment with levoprotiline, a novel antidepressant, up-regulates histamine H1 receptors and phosphoinositide hydrolysis response in vivo . Jpn J Pharmacol . 59 . 1 . 31–35 . May 1992 . 1324374 . 10.1254/jjp.59.31 . free .
323. Web site: Lithium - Columbia Northwest Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
324. Web site: Litoxetine - IXALTIS - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
325. Web site: Losmapimod - Fulcrum Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
326. Web site: LU AA34893 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
327. Web site: LUAA 399599 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
328. Web site: Lubazodone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
329. Web site: Masitinib - AB Science - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
330. Web site: Mecamylamine - Targacept - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
331. Web site: MIN 117 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
332. Web site: MK 1942 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
333. Web site: Delving into the Latest Updates on MK-1942 with Synapse . Synapse . 15 October 2024 . 31 October 2024.
334. Web site: ML 105 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
335. Web site: Naloxone/tianeptine - Tonix Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
336. Edinoff AN, Sall S, Beckman SP, Koepnick AD, Gold LC, Jackson ED, Wenger DM, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Kaye AD . Tianeptine, an Antidepressant with Opioid Agonist Effects: Pharmacology and Abuse Potential, a Narrative Review . Pain Ther . 12 . 5 . 1121–1134 . October 2023 . 37453966 . 10444703 . 10.1007/s40122-023-00539-5 .
337. Alamo C, García-Garcia P, Lopez-Muñoz F, Zaragozá C . Tianeptine, an atypical pharmacological approach to depression . Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed) . 12 . 3 . 170–186 . 2019 . 30612921 . 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2018.09.001 .
338. Web site: Naluzotan - Proximagen - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
339. Web site: NB 415 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
340. Web site: Neboglamine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
341. Web site: Nefiracetam - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
342. Narahashi T, Moriguchi S, Zhao X, Marszalec W, Yeh JZ . Mechanisms of action of cognitive enhancers on neuroreceptors . Biol Pharm Bull . 27 . 11 . 1701–1706 . November 2004 . 15516710 . 10.1248/bpb.27.1701 .
343. Yoshii M, Watabe S, Murashima YL, Nukada T, Shiotani T, Nishizaki T . Neuronal Ca 2+ Channels and Nicotinic ACh Receptors as Functional Targets of the Nootropic Nefiracetam . Psychogeriatrics . 1 . 1 . 2001 . 1346-3500 . 10.1111/j.1479-8301.2001.tb00071.x . 39–49.
344. Gualtieri F, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Ghelardini C . Design and study of piracetam-like nootropics, controversial members of the problematic class of cognition-enhancing drugs . Curr Pharm Des . 8 . 2 . 125–38 . 2002 . 11812254 . 10.2174/1381612023396582 . In general, piracetam-like nootropics show no affinity for the most important central receptors (Ki > 10 μM). A modest affinity for muscarinic receptors is shown by aniracetam (Ki = 4.4 μM [58]) and nebracetam (Ki = 6.3 μM [61]). Nefiracetam is the only one showing affinity in the nanomolar range (Ki = 8.5 nM on the GABAA receptor [58]). [...] Nefiracetam (chart (1)) is awaiting approval. It presents a variety of pharmacological actions as it is reported to activate the cholinergic, GABAergic and other monaminergic systems and to modulate N-type calcium channels [78-81]..
345. Gouliaev AH, Senning A . Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics . Brain Res Brain Res Rev . 19 . 2 . 180–222 . May 1994 . 8061686 . 10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6 . As mentioned above, no commonly accepted mechanism for the racetam nootropics has yet been established, They do not seem to act on any well characterised receptor site with the exception of nefiracetam which has high affinity for GABA, receptors (see Table 1). [...] Receptor: GABA_A. Receptor ligand: [³H]muscimol^A. Compound: nefiracetam. IC₅₀: 8.5 nM^B. Refs.: 222. [...] From Table 1 it is, however, evident that the piracetam-like nootropics do not exhibit high affinity for any of the receptor types tested so far (except for nefiracetam, which shows some activity at GABAA receptors).
346. Web site: Nemifitide - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
347. Web site: NS 2359 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
348. Web site: NS 2389 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
349. Web site: ORM 10921 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
350. Web site: Orvepitant - NeRRe therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
351. Ratti E, Bettica P, Alexander R, Archer G, Carpenter D, Evoniuk G, Gomeni R, Lawson E, Lopez M, Millns H, Rabiner EA, Trist D, Trower M, Zamuner S, Krishnan R, Fava M . Full central neurokinin-1 receptor blockade is required for efficacy in depression: evidence from orvepitant clinical studies . J Psychopharmacol . 27 . 5 . 424–434 . May 2013 . 23539641 . 10.1177/0269881113480990 .
352. Web site: Osanetant - Acer Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
353. Web site: Pexacerfont - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
354. Web site: PF 4455242 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
355. Web site: PT 150 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
356. Web site: Radafaxine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
357. Web site: Ramelteon - Takeda - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
358. Web site: Rapastinel - Gate Neurosciences - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
359. Web site: RG 7166 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
360. Web site: Ritanserin - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
361. Web site: Rolipram - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
362. Web site: Sabcomeline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
363. Quartara L, Altamura M, Evangelista S, Maggi CA . Tachykinin receptor antagonists in clinical trials . Expert Opin Investig Drugs . 18 . 12 . 1843–1864 . December 2009 . 19938899 . 10.1517/13543780903379530 .
364. Namiot ED, Smirnovová D, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB . Depression clinical trials worldwide: a systematic analysis of the ICTRP and comparison with ClinicalTrials.gov . Transl Psychiatry . 14 . 1 . 315 . July 2024 . 39085220 . 11291508 . 10.1038/s41398-024-03031-6 .
365. Web site: SB 236057 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
366. Web site: SB 245570 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
367. Web site: Sibutramine - Abbvie - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
368. Web site: Siramesine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
369. Web site: Sirukumab - Janssen Biotech - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
370. Web site: SKL 10406 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
371. Web site: SKL PSY - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
372. Web site: Sodium phenylbutyrate slow-release - LUNAMeD AG - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
373. Web site: SSR 149415 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
374. Web site: SSR 241586 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
375. Web site: Tandospirone - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
376. Web site: Tasimelteon - Vanda Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
377. Web site: Tedatioxetine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
378. Web site: Tianeptine oral - Johnson & Johnson - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
379. Web site: TS 111 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
380. Web site: Tulrampator - RespireRx Pharmaceuticals/Servier - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
381. Web site: Vanoxerine - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
382. Web site: Verucerfont - GlaxoSmithKline - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
383. Web site: Vestipitant - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
384. Web site: Viloxazine hydrochloride - Supernus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
385. Web site: VN 2222 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
386. Web site: VUFB 17649 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
387. Web site: VUFB 18285 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
388. Web site: ZD 4974 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
389. Web site: TAK 041 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
390. Web site: Ziprasidone - Pfizer - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
391. Web site: Aripiprazole/sertraline - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
392. Web site: Mevidalen - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
393. Book: Svensson KA, Hao J, Bruns RF . Neuropsychotherapeutics . Positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D1 receptor: A new mechanism for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders . Adv Pharmacol . 86 . 273–305 . 2019 . 31378255 . 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.06.001 . 978-0-12-816668-0 . The close structural analog of DETQ, LY3154207, is currently in phase 2 testing for Lewy Body dementias, including patients with Parkinson's disease..
394. Sakurai H, Yonezawa K, Tani H, Mimura M, Bauer M, Uchida H . Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry . Pharmacopsychiatry . 55 . 4 . 193–202 . July 2022 . 35045580 . 9259184 . 10.1055/a-1714-9097 .
395. Brenna CT, Goldstein BI, Zarate CA, Orser BA . Repurposing General Anesthetic Drugs to Treat Depression: A New Frontier for Anesthesiologists in Neuropsychiatric Care . Anesthesiology . 141 . 2 . 222–237 . August 2024 . 38856663 . 10.1097/ALN.0000000000005037 . free .
396. Jiang Y, Dong Y, Hu H . The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypothesis of ketamine's antidepressant action: evidence and controversies . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 379 . 1906 . 20230225 . July 2024 . 38853549 . 10.1098/rstb.2023.0225 . 11343275 .
397. Web site: Agomelatine - Servier - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
398. Web site: Amisulpride - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
399. Web site: Aripiprazole - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
400. Web site: Brexanolone - Sage Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
401. Web site: Brexpiprazole - Lundbeck/Otsuka - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
402. Web site: Bupropion - Biovail Corporation - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
403. Web site: Bupropion/dextromethorphan - Axsome Therapeutics - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
404. Web site: Cariprazine - Gedeon Richter - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
405. Web site: Citalopram orally disintegrating tablets - Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
406. Web site: Desvenlafaxine - Pfizer - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
407. Web site: Desvenlafaxine - extended release - Alembic - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
408. Web site: Desvenlafaxine extended-release - RVL Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
409. Web site: WIP DF17 - AdisInsight. adisinsight.springer.com.
410. Web site: 인하대병원 임상시험센터 . 인하대병원 . 15 April 2019 . ko . 8 August 2024 .
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