List of invasive species in Australia explained

See main article: Invasive species in Australia. This is a list of some of the more notable invasive species in Australia.

Species

Plants

See also: List of invasive plant species in New South Wales.

See also: List of invasive plant species in the Northern Territory.

The Australian Weeds Committee maintain a noxious weeds list covering all the states and territories.^[1]

• Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia)^[2]
• Ageratina riparia (mistflower)^[3]
• Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven)^[4]
• Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed)
• Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge)^[5]
• Annona glabra (alligator apple)
• Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine)
• Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton Ardisia)^[6]
• Arundo donax (giant cane)
• Asparagus aethiopicus (asparagus fern)
• Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry)^[7]
• Brassica tournefortii (African mustard)^[8]
• Bromus rubens (foxtail brome)^[9]
• Chrysanthemoides monilifera (bitou bush)
• Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel)
• Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine)^[10]
• Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse)
• Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort)^[11]
• Lantana camara (lantana)
• Leucanthemum vulgare (ox-eye daisy)^[12]
• Opuntia spp. (prickly pear)
• Solanum mauritianum (wild tobacco)

Animals

Crustaceans

• Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle)^[13]
• Carcinus maenas (shore crab)^[14]
• Cherax destructor (common yabby, invasive in Western Australia)^[15]
• Limnoria quadripunctata (gribble)^[16]

Insects

• Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly)^[17]
• Solenopsis invicta (Red imported fire ant)^[18]
• Vespula germanica (European wasp)^[19]
• Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant)^[20]
• Paratrechina Longicornis (longhorn crazy ant) ^[21]
• Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant)^[22]
• Apis cerana (eastern honey bee)^[23]
• Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)^[24]
• Aethina tumida (small hive beetle)^[25]
• Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)^[26]
• Bruchophagus roddi (alfalfa seed chalcid)^[27]
• Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid)^[28]
• Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)^[29]
• Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug)^[30]
• Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid)^[31]
• Euwallacea fornicatus (tea shot-hole borer)^[32]
• Forficula auricularia (common earwig)^[33]
• Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)^[34]
• Hylurgus ligniperda (red-haired pine bark beetle)^[35]
• Idioscopus nitidulus (mango leafhopper)^[36]
• Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)^[37]
• Maconellicoccus hirsutus (hibiscus mealybug)^[38]
• Pheidole megacephala (coastal brown ant)^[39]
• Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly)^[40]
• Pineus pini (pine adelgid)^[41]
• Sitobion miscanthi (Indian grain aphid)^[42]
• Solenopsis geminata (ginger ant)^[43]
• Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)^[44]
• Spodoptera litura (Oriental leafworm moth)^[45]
• Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant)^[46]
• Tremex fuscicornis (tremex wasp)^[47]
• Trichomyrmex destructor (destructive trailing ant)^[48]
• Vespula vulgaris (common wasp)^[49]
• Wasmannia auropunctata (electric ant)^[50]
• Xanthogaleruca luteola (elm-leaf beetle)^[51]
• Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer)^[52]

Molluscs

• Cernuella virgata (Common white snail)^[53]
• Cochlicella acuta (Pointed snail)^[54]
• Cochlicella barbara (Small pointed snail)^[55]
• Cornu aspersum (garden snail)^[56]
• Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)^[57]
• Deroceras laeve (marsh slug)^[58]
• Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster)^[59]
• Musculista senhousia (Asian mussel)^[60]
• Theba pisana (White garden snail)^{[61] [62]}

Chordates

Fish (Freshwater)

• Acanthogobius flavimanus (yellowfin goby)^[63]
• Astronotus ocellatus (oscar)^[64]
• Carassius auratus (Goldfish)^[65]
• Cyprinus carpio (Common carp)^[66]
• Gambusia holbrooki (Gambusia)^[67]
• Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Asian weatherloach)^[68]
• Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)^[69]
• Oreochromis spp. (Tilapia)^[70]
• Pelmatolapia mariae (spotted tilapia)
• Perca fluviatilis (European perch, redfin perch)^[71]
• Salmo trutta (Brown trout)^[72]
• Xiphophorus hellerii (green swordtail)^[73]

Reptiles & Amphibians

• Hemidactylus frenatus (House Gecko)^{[74] [75]}
• Rhinella marina (Cane toad)^{[76] [77]}
• Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider)^{[78] [79]}
• Lissotriton vulgaris (Smooth newts)^{[80] [81]}

Birds

• Acridotheres tristis (Common myna)^[82]
• Columba livia (Domestic pigeon)^[83]
• Passer domesticus (House sparrow)^[84]
• Spilopelia chinensis (Spotted dove)^[85]
• Sturnus vulgaris (Common starling)
• Alauda arvensis (Skylark)^[85]
• Turdus merula (Eurasian Blackbird)^[85]
• Passer montanus (Eurasian Tree Sparrow)^[85]
• Carduelis carduelis (European Goldfinch)^[85]
• Chloris chloris (European Greenfinch)^[85]
• Gallus gallus (Red junglefowl)^[86]
• Gallus varius (green junglefowl)
• Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl)^[87]
• Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)^[85]
• Spilopelia senegalensis (laughing dove)^[85]
• Turdus philomelos (song thrush)^[85]

Mammals

• Bos javanicus (Domestic Banteng)^[88]
• Bubalus bubalis (Water buffalo)^[89]
• Camelus dromedarius (Feral camel)^{[90] [91]}
• Canis lupus familiaris (Wild dogs)^[92]
• Capra hircus (Feral goat)^[93]
• Cervus elaphus (Red deer)^{[94] [95] [96]}
• Equus asinus (Feral donkey)^[97]
• Equus caballus (Feral horse)^{[98] [99]}
• Felis silvestris catus (Feral cat)^[100]
• Lepus europaeus (European hare)^[101]
• Mus musculus (House mouse)^[102]
• Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus (Common rabbit)^[103]
• Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat)^[104]
• Rattus rattus (Black rat)^[105]
• Sus scrofa domestica (Razorback)^[106]
• Vulpes vulpes (Red fox)^{[107] [108] [109]}
• Funambulus pennantii (Five-lined palm squirrel)^[110]
• Axis axis (Chital deer)^[111]
• Axis porcinus (Hog deer)^[112]
• Cervus timorensis (Rusa deer)^[113]
• Dama dama (Fallow deer)^[114]
• Cervus unicolor (Sambar Deer)^[115]

Echinoderms

• Asterias amurensis (Northern Pacific seastar)^[116]

Fungi and pathogens

• Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Frog chytrid fungus)^[117]

External links

• Web site: Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territoriespublisher=Australian Weeds Committee . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070830083549/http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf . 2007-08-30 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territories . June 2012 . Australian Weeds Committee . 17 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070830083549/http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf . 30 August 2007 .
2. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/acacia_farnesiana.htm Acacia farnesiana
3. Book: Parsons . W.T. . Noxious Weeds of Australia . Cuthbertson . E.G. . . 2001 . 0643065148 . 2nd . Collingwood . 243–245 . en.
4. http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories
5. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=200&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Andropogon virginicus alien range
6. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=52&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Ardisia elliptica alien range
7. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=592&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Berberis thunbergii alien range
8. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=819&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Brassica tournefortii alien range
9. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=596&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Bromus rubens alien range
10. Web site: June 1996 . Rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) in Queensland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515185907/http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-RubberVine-PSA.pdf . 15 May 2013 . Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Qld.
11. http://www.sgaonline.org.au/invasive_hypericumperforatum.html Invasive Plants
12. Web site: 29 June 2018 . Ox-eye daisy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081125/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/pest-animals-and-weeds/weeds/widespread-weeds/ox-eye-daisy . 1 April 2019 . 2020-10-10 . NSW Environment, Energy and Science . en.
13. Amphibalanus improvisus (bay barnacle) . Shalaeva . Ekaterina . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.91903 . en. free .
14. Carcinus maenas (European shore crab) . Delaney . David . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.90475 . en. free .
15. Beatty . Stephen John . Morgan . David Lloyd . Gill . Howard . Role of Life History Strategy in the Colonisation of Western Australian Aquatic Systems by the Introduced Crayfish Cherax destructor Clark, 1936 . Hydrobiologia . October 2005 . 549 . 1 . 219–237 . 10.1007/s10750-005-5443-0 .
16. Web site: Limnoria quadripunctata (gribble) . www.cabi.org . Centre of Agriculture and Biosciences International . 10 October 2020 . en.
17. http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDistribution.aspx?id=290 Cotton whitefly distribution
18. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=77&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Solenopsis invicta alien range
19. The population ecology of an invasive social insect, Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) in South Australia / Marta L Kasper. 2004. Thesis. Kasper. Marta L..
20. Anderson. Alan. M. Blum . T. Jones . Venom Alkaloids in Monomorium "rothsteini" Forel Repel Other Ants: Is This the Secret to Success by Monomorium in Australian Ant Communities?. Oecologia. 16 June 1991. 88. 2. 157–160. 10.1007/bf00320805. 28312126. 4219770. 1991Oecol..88..157A. 29657887.
21. Paratrechina longicornis (crazy ant) . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.44709 . en. free .
22. Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) . Gunawardana . Disna . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.5575 . en. free .
23. Web site: 21 June 2023 . Asian honey bee . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106121713/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/animals/invasive/restricted/asian-honey-bees . 6 November 2023 . 2024-01-31 . Business Queensland . Queensland Government . en-AU.
24. Web site: 19 July 2021 . Dengue: virus, fever and mosquitoes . https://web.archive.org/web/20231030124628/https://www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/diseases-infection/diseases/mosquito-borne/dengue/virus-fever . 30 October 2023 . 2024-01-31 . Queensland Health . en-AU.
25. Aethina tumida . Beverley . Claire . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.3459 . en. free .
26. Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.6221 . en. free .
27. Bruchophagus roddi (alfalfa seed chalcid) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.10083 . en. free .
28. Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.16743 . en. free .
29. Web site: 30 May 2018 . Fruit fly . 2024-01-31 . Agriculture and Food WA . en.
30. Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug) . Dominiak . B . Gillespie . P . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.16264 . en. free .
31. Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) . Nematollahi . M. R . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.9887 . en. free .
32. Euwallacea perbrevis (tea shot-hole borer) . Gomez . Demian F. . Johnson . Andrew J. . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.57163 . en. free .
33. Forficula auricularia (European earwig) . Maczey . N . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.24345 . en. free .
34. Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) . Reitz . S . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.24426 . en. free .
35. Hylurgus ligniperda (red-haired pine bark beetle) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.27364 . en. free .
36. Idioscopus nitidulus (mango leafhopper) . Ganeswaran . R . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.28472 . en. free .
37. Linepithema humile (Argentine ant) . Gómez . C . Abril . S . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.30839 . en. free .
38. Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug) . Watson . Gillian W . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.40171 . en. free .
39. Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.40133 . en. free .
40. Phylacteophaga froggatti (leafblister sawfly) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.40283 . en. free .
41. Pineus pini (pine woolly aphid) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.41326 . en. free .
42. Sitobion miscanthi (indian grain aphid) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.51740 . en. free .
43. Web site: Chin . Deanna . 7 August 2008 . Ants in the Household and Garden . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170905233218/https://dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/228121/ent220ants20in20the20household20and20garden20factsheet.pdf . 5 September 2017 . Northern Territory Government Factsheet.
44. News: Fitzgerald . Daniel . Fowler . Courtney . Stanley . Michelle . 2020-04-01 . Fall armyworm outbreak in NT and WA a sign invasive pest is spreading rapidly . 2024-01-31 . ABC News . en-AU.
45. Spodoptera litura (taro caterpillar) . Maes . K . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.44520 . en. free .
46. Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant) . Lester . P . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.54310 . en. free .
47. Tremex fuscicornis (Tremex wasp) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.54516 . en. free .
48. Monomorium destructor (Singapore ant) . Hoffmann . Ben . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.34581 . en. free .
49. Vespula vulgaris (wasp, common) . Beggs . Jacqueline . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.56675 . en. free .
50. Web site: 2016-04-18 . Electric ant . 2024-01-31 . Business Queensland . en-AU.
51. Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.44619 . en. free .
52. Xyleborinus saxesenii (fruit-tree pinhole borer) . CABI . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.57038 . en. free .
53. Web site: 30 January 2008 . Common white snail or Mediterranean white snail . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090928130434/http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/LBUN-74L3NM/$FILE/white%20snails%20C%20virgata%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf . 28 September 2009 . Tasmania DPIW Fact Sheet.
54. Baker . G. H. . 2008-11-06 . The population dynamics of the mediterranean snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta (Hygromiidae) and Theba pisana (Helicidae) in pasture–cereal rotations in South Australia: a 20-year study . Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture . en . 48 . 12 . 1514–1522 . 10.1071/EA08031 . 1446-5574.
55. Helicidae and Hygromiidae as Pests in Cereal Crops and Pastures in Southern Australia. In Baker, G.M. Molluscs as Crop Pests CABI, 2002.. p.193.
56. Cornu aspersum (common garden snail) . Cowie . R . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.26821 . en. free .
57. Deroceras invadens (tramp slug) . Anderson . Roy . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.121099 . en. free .
58. Deroceras laeve (meadow slug) . Anderson . Roy . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.85751 . en. free .
59. Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster) . Bonham . Vicki . Goulletquer . Philippe . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.87296 . en. free .
60. http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/nimpis/spSummary.asp?txa=6146 Musculista senhousia species summary
61. Web site: Home | Phytosanitary Alert System .
62. Theba pisana (white garden snail) . Cowie . Rob . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.62094 . en. free .
63. Acanthogobius flavimanus . Siriwardena . Sunil . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.95431 . en. free .
64. Astronotus ocellatus (oscar) . Maddern . Mark . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.92671 . en. free .
65. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=368&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Carassius auratus alien range
66. http://www.invasiveanimals.com/invasive-animals/fish/european-carp/index.html Common carp
67. http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/fishweb/2397.html Noxious fish species in Queensland
68. http://www.vic.waterwatch.org.au/file/inform/Oriental%20Weather%20loach.pdf Oriental weatherloach
69. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=103&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Oncorhynchus mykiss alien range
70. http://www.invasiveanimals.com/invasive-animals/fish/tilapia/index.html Economic and environmental impacts caused by tilapia
71. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=548&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Perca fluviatilis alien range
72. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=78&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Salmo trutta alien range
73. Xiphophorus maculatus (southern platyfish) . Maddern . Mark . 2022-01-07 . 10.1079/cabicompendium.59752 . en. free .
74. Web site: Asian house gecko. Fisheries. Agriculture and. 2016-04-18. www.business.qld.gov.au. en-AU. 2019-11-25.
75. Web site: Asian House Gecko . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180208161517/https://www.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Animals+of+Queensland/Reptiles/Geckos/Asian+House+Gecko#.XdvHv7d_UTQ . 8 February 2018 . 2019-11-25 . Queensland Museum.
76. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cane-toad/ The feral cane toad
77. Web site: Cane toad. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-25.
78. Web site: Red-eared Slider Turtles in Australia and New Zealand. 2010-11-16. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-25.
79. Web site: Red-eared slider turtle. Fisheries. Agriculture and. 2016-04-18. www.business.qld.gov.au. en-AU. 2019-11-25.
80. Tingley. Reid. Weeks. Andrew R.. Smart. Adam S.. van Rooyen. Anthony R.. Woolnough. Andrew P.. McCarthy. Michael A.. 2015-01-01. European newts establish in Australia, marking the arrival of a new amphibian order. Biological Invasions. en. 17. 1. 31–37. 10.1007/s10530-014-0716-z. 1573-1464. 11343/216887. 18950725. free.
81. Web site: Smooth newt. Department of Economic Development. Jobs. agriculture.vic.gov.au. en-AU. 2019-11-26.
82. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=108&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Acridotheres tristis alien range
83. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=1052&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Columba livia alien range
84. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=420&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Passer domesticus alien range
85. Web site: West . Peter . October 2011 . National mapping of the abundance of established, new and emerging pest animals to improve decision-making and the assessment of government investment programs STAGE 2: INTRODUCED PEST BIRDS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190546/http://www.pestsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/PWest2011_Mapping_PEST_BIRDS.pdf . 28 August 2017 . 28 August 2017 . Australian Pest Animal Research Program . NSW Department of Primary Industries.
86. Web site: Gallus gallus . 2024-01-31 . GLOBAL INVASIVE SPECIES DATABASE.
87. Cunningham . Calum X. . Prowse . Thomas A. A. . Masters . Pip . Cassey . Phillip . 2016-07-21 . Home range, habitat suitability and population modelling of feral Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia . Australian Journal of Zoology . en . 64 . 2 . 107–116 . 10.1071/ZO15045 . 1446-5698.
88. Web site: Banteng. Government. Northern Territory. 2015-08-18. nt.gov.au. en. 2019-11-22.
89. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/buffalo/index.html The feral water buffalo
90. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/camel/ The feral camel
91. Web site: Feral Camel. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
92. Web site: Wild dog. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
93. Web site: Feral goat. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
94. Web site: Cervus elaphus (red deer). www.cabi.org. en. 2019-11-22.
95. Web site: Red deer in Australia . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
96. Web site: Wild deer. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
97. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/horse/index.html Feral horse and feral donkey
98. http://www.feral.org.au/content/species/species.cfm Feral.org.au
99. Web site: Feral horse. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
100. Web site: Feral cat. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
101. Web site: Lepus europaeus (European hare). www.cabi.org. en. 2019-11-22.
102. Web site: House mouse. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
103. Web site: European rabbit. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
104. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=159&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Rattus norvegicus alien range
105. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=19&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Rattus rattus alien range
106. Web site: Feral pig. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
107. http://www.invasiveanimals.com/invasive-animals/ Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre of Australia
108. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/fox/index.html European red fox
109. Web site: European fox. PestSmart Connect. 2019-11-22.
110. Web site: Northern palm squirrel. www.agric.wa.gov.au. en. 2019-11-22.
111. Web site: Chital deer in Australia . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
112. Web site: Hog deer in Australia . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
113. Web site: Rusa deer in Australia . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
114. Web site: Fallow deer in Australia . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
115. Web site: Sambar deer in Australia . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228064807/https://www.feralscan.org.au/deerscan/pagecontent.aspx?page=sambardeer . 28 February 2019 . 2019-11-22 . DeerScan.
116. http://www.issg.org/database/species/distribution.asp?si=82&fr=1&sts=tss&lang=EN Asterias amurensis alien range
117. https://web.archive.org/web/20070911085903/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/c-disease/pubs/c-disease.pdf Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Disease