List of individual apes explained

This is a list of non-human apes of encyclopedic interest. It includes individual chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, bonobos, and gibbons that are in some way famous or notable.

Actors

• Bam Bam, an orangutan, played Precious on the soap opera Passions.^[1]
• Buddha, an orangutan, played Clyde in the Clint Eastwood action-comedy film Any Which Way You Can (1980). Buddha was allegedly beaten to death by his trainer for stealing doughnuts from craft services. The weapon was an axe handle wrapped in newspaper and had been nicknamed a "Buddha club" since it had been previously used to discipline him.^[2] This claim has been disputed by the author William Munns.^[3]
• Çarli (born 1993), a chimpanzee, starred in the live-action movie The Jungle Book (1994) and in the Turkish television series Çarli before retiring to Monkey World in Dorset, UK.^[4]

• C.J., an orangutan, played in the 1981 film Tarzan the Ape Man.
• Clara, a chimpanzee, played Livingston in the movie comedy Delicatessen (1991).
• Evie (short for Evolution), a chimpanzee, played robot dog Muffit II in the original 1978 Battlestar Galactica television series.
• J. Fred Muggs (a chimpanzee born 1952) was a "co-host" with Dave Garroway on NBC's Today Show in the 1950s.
• Jiggs, a chimpanzee, was the first Cheeta in the Tarzan films in the 1930s.
• Jimmy, a chimpanzee, appeared in the film Dark Venture
• Joe Martin, an orangutan, appeared in several silent-era American films
• Judy, a chimpanzee, appeared in the 1960s CBS series Daktari. She also played Penny Robinson's alien chimpanzee-like pet, Debbie, in the simultaneously running Lost in Space.^[5]
• Kwanza (or Kwan), a gorilla, played Sidney in the romance movie Return to Me (2000) with Minnie Driver and David Duchovny. Kwan resides at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago.^[6]
• Louie, a chimpanzee, appeared in numerous music videos and TV commercials; he starred in the popular Carpet Monkey commercials in 2007 for Human Giant on MTV. Louie retired to Little Rock Zoo with his brother Mikey in 2008. Louie died at the zoo in August 2011 from an immunodeficiency disorder, one week short of his seventh birthday.
• Manis, an orangutan, played Clyde in the Clint Eastwood action-comedy film Every Which Way But Loose (1978), but not in the 1980 sequel Any Which Way You Can, as the animal had outgrown his part. His successor died shortly after the film.
• Mowgli, a chimpanzee, was a guest on CNBC's Dennis Miller Live and on Monk.^[7]
• Napoleon and Sally were two chimpanzees which starred in more than 40 shorts around 1916.^[8]
• Oscar, a young chimpanzee, was the subject of a 2012 Disney documentary, Chimpanzee.^[9]
• Pankun (パン君, born October 1, 2001), a chimpanzee, was featured in Japanese TV shows (Genius! Shimura Zoo) and the TBS program (Unbelievable Animals!) with bulldog James, (active 2005–2012).
• Peggy, a chimpanzee, played Bonzo in the 1951 movie comedy Bedtime for Bonzo, costarring Ronald Reagan.^[10]
• Peter (active 1907–1910)—a chimpanzee vaudeville performer who was study by Lightner Witmer
• Pierre of Vienna, Austria,^{[11] [12]} an orangutan "trained for motion picture work," reportedly nursed a grudge against a brutal trainer for a long time and when the opportunity arose circa early 1922 that they were alone together high in a tree "strangled the trainer and threw his body to the ground."
• Anonymous, sometimes known as his pseudonym Bonzo, acted in the 1952 film Bonzo Goes to College.
• Project X, a 1987 science fiction suspense-drama film about military animal experimentation, directed by Jonathan Kaplan, starred Matthew Broderick, Helen Hunt, and a multitude of chimpanzee actors:
  • Arthur—Winston
  • Brimdom—Dandy
  • Clafu—Spike
  • Andy—Lulea
  • Harry—Ginger
  • Karanja—Goliath
  • Lucy—Razzberry
  • Luke—Bluebeard
  • Lulu—Ethel
  • Mousie—New Recruit
  • Okko—Goofy
  • Willie—Virgil (film's animal star)
• Sam (1989–2010), an orangutan, played Dunston in the 1995 movie comedy Dunston Checks In; he was trained by Larry Madrid.
• Zippy, a chimpanzee, rollerskated on United States television in the 1950s.^[13]
• Tango, an orangutan, played Suzanne in Kevin Smith's Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001).^[14]
• Jonah and his twin, Jacob, both appeared as the chimpanzee Pericles in 2001's Planet of the Apes, Trunk Monkey, and with Tango in Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.^[15]
• Mikey, a chimpanzee, appeared in the film Manchurian Candidate (2005), and on Saturday Night Live (2005) and the World Series of Poker (2006).^[16]
• Tonka, a chimpanzee, appeared in the 1997 film Buddy and figures prominently (as himself) in the HBO documentary series (2024) Chimp Crazy.
• Travis, a chimpanzee, gained fame through parts he had in commercials (Old Navy and Coca-Cola) in the 2000s, but was shot by police following a brutal attack on a 55-year-old woman in Stamford, Connecticut.^[17]
• Tanga, a chimpanzee, played Inga in Dario Argento's 1985 horror film Phenomena.

Artists

• Congo (1954–1964)—chimpanzee, abstract impressionist of the late 1950s
• Koko (1971–2018)—gorilla, widely believed to be able to communicate with humans through sign language
• Michael (1973–2000)—silverback gorilla, impressionist painter, was taught American sign language with Koko
• Peter, alias Pierre Brassau, a chimpanzee, was the subject of a famous hoax through which the chimpanzee's paintings were presented as the avant-garde works of unknown French (human) artist "Pierre Brassau".

Science and exploration

• Abang (born 1966)—orangutan, taught to use and make a stone tool (cutting flake)
• Ai (born 1976)—chimpanzee, studied by scientists at Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
• Ayumu (born 2000)—chimpanzee, studied by scientists at Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
• Bonnie—orangutan, began whistling (mimicking an animal caretaker), which is changing ideas about primate sound repertoires
• Chantek (1977–2017)—orangutan, involved with language research and ApeNet language-using great ape ambassador
• Clint—chimpanzee, source of DNA for Chimpanzee Genome Project, Yerkes Primate Center^[18]
• Cooper—chimpanzee, studied by Renato Bender and Nicole Bender for swimming and diving behavior in apes ^[19]
• Digit—mountain gorilla (died 1977) - Gorilla researcher Dian Fossey's favorite mountain gorilla, for whom a charity fund is named to help protect mountain gorillas
• Enos (died 1962)—chimpanzee, 1961 NASA Project Mercury orbiter, second chimpanzee in space and the third primate (and only non-human primate) to orbit the Earth
• Flo (died 1972)—chimpanzee, key member of the Kasakela Chimpanzee Community studied by Jane Goodall; received an obituary in the Sunday Times
• Frodo (1976–2013)—chimpanzee, baby-eating "bully", attacked Jane Goodall and Gary Larson
• Gua—chimpanzee; raised as a child by the Drs. Kellogg alongside their son Donald
• Ham (1956–1983)—chimpanzee; the first great ape to travel to space, Ham's 1961 NASA Project Mercury suborbital flight occurred 11 months before Enos' orbital mission.
• Jenny—orangutan, encountered and described by Charles Darwin in March 1838 at London Zoo.^[20]
• Kanzi (born 1980)—bonobo, involved with language research and tool invention, ApeNet language-using great ape ambassador
• Koko (1971–2018)—gorilla, involved with sign language research and ApeNet language-using great ape ambassador
• Lana—chimpanzee, reared at Yerkes National Primate Research Center as part of its language analogue project
• Loulis—chimpanzee, involved in ape hand-signing research
• Lucy—chimpanzee, cross-fostered and raised by University of Oklahoma psychotherapist
• Moja—chimpanzee, involved in ape hand-signing research
• Nim Chimpsky (1973–2000)—chimpanzee, named after linguist Noam Chomsky
• Nyota (born 1998)—bonobo, Panbanisha's son
• Oliver (1957–2012)—chimpanzee, the so-called "Missing Link", apparent "humanzee"
• Panbanisha—bonobo at the same research center as Kanzi
• Panpanzee (1985–2014)—chimpanzee at the same research center as Kanzi
• Poco (1981)—chimpanzee researched by Robin Crompton whose early confinement resulted in human-like bipedality
• Sarah (1959–2019)—research chimpanzee whose cognitive skills are documented in The Mind of an Ape
• Sultan—chimpanzee, used in classic Kohler tool-use studies
• Suryia—orangutan, studied by Renato Bender and Nicole Bender for swimming and diving behavior in apes
• Titus (1974–2009)—gorilla, an extensively observed silverback mountain gorilla
• Viki—chimpanzee, one of the first apes used in ape language experiments
• Washoe (1965–2007)—chimpanzee, pioneer ape of hand-signing research

Zoo notables

• Alfred the Gorilla (1928–1948) lived in Bristol Zoo.
• Ah Meng (1960–2008) was a female Sumatran orangutan and a tourism icon of Singapore.
• Azalea, a chimpanzee living at the Korea Central Zoo known for her ability to smoke cigarettes
• Bill (1946–2007), a long-lived chimpanzee, resided at Sequoia Park Zoo in Eureka, California, for 50 years.^[21]
• Binti Jua, a gorilla living in Brookfield Zoo, saved a boy in 1996.
• Bobo (1951–1968), a western lowland gorilla, lived in the Lowman family home in Anacortes, Washington, from his infancy until 1953, and then Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle until his death.
• Bokito (1996–2023), a silverback gorilla, escaped from the Blijdorp Zoo on 18 May 2007 and injured a woman.
• Bushman, a famous gorilla from Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, died in 1951. While alive, he brought over 100 million visitors to the zoo; his taxidermic remains can now be seen at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.^[22]
• Charles (born 1972), a wild-born silverback western lowland gorilla, resides at the Toronto Zoo and since 1974 has been renowned for his artwork.
• Charlie (1958–2010), a chimpanzee in a South African Zoo, was taught to smoke and was able to walk upright.^[23]
• Colo (1956–2017) was both the first gorilla born in captivity and, living to be 60, the oldest gorilla in captivity. She was born in the Columbus Zoo and lived there her entire life.
• Fifi, the matriarch of the chimpanzees at Sydney's Taronga Zoo, died on July 19, 2007, at age 60.^[24]
• Gust (1952–1988) was a Congolese gorilla that became an icon of the Antwerp Zoo
• Guy the Gorilla (1946–1978) was a famous gorilla in London Zoo.
• Harambe (1999–2016) was a gorilla shot dead by the Cincinnati Zoo after a child fell into his enclosure.^[25] This would eventually lead to the deceased ape becoming a popular Internet meme.
• Ivan (1962–2012) was a western lowland gorilla who lived in a shopping mall in Tacoma, Washington, who was also the inspiration for the 2012 book The One and Only Ivan, which was then drafted into a 2020 film of the same name.
• Jabari, a 300-lb. (136 kg) gorilla at the Dallas Zoo, received national attention when, on March 18, 2004, he escaped and attacked four people, including a toddler, during a 40-minute rampage inside the jungle exhibit before being shot to death by police. He was the son of Charles the Gorilla.^[26]
• Jambo (1961–1992), a gorilla, cared for a boy who fell into his enclosure.
• Jenny (1953–2008), a western lowland gorilla, lived at the Dallas Zoo from 1957 until her death, and was the oldest gorilla in captivity at the time of her death.
• Jo Mendi II (1939–1980), a chimpanzee at the Detroit Zoo who became known as "the greatest performing chimp of all time."^[27]
• Julius (born 1979), a chimpanzee at Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park known for living his childhood with a human family.
• Jumoke (1989–2008)—western lowland gorilla and the granddaughter of Colo
• Karen (born 1992), a Sumatran orangutan, who was the first zoo animal to have open heart surgery at San Diego Zoo in 1994.^[28]
• Ken Allen (1971–2000)—Bornean orangutan at the San Diego Zoo known for his escape artistry
• Little Mama (1938–2017) — chimpanzee, and believed to be the oldest chimpanzee on record
• Louis, a male western lowland gorilla known for walking upright in order to avoid muddying his hands. Currently resides at Zoo de Granby in Granby, Quebec.
• Louie (chimpanzee) (2004–2011) — Louie was retired to the LRZ by his owners after a career in the entertainment industry. He was retired to LRZ with his older brother, Mikey.
• Massa (1930–1984) — silverback, one of the longest-lived gorilla ever recorded, and second-longest-lived male in captivity, died at age 54
• Max (1971–2004) — gorilla in the Johannesburg Zoo, famously apprehended a criminal in 1997, getting shot twice in the process
• Ndume, a male western lowland gorilla known for learning a limited amount of a modified version of American Sign Language (ASL) and for being at the center of a lawsuit. Currently resides at Cincinnati Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Pattycake (1972–2013), first baby gorilla born in New York, mother of 10, later died in captivity at Bronx Zoo
• Phil, was a lowland gorilla in the St. Louis Zoo. He arrived as a toddler on September 10, 1941, and died as a 525 lb. (238 kg) silverback on December 1, 1958.^[29]
• Ozzie (1961–2022) — western lowland gorilla the Zoo Atlanta.
• Sami (1979–1992) — chimpanzee at the Belgrade Zoo, known for escaping his enclosure twice in February of 1988
• Samson (1949–1981)—for many years the face of the Milwaukee County Zoo, one of the largest silverback gorillas on record, weighing 652 lbs. (296 kg) in 1973^[30]
• Santino, a male chimpanzee at Furuvik zoo in Sweden, was notable for having the cognitive skills for forward planning (calmly collecting stones, and later throwing them at visitors).
• Sebastian—former resident of the animal orphanage near Nairobi National Park, Kenya, famous for smoking and not requiring a cage.^[31]
• Shabani, a male western lowland gorilla known for his "photogenic" and "metrosexual" appearance, as well as his talent for tightrope walking. Currently resides at the Higashiyama Zoo in Nagoya, Japan.
• Snowflake (1964–2003), the only known albino lowland gorilla.
• Susie (1931 –1947) Cincinnati Zoo. One of the most popular animals at the zoo until her death on October 29, 1947.
• Temara (born 1993), the first zoo-reared female Sumatran orangutan, was released into Bukit Tigapuluh National Park by Perth Zoo in 2006.^[32]
• Timmy (gorilla) (1959–2011), died at 52 as the oldest male gorilla in North America
• Willie B. (1959–2000), a silverback gorilla kept in isolation for 27 years, became head of a troop and father of five.
• Yeroen, a chimpanzee at the Arnhem Zoo, was the star of de Waal's Chimpanzee Politics.^[33]

Circus use

• Gargantua (1929–1949)—acid-scarred gorilla captured in the wild, performed in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
• Toto (1931–1968)—Gargantua's would-be mate
• John Daniel and John Daniel II, western gorillas that toured briefly with Ringling

As politicians

• Macaco Tião, a chimpanzee, had the habit of throwing excrement at visitors (including several politicians) to the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. A satirical newspaper ran his candidature for Rio de Janeiro mayor in 1988, and he got 9.5% of the votes, just behind Marcello Alencar and César Maia.^[34]
• Colossus the Gorilla was a main attraction at Benson's Wild Animal Farm in Hudson, New Hampshire, who attempted to have Colossus put on the ballot in the 1980 New Hampshire Republican Presidential primary. The zoo tried to argue that the U.S. Constitution does not specify that a native-born candidate has to be human.^[35]

Pets

• Bubbles (b. 1983)—infamous chimpanzee pet belonging to singer Michael Jackson from 1985 to 2005. Appeared in Jackson's "Liberia Girl" music video. In 2005, Jackson admitted that Bubbles had grown from the cute and cuddly 10lb "baby" Jackson had treated as a human child, to a very large, very strong, pugnacious 180lb adult male. Bubbles was initially moved to a private wildlife reserve in the late 1980s, and in 2004, he was relocated to "The Center for Great Apes", in Wauchula, Florida.
• Moe, a chimpanzee who lived with a California couple until he was seized by authorities.^[36]
• Scatter—chimpanzee pet of singer Elvis Presley^[37]

See also

• List of individual monkeys
• List of fictional primates
• Monkeys and apes in space
• Oldest hominids

Notes and References

1. Web site: Free Bam Bam. chicagotribune.com. en-US. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711074718/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-07-30-0307300429-story.html. live.
2. Web site: 'Every which way but abuse' should be motto . . 27 August 2008 . 2021-06-07 . 2021-06-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210607023739/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-27-et-brief27-story.html . live .
3. Web site: An Interview with Makeup Effects Artist and Author, William Munns . Cool Ass Cinema . 8 July 2021 . 24 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210324060433/http://www.coolasscinema.com/2015/03/an-interview-with-makeup-effects-artist.html . live .
4. Web site: Our Primates. Monkey World. en-GB. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711074541/https://monkeyworld.org/our-primates/. live.
5. Web site: Angela Cartwright - Interview. www.sci-fi-online.com. 2019-07-11. 2021-01-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125001540/http://www.sci-fi-online.com/Interview/04-06-14_AngelaCartwright.htm. live.
6. Web site: News Lincoln Park Zoo. www.lpzoo.org. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711074650/https://www.lpzoo.org/blog/blog1.php/retu. live.
7. Web site: Mowgli the Chimpanzee . Center for Great Apes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120611041500/http://www.centerforgreatapes.org/residents-details.aspx?id=27 . 2012-06-11 .
8. Book: Slide, Anthony. The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry . Routledge. 1998. 106. 9780810866362.
9. Web site: Disney Chimpanzee Documentary Movie Review, Jane Goodall. Cross. Megan. 2012-04-18. Global Animal. en-US. 2019-07-11. 2020-08-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20200815174023/https://www.globalanimal.org/2012/04/17/go-ape-for-disneys-chimpanzee/72364/. live.
10. http://fan.tcm.com/_A-Salute-to-Peggy/blog/1814576/66470.html A Salute to Peggy – TCM CLASSIC FILM UNION Blog post
11. Web site: Wausau Daily Herald 26 Apr 1922, page 6 . 2023-02-07 . Newspapers.com . en.
12. Web site: Dayton Daily News 07 May 1922, page 25 . 2023-02-07 . Newspapers.com . en.
13. Web site: Products Page Ed Sullivan Show. www.edsullivan.com. 2019-07-11. 2019-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20191011051649/http://www.edsullivan.com/artists/zippy-the-chimp/. live.
14. http://www.centerforgreatapes.org/residents-details.aspx?id=37 Tango the Orangutan – Center for Great Apes Resident
15. Web site: Pets & Their People: Movie chimps train the stars. - Free Online Library. www.thefreelibrary.com. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711074839/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pets%2B%26%2BTheir%2BPeople:%2BMovie%2Bchimps%2Btrain%2Bthe%2Bstars.-a077122327. live.
16. Web site: Las Vegas News Breaking News & Headlines. Las Vegas Review-Journal. en-US. 2019-07-11. 2001-02-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20010215013824/http://www.reviewjournal.com/. live.
17. Web site: Woman in surgery 7 hours after chimp attack. https://web.archive.org/web/20090221231414/http://www.wfsb.com/news/18744089/detail.html . 2009-02-21. 2009-02-21 .
18. Caswell . J. L. . Mallick . S. . Richter . D. J. . Neubauer . J. . Schirmer . C. . Gnerre . S. . Reich . D. . McVean . Gil . Analysis of Chimpanzee History Based on Genome Sequence Alignments . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057 . PLOS Genetics . 4 . 4 . e1000057 . 2008 . 18421364. 2278377 . free .
19. Web site: Chimpanzees, Orangutans Can Swim and Dive, Biologists Prove Biology Sci-News.com. Breaking Science News Sci-News.com. en-US. 2019-07-11.
20. Darwin at the Zoo. Weiner. Jonathan. Scientific American. 2006. 295. 6. 114–119. 10.1038/scientificamerican1206-114. 17144359. 2006SciAm.295f.114W. en. 2019-07-11. 2017-08-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20170829220548/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/darwin-at-the-zoo/. live.
21. Web site: Saga of an Ape — The surprising true story of the late Bill the Chimp. Mintz. Daniel. North Coast Journal. en. 2019-07-11. 2020-11-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128170330/https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/saga-of-an-ape-the-surprising-true-story-of-the-late-bill-the-chimp/Content?oid=2125921. live.
22. http://www.wbez.org/blogs/john-r-schmidt/2012-12/111951-rip-bushman-104576 Bushman, Lincoln Park Zoo gorilla died on New Year's Day in 1951 | WBEZ 91.5 Chicago
23. Web site: RIP: Charlie the Smoking Chimp, 1958-2010 RealClearScience. Newling. Dan. October 7, 2010. 2019-07-11. 2014-08-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20140824071450/http://www.realclearscience.com/2010/10/07/rip_charlie_the_smoking_chimp_1958-2010_237808.html. live.
24. News: Chimpanzee matriarch dies in Sydney zoo. 2007-07-21. Los Angeles Times. 2019-07-11. en-US. 0458-3035. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075300/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-21-sci-briefs21.2-story.html. live.
25. Web site: Cincinnati Zoo Devastated by Death of... - Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Facebook. www.facebook.com. 2016-05-30. 2016-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20160529223601/https://www.facebook.com/cincinnatizoo/posts/10154082080110479. live.
26. Web site: Gorilla's escape, violent rampage stun zoo officials. 2004-03-19. msnbc.com. en. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075332/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4558461/ns/us_news/t/gorillas-escape-violent-rampage-stun-zoo-officials/. live.
27. News: Jo Mendi, Wonderful Ape, Is Still Alive, But Forgotten. Detroit Free Press. James Pooler. April 13, 1958. 3. Newspapers.com. August 19, 2021. August 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210819165356/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83741537/jo-mendi-ii/. live.
28. Web site: Karen. 18 March 2015. San Diego Zoo Centennial. en. 9 March 2019. 7 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045734/https://www.sandiegozoo100.org/100-animals/karen. live.
29. Web site: Phil the Gorilla Saint Louis Zoo. www.stlzoo.org. 2019-07-11. 2018-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073722/https://www.stlzoo.org/events/rent-the-zoo/weddings/ceremony-sites/phil-the-gorilla. live.
30. Web site: Memories of Samson the Gorilla Zoological Society of Milwaukee. www.zoosociety.org. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075448/https://www.zoosociety.org/Education/FunStuff/SamsonMemories.php. live.
31. Web site: Standard Digital News - Kenya : Magazines : Nairobi animal orphanage . 2013-02-13 . 2012-10-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121015161210/http://standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000064573&story_title=Nairobi-animal-orphanage . live .
32. Web site: Temara Perth Zoo . 2013-02-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111111041611/http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/conservation/bukit-tigapuluh-wildlife-and-ecosystem-protection-sumatra/orangutan-releases/temara/ . 2011-11-11 . dead .
33. Web site: Apes in the Office; It's a Jungle in There. Duncan. Maxwell . chicagotribune.com. en-US. 2019-07-11. 2019-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711075548/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-03-10-8501130886-story.html. live.
34. Web site: Fundação RIOZOO . F. . David . A. . Jamel . Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . pt . 2013-02-13 . 2016-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231350/http://www0.rio.rj.gov.br/pcrj/destaques/especial/riozoo.htm . live .
35. Web site: Garnick. Darren. Hillary Cried Here: An Unconventional Tourist Guide to the N.H. Primary. Tourist Guide to the N.H. Primary. 6 January 2012. The Atlantic. 10 January 2014. 10 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140110205716/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/01/hillary-cried-here-an-unconventional-tourist-guide-to-the-nh-primary/250848/. live.
36. News: Too Close For Comfort . 20 January 2023 . ABC News . 14 August 2006.
37. Web site: Happy birthday, Elvis. Now let's rent some oddball flicks. tallahassee. 6 January 2018. 18 January 2020. 17 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211017165942/https://www.tallahassee.com/story/entertainment/2018/01/06/happy-birthday-elvis-now-lets-rent-some-oddball-flicks/1007694001/. live.