List of indigenous languages of South America explained

This article lists the indigenous languages of South America. Extinct languages are marked by dagger signs (†).

Demographics by country

Demographics of Indigenous languages of South America by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):^[1]

Language	Alternate names	Family	Branch	Population	Speaker number	Degree of endangerment	Country	Other countries
	Mapuche			113,680	8,413	seriously endangered		Chile
				4,104	?	endangered		Chile, Bolivia, Peru
	Gününa Küne, Pampa			1,585	–	extinct (1960–1970)
	Ona			696	–	extinct (1970s)		Chile †
	Aonek’enk, P’e:nk’enk			10,590	3	moribund
	Tehuesh			–	–	extinct (early 1900s)
	Moqoyt La’qa:tqa			15,837	2,780	endangered
	PitelaGa Laqtak			4,465	3,494	potentially endangered
	Namqom			69,452	30,410	endangered		Paraguay
				50	2	moribund
	Yofuáha, Yowúwa			2,613	1,692	endangered		Paraguay
	Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay			553	224	seriously endangered		Paraguay
	Mataco, ’Weenhayek in Bolivia			40,036	28,631	potentially endangered		Bolivia
				–	60,000 – 80,000	endangered
	Guaraní in Bolivia, Guaraní Occidental in Paraguay			21,807	5,139	endangered		Bolivia
	Guaraní Goyano			–	100,000 – 1,000,000	potentially endangered
				8,223	3,908	endangered		Paraguay, Brazil
	Ñandevá in Paraguay			524	178	seriously endangered		Bolivia, Paraguay
	Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe			3,044	–	extinct		Chile †
	Yámana			–	–	extinct (late 1900s)		Chile
				2,125,000	1,540,833	potentially endangered		Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina
				1,470,000	1,008,825	potentially endangered		Peru, Chile, Argentina
				2,134	1,800	endangered
	Uru			230	–	extinct (2004)
				?	1?	extinct
				–	–	extinct		Peru †
				–	?	seriously endangered
				30	13	seriously endangered		Brazil
				886	67	seriously endangered
				30,000	3,140	endangered
				2,000	1,080	seriously endangered
				?	5	moribund
	Itene			64	44	seriously endangered
				516	380	endangered
				46	6	moribund
				93	51	seriously endangered		Peru, Brazil
				732	518	endangered		Peru
				158	111	seriously endangered
				1,683	601	endangered
				7,345	1,153 / 50–500	seriously endangered
	Reyesano			4,919	53 / 12	moribund
				208	140	seriously endangered
				268	187	endangered
				11,953	8,433	potentially endangered
	Chiriguano			125,159	43,633	potentially endangered		Argentina
				41	29	seriously endangered		Argentina, Paraguay
	Mataco, Wichí in Argentina			1,797	1,929	endangered		Argentina
				1,398	1,398	endangered		Paraguay
				404	4 / 0?	extinct
				12,230	1,173	seriously endangered
				664	23 / <3	moribund
				2,791	389 / < 2	moribund
				1,588	948	endangered
	Chimane			8,615	6,351	potentially endangered
				4,186	132 / 20	moribund
				2,829	1,809	endangered
	Chiquitano			195,624	4,615	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Banawá			100 (2006)	100	seriously endangered
				875 (2006)	875	endangered
	Yamamadí, Kanamantí			884 (2006)	800	endangered
	Jarauara			180 (2006)	180	endangered
	Culina, Madihá, Madiha, Madija			3,500 (2006)	3,000	endangered		Peru
	Palmari			892 (2006)	290 (2000)	seriously endangered
	Sorowaha, Suruwaha			136 (2007)	136	seriously endangered
	Popingaré, Kangitê, Kaxiriri, Cacharary			3,256 (2006)	2,000	endangered
	Kampa, Axíninka			869 (2004)	813	endangered		Peru
	Baniwa do Içana, Baniva, Baniua, Walimanai, Wakuenai			5,811 (2005)	5,811	potentially endangered		Colombia, Venezuela
				10,275 (2005)	2	moribund		Venezuela
	Salumã			445 (2006)	445	endangered
	Caixana			505 (2006)	1	moribund
	Guaná			250 (2005)	11 (2007)	moribund
	Curripaco, Curipaco, Coripaco			1,332 (2005)	1,332	endangered		Colombia, Venezuela
	Manchineri, Yine			937 (2004)	937	endangered		Bolivia
	Mehinaku, Meinaku			227 (2006)	200	seriously endangered
	Paliku’ene, Aukwayene, Aukuyene			1,330 (2006)	1,300	endangered		French Guiana
	Paresí, Arití, Halití			2,005 (2008)	1,000	endangered
	Tariano			1,914 (2002)	100	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Terena, Tereno			19,961	19,000	potentially endangered
	Wapishana, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana			7,000 (2008)	4,000?	endangered		Guyana
	Werekena, Uarequena			806 (206)	20	seriously endangered		Venezuela
	Waujá, Uará			321 (2008)	321	endangered
	Iaualapití			222 (2006)	10?	moribund
	Bacairí, Kurâ			950 (1999)	950	endangered
	Galibí do Oiapoque, Kari’na, Kaliña			66	only elders	seriously endangered		Venezuela, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
	Hyxkaryana			631 (2006)	600	endangered
	Txicão, Txikão			342 (2006)	342	endangered
	Akawayo, Kapon			1,170 (2007)	1,170	endangered		Guyana, Venezuela
	Calapalu			506 (2006)	506	endangered
	Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana, Caxuiana			230 (2006)	150	seriously endangered
	Cuicuro			509 (2006)	600	endangered
	Macuxi, Macushi, Pemon			23,433 (2006)	15,000	potentially endangered		Venezuela
				103 (2006)	10	moribund
	Nahukuá, Nafuquá			124 (2006)	124	seriously endangered
				78 (2003)	?	seriously endangered
	Kapon, Akawayo			87 (2006)	?	seriously endangered		Guyana, Venezuela
	Taulipang, Pemon, Arekuna			582 (2002)	500	seriously endangered		Guyana, Venezuela
	Trio, Tarëno, Tirió, Tirio, Tarona, Yawi, Pianokoto			1,156 (2006)	1,156	endangered		Suriname
	Kinã, Kinja			1,120 (2005)	1,120	endangered
	Wai Wai, TunayanaWaiwai, Katuena			2,914 (2005)	2,914	potentially endangered		Guyana
	Waiana, Uaiana, Aparaí			288 (2006)	288	endangered		Suriname, French Guiana
	Ye’kuana, Yekwana, Yecuana, Makiritare, Maquiritare, Maiongong, So’to			430 (2000)	430	endangered		Venezuela
	Kujubí, Cojubím, Kaw Ta Yo			55 (2006)	2 (2001)	moribund
	Uomo			50	1	moribund
				30 (2002)	12 (2002)	seriously endangered		Bolivia
	Oro Towati			56 (2006)	5	moribund
				312 (2006)	–	extinct
	Pakaa Nova, Pacaás Novos			2,721 (2006)	2,721	potentially endangered
	Kadiweo, Caduveo, Cadiuéu, Ejiwajigi, Mbaya-Guaicuru			1,629 (2006)	1,600	endangered
	Canamarí, Tüküná, Tâkâna			1,654 (2006)	most?	endangered
	Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi			10? (1986)	10?	seriously endangered
	Pedá Djapá, Tüküná			450 (2007)	1 (1976)	possibly extinct
	Tucano			100 (1985)	30?	seriously endangered
	Eastern Bororo, Boe, Boe Wadáru			1,390(2006)	1,390	endangered
	Omotina, Barbados			445 (2009)	–	extinct
	Linguará, Anenho			737 (2006)	50	seriously endangered		Bolivia
				370 (2006)	5	moribund
	Apinayé, Apinaié, Timbira Ocidentais			1,525 (2006)	1,500	endangered
	Kanela, Kanela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela Apanyekra			2,502 (2006)	2,502	endangered
	Gavião, Parkatêjê, Gavião do Pará, Gavião do Mãe Maria			476 (2006)	476	endangered
	Pykopjê, Gavião do Maranhão, Timbira			494 (2006)	494	endangered
	Caingangue, Kanhgág			28,000 (2006)	18,500	potentially endangered
	Craô, Kraô, Mehim, Timbira			2,184 (2006)	2,184	endangered
				30 (1999)	1 (1981)	extinct
	Krinkatí, Krikatí-Timbira, Timbira			682 (2005)	682	endangered
	Kayapó, Xikrin, Put Karot			7,266 (2006)	7,266	potentially endangered
	Krenhakarore, Krenakore, Krenakarore, Kreen-Akarore, Índios Gigantes			374 (2008)	374	endangered
	Suyá, Suiá, Mëkisêdjê			351 (2006)	351	endangered
	Suyá Orientais, Novos Suyá, Beiço-de-Pau			58 (1995)	58?	seriously endangered
	Xacriabá, Xikriabá			7,665 (2006)	0?	possibly extinct
	A’uwe, Awen			13,303 (2007)	13,303	potentially endangered
	Akwê, Akwen, Acuen			2,569 (2006)	2,569	potentially endangered
	Shokleng, Xokrén, Laklanô, Bugres, Botocudos, Aweikoma, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Aweikoma-Kaingang			887 (2004)	100	seriously endangered
	Aricapú			30 (2006)	1	moribund
	Jeoromitxí, Jabutí			165 (2006)	30 (2008)	seriously endangered
	Iatê, Fulniô, Carnijó			2,930 (1999)	1,000	endangered
	Karajá			1,208 (2006)	800?	endangered
	Carajá, Iny			2,532 (2006)	2,250	endangered
	Karajá do Norte, Ixybiowa, Iraru Mahãdu			269 (2006)	10	moribund
	Crenaque, Crenac, Krenac, Nakrehé, Krenak-Nakrehé, Borun; Botocudos; Aimorés			204 (2006)	10	moribund
	Maxacalí, Monacó, Kumanuxú, Tikmuún			1,271 (2006)	1,271	endangered
	Pataxó do Norte, Pataxó do Sur, Hã Hã Hãe			2,219 (2005)	–	extinct (late 1900s)
	Ofaié, Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante			61 (2006)	12	seriously endangered
	Erikbaktsá, Erigpaktsá, Orelhas de Pau, Canoeiros			1,117 (2006)	900	endangered
				9,299 (2006)	–	extinct
	Mura-Pirahã			389 (2006)	389	endangered
	Kamã			120	120	seriously endangered
	Hupdá, Hupdé, Hupdá Makú			1,500	1,500	endangered		Colombia
	Kuyawi			20	20	seriously endangered
	Nadöbö, Anodöb, Makunadöbö, Guariba, Guariba Tapuyo, Kabori, Xiriwai			350	350	endangered
				617	617	endangered		Colombia
	Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)			19	19	seriously endangered
	Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)			7	1	seriously endangered
	Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)			250	250	endangered
	Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)			80	80	seriously endangered
	Northern Nambikwara (Nambikwara do Norte)			few	1	moribund
	Nambikwara do Sul			721	721	seriously endangered
				140	3	moribund
	Arara do Acre, Shawanauá			332 (2004)	9 (2000)	moribund
	Katukina [Tüküná, Pi:Dyapa], Kanamarí [Tüküna Kanamarí, Canamari], Tsohom-Dyapa [Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa], Katukina do Acre, Katukina Pano			2,239 (2008)	2,239	potentially endangered
	Caxarari, Kaxariri			322 (2009)	300?	seriously endangered
	Caxinauá, Cashinahuá, Cashinahua, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kuin			4,500 (2004)	4,500	potentially endangered		Peru
				26 (2007)	26	seriously endangered
	Kulina Pano, Culina			125 (2006)	only elders	seriously endangered
				1,252 (2006)	1,252	endangered
				322 (2008)	322	endangered
				1,592 (2006)	1,500	endangered		Peru
	Quixito			400	400	endangered		Peru?
	Nuquini, Nukuíni			600 (2003)	–	extinct
	Poianáua			403 (1999)	2	moribund
	Katukina, Shanenawá			361 (2006)	300	endangered
	Jaminawa, Iauminawa			855 (2006)	600	endangered		Bolivia, Peru
	Yauanauá, Iauanauá			519 (2006)	519	endangered
	Arapaço			569	0?	possibly extinct
	Waimajã, Waípinõmakã			21 (2005)	21	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Barasano, Pãnerã, Hanera, Panenoá			34 (2005)	34	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Desana, Dessano, Wira, Umúkomasá			2,204 (2005)	700	endangered		Colombia
	Carapanã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna			63 (2005)	63	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Wanano, Wanana, Guanano, Uanano			735 (2005)	650	endangered		Colombia
	Cubeo, Cobewa, Kubéwa, Pamíwa			381 (2005)	150–200	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Macuna, Yeba-Masã			32 (2005)	32	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Miriti-Tapuia, Buia-Tapuya			75 (2005)	0?	possibly extinct
	Piratapuia, PiraTapuia, Piratapuyo, Waíkana			1,433 (2005)	700	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Siria-Masã			71 (2005)	71?	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Tucano, Ye’pãmasa, Dasea			6,241 (2005)	7,000	potentially endangered		Colombia
	Tuyuca, Tuiuca, Dokapuara, Utapinõmakãphõná			825 (2005)	800?	endangered		Colombia
	Jurití			?	0?	possibly extinct		Colombia
				320 (2005)	320	endangered
	Aueti			160 (2008)	160	seriously endangered
				36	12	seriously endangered
				645	645	endangered
	Gavião de Rondônia, Ikõlej, Ikõleey, Ikõro			523 (2004)	523	endangered
	Pageyn			599 (2008)	599	endangered
	Suruí-Paiter, Suruí de Rondônia			1,007 (2006)	1,007	endangered
	Sanamãika, Mondé			?	2	moribund
	Kuruaia, Curuaia			129 (2006)	3	moribund
	Mundurucú			10,065 (2002)	8,000	endangered
				62 (2006)	2	moribund
	Arara, Arara Karo, Arara de Rondônia, Arara Tupi, Ntogapíd, Itoga-púk, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi, Ytangá			208 (2006)	200	seriously endangered
	Sataré-Maué, Sateré, Mawé			9,156 (2008)	6,219	endangered
	Wayurú, Wayoró			94 (2006)	8	seriously endangered
	Akunt’su, Akunsu			5 (2009)	5	moribund
	Macurap			381 (2006)	50	seriously endangered
	Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiat			84 (2006)	22 (2008)	seriously endangered
				433 (2006)	150 (2005)	seriously endangered
	Amanaié, Ararandeuara			192 (2001)	0?	possibly extinct
				132 (2000)	6 (2000)	moribund
	Apiacá			1,000 (2009)	1 (2008)	moribund
	Araueté			339 (2006)	339	endangered
	varieties: Asuriní do Tocantins, Parakanã, Suruí do Tocantins			1,548	1,548	endangered
				384 (2006)	384	endangered
	Apiterewa			900 (2004)	900	endangered
				264 (2006)	264	endangered
	Awaeté			125 (2006)	125	seriously endangered
	Canoeiro, Carijó, Índios Negros, Cara Preta			16	16?	seriously endangered
	Jiahui, Jahói, Djahui, Diahkoi, Diarroi			88	1	moribund
	Awá, Avá			283 (2005)	283	endangered
	Tenetehára, Ze’egete			19,471(2006)	14,000	potentially endangered
	Yuma			5	5	moribund
	Urubu-Kaapor, Kaaporté			991 (2006)	991	endangered
	Kaiabí, Caiabí			1,619 (2006)	1,000	endangered
	Kaiova, Paï-Tavyterã			20,000 (2003)	most?	endangered		Paraguay
	Camaiurá			492 (2006)	400 (2008)	endangered
(part of the Kagwahiva languages)				14 (2004)	10	moribund
	Kocama, Cocama			9,000(2003)	5 (1993)	moribund		Peru, Colombia
				6,000 (2003)	6,000	potentially endangered		Argentina, Paraguay
	Ava-Guaraní or Chiripá in Paraguay			13,000 (2008)	13,000	potentially endangered		Paraguay
	Yeral, Língua Geral, Língua Geral Amazônica				3,000 (1977)	endangered		Venezuela
	Kambeba, Kambewa, Cambeba			347	few?	moribund		Peru
	Kagwahiwa			284 (2006)	10	moribund
	Tapi’irape			564 (2006)	564	endangered
	Timbé, Tenetehára, Turiwara			1,425 (2006)	60	seriously endangered
	Kagwahiwa			699 (2006)	350	seriously endangered
	Coastal Tupi			2,590 (2006)	–	extinct
	Amondawa, Jupaú, Kawahíb			183 (2006)	183	seriously endangered
	Wayãpy, Waiãpi, Guaiapi, Wayampi, Oyampi			905 (2008)	905	endangered		French Guiana
	Hetá			86 (2006)	8	moribund
	Poturu, Jo’é			177 (2003)	177	seriously endangered
	Xipaia, Shipaya			595 (2002)	2 (2003)	moribund
	Yuruna, Juruna, Jurûna			362 (2006)	300?	seriously endangered
	Huitoto, Uitoto			42	?	possibly extinct (in Brazil)		Peru, Colombia
	Mirãnha, Miraña			836 (2006)	–	extinct		Colombia
	Sanïma, Sánïma, Sánema			462 (2006)	462	endangered		Venezuela
	Ninam, Xirianá			466 (2006)	466	seriously endangered		Venezuela
	Yanomae			4,000 (2006)	4,000	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Yanomamï, Yanomamõ, Yanomama, Yanoama			6,000 (2006)	6,000	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Ishir			1,572 (2002)	1,572	endangered		Paraguay
	Aikaná, Masaká, Kasupá, Huarí, Mondé, Tubarão			200	150	seriously endangered
	Aticum, Wamoé			5,852 (1999)	–	extinct (1960s)
	Irantxe, Manoki			276 (2006)	10	seriously endangered
	Menky, Munku			80 (2000)	80?	seriously endangered
	Canoé, Kapixaná			95 (2002)	3	moribund
	Koaiá, Coaiá, Quaia			40 (2008)	25	seriously endangered
	Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüa			35,000 (2008)	35,000	potentially endangered		Colombia, Peru
				147 (2006)	51 (2007)	seriously endangered
				3,927	2 (1961)	extinct (1960s)
	Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco			209 (2005)	–	extinct
				100?	100?	seriously endangered
				1	1	moribund
	Cambiuá			2,820	2 (1961)	extinct
				493 (2006)	–	extinct
	Capinauá			3,294	–	extinct
	Cariri, Kipea, Kiriri, Dzubukuá; Tumbalalá			? 1,469 (2006)	–	extinct
	Katembri, Kariri, Kariri de Mirandela			1,612	1 (1960s)	extinct
	Macu, Mako			?	–	extinct (2000–2002)
	Pancararu, Pankararé			6,515	–	extinct
	Potyguara			11,424	–	extinct
	Tapebano, Perna-de-Pau			5,741 (2006)	–	extinct
				302	–	extinct
				2,049 (2006)	–	extinct
				4,169 (2006)	–	extinct
				1,560 (2003)	–	extinct
	Chocó			364 (2006)	–	extinct
				1,763 (2000)	–	extinct
				2,652 (2006)	–	extinct
				9,064 (2006)	–	extinct (early 1960s)
	Chesungun			2,000 (1982)	few elders	moribund
	Mapuche			604,349	250,000	endangered		Argentina
				48,501	24,000	endangered		Bolivia, Peru, Argentina
	Ona			–	–	extinct		Argentina †
				6,175	1,000 ?	endangered		Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia
	Atacameño, Likan Antai, Ulipe, Lipe			21,015	–	extinct (1960)		Argentina †, Bolivia †
	Yámana, Háusi Kútə			1685 / 70	1	moribund		Argentina †
	Qawasqar, Alacaluf			2622 / 101	20	moribund
				283 (2001)	283	seriously endangered		Venezuela †
	Baniva del Guainía			?	few?	seriously endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Kabiyari, Kawiyarí, Kawiri, Cauyari, Cabuyari			311 (2001)	311	seriously endangered
	Curripaco-Baniva, Kurripako, Baniva del Isana			7,827 (2001)	7,000?	potentially endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Guajiro, Goajiro			149,827 (2001)	149,827	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Piapoko, Tsáçe			4,926 (2001)	4,926	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Tariano			445 (2001)	0?	possibly extinct		Brazil
	Yukuna			770 (221)	770	endangered		Brazil?
	Awapit, Awá, Awa-Cuaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker			15,364 (2001)	< 15,364	endangered		Ecuador
	Coconuco, Guanaca			23,462 (2001)	23,462	endangered
				4,130 (2001)	4	moribund
	Karijona, Tsahá			307 (2001)	< 10	moribund
				?	–	extinct
	Yukpa, Yucpa, Japrería			3,651 (2001)	3,651	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Ika, Ijka, Bíntukua			14,799 (2001)	14,799	potentially endangered
	Motilón			3,617 (2001)	3,617	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Ette Taara			900 (2001)	900	endangered
	Kuna, Tule			1,231 (2001)	1,231	endangered		PA
	Sanka, Malayo, Arsario, Wiwa			1,922 (2001)	1,922	endangered
	Kawgian, Kággaba, Kogi			9,911 (2001)	9,911	potentially endangered
	Uw Kuwa, U’wa			7,231 (2001)	7,231	potentially endangered		Venezuela †
	Pede Epenã, Epérã Pedée, Pede, Chamí, Catío, Katío, Sambú			88,747 (2001)	88,747?	potentially endangered		Ecuador, PA
	Waunán, Waunméu, Waumeo, Chocó, Noanama			8,177	8,177	potentially endangered		PA
				34,566	–	extinct
	Cuiva, Kuiva			2,445 (2001)	2,445	endangered		Venezuela
	Hiwi, Jive, Guahibo, Vichadeño, Amorúa, Tigrero			23,006 (2001)	23,006	potentially endangered		Venezuela
	Mitua, Jiw			1,118 (2001)	1,118	endangered
	Jitnu, Macaguane-Hitnu			441 (2001)	441?	endangered
	Playero, Guahibo Playero			< 200 (1982)	< 200	seriously endangered		Venezuela
	Hupda, Hupdë			235	235	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Cakua			220	220	seriously endangered
				390	390	endangered
	Yuhuo Makú			200	200	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Yawa			297 (2001)	297	endangered		Peru
	Ingano			19,079 (2001)	8,000	endangered
				773 (2001)	773	endangered		Venezuela
	Sáliva			1,929 (2001)	< 1,929	endangered		Venezuela
	Waimaja, Waimasa, Waymasa, Waimaha, Barasano del Norte			109 (2001)	109	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Pãnerã, Banera Yae			1,890 (1997)	1,890	endangered		Brazil
	Karapana			464 (2001)	464	endangered		Brazil
	Kubeo			6,647 (2001)	6,647	potentially endangered		Brazil
				2,457 (2001)	2,457	endangered		Brazil
	Coreguaje, Ko’reuaju			2,212 (2001)	2,212	endangered
	Makaguaje			50 (2001)	0?	possibly extinct
	Makuna			1,009 (2001)	1,009	endangered		Brazil
	Piratapuya			630 (2001)	630	endangered		Brazil
	Pápiwa			61 (2001)	25	seriously endangered		Brazil
	SionaSecoya			734 (2001)	500 (2003)	endangered		Ecuador, Peru
				749 (2001)	749	endangered		Brazil
	Taibano, Eduria			22 (2001)	22	moribund
	Opaina, Ufaina, Retuarã			1,952 (2001)	< 1,952	endangered
				331 (2001)	331	endangered
				6,996 (2001)	6,996	potentially endangered		Brazil
				642 (2001)	642	endangered		Brazil
	Guanano, Kotiria			1,395 (2001)	1,395	endangered		Brazil
				103 (2001)	103?	seriously endangered
				687 (2001)	687	endangered		Brazil
	Kokama, Cocama, Cocamilla			792 (2001)	few semi-speakers	moribund		Peru, Brazil
				228 (2001)	2	moribund
				137	137	seriously endangered		Peru
	Witoto, Witoto Murui, Witoto Mïnïca, Witoto Muinane			7,343	7,343	potentially endangered		Peru, Brazil †?
				701 (2001)	<500	seriously endangered		Peru
				715 (2001)	<100	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Bora Muinane			547	50–100?	seriously endangered
	Cofán, Kofán			1,143 (2000)	379 (2008)	endangered		Ecuador
	Andoque			597 (2001)	597	endangered
	Camsá, Kamëntsa			4,773 (2001)	4,773	potentially endangered
	Paéz			138,501 (2001)	60,000	endangered
	Tikuna			7,102 (2001)	7,102	potentially endangered		Peru, Brazil
				1?	1 (2008)	moribund
	Yuri			217 (2001)	217	seriously endangered
	Puinave			6,604 (2001)	6,604	potentially endangered		Venezuela
				3,283	2,100	endangered		Colombia
	Cha’palaachi, Chachi, Cayapa			5,465	5,871	endangered
	Tsafiki, Tsáchila, Tsachela, Colorado			1,484	1,872	endangered
	Êpera, Epena Pedee, Siapedie, Emberá, Emberá del Sur, Emberá Chami			65	52	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Achiar Chicham			2,404	2,943	endangered		Peru
				612	579	endangered
	Chicham			52,697	42,261	potentially endangered
	Cañar, Azuay, Cotopaxo, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Imbabura, Loza, Napo, Pastaza, and Salasaca dialects			408,395	451,783	potentially endangered		Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia
	Siona-Secoya, Pai Coca			240	85	seriously endangered		Colombia, Peru
	Siona, Kokakañú			304	260	seriously endangered
				?	2 (1969)	possibly extinct
	Kayapi			346	176	seriously endangered
	Cofán			1,044	638	endangered		Colombia
	Wao, Waorani, Waotededo, Wao Tiriro, Auca, Sabela			1,534	1,616	endangered
	Arawak			15,500 (2000)	1,500	seriously endangered		Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela
				6,900 (2000)	< 6,900	endangered		Brazil
				?	few rememberers	extinct		Suriname, Brazil †
	Kapon			5,000 (2000)	< 5,000	endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Pemon			400–500	400–500	endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Carib			3,000 (2000)	few hundred	seriously endangered		French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil
	Pemon			7,750 (2000)	< 7,750	endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Kapon			5,000 (2000)	< 5,000	endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
				240	240	seriously endangered		Brazil
				5,000 (2000)	few	seriously endangered		Venezuela, Brazil
	Saluma, Saloema, Charuma			?	few	moribund		Suriname †, Brazil †
	Arawak			2,000	500-700	endangered		French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela
				60-80	< 5	moribund
				40-50	3	moribund
	Carib			3,000	1,200	seriously endangered		Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil
				60-70	< 12	moribund
				1,300	1,300	endangered		Brazil
	Katuena			80-90	10	moribund
				450	450	endangered		French Guiana, Brazil
	Lokono			1,500	375	seriously endangered		Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela
				1,500	< 1500	endangered		Brazil
				?	few	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Kari’na, Kali’na			4,000	2,400	endangered		Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil
				1,000	1,000	endangered		Suriname, Brazil
	Teko			400	400	endangered
	Wajãpi, Wayampi			750	750	endangered		Brazil
				3,730	1,030	endangered
	Enlhet Norte, Enslet, Enthlit, Enlhet-Lengua, Lengua			7,316	6,439	endangered
	Enxet Sur			5,930	3,842	endangered
	Kashika			258	29	seriously endangered
	Sa’apan, Kasnapan			2,327	984	endangered
	including Toba-Maskoy			1,509	1,253	endangered
				764	12	moribund
	Qom-Lik, Emok-Lik, Takshika, Toba in Argentina			1,499	1,183	endangered		Argentina
	Maca			1,307	1,042	endangered
	Manjui, Chorote in Argentina; three varieties: Iyo’wuhwa, Iyojwa’ja [Yohwaha], and Montaraz [Wikinawos, Manjuy]			452	365	endangered		Argentina
	Nivaklé, Chulupí, Ashluslay			12,169	10,109	endangered		Argentina
	Axé, Aché-Guayaki, Guayakí			1,242	911	endangered
	Chiripá, Ava-Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Avakatu-ete, Ñandeva in Brazil			13,872	6,308	endangered		Brazil
	Ñandeva, Tapieté			2,021	1,550	endangered		Argentina, Bolivia
	Ava-Guaraní in Argentina, Guaraní (Chiriguano) in Bolivia			2,359	574	seriously endangered		Argentina, Bolivia
				14,624	10,016	endangered		Argentina, Brazil
	Kaiova, Kaiowa, Avá			13,391	6,364	endangered		Brazil
	Moro, Pyta Jovai			2,100	1,756	endangered		Bolivia
	Ishir, Yshyrö; 2 varieties: Ybytoso, Ybytoso
				1,553	1,174	endangered		Brazil
				106	85	endangered		Brazil
	Madiha, Kulina, Kurina			300	300	endangered		Brazil
	Asháninka			88,703 (2007)	88,703	potentially endangered
	Ashéninka, Axininca, Ashéninca Pajonal			20,000	20,000	potentially endangered
	Poyenisati			500	500	endangered
	Chamekolo			126 (1993)	8 (2008)	moribund
				68 (1993)	4 (1998)	moribund
	Matsiguenga, Matsigenka, Niagantsi			8,679 (1993)	5,000	endangered
	Cugapacori, Kugapakori			450	450	endangered
	Inato, Ina’o, Inthome, Intsome			5,531 (1993)	5,531	potentially endangered
				14 (1993)	2	moribund
	Amuesha			10,000	8,000	potentially endangered
	Piro, Apurinã, Yinerï Tokanï			2,553 (1993)	2,553	potentially endangered
				434,372 (2007)	< 434,372	potentially endangered
				?	9 (2005)	moribund
	or Cauqui			3,000?	725?	endangered
	Chayahuita			21,424 (2007)	14,000	endangered
	Jebero, Xebero			642 (1993)	< 30	seriously endangered
	Harakmbut Hate, Harakmbut Ate, Amarakaeri			1,206 (1993)	1,206	endangered
	or Seeptsá			?	2 (1986)	possibly extinct
	Shiwiar-Maina			2,500 (2008)	2,500	endangered		Ecuador
	Aguajún, Ahuajún, Aguaruna			55,366 (2007)	55,366	potentially endangered
				8,000	8,000	potentially endangered
	Ameuhaque, Amaguaco			247 (1993)	100?	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Capabaquebo, Kapanawa, Capacho			275 (2006)	100?	seriously endangered
	Uni			2,191 (1993)	2,191	endangered
	Caxinahua, Kaxinawa, Hantxa Kuin,			957 (1993)	957	endangered		Brazil
	Matsés-Mayoruna, Mayoruna			2,500	2,500	endangered		Brazil
	Yura, Yora, Yurahahua			450	450	endangered		Bolivia
	Marinahua, Mastanahua, Parquenahua			438	<438	endangered		Brazil
	Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo			22,517 (2007)	22,517	endangered
	Huariapano, Panobo			?	–	probably extinct (1991)
				400	400	endangered		Bolivia, Brazil
	Huarayo, Guarayo, Chama			782 (1993)	782	endangered		Bolivia
	Yawa, Iahua			5,000	4,000	endangered		Colombia
				3,262,137 (2007)	< 3,262,137	potentially endangered		Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina
	Maihuna, Coto, Payagua, Tutapi			300	100	seriously endangered
	Siona-Secoya			329 (1993)	329	endangered		Ecuador
	Xibitoana, Huallaga, Pampadeque			10,705	1,000	seriously endangered		Colombia, Brazil
				630 (1976)	2 (2010)	moribund		Brazil
	Witoto			3,000	1,000	endangered		Colombia, Brazil †?
				150	50	seriously endangered		Colombia
				3,000	2,000	endangered		Colombia, Brazil
				?	2 (2008)	moribund		Ecuador
	Chiripuno			500	50 (2001)	seriously endangered
	Cahuarana			?	5 (1975)	extinct
	Amacacore, Quiturran, Puca-Uma			500	25–50	seriously endangered
	Candoshi-Shapra			1,586 (1993)	1,586	endangered
	Muniche			?	8 (2008)	moribund
				8,000	8,000	potentially endangered		Brazil, Colombia
	Kacha Ere, Shimacu, Itucale, Cimarrón			2,000 (2003)	2,000	potentially endangered
	Aushiri			?	2? (2008)	moribund
		Unclassified (Arawakan)?			40 families (1959)	extinct
	Culli			–	–	extinct (1950s)
	Mashco-Piro			200–600	200–600	endangered		Brazil
	Pinche			20	1 (2008)	moribund
				–	–	extinct		Colombia
	Paraujano			11,205 (2001)	20	seriously endangered
	Baníwa, Banibo, Baniva-Yavitero, Baniva del Guainía			2,408 (2001)	608	endangered		Colombia, Brazil
				2,815 (2001)	239 / few	moribund		Brazil
	Curripaco, Wakuénai, Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del Isana			4,925 (2001)	3,743	potentially endangered		Colombia, Brazil
	Arhwak, Aruaco			428 (2001)	130	seriously endangered		French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
	Mandawaka			?	–	possibly extinct		Brazil
	Piapoco, Tsáçe			1,939 (2001)	1,745	potentially endangered		Colombia
	Guarequena			513 (2001)	160	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Guajiro, Wayuu			293,777 (2001)	293,777	potentially endangered		Colombia
	Baniva-Yavitero, Banibo			?	1 (2000)	possibly extinct
	Kapon			245 (2001)	180	endangered		Guyana, Brazil
				4,084 (2001)	63	seriously endangered
	Panare, Mapoyo			4,269 (2001)	4,184	potentially endangered
	Kariñá, Kari’na, Galibi			16,686 (2001)	< 5,000	endangered		French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana
				553 (2001)	49	seriously endangered
	Macushi, Makuxi			83 (2001)	not known	endangered		Guyana, Brazil
	Mapoio, Wánai			365 (2001)	12	moribund
	Kapón			200	200?	endangered		Guyana, Brazil
	Arekuna, Taurepan(g), Kamarakoto			27,157 (2001)	23,083	potentially endangered		Guyana, Brazil
				?	1	possibly extinct
				236 (2001)	50	seriously endangered
	Yavarana, Yabarana			292 (2001)	151	seriously endangered
	Ye’kwana, De’kwana, Maquiritare, Maiongong			6,523 (2001)	6,200	endangered		Brazil
	Yucpa, Japrería			7,522 (2001)	< 7,522	potentially endangered		Colombia
	Motilón			1,520 (1992)	1,520	endangered		Colombia
	Uwa-Tunebo			?	?	possibly extinct		Colombia
	Cuiva, Cuiba			454 (2001)	440	endangered		Colombia
	Jivi, Guahibo, Sikuani			14,750 (2001)	12,000	potentially endangered		Colombia
	Playero, Guahibo Playero			200	200	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Wirú, Wirö			1,130 (2001)	most	endangered
	Wothüha, Wotjüja, Wu’tjuja			14,494 (2001)	13,000	endangered		Colombia
	Sáliva			265 (2001)	36	seriously endangered		Colombia
	Geral, Nheengatu, Ñengatú			1,294 (2001)	650	endangered		Brazil
	Yanam			?	?	seriously endangered		Brazil
	Sanema, Sanuma			3,035 (2001)	3,035	potentially endangered		Brazil
	Yanomam, Yanomamë, Yanomama			?	?	potentially endangered		Brazil
	Yanoamï, Yanoamae			12,234 (2001)	12,234	potentially endangered		Brazil
	Hoti, Jodi, Ho			767 (2001)	767	endangered
	Yaruro			8,222	7,400	endangered
	Kariana, Kaliana, Caliana			20 (2008)	few elders	moribund
	Arutani, Awake			29 (2001)	29	seriously endangered		Brazil?
				36,028 (2001)	32,400	potentially endangered		Guyana
	Wãnsöhöt			1,307 (2001)	550	endangered		Colombia

Languages by classification

Jolkesky (2016)

Jolkesky (2016) lists 43 language families and 66 language isolates (and/or unclassified languages) in South America – a total of 109 independent families and isolates.^[2]

Andoke-Urekena

• Andoke
• Urekena

Arawa

• Suruwaha
• Madi-Deni-Paumari
  • Deni-Kulina: Deni; Kulina
  • Madi-Arawa
    • Arawa †
    • Madi: Banawa; Jamamadi; Jarawara
  • Paumari

Barbakoa

• Barbakoa, Southern
  • Karanki †
  • Kayapa
  • Kijo †
  • Tsafiki
• Barbakoa, Northern
  • Kokonuko
    • Kokonuko †
    • Guambiano-Totoro: Guambiano; Totoro
  • Pasto
    • Awa Pit
    • Barbakoa †
    • Pasto †
    • Sindagua †

Bora-Muinane

• Bora

Miraña

• Muinane

Chacha-Cholon-Hibito

• Chacha †
• Cholon
• Hibito †

Chapakura-Wañam

• Napeka
• Rokorona
• Chapakura-Kitemoka
  • Chapakura †
  • Kitemoka
• More-Tora
  • More-Kuyubi
    • Kuyubi-Kumana: Kumana; Kuyubi
    • More
  • Tora
  • Kabixi
• Urupa-Wañam-Wari
  • Urupa
    • Urupa
    • Yaru
  • Wañam-Wari
    • Wañam
    • Wari-Win: Oro Eo; Oro Wari; Oro Win

Charrua

• Chana
• Guenoa †
• Minuan †

Chibcha

• Pech
• Votic
  • Maleku
  • Rama
  • Wetar
• Isthmus
  • Boruka-Talamanca
    • Boruka
    • Talamanca
      • Teribe
      • Bribri-Kabekar
        • Bribri
        • Kabekar
  • Doraske-Changena
    • Changena †
    • Doraske
  • Guaymi
    • Buglere
    • Ngäbe
  • Kuna
    • Kuna Paya-Pukuro
    • Kuna San Blas
• Magdalena
  • Barí
  • Chimila
  • Nutabe †
  • Tunebo
  • Muiska
    • Guane †
    • Muiska †
  • Sierra de Santa Marta
    • Kaggaba
    • Wiwa-Ika
      • Ika
      • Kankuamo †
      • Wiwa
    • Tairona †

Choko

• Waunana
• Embera
  • Embera, Southern: Embera Baudo; Embera Chami; Epena
  • Embera, Northern: Embera Katio; Embera Darien

Chon

• Chon, Southern
  • Haush †
  • Selk'nam
• Chon, Northern
  • Tewelche
  • Teushen †

Duho

• Tikuna-Yuri
  • Karabayo
  • Tikuna
  • Yuri †
• Saliba-Hodi
  • Hodi
  • Saliba-Betoi
    • Betoi †
    • Saliba-Piaroa
      • Saliba
      • Piaroa-Mako
        • Ature †
        • Mako
        • Piaroa

Guahibo

• Guahibo, Nuclear
  • Kuiba
  • Sikuani
  • Playero
• Guayabero
• Hitnü

Harakmbet-Katukina

• Amarakaeri

Arasaeri; Sapiteri; Wachipaeri

• Katukina-Katawixi
  • Katawixi
  • Kanamari

Katukina

Jaqi

• Aymara
• Jaqaru
  • Jaqaru
  • Kawki

Jirajara †

• Ayoman †
• Gayon †
• Jirajara †

Jivaro

• Aguaruna
• Palta †
• Jivaro, Nuclear
  • Achuar-Shiwiar
  • Wambisa
  • Shuar

Karib

• Karib, Western †
  • Karare †
  • Opon †
• Karib, Central
  • Apalai
  • Hianakoto
    • Guake †
    • Hianakoto-Umawa †
    • Karihona
  • Kariña
  • Palmella †
  • Tarano
    • Akurio
    • Tiriyo
  • Wayana
• Karib, Southern
  • Kuikuro
    • Kalapalo
    • Kuikuro
    • Matipu
    • Nahukwa
  • Pekodi
    • Arara-Ikpeng
      • Arara
      • Ikpeng
    • Bakairi
  • Pimenteira †
• Karib, Northern
  • Parukoto
    • Kashuyana
    • Parukoto, Nuclear
      • Hishkaryana
      • Sikiana
      • Waiwai
  • Purukoto
    • Kapong: Akawayo; Patamona
    • Makushi
    • Pemon: Arekuna; Ingariko; Kamarakoto; Taurepang
    • Purukoto
  • Venezuela
    • De'kwana-Wayumara
      • De'kwana
      • Wayumara
    • Eñepa
    • Kumana
      • Chayma
      • Kumanagoto †
    • Mapoyo-Yabarana
      • Mapoyo
      • Pemono
      • Yabarana
    • Tamanaku †
    • Yao †
      • Tiverikoto †
      • Yao †
  • Yawaperi-Paravilhana
    • Sapara-Paravilhana
      • Paravilhana
      • Sapara
    • Yawaperi
      • Bonari †
      • Waimiri-Atroari
  • Yukpa-Japreria
    • Japreria
    • Yukpa

Kawapana

• Shawi
• Shiwilu

Kechua

• Kechua I
  • Kechua Pacaraos
  • Kechua I, Central
    • Wallaga
      • Kechua Ambo-Pasco
      • Kechua Cajatambo
      • Kechua Wallaga
      • Kechua Wamalies
      • Kechua Junin
      • Kechua Tusi Pasco
    • Wankay
      • Kechua Waylla Wanka
      • Kechua Jauja-Wanka
    • Waylay
      • Kechua Conchucos, Southern
      • Kechua Conchucos, Northern
      • Kechua Corongo
      • Kechua Waylas
      • Kechua Siwas
    • Yauyos
      • Kechua Yauyos
• Kechua II
  • Kechua Chincha †
  • Kechua Cusco, Classical †
  • Kechua IIa
    • Kechua Cajamarca-Lambayeque
      • Kechua Cajamarca
      • Kechua Lambayeque
    • Kechua Laraos-Lincha
      • Kechua Laraos
      • Kechua Lincha
  • Kechua IIb
    • Kechua Chachapoyas
    • Kechua San Martin
    • Kichua, Equatorial
      • Inga
      • Kichua Chimborazo
      • Kichua Imbabura
      • Kichua Kañar-Loja
      • Kichua Napo
      • Kichua Pastaza
      • Kichua Pichincha
      • Kichua Salasaca
      • Kichua Tena
  • Kechua IIc
    • Kechua Ayacucho
    • Kechua Cusco-Boliviano
      • Kechua Apolo
      • Kechua Arequipa
      • Kechua Boliviano
      • Kechua Cusco, Modern
      • Kechua Puno
    • Kechua Santiagueño

Lengua-Maskoy

• Lengua: Enlhet; Enxet
• Maskoy
  • Maskoy, Southern: Angaite; Sanapana
  • Maskoy, Northern: Kaskiha; Maskoy

Macro-Arawak

• Kandoshi / Shapra
• Muniche
• Pukina †
• Arawak
  • Yanesha
  • Arawak, Western
    • Aguachile †
    • Chamikuro
    • Mamoré-Paraguai
      • Mamoré-Guaporé
        • Mojo-Paunaka
          • Mojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario
          • Paunaka
        • Baure-Paikoneka
          • Baure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone †
          • Paikoneka †
      • Terena: Chane †; Guana †; Kinikinau; Terena
    • Negro-Putumayo
      • Jumana-Pase: Jumana †; Pase †
      • Kaishana †
      • Nawiki
        • Kabiyari
        • Karu-Tariana
          • Karu: Baniwa; Kuripako
          • Tariana
        • Mepuri †
        • Piapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko
        • Wainambu †
        • Warekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka †
        • Yukuna-Wainuma: Mariate †; Wainuma †; Yukuna
      • Resigaro
      • Wirina †
    • Orinoco
      • Yavitero-Baniva: Baniva; Yavitero †
      • Maipure †
    • Pre-Andine
      • Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga: Ashaninka
        • Ashaninka-Kakinte: Ashaninka
          • Ashaninka-Asheninka
            • Ashaninka
            • Asheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka
          • Kakinte
        • Machiguenga-Nanti: Machiguenga; Nanti
        • Nomatsigenga
    • Purus
      • Apurinã
      • Iñapari
      • Piro-Manchineri: Kanamare †; Kuniba †; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; Yine
  • Arawak, Eastern
    • Lower Amazon
      • Atlantic: Marawan †; Palikur
      • Guaporé-Tapajós
        • Saraveka †
        • Tapajós: Enawene-Nawe; Paresi
      • Xingu
        • Kustenau †
        • Waura-Mehinako: Mehinaku; Waura
        • Yawalapiti
      • Waraiku †
    • Solimões-Caribbean: Marawan †; Palikur
      • Marawa †
      • Caribbean
        • Kaketio †
        • Wayuu-Añun
          • Añun
          • Wayuu
        • Lokono-Iñeri
          • Iñeri: Garifuna; Kalhiphona †
          • Lokono
        • Shebayo †
        • Taino †
      • Negro-Branco
        • Arua †
        • Mainatari †
        • Negro
          • Bare-Guinao: Bare; Guinao †
          • Bawana-Kariai-Manao: Bawana †; Kariai †; Manao †
          • Yabaana †
        • Branco
          • Mawayana
          • Wapishana-Parawana: Aroaki †; Atorada; Parawana †; Wapishana

Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru

• Payagua †
• Guachi †
• Guaykuru
  • Kadiweu
  • Qom-Abipon
    • Abipon †
    • Qom
      • Qom, Southern: Mokovi
      • Qom, Northern: Pilaga; Toba
• Mataguayo
  • Mataguayo, Western
    • Chorote: Chorote Iyojwa'ja; Chorote Iyo'wujwa
    • Wichi: Wichi Guisnay; Wichi Nokten; Wichi Vejoz
  • Mataguayo, Eastern
    • Maka
    • Nivakle

Macro-Jê

• Borum
• Ofaye
• Rikbaktsa
• Yate
• Bororo
  • Bororo
  • Otuke †
  • Umutina †
• Maxakali
  • Malali †
  • Maxakali-Pataxo
    • Maxakali
    • Pataxo †
• Kamakã †
  • Masakara †
  • Kamakã-Menien †
    • Kamakã †
    • Menien †
• Kariri †
  • Dzubukua †
  • Kipea †
  • Xoko †
• Macro-Jê, Nuclear
  • Besiro
  • Jeoromitxi-Arikapu: Arikapu; Jeoromitxi
  • Karaja: Javae; Karaja; Xambioa
  • Jê
    • Jê, Central
      • Akroa †
      • Xakriaba †
      • Xavante
      • Xerente
      • Jeiko †
    • Jê, Southern
      • Ingain: Ingain †; Kimda †
      • Kaingang-Xokleng
        • Kaingang: Kaingang; Kaingang Paulista
        • Xokleng
    • Jê, Northern
      • Apinaje
      • Kayapo: Mẽbengokre; Xikrin
      • Panara
      • Suya-Tapayuna: Suya; Tapayuna
      • Timbira: Apãniekra; Kraho; Krẽje †; Krĩkati; Parkateje; Pykobje; Ramkokamekra

Mapudungun

• Mapudungun, Nuclear
  • Mapudungun
  • Pewenche
  • Rankelche
• Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
• Mapudungun, Northern
  • Pikunche †
  • Chango †

Moseten-Tsimane

• Moseten
• Tsimane

Mura-Matanawi

• Matanawi †
• Mura-Pirahã
  • Mura: Bohura †; Mura †
  • Pirahã

Nambikwara

• Sabane
• Nambikwara, Northern
  • Guaporé: Mamainde; Negarote; Tawende
  • Roosevelt: Lakonde; Latunde; Tawande
• Nambikwara, Southern
  • Alantesu: Alantesu; Hahãintesu; Waikisu; Wasusu
  • Halotesu: Halotesu; Kithãulhu; Wakalitesu; Sawentesu
  • Manduka: Hukuntesu; Niyahlosu; Siwaisu
  • Sarare

Otomako-Taparita †

• Otomako †
• Taparita †

Pano-Takana

• Takana
  • Ese Ejja
  • Kavineña-Takana
    • Kavineña
    • Takana
      • Araona
      • Maropa
      • Takana
• Pano
  • Pano, Northern
    • Kulina (Pano)
    • Korubo
    • Matis
    • Matses
    • Pisabo
  • Pano, Nuclear
    • Kasharari
    • Pano, Western
      • Kashibo-Kakataibo: Kashibo; Kakataibo
      • Nokaman †
    • Pano, Central
      • Purus
        • Amawaka
        • Kashinawa
        • Yaminawa-Iskonawa-Marinawa: Iskonawa; Marinawa; Yaminawa; Yawanawa
      • Jurua
        • Kanamari (Pano)
        • Katukina (Pano)
        • Marubo
      • Nukini-Remo
        • Nukini
        • Remo
        • Poyanawa
      • Atsawaka †
        • Arazaeri †
        • Atsawaka †
        • Yamiaka †
      • Chakobo
        • Chakobo
        • Karipuna (Pano)
        • Pakawara
      • Shipibo-Kapanawa
        • Kapanawa
        • Shipibo-Wariapano: Sensi †; Wariapano; Shipibo

Peba-Yagua

• Peba †
  • Peba †
  • Yameo †
• Yagua

Puinave-Nadahup

• Nadahup
  • Nadëb: Nadëb do Rio Negro; Nadëb do Roçado
  • Hup-Dâw
    • Dâw
    • Hup
      • Hupda
      • Yuhup
• Puinave-Kak
  • Puinave
  • Kak
    • Kakwa
    • Nukak

Puri †

• Coroado †
• Puri †

Tallan †

• Katakaos †
• Kolan †

Timote-Kuika

• Kuika †
• Mukuchi †
• Timote †

Tinigua-Pamigua

• Pamigua †
• Tinigua

Tukano

• Tukano, Western
  • Kueretu †
  • Tukano, Western, Nuclear
    • Mai Huna
    • Koreguaje-Pioje
      • Koreguaje-Tama
        • Koreguaje
        • Tama †
      • Pioje
        • Makaguaje †
        • Sekoya
        • Siona
        • Tetete †
• Tukano, Eastern
  • Tanimuka-Retuarã-Yahuna: Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
  • Tukano, Eastern, West
    • Kubeo-Desano
      • Kubeo
      • Desano-Yupua
        • Desano-Siriano: Desano; Siriano
        • Yupua †
    • Makuna-Barasano-Eduria: Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
  • Tukano, Eastern, East
    • Tukano-Tatuyo
      • Tukano
      • Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
        • Tatuyo
        • Bara-Waimaha: Bara; Waimaha
    • Tuyuka-Wanano
      • Wanano-Piratapuyu
        • Wanano
        • Piratapuyo
      • Tuyuka-Karapanã
        • Karapanã-Pisamira: Karapanã; Pisamira
        • Tuyuka-Yuruti: Tuyuka; Yuruti

Tupi

• Arikem
  • Arikem †
  • Karitiana
• Monde
  • Paiter
  • Monde, Nuclear
    • Monde
    • Cinta-Larga-Zoro
      • Arua
      • Cinta-Larga
      • Gavião-Zoro: Gavião; Zoro
• Ramarama-Purubora
  • Purubora
  • Ramarama: Karo; Urumi
• Tupari
  • Makurap
  • Tupari, Nuclear
    • Sakurabiat-Akuntsu
      • Akuntsu
      • Sakurabiat
    • Kepkiriwat †
    • Tupari
    • Wayoro
• Tupi, Nuclear
  • Juruna
    • Juruna
    • Manitsawa †
    • Shipaya
  • Munduruku
    • Kuruaya
    • Munduruku
  • Mawe-Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
    • Satere-Mawe
    • Aweti-Tupi-Guarani
      • Aweti
      • Tupi-Guarani
        • Kamayura
        • Kaapor-Ava
          • Ava-Canoeiro
          • Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
        • Akwawa-Arawete
          • Akwawa-Tapirape
            • Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
            • Tapirape
          • Arawete-Asurini
            • Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
            • Asurini do Xingu
        • Tupi-Guarani, Nuclear
          • Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
          • Kawahib-Kayabi
            • Apiaka
            • Juma
            • Kayabi
            • Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
          • Tupi-Guarani, Diasporic
            • Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
              • Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
              • Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
              • Guarani
                • Ache
                • Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
                • Central: Guarani Paraguaio
                • Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
                • Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
            • Tupinamba-Kokama
              • Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua
              • Tupi: Tupi †; Tupi Austral †
              • Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba †
              • Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e

Uru-Chipaya

• Chipaya
• Murato
• Uru / Uchumataqu

Warpe †

• Allentiak †
• Millkayak †

Witoto-Okaina

• Okaina: Okaina
• Witoto
  • Witoto Nüpode
  • Minika-Murui
    • Witoto-Minika
    • Witoto-Murui
  • Nonuya

Yanomami

• Sanuma
• Yanam
• Yanomami, Central
  • Yanomami-Yanomamï: Yanomam; Yanomamï
  • Yaroame

Zamuko

• Ayoreo: Ayoreo; Zamuko †
• Chamakoko
  • Tomaraho
  • Ïbïtoso

Zaparo

• Zaparo, Western
  • Arabela
  • Zaparo
• Zaparo, Eastern
  • Kawarano
  • Ikito

Isolates

• Aikanã
• Andaki †
• Arara do Rio Branco
• Arutani
• Atakame †
• Atikum †
• Aushiri †
• Chono †
• Guamo †
• Guato
• Gününa Këna
• Iranche/Myky
• Itonama
• Kakan †
• Kamsa
• Kañari †
• Kanichana
• Kanoe
• Kawesqar
• Kayuvava
• Kerandi †
• Kimbaya †
• Kingnam †
• Kofan
• Komechingon †
• Koraveka †
• Kueva †
• Kulle †
• Kunza †
• Kuruminaka †
• Kwaza
• Leko
• Lule †
• Máku †
• Malibu †
• Mochika †
• Mokana †
• Morike †
• Movima
• Muzo-Kolima †
• Omurano
• Oti †
• Paez
• Panche †
• Pijao †
• Puruha †
• Sanaviron †
• Sape
• Sechura †
• Tarairiu †
• Taruma
• Taushiro
• Tekiraka
• Trumai
• Tuxa †
• Umbra
• Urarina
• Vilela
• Waorani
• Warao
• Xukuru †
• Yagan
• Yaruro
• Yurakare
• Yurumangui †
• Zenu †

Campbell (2012)

Lyle Campbell (2012) proposed the following list of 53 uncontroversial indigenous language families and 55 isolates of South America – a total of 108 independent families and isolates.^[3]

Aikaná (Aikanã, Huarí, Warí, Masaká, Tubarão, Kasupá, Mundé, Corumbiara)

• (dialect: Masaká (Massaca, Massaka, Masáca))

Andaquí †

Andoque (Andoke, Cho'oje, Patsiaehé)

Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipurean, Maipuran)

• Northern Arawakan (Upper Amazon, Maritime, and Eastern branches)
  • Upper Amazon branch
    • Western Nawiki sub-branch
      • Wainumá group
        • Wainumá † (Waima, Wainumi, Waiwana, Waipa, Yanuma)
        • Mariaté †
        • Anauyá †
      • Piapoco group
        • Achagua (Ajagua, Xagua)
        • Piapoco
        • Amarizana †
      • Cabiyarí (Caviyarí, Kaviyarí, Cabiuarí, Cauyarí, Cuyare)
      • Warekena group
        • Guarequena (Warekena, Guarenquena, Arequena)
        • Mandahuaca (Mandawaka, Mandauaca, Maldavaca, Ihini, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua)
      • Río Negro group †
        • Jumana †
        • Pasé †
        • Kawishana † (Cawishana, Kaiwishana, Kayuwishana)
      • Yucuna (Jukuna) (dialects or languages)
        • Yucuna (Chucuna, Matapí) (Jukuna)
        • Garú † (Guarú)
    • Eastern Nawiki sub-branch
      • Tariana (Tariano, Tarîna, Taliáseri)
      • Karu (dialects or languages)
      • Ipeka-Kurripako (dialects or language)
      • Karútana-Baniwa (Baniva) dialect group
      • Katapolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialects or language)
      • Resígaro
    • Central Upper Amazon sub-branch
      • Baré group
        • Marawá †
        • Baré (Bare, Ihini, Barawana, Barauna, Barauana, Arihini, Maldavaca, Cunipusana, Yavita, Mitua), Guinao † (Guinaú) (Aikhenvald (1999a: 71) mentions Guinau with Bare.)
      • Yavitero group
        • Yavitero † (Yavitano)
        • Baniva †
        • Maipure † (Aikhenvald (1999a: 71) gives Yavitero and Baniwa of Yavita as alternative names for a single language.)
      • Manao group
        • Manao †
        • Kariaí †
    • Arawakan Upper-Amazon branch languages of uncertain grouping
      • Waraikú †
      • Yabaána † (Jabaana, Yabarana)
      • Wiriná †
      • Xiriâna † (Shiriana)
  • Maritime branch (Caribbean)
    • Aruán † (Aruá, Aroã)
    • Mawayana (Mahuayana, Mapidian)
    • Wapixana (Wapishana, Wapixiána, Wapisiana, Uapixana, Vapidiana) (dialects or languages) (dialects: Amariba, Atorai)
    • Ta-Maipurean sub-branch
      • Taíno †
      • Guajiro group
        • Guajiro (Goahiro, Goajiro, Guajira, Wayuunaiki, Wayuu)
        • Paraujano (Añún) (dialects: Alile, Toa)
        • Arawak (Locono, Lokono, Aruak, Arowak)
        • Iñeri (Igneri, Island Carib) (dialects or languages)
        • Kalhíphona † (Island Carib)
        • Garífuna (Black Carib)
  • Eastern branch
    • Palikur (Palikour, Palicur, Palijur) (dialects or languages)
    • Marawán-Karipurá †
• Southern division
  • Western branch
    • Amuesha (Amuese, Amoesha, Amueixa, Amoishe, Amagues, Amage, Omage, Amajo, Lorenzo, Amuetamo, Amaje, Yanesha)
    • Chamicuro (Chamicura, Chamicolo)
  • Central branch
    • Paresí group
      • Paresí (Parecís, Paretí, Haliti)
      • Saraveca † (Sarave)
    • Waurá group
      • Waurá-Meinaku (Uara, Aura, Mahinacu)
      • Yawalapití (Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti)
      • Custenau † (Kustenau)
  • Southern Outlier branch
    • Terena (Tereno, Terêna, Etelena, Guaná, Chané, Kinikinao) (dialects: Kinikanao, Etelena (Terena), Guaná)
    • Mojo group
      • Mojo (Morocosi, Mojeño, Moxeño, Moxo) (dialects or languages)
      • Ignaciano
      • Trinitario (dialects: Loreto (Loretano), Javierano)
      • Bauré (Chiquimiti, Joaquiniano may be a dialect of Bauré)
      • Paunaca (Pauna-Paicone (Paiconeca))
    • Piro group
      • Piro (dialects: Chontaquiro, Maniteneri, Maxineri)
      • Iñapari (Inamarí) (dialects: Inapari/Inamarí, Cuchitineri (Kushitineri), Cuniba)
      • Kanamaré † (Canamaré)
      • Apuriná (Apurinã, Ipuriná, Kangite (Cangaiti), Popengare)
  • Campa branch (Campa dialects or languages)
    • Ashéninka (Ashéninga)
    • Asháninka (Asháninga)
    • Caquinte (Kakinte)
    • Pajonal Ashéninka (Pajonal Campa)
    • Machiguenga (Matsiguenga, Matsigenka) (dialects: Caquinte (Poyenisate), Nomatsiguenga (Atiri), Machiguenga)
    • Nomatsigenga
    • Nanti
• Other Arawakan languages too scantily known to determine to which branch of the family they belong:
  • Cumeral (Ethnologue)
  • Shebaya † (Shebayo, Shebaye) (David Payne 1991: 366–367)
  • Lapachu (Apolista, Aguachile)
  • Morique † (Morike)
  • Ponares (Ethnologue)
  • Omejes (Ethnologue)
  • Salumã (Rodrigues 1986: 72)
  • Tomedes (Tamudes)

Arawan (Arauán, Arahuan, Arawa)

• Paumarí (Purupurú, Pamarí, Palmarí, Curucuru) (dialects: Kurukuru, Uaiai, Paumarí (Pammari))
• Madi (Jarawara (Jarauára, Jaruára), Jamamadi, Banawá (Banivá, Baniwá-Jafí, Kitiya, Banavá, Banauá, Jafí))
• Zuruahá (Suruahá, Sorowahá)
• Dení-Kulina
  • Dení (dialect: Inauini)
  • Culina (Kulína; Madihá, Madija, Corina)
• Arawá † (Arua, Arauan)

Atacameño † (Cunza, Kunza, Atacama, Lipe Lican Antai)

• (local varieties: Apatama, Casabindo, Churumata, Cochinoca)

Awaké (Ahuaqué, Oewacu, Arutani, Uruák)

Aymaran (Jaqi, Aru)

• Southern Aymara
• Central Aymara (Tupe branch) (dialects: Jaqaru and Cauqui (Kawki))

Baenan † (Baena, Baenã)

Barbacoan

• Northern group
  • Awan (Awa)
    • Awa Pit (Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awa)
    • Pasto-Muellama
      • Muellama † (Muellamués)
      • Pasto †
  • Coconucan (Guambiano-Totoró)
    • Guambiano (Mogües, Moguez, Moguex, Wam, Misak, Guambiano-Moguez, Namdrik)
  • Totoró (Totoro, Polindara)
  • Coconuco † (Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka)
• Southern group
  • Cha'palaachi (Cayapa, Chachi, Nigua)
  • Tsafiki (Colorado, Colima, Campaz, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Tsafiqui)

Extinct: Barbacoa; Cara (Kara, Caranqui, Karanki, Imbaya); Pasto (Muellamués (Muellama)), Sindagua (Malla), and Coconuco

Betoi † (Betoy, Jirarra, Jirarru)

• (dialects: Airico, Betoi, Ele, Jirara, Lolaca, Situfa)

Boran (Bora-Muinane)

• Bora (Boro, Meamuyna; Miriña/Miranha)
• Muinane (Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename)

Bororoan

• Eastern Bororo (Bororo proper, Boe)
• Western Bororo
• Umutina † (Umotina, Barbado)
• Otuque † (Otuké, Otuqui, Louxiru) (dialects: Coraveca (Corave, Curave, Ecorabe), Curuminaca, Curumina, Curucaneca, Curucane, Tapii)

Cahuapanan (Jebero, Kawapanan, Kahuapanan; earlier called Maina, Mainan)

• Cahuapana † (Cuncho, Chuncho, Concho, Chonzo)
• Chayahuita (Chawi, Chayabita, Chayhuita, Balsopuertino, Paranapura, Cahuapa; Chayawita, Tshaahui, Tsaawí, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino; Paranapura)
• Jebero (Xebero, Chebero, Xihuila, Shiwilu)

Camsá (Sibundoy, Sebondoy, Coche, Kamsá, Kamemtxa, Kamse, Camëntsëá, Mocoa, Quillacinga)

Cañar-Puruhá †

• Cañar † (Cañari)
• Puruhá † (Puruguay)

Candoshi (Candoxi, Maina, Kandoshi, Shapra, Murato, Roamaina)

• (dialects: Shapra (Chapara), Kandoshi)

Canichana † (Canesi, Kanichana, Canisiana)

Cariban

• Venezuelan branch (Gildea 2003)
  • Pemóng-Panare macro-group
    • Pemóng group (Kapóng, (Akawaio, Patamuna, Ingarikó), Makushi, Pemón (Taurepang, Kamarakóto, Arekuna))
    • Panare
  • Mapoyo-Tamanaku macro-group
    • Mapoyo/Yawarana (Mapoyo, Wanai, Yawarana, Pémono)
    • Tamanaku †
  • Pekodian branch
    • Bakairí
    • Arara group

Arara (Parirí), Ikpéng (Txikão)

• Subgroups not yet classified in possible larger subgroups in the family:
  • Kumaná † (Chaima †, Cumanagota †)
  • Makiritare (De'kwana, Ye'kwana, Maiongong)
  • Nahukwa group: Kuikúru, Kalapalo
  • Parukotoan group
    • Katxúyana (Kaxuiâna, Shikuyana, Warikyana)
    • Waiwai subgroup: Waiwai (Wabui, Tunayana), Hixkaryana
  • Taranoan group
    • Tiriyo subgroup: Akuriyo, Tiriyo, Trio
    • Karihona (Carijona)
  • Yukpa group: Yukpa, Japréria
• Languages not yet classified within possible subgroups:
  • Apalaí
  • Kari'nja (Carib, Kalinya, Cariña, Galibi)
  • Waimirí Atroarí
  • Wayana

Cayuvava † (Cayuwaba, Cayubaba, Kayuvava)

Chapacuran (Chapakuran, Txapakuran)

• Itene group (Central Chapacuran)
  • Wanham (Wañam, Wanyam, Huanyam)
  • Kumaná (Torá, Toraz, Cumana, Cautario) (Abitana-Kumaná)
  • Kabixí (Cabishi, Cabichí, Habishi, Parecís, Pawumwa)
  • Itene (Iteneo, Iténez, Moré)
• Wari group (Southern Chapacuran)
  • Quitemo † (Quitemoca) (Kitemo-Nape)
  • Chapacura † (Huachi, Wachi, Tapacura, Chapakura)
  • Urupá-Jarú (Txapakura; Yaru, Jaru, Ituarupa)
  • Orowari (Pakaás-novos, Pacasnovas, Pacaha-novo, Uariwayo, Uomo, Jaru, Oro Wari)
  • Oro Win

Charrúan †

• Charrúa †
• Güenoa † (Minuane)
• Chaná †

Chibchan

• Paya (Pech)
• Core Chibchan
  • Votic
    • Rama (Melchora, Voto, Boto, Arama, Arrama)
    • Guatuso (Malecu)
  • Isthmic
    • Western Isthmic
      • Viceitic
        • Cabécar (Chirripó, Tucurrique, Estrella)
        • Bribri (Viceíta)
      • Teribe (Térraba, Tiribí, Tirub)
      • Boruca † (Brunca)
    • Doracic
      • Dorasque † (Chumulu, Gualaca)
      • Chánguena † (Chánguina, Chánguene)
    • Eastern Isthmic
      • Guaymíic
        • Movere (Move, Guaymí, Penonomeño, Ngawbere/Ngäbere) (dialects: Inland Bocas del Toro, Coastal Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí)
        • Bocotá (Murire, Muoi, Guaymí Sabanero, Movere Sabanero)
      • Cuna (Cueva, Paya-Pocuro, Kuna)
  • Magdalenic
    • Southern Magdalenic
      • Chibcha
        • Muisca † (Mosca, Chibcha)
        • Duit †
      • Tunebo (Uwa, Uw Cuwa; Tame, Sínsiga, Tegría, Pedraza) (dialects: Cobaría, Tegría, Agua Blanca, Barro Negro)
      • Barí (Motilón, Dobocubí, Cunaguasaya)
    • Northern Magdalenic
      • Arhuacic
        • Cogui (Cágaba, Kogi, Kogui, Coghui, Kagaba)
        • Eastern-Southern Arhuacic
        • Eastern Arhuacic
        • Damana (Guamaca, Sanká, Sanhá, Arsario, Malayo, Marocasero, Wiwa)
        • Kankuama (Atanques)
        • Ica (Bíntucua, Ika, Arhuaco, Bintuk)
        • Chimila (Chamila, Caca Weranos, San Jorge, Shimizya)
• Unclassified
  • Huetar †
  • Antioqueño † (two varieties: Nutabe and Catío (not to be confused with the Emberá (Chocoan) variety called Catío).

Chipaya-Uru (Uru-Chipaya, Uruquilla)

• Chipaya (erroneously earlier also called "Puquina")
• Uru (Uru of Iru-Itu, Uchumataqu, Iru-Wit'u, Uro)
• Chholo † (Murato)

Chiquitano (Besïro, Chiquito, Tarapecosi)

• (dialects: Besïro (Lomerío), Concepción, San Javier (Javierano), San Miguel, Santiago, Churapa, Sansimoniano, Tao)

Chocoan

• Waunana (Noanamá, Huaunana, Woun Meu, Waun Meo, Waumeo, Wounmeu, Wounaan, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Chocama, Chanco)
• Emberá dialect continuum (Catío, Chamí, Napipí River, Saija, Sambú)
  • Southern Emberá
  • Northern Emberá (Emperã, Eberã Bed'ea, Eperã Pedea, Atrato, Darién, Dariena, Panama Embera, Eberã, Cholo (Choco))

Cholonan † (Hibito-Cholon)

• Cholón † (Seeptsá, Tinganeses, Cholona)
• Híbito † (Hibito, Xibito, Xibita, Jibito, Chibito, Zibito, Ibito, Xibitoana)

Chonan (Tehuelchean, Chon family)

• Chonan proper
  • Island Chonan
    • Ona † (Selknam, Selk'nam, Shelknam, Aona)
    • Haush † (Manekenken)
  • Continental Chonan
    • Tehuelche (Aoniken, Aonek'enk, Inaquen, Patagón)
    • Teushen † (Tehues, Patagón)
    • Patagón Costero †
• Gününa-Küne † (Gennaken, Northern Tehuelche, Puelche, Pampa, Gününa Yajich)

Chono †

Cofán (Kofan, A'ingaé)

Culle † (Culli, Ilinga, Linga)

Esmeralda † (Esmeraldeño, Tacame)

Gamela † (Barbados, Curinsi, Acobu)

Guach' †

Guaicuruan (Waikuruan, Waykuruan)

• Kadiwéu (Caduveo, Mbayá, Ediu-Adig)
• Southern Guaicuruan
  • Pilagá (Pilaca)
  • Toba (Qom, Namqom)
  • Mocoví (Mocobí)
  • Abipón †

Guajiboan (Guahiboan)

• Guajibo (Guahibo, Guaybo, Sikuani, Sicuani, Guajibo, Goahibo, Guaigua, Guayba, Wahibo, Goahiva, Hiwi) (dialects: Guahibo (Sikuani), Amorua (Rio Tomo Guahibo), Tigrero)
• Cuiva (Cuiba, Cuiba-Wámonae) (dialects: Chiricoa, Masiware (Masiguare), Chiripo (Wupiwi, Siripu), Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mayayero, Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba, Tampiwi (Mariposas), Amaruwa (Amorua), Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane (Sicuari))
• Churuya †
• Guayabero (Cunimía, Jiw, Mítus, Mítua)

Guamo †

Guató

Harákmbut-Katukinan

• Harákmbut (Harakmbet, Hate, Tuyoneri, "Mashco")
  • (several dialects in two clusters: (1: Huachipaeri, Toyoeri (Tuyoneri, Tuyuneri); 2: Amaracaeri (Amarakaeri), Sapiteri, Arasaeri)
• Katukinan (Catuquinan)
  • Katukina (Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí) (dialect: Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa))
  • Dyapá (Southern Katukinan, Tshom-Djapá (Txunhuã-Djapá), Canamarí, Kanamarí) (perhaps the same as Tucundiapa (Tucano Dyapa, Hondiapa/Hon-Dyapá))
  • Katawixí (Catawixi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catauichi)

Huarpean † (Warpean)

• Huarpe † (Allentiac)
• Millcayac †

Irantxe (Iranxe, Iranche, Iranshe, Mynky, Münkü, Menki, Manoki, Myky)

• (dialects: Münkü (Mynky, Menku, Menkü, Myy), Irántxe))

Itonama (Saramo, Machoto)

Jabutían (Yabutían)

• Jabutí (Yabutí, Jabotí, Djeoromitxí, Kipiu, Quipiu)
• Arikapú (Maxubí, Aricapú)

Jêan (Gêan, Jê family)

• Northeastern Jê (Northern Jê)
  • Timbíra (Canela (Kanela)), Krenjé, Krahó, Pykobyê)
  • Kreen-Akarore (Ipewí, Kren-Akarore, Creen-Acarore, Panará)
  • Apinajé (Apinayé)
  • Kayapó (Cayapó, Kokairmoro) (dialects: Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú)
  • Suyá (dialects: Beiço de Pau (Tapayuna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku))
• Central Jê (Akwe branch)
  • Xavánte (Shavante, Chavante, A'uwe, A'we, Uptabi, Akuên, Akwen, Crisca, Pusciti, Tapacua)
  • Akroá † (Akroá-Mirim, Acroá, Koroá, Coroá)
  • Xerénte (Sherenté, Xerenti)
  • Xakriabá † (Chicriaba, Chakriaba, Shacriaba, Chikriaba)
• Southern Jê
  • Kaingang (Coroado, Coroados, Caingang, Bugre) (dialects: Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang)
  • Xokléng (Shocleng, Aweikoma, Bugre, Botocudos)
  • Ingáin † (Tains, Tain)
  • Wayaná † (Guayaná, Guayana, Gualachí, Guanhanan)

Jirajaran †

• Jirajara †
• Ayomán † (Ayamán)
• Gayón † (Coyón)

Jivaroan

• Shuar (Jívaro, Maina, Jíbaro)
• Aguaruna (Aguajun, Ahuajun)
• Achuar (Achual, Achuar-Shiwiar)
• Huambisa

Jotí (Yoana, Yuana, Yuwana, Waruwaru (Waruwádu), Chicano, Chikano, Joti, Jodi, Hotí, Hodï)

Kaliana (Sapé, Calianá, Cariana, Chirichano)

Kamakanan †

• Kamakán † (Camacán)
  • Kamakán † (Kamakã, Camacán, Ezeshio)
  • Mongoyó † (Mangaló, Monshoko)
  • Kotoxó † (Kutaxó, Catashó, Cotoxó, Catathóy)
• Menién † (Manyã)
• Masakará † (Masacará)

Kapixaná (Kanoê, Capixana)

Karajá (Caraja, Xambioá, Chamboa, Ynã, Karayá)

• Karajá-Xambioá † (Chamboa, Ynã)
• Javaé (Javaje, Javae)

Karirían † (Karirí family)

• Kipeá † (Karirí, Kirirí)
• Dzubukuá † (Kiriri, Dzubucua)
• Sabuyá † (Sapoyá)
• Kamurú † (Camurú, Pedra Branca)

Krenakan (Botocudoan, Aimoré language complex)

• Krenak (Botocudo, Aimoré, Nakrehé, Nakpié, Naknyanúk, Etwet, Minyãyirún, Yiporók, Pojitxá, Potén, Krekmún, Bakuén, Aranã, Batachoa, Crenaque)
• Guêren † (Guerén, Gren, Borun, Borúm)

Kwaza (Koayá, Koaiá, Quaiá, Arara)

Leco † (Lapalapa, Leko, Rik'a, Ateniano)

Lule-Vilelan †

• Lule †
• Vilela †

Máko † (Maco, Makú, Macu)

Makúan (Makú family, Makú-Puinavean, Puinavean, Vaupés-Japura, Nadahup family, Guaviaré-Japurá family)

• Eastern Makúan
  • Nadëb branch
    • Roçando Nadëb
    • Rio Negro Nadëb
  • Dâw-Hupda-Yuhup
    • Dâw (Kamã, Kamã Makú, Kamarada, Makú-Kamarada)
    • Hupda-Yuhup
      • Hup (Hupda, Hupdë, Hupdá Makú, Macú de Tucano, Ubdé) (dialects: Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup)
      • Yuhup (Makú-Yahup, Yëhup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, "Maku")
• Western Makúan
  • Kakua group
    • Kakua (Cacua, Bará, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Guanano, Macu de Desano, Báda, Kákwa) (dialects: Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua)
    • Nukak
  • Puinave (Wonsüht, Wãnsöhöt)

Mapudungun (Mapudungu, Araucano, Mapuche, Maputongo, Chiledugu, "Auca")

Mascoyan (Mascoian, Maskoyan, Lengua-Mascoy, Enlhet-Enenlhet)

Matacoan (Mataco-Mataguayan, Mataguayan)

• Chorote (Chorotí, Manjuy) (dialects: Iyo'wujwa, Yohwaha, Manjuy)
• Nivaclé (Niwaklé, Chulupí, Ashlushlay)
• Maká (Macá, Enimaca, Enimaga)
• Wichí (Mataco, Mataguayo, Weenhayek) (dialects: Nocten, Güisnay (Pilcomayo Wichí), Vejos (Vejoz, Aiyo, Hueshuo))

Matanauí † (Matanawí, Mitandua, Moutoniway)

Maxakalían

• Maxakalí (Mashakali, Maxacari)
• Kapoxó † (Capoxo, Caposho)
• Monoxó † (Monoshó, Monachobm, Menacho)
• Makoní † (Maconí)
• Malalí †
• Pataxó † (Pataxó-Hanhanhain, Patasho)

Mochica † (Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Mochica, Muchic)

Mosetenan (Mosetén-Chimane)

• Chimane (Chiman, Tsimane, Chumano, Nawazi-Moñtji)
• Mosetén (Rache, Muchan, Tucupi, Aparono)

Movima (Mobima, Moyma, Movime)

Munichi † (Muniche, Munichino, Otanabe)

Muran

• Mura †
• Pirahã (Pirahá)
• Bohurá † (Buxwaray)
• Yahahí †

Nambikwaran (Nambicuaran, Nambiquaran, Nambikuaran)

• Mamaindê (Northern Nambiquara, Mamande, Nakarothe) (dialects: Mamaindé, Negarotê, Tawanxte, Taxmainite, Taxwensite, Yalapmunxte (Lacondê, Latundê)
• Southern Nambikuaran
  • Nambiquara (Nambikwara) (dialects: Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera)
  • Kithãulhú (Southern Nambiquara) (dialect complex: Kabishi, Nambiquara, etc.)
  • Sararé
• Sabané (Sabanés)

Natú † (Peagaxinan)

Ofayé † (Opayé, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Ofaié)

Omurano † (Humurana, Numurana)

Otomacoan †

• Otomaco †
• Taparita †

Paezan

• Paez (Nasa Yuwe, Paisa)
• Paniquitá
• (?) Panzaleo † (Latacunga, Quito)

Pankarurú † (Pancararu, Pancarurú, Brancararú, Pankarará, Pankarú, Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankaravu, Pankaroru)

Pano-Takanan

• Panoan
  • Mayoruna branch
    • Mayo group
      • Matses
      • Korubo (Chankuëshbo as co-dialect)
      • Dëmushbo
      • Kulina
    • Matis
  • Mainline branch
    • Kasharari
  • Core Mainline branch
    • Kashibo (Kakataibo as co-dialect)
    • Nawa group
      • Chakobo

(Pakawara as co-dialect)

• • • • Marubo subgroup
        • Marubo
        • Katukina
      • Poyanawa subgroup
        • Poyanawa
        • Iskonawa
        • Nukini
      • Shipibo (with Konibo and Kapanawa as co-dialects)
      • Headwaters subgroup
        • Kashinawa
        • Amawaka
        • Yaminawa (dialects: Sharanawa, Yawanawa, Shanenawa (Katukina de Feijó), Shawanawa (Arara), Mastanawa, Marinawa)
• Takanan
  • Takana group
    • Tacana (Tupamasa)
    • Reyesano (San Borjano, Maropa)
    • Araona (Carina, Cavina)
    • Cavineña
  • Chama group
    • Ese'ejja (Ese'eha, Ese Ejja, Ese Exa, Tiatinagua, Chama, Tambopata-Guarayo, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, "Chama")
    • Toromona † (Toromono)

Payaguá †

Puquina † (Pukina)

Purían † (Puri-Coroado)

• Purí † (Coroado)
• Koropó † (Coropa)

Qawasqaran (Alacalufan)

• Qawasqar (Northern Alacaluf, Alacaluf, Kaweskar, Kawésqar, Kawaskar, Aksánas) (dialects: Kawésqar, Tawókser)
• Alacaluf (Central Alacaluf, Hekaine)
• Southern Alacaluf (Halakwalup, Pecheré)

Quechuan

• Central Quechua (Huaihuash (Waywash)/Quechua I)
  • Pacaraos Quechua
  • Central Quechua
    • "Waylay" (Huailay, North)
      • Huaylas Quechua (Ancash Quechua)
      • Conchucos Quechua
  • Ap-am-ah
    • Alto Pativilca
    • Alto Marañón
    • Alto Huallaga (Huánuco)
  • "Wankay" (Huancay, South)
    • Yaru Quechua (Tarma, Junín)
    • Jauja-Huanca Quechua (Jauja, Huaycha Huanca, Huaylla Huanca (Huancayo))
    • Huangascar-Topará Quechua
• Peripheral Quechua (Huampuy/Quechua II)
  • "Yungay" (Quechua IIA)
    • Central
      • Laraos
      • Lincha
      • Apurí
      • Chocos
      • Madeán
    • Northern
      • Cañaris-Incahuasi Quechua
      • Cajamarca Quechua
  • "Chinchay" (Quechua IIB-C)
    • Northern
      • Chachapoyas Quechua (Amazonas Quechua)
      • San Martín Quechua
      • Loreto Quechua
      • Ecuador Quechua
    • Southern
      • Southern Peruvian Quechua
      • Ayacucho Quechua
      • Cuzco Quechua
      • Puno Quechua
      • Northern Bolivian Quechua
      • Southern Bolivian Quechua
      • Santiago del Estero Quichua ("Cusco")
      • Catamarca-La Rioja Quichua †

Rikbaktsá (Aripaktsá, Erikbatsa, Erikpatsa, Canoeiro)

Sabela (Huao, Wao, Auca, Huaorani, Huarani, Waorani, Auishiri)

Sáliban (Sálivan, Sáliba-Piaroan)

• Sáliva (Sáliba)
• Piaroa (Piaroa-Maco, Wothüha, Guagua, Quaqua)
• Mako

Sechura-Catacaoan † (Sec)

• Sechura †
• Tallán † (Atalán)
  • (varieties: Colán and Catacaos)

Taruma (Taruamá)

Taushiro (Pinchi, Pinche)

Tequiraca (Tekiraka, Aushiri, Auishiri, Avishiri, Avixiri, Abiquira, Abishira, Abigira, Agouisiri, Ixignor, Vacacocha)

Tikuna-Yurí

• Tikuna (Ticuna, Tukuna, Tucuna)
• Yurí (Jurí, Yuri, Xurúpixuna)

Timotean † (Timote-Cuica)

• Timote-Cuica † (Miguri, Cuica)
• Mucuchí-Maripú † (Mocochí; Mirripú)

Tiniguan †

• Tinigua (Timigua)
• Pamigua (Pamiwa) †

Trumai (Trumaí, Tramalhy)

Tukanoan (Tucanoan)

• Western Tukanoan
  • Coreguaje (Koreguaje, Caquetá, Correguaje, Ko'reuaju, Chaocha Pai)
  • Siona-Secoya
    • Macaguaje † (Makawahe, Piojé)
    • Secoya (Piohé, Siona-Secoya)
    • Siona
  • Teteté † (Eteteguaje) (possibly a dialect of Siona)
  • Orejón (Maijuna, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payagua, Mai Ja, Oregon, Orechon, Tutapi) (dialect: Nebaji)
  • Retuarã (Letuama, Tanimuca-Retuarã)
  • Yahuna (Jaúna, Yauna)
  • Tama †
• Eastern Tukanoan
  • Cubeo (Kubeo, Pamié, Cuveo, Cubeu, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubwa, Kobéwa, Hehenawa, Pamiwa)
  • Miriti † (Miriti-Tapuyo, Neenoá)
  • Macuna (Makuna, Buhagana, Baigana, Wuhána, Jepa-Matsi, Yepá-Mahsá, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yebamasã, Paneroa, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia)
  • Yupuá-Duriña † (Yupua, Sokó, Uri, Duriña)
  • Kueretú † (Cueretú, Coretú, Curetú)
  • Desano-Siriano
  • Bará-Tuyuka (Barasano, Tuyuca)
  • Carapano (Karapaná, Karapano, Carapana-Tapuya, Tatuyo, Mochda, Moxdoa, Mextã)
  • Tucano (Tukano, Dasea, Daxsea) (dialects: Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona))
  • Wanano-Piratapuyo (Guanano, Wanâna, Uanana, Anana, Kótedia, Kótirya, Kotiria; Wanana, Waikena, Waikina, Uiquina, Waikino, Pira-Tapuya, Uaikena, Uaicana, Waikhara, Waina, Uaiana, Uainana, Urubu-Tapuya)
  • Arapaso † (Arapaço, Arapasso, Koneá)

Tupían

• Western Tupían
  • Arikém subfamily
    • Arikém (Ariquême)
    • Kabixiána
    • Karitiána (Caritiana)
  • Mondéan subfamily
    • Paitér (Suruí, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí de Rondônia, Surui Paiter)
    • Cinta-larga
    • Gavião (Digüt, Ikõrõ, Gavião do Jiparaná)
    • Zoró
    • Mondé (Sanamaikã (Sanamaicá), Salamãi)
    • Aruá (Aruaxi, Aruashí)
  • Puruborá (Boruborá, Puruba, Aurã, Pumbora, Puroborá, Burubora, Kuyubi, Cujubi, Migueleno, Miguelenho)
  • Ramaráman subfamily
    • Káro (Arara, Urukú)
    • Ramaráma (Itogapúk, Ntogapíd)
    • Urumí
  • Tuparían subfamily
    • Tuparí
    • Kepkiriwát (Quepiquiriuate, Kepikiriwat, Kepkeriwát)
    • Makuráp (Macurap, Macurape)
    • Mekéns (Mekém, Sakurabiat, Sakyrabiat)
    • Akuntsú (Akunsú)
    • Waratégaya (Amiapé)
    • Wayoró (Ayurú, Wayru, Wayurú, Ayurú, Ajurú, Uaiora, Wajaru)
    • Mekens
• Eastern Tupían
  • Awetí (Auetö, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti, Auiti, Arauite, Arauine)
  • Jurúnan subfamily
    • Jurúna (Yuruna, Yudjá, Djudjá, Jaruna)
    • Manitsawá (Maritsauá, Manitzula) (dialect: Arupai (Urupaya))
    • Xipáya (Shipaya, Shipaja, Xipaia)
    • Mawé (Maué, Sataré, Sateré, Sateré-Mawé)
  • Mundurukún subfamily
    • Kuruáya (Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia)
    • Mundurukú (Mundurucu, Monjoroku, Weidyenye, Paiquize, Pari, Caras-Pretas)
  • Tupí-Guaranían subfamily
    • Guaranían branch
      • Guaraní Antigo (Guaraní, old Guaraní)
      • Paraguayan Guaraní (Guaraní, Guarani paraguaio, Avañee)
      • Kaiwá (Kayowá, Kaiowá, Caiová, Caiguá, Pãi, Pãi-Tavyterã)
      • Nhandéva (Ñandeva, Chiripá)
      • Xetá (Shetá, Aré, Notobotocudo)
      • Chiriguano group (Ava, Simba, Chané, Izoceño (Isosó, Izozó), Tapiete)
      • Argentina, Bolívia, Paraguay (Dietrich 2007)
      • Guayakí (Guayaquí, Aché, Axe)
    • Guaráyoan branch
      • Guarayo (Guarayú)
      • Sirionó
      • Yúki (Yuqui)
    • Tupi branch of Tupí-Guaranían
      • Língua Geral Amazônica (Língua Geral, Nheengatú, Tapïhïya, Tupi moderno)
      • Língua Geral Paulista (Língua Geral, Tupí)
      • Tupí (Tupi antigo)
      • Tupinambá (Língua brasílica, Tupi antigo)
    • Teneteháran branch
      • Avá (Canoeiro, Avá-Canoeiro)
      • Tapirapé
      • Parakanã (Paracanã, Apiteréwa)
      • Tocantins Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, Akwáwa)
      • Suruí (Suruí do Tocantins, Aikewara, Mudjetíre)
      • Tembé (Tenetehára)
      • Guajajára (Tenetehára)
      • Turiwára (Turiuara)
    • Xingu branch
      • Araweté
      • Amanajé (Amanage, Amanayé, Amanyé, Manajo, Manaxo, Manaze, Manazo)
      • Ararandewára
      • Aurê (Aurá)
      • Anambé of Cairarí
      • Xingu Asuriní (Assurini, Asuriní do Xingu, Asuriní do Coatinema, Awaeté)
    • Kawahíb branch
      • Amondáwa (Amundáwa)
      • Uruewawáu (Uru-eu-wau-wau, Uru-eu-uau-uau)
      • Karipúna
      • Piripkúra
      • Diahói (Diahui, Jahoi, Jahui, Diarrui)
      • Parintintín (Parintintim, Kagwahív)
      • Tenharín (Tenharim)
      • Tupí-Kawahíb (Tupi do Machado, Paranawát, Pawaté, Wiraféd)
        • Apiaká (Apiacá)
        • Júma (Yuma)
        • Kayabí (Caiabi)
    • Kamayurá (Kamaiurá, Camaiurá)
    • Northern Tupí-Guaranían branch
      • Anambé of Ehrenreich
      • Guajá (Awá, Avá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara)
      • Ka'apór (Urubú, Urubú-Ka'apór, Kaapor)
      • Takunyapé (Taconhapé)
      • Wayampí (Oyampi, Wajãpi, Waiãpi)
      • Wayampipukú
      • Emérillon (Emerenhão, Emereñon, Emerilon, Melejo, Mereo, Mereyo, Teco)
      • Zo'é (Zoé, Jo'é)

Tuxá † (Tushá, Todela)

Urarina (Simacu, Kachá, Itucale, Urariña, Oruarina)

Wamoé † (Uamué, Huamoi, Umán, Uame, Huamoé, Araticum, Atikum, Aticum)

Warao (Guarao, Warau, Warrau, Guaruno, Waraw, Araote, Faraute)

Witotoan (Huitotoan)

• Ocaina (dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo'tsa)
• Early Huitoto
  • Nipode (Huitoto Muinane, Nïpode, Nüpode Huitoto)
  • Minica-Murai
    • Mɨnɨca (Huitoto Meneca)
    • Murui (Huitoto Murui, Murai, Búe)

Xukurú † (Xucuru, Ichikile, Shukurú)

Yagan (Yahgan, Yaghan, Yamana, Yámana, Tequenica, Yapoo)

Yaguan (Peban, Peba-Yaguan family)

• Yagua (Yihamwo, Nijyamïï, Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua, Mishara)
• Peba † (Nijamvo)
• Yameo † (Llameo, Camuchivo, Masamae, Mazan, Parara)

Yanomaman (Yanomamian)

• Ninam (Yanam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari)
• Sanumá (Sanimá, Sanma, Tsanuma, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari) (dialects: Ninam (Shirishana, Mukajai), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua), Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris; Yanoma, Cobari (Kobali, Cobariwa))
• Yanomam (Waiká (Waicá), Yanomami, Yanomamé, Surara, Xurima, Parahuri, Yanoam)
  • (dialects: Yanamam (Patimitheri, Waika), Yanomam (Naomam, Guadema, Wadema, Warema), Yanomay (Toototobi), Nanomam (Karime), Jauari (Joari, Yoari, Aica))
• Yanomamö (Yanomamï, Yamomame, Guaicá, Guaharibo, Guajaribo, Yanomami, Shamatri, Shaathari, Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa)
  • (dialects: Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco))

Yaruro (Pumé, Llaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín)

Yaté (Fulnio, Furniô, Fórnio, Carnijó, Iaté, Yathé)

Yuracaré (Yuracare, Yurucar, Yuracar, Yurujure, Cuchi, Enete)

Yurumanguí † (Yurimanguí)

Zamucoan

• Ayoreo (Ayoré, Moro, Zamuco, Pyeta, Yovai)
  • (dialect: Tsiricua, Tsiracua)
• Chamacoco (Ishiro, Jeywo)
  • (dialects: Chamacoco Bravo (Tomaraho, Tomaraxa, Tumarahá), Ebitoso (Ebidoso, Ishiro))

Zaparoan

• Andoa † (Shimigae)
• Arabela
• Cahuarano †
• Iquito
• Záparo (Kayapi)
• Gae †
• Coronado †
• Oa †

See also

• Lenguas indígenas de América (Spanish Wikipedia appendix)
• Languages of South America
  • Indigenous languages of South America
    • Amazonian languages
    • List of indigenous languages of Argentina
    • List of unclassified languages of South America
    • List of extinct languages of South America
      • Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin
• Indigenous languages of the Americas
  • Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas

Notes and References

1. Book: Crevels, Mily . Grondona . Verónica . Campbell . Lyle . 2012 . The Indigenous Languages of South America . Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking . The World of Linguistics . 2 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 167–234 . 978-3-11-025513-3.
2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
3. Book: Campbell, Lyle . Lyle Campbell

   . Lyle Campbell . Grondona . Verónica . Campbell . Lyle . 2012 . The Indigenous Languages of South America . Classification of the indigenous languages of South America . The World of Linguistics . 2 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 59–166 . 978-3-11-025513-3.