List of impostors explained

An impostor (also spelled imposter)^[1] is a person who pretends to be somebody else, often through means of disguise, deceiving others by knowingly falsifying one or more aspects of their identity. This is in contrast to someone that honestly believes their false identity due to psychosis (break from reality), mistake (e.g. mistakenly switched at birth, or memory problems), or having been lied to about their identity by another (e.g. by a parent, or kidnapper).

They may lie about their name, rank or title, profession, education, identity of family members or friends, social class, notoriety or influence, life experiences, abilities or achievements, their health history or disability (or that of their family members), citizenship or club membership, racial or ethnic background, religious or political affiliation, wealth or property ownership, tenancy or residency, past or current employment, charitable contributions, criminal or civil court history.

Reasons for imposture

Many impostors try to gain financial or social advantages through social engineering or through means of identity theft, but also often for purposes of espionage or undercover law enforcement. Their objective may be one of sexual gratification, giving a false name, false claim of being single or unwed, and/or false age in order to hide adultery, bigamy, or to catfish (e.g. a pedophile pretending to be a youth online^[2]).

Those in witness protection, those fleeing abusers or persecution, and criminals evading arrest may also assume a false identity.

Economic migrants may pose as tourists (visitor visas) or as international students (international student visas with a non-accredited university or college).^{[3] [4] [5]} As countries, like Canada, decrease their international student quotas, international students may imposture as asylum claimants.^[6]

Some impostors may do it for pathological reasons, such as having a personality disorder that involves an excessive need for attention and emotional reactions from others (be it praise and/or sympathy), an excessive sense of self-importance or being special, an excessive sense of entitlement, an excessive need to control others, a lack of remorse or emotional empathy, chronic and frequent exaggeration or lying about one’s abilities or life events, and exploitativeness. These psychological conditions may include narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy and sociopathy), Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder imposed on self) and Munchausen-by-proxy (factitious disorder imposed on another).^{[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}

As part of humorous stunts and media pranks, protesters have also engaged in imposture, often revealing their true identity at a later time.^[12]

Many women in history have presented themselves as men in order to advance in typically male-dominated fields. There are many documented cases of this in the military during the American Civil War.^[13] However, their purpose was rarely for fraudulent gain. They are listed in the List of wartime cross-dressers.

Spies have often pretended to be people other than they were. One famous case was that of Chevalier d'Eon (1728–1810), a French diplomat who successfully infiltrated the court of Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman.

Historically, when military record-keeping was less accurate than today, some persons—primarily men—falsely claimed to be war veterans to obtain military pensions. Most did not make extravagant claims, because they were seeking money, not public attention that might expose their fraud. In the modern world, reasons for posing as a member of the military or exaggerating one's service record vary, but the intent is almost always to gain the respect and admiration of others.^[14]

Scientists and filmmakers may also engage in imposture for the purposes of conducting a social experiment or public education. Revealing the deception to participants and/or public being a key part of the experiment. For instance, James Randi’s Project Alpha; Derren Brown’s Messiah, and Fear & Faith; or Vikram Gandhi’s Kumaré.

Notable impostors

False nationality claims

• Princess Caraboo (1791–1864), Englishwoman who pretended to be a princess from a fictional island
• Korla Pandit (1921–1998), African-American pianist/organist who pretended to be from India
• George Psalmanazar (1679–1763), who claimed to be from Taiwan
• Micheál Mac Liammóir (1899–1978), notable actor in Ireland, born in England as Alfred Willmore but falsified an Irish birth and identity

False minority national identity claims

• Joseph Boyden (born 1966), Canadian writer who falsely claimed First Nations ancestry
• H. G. Carrillo (1960–2020), American writer and assistant professor of English at George Washington University who claimed to be a Cuban immigrant despite having been born in Detroit to American parents^[15]
• Asa Earl Carter (1925–1979), who under the alias of supposedly Cherokee writer Forrest Carter authored several books, including The Education of Little Tree
• Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance (1890–1932), an African American who claimed to be the son of a Blackfoot chief
• Iron Eyes Cody (1904–1999), Italian American actor (the "crying Indian chief" in the "Keep America Beautiful" public service announcements in the early 1970s), who claimed to be of Cherokee-Cree ancestry
• Helen Darville (born 1972), Australian writer who falsely claimed Ukrainian ancestry as part of the basis of her novel The Hand that Signed the Paper about a Ukrainian family who collaborated with Nazis in the Holocaust
• Misha Defonseca (born Monique de Wael, 1937) wrote a fraudulent autobiography in which she claimed to be a Jewish holocaust survivor, when in fact she has no Jewish descent and was born to Catholic parents. Her book, , received international fame. A documentary, Misha and the Wolves, detailing the investigation into the fraud was released in 2021.^[16]
• Rachel Dolezal (born 1977), former president of the NAACP in Spokane, Washington, who claimed African-American heritage despite being born to white parents^[17]
• Grey Owl (1888–1938), born Archibald Belaney, an Englishman who took on the identity of an Ojibwe
• Jamake Highwater (1931–2001), writer and journalist, born Jackie Marks into an Ashkenazi family who later claimed he was a Cherokee American Indian
• Daniel Lewis James (1911–1988), novelist who wrote under the name Danny Santiago
• Jessica A. Krug (aka Jess La Bombalera, born 1982), former associate professor at George Washington University who falsely claimed African, African-American, and Caribbean-American heritage throughout her career, despite being born to Jewish parents^[18]
• Sacheen Littlefeather (Marie Louise Cruz, 1946-2022), model and activist who rejected Marlon Brando's Academy Award at the 1973 Oscars out of protest. Her Apache Indian impersonation was not made public until her funeral, when her sisters asserted their Mexican descent.^[19]
• BethAnn McLaughlin, neuroscientist who impersonated a bisexual Native American using the Twitter handle "@Sciencing_bi"^[20]
• Red Thunder Cloud (1919–1996), an African American who claimed to be the last speaker of the Catawba language
• Buffy Sainte-Marie (born 1941), an American singer-songwriter who claimed to be Canadian with Canadian Indigenous Ancestry^[21]
• Andrea Smith, an American academic, feminist, and activist against violence who claimed Cherokee identity without proof or acceptance by the Cherokee nation^[22]
• Two Moon Meridas (c. 1888–1933), seller of herbal medicine who claimed that he was of Sioux birth

False royal heritage claims

• Count Alexander of Montenegro (d. 1648) claimed to have been a brother of Mehmed III
• Maddess Aiort claimed to have been Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia
• Granny Alina claimed to have been Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia
• Michelle Anches claimed to have been Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia
• Anna Anderson (1896–1984), who may have really believed she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
• Bardiya (d. 522 BC), ancient ruler of Persia, widely regarded as genuine but was claimed to be an imposter by his successor
• Mary Baynton (fl. c.1533), pretended to be Henry VIII's daughter, Mary at a time many considered that her father should be deposed in her favour
• Bhawal case, concerning a "resurrected" Indian prince who may have genuinely believed he was who he claimed to be
• (d. 1496), alleged half-brother of Mehmed II, he was in contact with Pope Callixtus III and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I amongst others^[23]
• Natalya Bilikhodze (1900–2000), appeared in the year 1995 and went to Russia in the year 2000 where she tried to claim the "Romanov fortune" as Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
• Marga Boodts, claimed to have been Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia
• Helga de la Brache (1817–1885), claimed to have been the secret legitimate daughter of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and Frederica of Baden
• Alexis Brimeyer (1946–1995), Belgian who claimed connection to various European royal houses
• Mary Carleton (1642–1673), who was, amongst other things, a false princess and bigamist
• Count Dante (1939–1975) is the assumed name of John Keehan, who claimed to be descended from Spanish nobility. In his campaign to promote his system of martial arts, he also claimed victories in various secret deathmatches in Asia, and mercenary activity in Cuba, none of which was proven.
• Suzanna Catharina de Graaff (1905–1968), was a Dutch woman who claimed to be the fifth daughter of Nicholas and Alexandra, born in 1903 when Alexandra was reported to have had a "hysterical pregnancy". There are no official or private records of Alexandra giving birth to any child at this time.
• Pseudo-Constantine Diogenes, pretended to be a son of Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes
• False Dmitriy I (c. 1581 – 1606), False Dmitriy II (died 1610), and False Dmitriy III (died 1612), who all impersonated the son of Ivan the Terrible
• Harry Domela (1905 – after 1978), who pretended to be an heir to the German throne
• Anna Ekelöf (fl. 1765), claimed to have been Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden
• Anthony Gignac (1970), falsely took on the identity of Saudi prince Khalid bin Al Saud to entrap victims in investment scams and other schemes, currently serving an 18 year jail sentence^[24]
• Michael Goleniewski (1922–1993), was a CIA agent who in the year 1959 claimed to be Tsarevich Alexei of Russia
• Anna Gyllander (fl. 1659), claimed to have been Queen Christina of Sweden
• Anatoly Ionov claims to be the son of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
• Tile Kolup (d. 1285), also known as Dietrich Holzschuh, an impostor who in 1284 began to pretend to be the Emperor Frederick II
• Eugenio Lascorz (1886–1962), who claimed connection to the royal house of the Byzantine Empire
• Terence Francis MacCarthy (born 1957), styled himself MacCarthy Mór and "Prince of Desmond"
• Šćepan Mali (d. 1773), who claimed to be Peter III of Russia, and managed to rule Montenegro
• False Margaret (c. 1260–1301), who impersonated the Maid of Norway
• Emperor Norton (1818-1880) self-proclaimed "Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico"
• Pierre Plantard (1920–2000), the mastermind behind the Priory of Sion hoax who claimed to be Merovingian, a pretender to the throne of France
• Princess Tarakanova, claimed to be the daughter of Alexei Razumovsky and Empress Elizabeth of Russia
• Yemelyan Pugachev (c. 1742–1775), who claimed to be Peter III of Russia
• Raiktor (fl. 1081), an Eastern Orthodox monk who assumed the identity of Byzantine Emperor Michael VII
• Frederick Rolfe (1860–1913), better known as Baron Corvo
• Lambert Simnel (c. 1477 – c. 1525), pretender to the throne of England
• Eugenia Smith (1899–1997), another woman who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
• Charles Stopford, claimed to be the Earl of Buckingham
• Heino Tammet, claimed to be Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. He died in 1977 in Vancouver, Canada.
• Pseudo-Theodosius (fl. c.605), claimed to be Byzantine Emperor Theodosius and was supported by Khosrow II leading to the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
• Larissa Tudor, appeared strikingly similar to Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia but never actually claimed to be the former grand duchess. Many people who knew Larissa strongly suspected that she was the former grand duchess of Russia.
• Nadezhda Vasilyeva, appeared in the 1920s in Russia and claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia. She died in a psychiatric ward in 1971 in Kazan, Russia.
• Perkin Warbeck (c. 1474 – 1499), pretender to the throne of England
• False Olaf, who claimed to be Olaf II of Denmark

Fraudsters

• Frank Abagnale (born 1948), who passed bad checks as a fake pilot, doctor, and lawyer^[25]
• Joseph Ady (1770–1852), notorious English impostor and postal fraudster
• Gerald Barnbaum (1933–2018), former pharmacist who posed as a doctor for over twenty years, assuming the identities of various licensed physicians^[26]
• Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795), Italian adventurer and self-styled magician
• Cassie Chadwick (1857–1907), who pretended to be Andrew Carnegie's daughter
• Ravi Desai, (active 1996-2002), a journalist who posed as Robert Klinger, fictitious chief executive officer of BMW's North American division, in a series of articles for Slate magazine^[27]
• Belle Gibson (born 1991), an Australian alternative wellness advocate who falsely claimed to have survived multiple cancers without using conventional cancer treatments^[28]
• David Hampton (1964–2003), who pretended to be the son of Sidney Poitier
• Joseph "Harry" Jelinek (1905–1986), who is alleged to have fraudulently sold the Karlstejn Castle to American industrialists
• Brian Kim (born 1975/1976), lived in Christodora House in Manhattan, falsified documents identifying himself as the president-secretary of its condo association, and transferred $435,000 from the association's bank account to his own bank account^[29]
• Sante Kimes (1934-2014), impersonated various public figures and was convicted of murdering her own landlady, wealthy socialite Irene Silverman, in an apparent plot to assume Silverman's identity
• Mandla Lamba, "fake billionaire" from South Africa who received media attention by claiming to be a successful mining tycoon.^{[30] [31] [32]}
• Victor Lustig (1890–1947), "The man who sold the Eiffel Tower. Twice."
• Richard Allen Minsky (born 1944), who lured women into vulnerable situations by pretending to be people they knew, then lawyers representing them, and then raped them^[33]
• Arthur Orton (1834–1898), also known as the Tichborne Claimant, who claimed to be the missing heir Sir Roger Tichborne
• Paul Palaiologos Tagaris (c. 1320/40 – after 1394), Orthodox monk, claimed to be a member of the Palaiologos dynasty, pretended to be the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, later succeeded in being named Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
• Frederick Emerson Peters (1885–1959), U.S. celebrity impersonator and writer of bad checks
• Gert Postel (born 1958), a mail carrier who posed as a medical doctor
• Lobsang Rampa (1910–1981), formerly plumber Cyril Hoskins, who claimed to be possessed by the spirit of a deceased Tibetan lama and wrote a number of books based on that premise
• James Reavis (1843–1914), master forger who used his real name but created a complex, fictitious history that pointed to him as the rightful owner of much of Arizona
• Anna Sorokin (born 1991), posed as a fictitious wealthy heiress to fraudulently obtain loans, luxury goods, travel, and stays at exclusive hotels^[34]
• Leander Tomarkin (1895–1967), fake doctor who became the personal physician of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, and convinced Albert Einstein to assume the honorary presidency of one of his medical conferences^[35]

Military impostors

• Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News military analyst who claimed to have been a highly decorated U.S. Army Special Forces soldier and Vietnam War veteran, but actually served in the army for only 44 days in 1976^[36]
• Brian Dennehy (1938–2020), American actor who enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1958, served in Okinawa, and never saw combat, but later falsely claimed to have been wounded in action in the Vietnam War^{[37] [38]}
• George Dupre (1903–1982), who claimed that he worked for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the French Resistance during World War II (WWII); Dupre served in World War II, but he was never in France, nor with the SOE
• Frank Dux (born 1956), Canadian-American martial artist who served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in non-combat roles, but claimed in his memoir The Secret Man that he had fought in covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) special operations in Southeast Asia, Nicaragua, the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War; his claims drew a rare public denial from the CIA describing them as "preposterous".^[39]
• Joseph Ellis (born 1943), American professor and historian who claimed a tour of duty in the Vietnam War, but who actually obtained an academic deferral of service and then taught history at West Point^{[40] [41]}
• Jack Livesey (born 1954), British historian, military advisor on film productions, and author who claimed to have a distinguished twenty-year career in the Parachute Regiment, but actually served as a cook in the Army Catering Corps for three years^[42]
• Jesse Macbeth (born 1984), anti-war activist who claimed to be a United States Army Ranger and veteran of the Iraq War, but was actually discharged from the army before completing basic training^[43]
• Joseph McCarthy (1908–1957), U.S. senator who served in the Marine Corps during World War II as a Douglas SBD Dauntless tail gunner; broadly embellished his military accomplishments, notably by exaggerating his number of combat missions flown, falsifying official records to reflect these claims, obtaining combat decorations based on the falsified documents, and claiming that he broke his leg in action when the injury was sustained in a non-combat stairwell fall^[44]
• Alan Mcilwraith (born 1978), a call centre worker from Glasgow who, among other things, claimed that he was a decorated captain in the British Army; he never served in the military^[45]
• Sgt. Slaughter (born 1948 as Robert Remus), a professional wrestler with the gimmick of being a former U.S. Marine who fought in the Vietnam War, but never served in the military. Despite this, he has talked about military service while seeming to be speaking as himself, and not in kayfabe character.^[46]
• Eric von Stroheim, film director (The Merry Widow, 1925) and actor (Sunset Boulevard, 1950), who claimed to have been an Austrian imperial military officer, but never served in the military. He did portray German officers on-screen.
• Friedrich Wilhelm Voigt (1849–1922), German impostor who masqueraded as a Prussian officer in 1906 and became famous as "The Captain of Köpenick"
• Micah Wright (born 1974), anti-war activist who claimed to have been an Army Ranger involved in the United States invasion of Panama and several special operations; he was a Reserve Officers' Training Corps student in college, but never served in the military^[47]

Multiple impostors

• Frédéric Bourdin (born 1974), "the French Chameleon"^[48]
• Barry Bremen (1947–2011), known in the sports world as "The Great Imposter", after pretending to be an MLB umpire, an NBA All-Star, and a Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader, among other things
• Ferdinand Waldo Demara (1921–1982), "The Great Impostor", who masqueraded as many people, from monks to surgeons to prison wardens
• Christian Gerhartsreiter (born 1961), a serial impostor and convicted murderer who infamously posed as a member of the Rockefeller family and became the subject of several books^[49]
• Marvin Hewitt (born 1922), who impersonated several academics and became a university physics professor
• Stanley Clifford Weyman (1890–1960), American multiple impostor who impersonated public officials, including the U.S. Secretary of State and various military officers
• Laurel Rose Willson (1941–2002), who claimed to be "Lauren Stratford", a victim of satanic ritual abuse, and later as Holocaust survivor "Laura Grabowski"
• Mamoru Samuragochi (born 1963), who claimed to be a "deaf composer", though it was later revealed that his hearing ability has already improved and most of his works were written by Takashi Niigaki, conductor of "Onimusha Soundtrack", produced by Samuragouchi.^[50]
• Nicolai Lilin (born 1980), an Italian-Moldovan writer who claimed to be the descendent of a Siberian ethnic group deported by the Soviet Union to Bender, Moldova in the 1930s, despite being of Polish origin and Bender having not been in the USSR at that time,^[51] as well as claiming to be a veteran of the Second Chechen War, despite his name not appearing in any sources close to the Russian Ministry of Defence.^{[52] [53]}

Others

• Bampfylde Moore Carew (1693–1759), a Devonshire man whose popular Life and Adventures included picaresque episodes of vagabond life, including his claim to have been elected King of the Beggars
• Alan Conway (1934–1998), who impersonated Stanley Kubrick during the early 1990s
• Misha Defonseca (born 1937) Belgian Catholic woman who took the identity of a Jewish Holocaust survivor
• Alicia Esteve Head (born 1973), Spanish woman who claimed to be a survivor of the September 11 attacks, under the name Tania Head^{[54] [55]}
• James Frey (born 1969) American writer who presented himself as a reformed convict and drug addict, who in actuality had no criminal record
• Martin Gray (1921–2016), Polish Jew who falsely claimed to have been imprisoned in Treblinka extermination camp
• Kaspar Hauser (1812–1833), German youth who claimed to have grown up in the total isolation of a darkened cell
• Robert Hendy-Freegard (born 1971), English barman, car salesman and conman who masqueraded as a MI5 agent^[56]
• James Hogue (born 1959), who entered Princeton University by posing as a self-taught orphan
• Paul Jordan-Smith (1885–1971), father of the hoax art movement called Disumbrationism
• Rahul Ligma, who pretended to be a fired Twitter employee, pranking major media outlets in 2022
• Enric Marco (1921–2022), Spaniard who claimed to have been a prisoner in the Nazi German concentration camps Mauthausen and Flossenburg in World War II^[57]
• Brian MacKinnon (born c. 1963), who at the age of thirty attended Bearsden Academy by posing as a teenager
• Rosemarie Pence (born 1938), American woman who falsely claimed to have been a German Jew imprisoned at Dachau concentration camp, and told her stories in an authorized biography
• Stephen Rannazzisi (born 1978), American actor and comedian who claimed to be a survivor of the September 11 attacks^[58]
• Steven Jay Russell (born 1957), who has impersonated judges and a doctor, among others, and is known for escaping from prison multiple times^[59]
• George Santos (born 1988), Brazilian-American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2022 claiming to be a college-educated financier, philanthropist and real estate investor as well as Jewish and the grandson of Holocaust survivors, who later admitted that he fabricated most of his résumé^{[60] [61]}
• Arnaud du Tilh (1524–1560), who took the place of Martin Guerre in the mid-16th century and lived with Guerre's wife and son for three years before being discovered when Guerre returned
• Donald J. Watt (1918–2000), Australian soldier who claimed to have been a Sonderkommando at Auschwitz concentration camp
• Binjamin Wilkomirski (born 1941), who adopted a constructed identity as a Holocaust survivor and published author^[62]
• Gabriel Wortman (1968–2020), Canadian denturist who masqueraded as a police officer and drove a bogus Royal Canadian Mounted Police cruiser while perpetrating the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks^[63]
• Anonymous members of the street theatre group Grevillea (unknown), posed as 'Elizabeth Lean' and other members of a fictitious group LILAC WA (Ladies In Line Against Communism WA) in the 1980s during a series of publicity stunts which fooled some journalists and led to coverage of the group's messages regarding billionaire Alan Bond, who was later imprisoned for fraud.^[64]

See also

• Catfishing
• Charlatan
• Disability pretender
  • Miriam Coles Harris
• Identity theft
• Impersonator
• Impostor syndrome
• Messiah claimant
• Political decoy
• Poseur
• Pretendian
• Wilkomirski syndrome

External links

• The Fake Warrior Project, POW Network

Notes and References

1. Web site: Definition of impostor . Merriam-Webster . December 13, 2023 . December 16, 2023.
2. Web site: 2024-10-25 . A man who abused up to 3,500 girls online has been sentenced for crimes including manslaughter . 2024-10-28 . AP News . en.
3. News: Thompson . Elizabeth . September 24, 2024 . Canada needs to do a 'stronger job' of curbing misuse of visitor's visas, Miller says . CBC.
4. News: Maimann . Kevin . January 23, 2024 . B.C., Ontario vow to crack down on diploma mill schools exploiting international students . CBC.
5. Web site: 2023-08-29 . Australia takes action on fraud in student visa system . 2024-10-29 . ICEF Monitor - Market intelligence for international student recruitment . en-GB . The trend the government is working at ending is known as “course hopping”: a student gets a visa to study in a higher education programme or reputable VET programme but ends up being able to shift easily to an inexpensive, private college. Sometimes students do not even attend classes in the second type of institution, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as a “ghost college”..
6. Web site: Nearly 13K international students applied for asylum this year, data shows - National Globalnews.ca . 2024-10-25 . Global News . en-US.
7. Wallang . Paul . Taylor . Richard . May 2012 . Psychiatric and psychological aspects of fraud offending . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment . en . 18 . 3 . 183–192 . 10.1192/apt.bp.111.008946 . 1355-5146 . Fraud offences involving the appropriation of identity (impersonating a police officer, doctor, etc.) are more likely to involve possible pathological lying, especially if the motivation for the behaviour is difficult to discern…Personality disorder is the diagnosis most likely to be associated with fraud offenders, although stress-related disorders and substance misuse are also common, either in isolation or comorbid with a personality disorder..
8. Freckelton . Ian . December 2018 . Impostors and Impersonators: Fake Health Practitioners and the Law . Journal of Law and Medicine . 26 . 2 . 407–432 . 1320-159X . 30574727 . It may be that in many scenarios [of imposter health practitioners] the explanation lies more closely in personality disorders, especially those featuring grandiosity, including Antisocial Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder..
9. Web site: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 WorldCat.org . 2024-10-25 . search.worldcat.org . en.
10. Web site: Tudor . H. G. . 2023-08-27 . Knowing the Narcissist : Lies . 2024-10-25 . HG Tudor - Knowing The Narcissist - The World's No.1 Resource About Narcissism . en-GB.
11. News: Baxter . Holly . April 28, 2023 . Meet the 'race fakers' — and the people tracking them down . Independent . She [a proven non-Native woman] still claims that she is Native to this day. What causes such behavior, I ask? Keeler shakes her head. She says she can only speculate, and that it seems like a “personality disorder, really akin to narcissism”..
12. Web site: McIntyre . Iain . Iain McIntyre . 2019-09-02 . Pranks, performances and protestivals: Public Events . 2024-09-19 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
13. Web site: Shearer. Lee. Brothers in arms?: Civil War reality predates transgender debate. Athens Banner-Herald. 18 April 2018. 14 April 2018.
14. Book: Henry Mark Holzer. Fake Warriors: Identifying, Exposing, and Punishing Those Who Falsify Their Military Service. August 9, 2012. Madison Press. 978-0985243784.
15. Jackson. Lauren Michele. The Layered Deceptions of Jessica Krug, the Black-Studies Professor Who Hid That She Is White. 2020-09-13. The New Yorker. 12 September 2020. en-us.
16. Web site: Eskin . Blake . 2008-08-18 . The Girl Who Cried Wolf: A Holocaust Fairy Tale . 2023-10-30 . Boston Magazine . en-US.
17. Web site: Rachel Dolezal Admits She Was 'Biologically Born White' but Maintains That She Identifies as Black.
18. News: White GWU professor admits she falsely claimed Black identity. The Washington Post. 2020-09-03. Lauren Lumpkin and Susan Svrluga.
19. Web site: Keeler . Jacqueline . Sacheen Littlefeather was a Native American icon. Her sisters say she was an ethnic fraud . . 23 October 2022 . 22 October 2022.
20. News: The Anonymous Professor Who Wasn't. Jonah Engel. Bromwich. Ezra. Marcus. The New York Times . August 4, 2020.
21. News: Leo . Geoff . Guerriero . Linda . Who is the real Buffy Sainte-Marie . 25 October 2024 . Canadian Broadcast Company . CBC News . 27 October 2023.
22. Web site: Jaschik. Scott. 6 July 2015. Fake Cherokee? Scholar who has made name as Cherokee is accused of not having Native American roots. 2020-09-10. www.insidehighered.com. en.
23. Book: Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. 238, 325. Franz Babinger. 1978 . Princeton University Press . 9780691010786.
24. News: Fake Saudi prince Anthony Gignac jailed for $8m fraud . 6 August 2022 . BBC News . BBC . BBC . 1 June 2019.
25. Web site: How Frank Abagnale Would Swindle You. U.S. News . Luke . Mullins. May 19, 2008. February 14, 2011.
26. News: Noble. Kenneth B.. Doctor's Specialty Turns Out to Be Masquerade. The New York Times. 17 April 1996.
27. News: Shafer. Jack. Who Is "Robert Klingler"?. Slate. 12 March 2002.
28. News: Donelly. Beau. Toscano, Nick. The Whole Pantry author Belle Gibson admits she lied about having terminal cancer. 22 April 2015. smh.com.au. 22 April 2015.
29. Web site: CNBC pundit and hedge-fund operator at heart of $4 million Ponzi scheme. NY Daily News. 15 February 2011 . October 13, 2014.
30. News: Hawker . Diane . So young, so rich, so many questions . Nov 7, 2010 . 2022-07-15 . Independent Online . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715175620/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/so-young-so-rich-so-many-questions-730932 . 2022-07-15.
31. News: Mashaba . Sibongile . Bogus billionaire's trail of debts . May 12, 2011 . 2022-07-26 . SowetanLIVE . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220726194054/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2011-05-12-bogus-billionaires-trail-of-debts/ . 2022-07-26.
32. News: Wasserman . Helena . SA's 'fake billionaire' is back, now selling shares on special to Somizi's followers . Jul 3, 2021 . 2022-07-15 . Fin24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210703183217/https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/industrial/sas-fake-billionaire-is-back-now-selling-shares-on-special-to-somizis-followers-20210703 . 2021-07-03.
33. News: Griesser . Andy . . Sex Under Duress: Cal. Court Upholds Rape Conviction for Ruse to Obtain Sex . https://web.archive.org/web/20080821144558/http://www.abanet.org/journal/redesign/home.html . 2010-06-27 . 2003-02-07 . dead . August 21, 2008 .
34. News: Sorokin, Who Swindled N.Y.'s Elite, Is Sentenced to 4 to 12 Years in Prison . Ransom . Jan . . May 9, 2019 . limited . July 11, 2022.
35. News: Doktor Dreist. Doctor Brazen. von Lüpke. Marc. 1 November 2013. Der Spiegel. de.
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