List of milestones in Kannada literature explained
This is a list of important milestones in Kannada literature starting with Kavirajamarga (850 C.E.). These writings are the earliest available works in each listed genre. Though many notable works have been accomplished in each genre during later years, these writings are the forerunners for later developments.
The list
Milestones in Kannada literature| Genre | Writing | Author | Year | Patron |
|---|
| Kavirajamarga[1] [2] | | 850 | Rashtrakuta Empire |
| Basic Grammar | Kavirajamarga[3] [4] | Srivijaya / Amoghavarsha I | 850 | Rashtrakuta Empire |
| Narrative Prose (Parables) | Vaddaradhane[5] | | 900 | Rashtrakuta Empire |
| Epic (Jain) | Adipurana, Vikramarjuna Vijaya[6] [7] [8] | | 941 | Rashtrakuta Empire |
| Sahasa Bhima Vijaya[9] | | 982 | Western Chalukya Empire |
| Chandombudhi[10] | | 990 | Western Ganga Dynasty |
| Fiction (Romance) | Karnataka Kadambari | Nagavarma I | 990 | Western Ganga |
| Rannakanda[11] | Ranna | 990 | Western Chalukya |
| Erotics | Madanatilaka[12] | Chandraraja | 1025 | Western Chalukya |
| Lokopakara[13] | Chavundaraya II | 1025 | Western Chalukya |
| Lokopakara (Supasastra)[14] | Chavundaraya II | 1025 | Western Chalukya |
| Lokopakara (Vrksayurveda)[15] | Chavundaraya II | 1025 | Western Chalukya |
| | Panchatantra | | 1025 | Western Chalukya |
| Free Verse (Vers Libre) | Vachana poems[16] [17] [18] | Chennaiah, Kakkaiah and others | 11th century | None |
| Bhakti poems (early native) | Vachana[19] [20] [21] | Chennaiah, Kakkaiah and others | 1025 | None |
| Chandraprabha Charite[22] | Shridaracharya | 1049 | Western Chalukya |
| Astrology | Jatakatilaka | Shridaracharya | 1049 | Western Chalukya |
| Mathematics | Vyavaharaganita, Kshetraganita, Lilavati[23] [24] | Rajaditya | 1105 | Hoysala Empire |
| Veterinary Science | Govaidya | Prince Kirtivarma | 1120 | Western Chalukya |
| Medicine (health) | Karnataka Kalyanakaraka[25] | Jagadalla Somanatha | 1150 | Western Chalukya |
| Bhakti poems (mature native) | Vachana Sahitya[26] [27] | Basavanna and others | 1160 | Kalachuris of Kalyani (Southern branch) |
| Epic (Shaivism) | Girijakalyana[28] | | 1160 | Hoysala Empire |
| Epic (Vaishnavism) | Jagannatha Vijaya[29] | | 1180 | Hoysala Empire |
| Suktisudharnava[30] | Mallikarjuna | 1245 | Hoysala Empire |
| Mature Grammar | Shabdamanidarpana | | 1260 | Hoysala Empire |
| Bhakti poems (mystic, Vaishnavism) | Haridasa Sahitya[31] [32] [33] | | 1281 | Hoysala Empire |
| Rattasutra[34] | Rattakavi | 1300 | Hoysala Empire |
| Khagendramanidarpana | Mangaraja I | 1360 | Vijayanagara Empire |
| Epic (Mahabharata) | Gadugina Bharata[35] | Naranappa (Kumara Vyasa) | 1425 | Vijayanagara Empire |
| Epic (Ramayana) | Torave Ramayana[36] | Narahari (Kumara Valmiki) | 1500 | Vijayanagara Empire |
| Epic (native folk) | Ramanatha Charite (Kumararama Charite)[37] | Nanjunda Kavi | 1525 | Vijayanagara Empire |
| Classical devotional | Carnatic music[38] [39] | | 16th century | Vijayanagara Empire |
| Theatre (folk, Yakshagana) | Virata Parva[40] [41] | Vishnu Varamballi | 1564 | None |
| Drama (social) | Mitravinda Govinda[42] [43] | Singaraya | 1680 | Mysore Kingdom |
| Kanthirava Narasaraja Vijaya[44] [45] | Govinda Vaidya | 1648 | Mysore Kingdom |
| Chikkadevaraja Vamshavali[46] | Tirumalarya II | 1698 | Mysore Kingdom |
| Grammar (modern) | Kannada grammar | Rev. William Carrey | 1817 | Princely Mysore |
| Novel (Historical prose) | Mudramanjusha[47] [48] | Kempu Narayana | 1823 | Princely Mysore |
| Dictionary (modern) | Kannada-English Dictionary[49] | Rev. W. Reeve | 1832 | Princely Mysore |
| Journalism (news) | Mangalura Samachara[50] | | 1843 | Madras Presidency |
| Novel (modern Romance) | Saugandhika Parinaya[51] [52] | | 1850 | Princely Mysore |
| Drama (early modern) | Shakuntala[53] [54] | C. Sehagiri Rao | 1869 | Princely Mysore |
| Ballad (native folk) | Sangoli Rayana Dange[55] [56] | | 1874 | Bombay Presidency |
| Drama (mature modern) | Shurasena Charite (Othello)[57] | Basavappa Shastry | 1882 | Princely Mysore |
| Epic (early, prose) | Adbhuta Ramayana[58] [59] | Muddanna | 1885 | Princely Mysore |
| Mature Novel (Social) | Suryakantha[60] | Lakshmana Gadagkar | 1892 | Bombay Presidency |
| Poem (modern) | English Geethagalu[61] | | 1910 | Princely Mysore |
| Short Stories | Kelavu Sanna Kathegalu[62] | | 1920 | Princely Mysore |
| Lyrical poems | Gari[63] [64] | | 1936 | Bombay Presidency |
| Epic (modern) | Sri Ramayana Darshanam[65] [66] | | 1949 | Mysore state |
|
References
- Book: Ashton & Christie, Martha Bush & Bruce. Yakshagana. History of Yakshagana. 1977. 1977. Abhinav Publications. 81-7017-047-8.
- Book: Das, Sisir Kumar . A History Of Indian Literature 1911–1956 . 1995. 1995. Sahitya Akademi. Phases of Indian Poetry. 81-7201-798-7.
- Book: Guttal, Vijaya. Poonam Trivedi . Dennis Bartholomeusz. India's Shakespeare:Translation, Interpretation, and Performance. 2006. 2006. Pearson Education India. Translation and Performance of Shakespeare in Kannada. 81-7758-131-7.
- Book: Hart, George L . A History of Indian Literature-The Relation Between Tamil and Classical Sanskrit Literature. 1976. 1976. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. Later Tamil, Other Dravidian Languages and Sanskrit. 3447017856.
- Book: Kamath, Suryanath U.. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. 1980. 2001. Jupiter books. Bangalore. 7796041 . 80905179.
- Book: Karanth, Kota Shivarama. Yakṣagāna. Playwrights and Plays. 1997. 1997. Abhinav Publications. 81-7017-357-4.
- Book: Krishnamoorthy & Mukhopadhyay, K, Satkari. A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Indian languages and English . 1991. 1991. Sahitya Akademi. 81-7201-100-8.
- Book: Mukherjee, Sujit. Dictionary of Indian Literature, One: Beginnings - 1850. 1999. 1999. Orient Blackswan. New Delhi. 81-250 1453 5.
- Book: Murthy, K. Narasimha. George K.M. Modern Indian Literature:An Anthology:Survey of Poems – Vol 1 . 1992. Sahitya Akademi. 81-7201-324-8. Modern Kannada Literature.
- Book: Murthy, A.V. Narasimha. Lalanji Gopal . V.C.Srivastava. History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D., vol 5, Part1 . 2008. 2008. Concept Publishing Company. New Delhi. 978-81-8069-521-6.
- Book: Narasimhacharya, R. History of Kannada Literature . 1988. 1988. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi. 81-206-0303-6 .
- Book: Prashad, K Kehsavan. Male Madeshwara: A Kannada Oral Epic. 2001. 2001. New Delhi. Sahitya Akademi. 81-260-0925-X.
- Book: Rice, E.P.. A History of Kanarese Literature. 1921. 1982. Asian Educational Services. New Delhi. 81-206-0063-0.
- Book: Rao, Seetharamiah & Marulasiddapa, Sheshagiri L.S., M.V & K. Amaresh Datta. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. 1988. 1988. Sahitya Akademi. 81-260-1194-7.
- Book: Rao, Seshagiri L.S.. Amaresh Datta. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. 1988. 1988. Sahitya Akademi. 81-260-1194-7.
- Book: Rawat, Hemant. Dalit and Backward Women. 2011. 2011. Lakshay Publishing. New Delhi. 978-81-87818-94-6.
- Book: Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. 1955. 2002. Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. New Delhi. 0-19-560686-8.
- Book: Shiva Prakash, H.S.. Ayyappapanicker. Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology . 1997. Sahitya Akademi. 81-260-0365-0. Kannada.
- Book: Srinivasan, P.S.. Mohan Lal. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5. 1992. 1992. Sahitya Akademi. 81-260-1221-8.
- Book: Sridhar, S.N.. Keith Brown . Sarah Oglivie. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World . 2009. 2009. Elsevier. Kannada. 978-0-08-08777-47.
- Book: Sadarangani, Neeti M. Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact. 2004. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi . 81-7625-436-3.
- Book: Thielemann, Selina. Divine Service and the Performing Arts in India . 2002. APH Publishing. 81-7648-333-8.
- Book: Verlag, Harrossowitz. Reinhard Wendh. An Indian to the Indians:On the Initial Failure and the Posthumous Success of the Missionary Ferdinand Kittel (1832-1903). 2006. 2006. Otto Harrossowitz GmbH Ltd. The Bassel Mission in Mangalore:Historical and Social Context. 978-3-447-05161-3.
- Book: Zydenbos, R. Cushman S . Cavanagh C . Ramazani J . Rouzer P. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition. 2012. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 978-0-691-15491-6.
Notes and References
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p17
- Sastri (1955), p355
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1474, p1699
- Sridhar in Brown & Oglivie, (2009), p577
- P.S. Srinivasan in Lal (1992), p4459
- Sastri (1955), p356
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p18
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1180
- M.V.Seetharamiah in Datta (1988), p1150
- Sastri (1955), p357
- Mukherjee (1999), p324
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p19
- Murthy in Gopal & Srivastava (2008), pp506-509
- Murthy in Gopal & Srivastava (2008), pp508
- Murthy in Gopal & Srivastava (2008), pp506-508
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1324
- Sadarangani (2004), p20
- Shiva Prakash (1997), pp171 - 173
- Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), p171
- Rawat (2011), p11, chapter 1
- Hart, George L (1976), p.337
- Kamath (1980), pp114-115
- Narasimhacharya (1988), 19
- Sastri (1955), p358
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p20
- Sastri (1955), p361
- Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), pp166-192
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1181
- Sastri(1955), p364
- Sastri (1955), p359
- Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), p194
- Sastri (1955), p364
- Rice E.P. (1921), p77
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p21
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p22
- Sastri (1955), pp364-365
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1182, chapter-Epic(Kannada)
- Thielemann (2002), p22
- R Zydenbos in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P (2012), p767
- Ashton & Christie (1977), p21
- Karanth (1997), p160
- K. Marulasiddappa in Datta (1988), p1077
- Mukherjee (1998), p235
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p64
- Rice E.P. (1982), p89
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p23, p64
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp167-168
- Kamath (1980) p280
- Kamath (1980), p279
- Verlag in Wendt (2006), p159
- Narasimhacharya (1988), p26
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp167
- Kamath (1980), p282
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp169
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp168
- Prashad (2001), page xiii, chapter-Kannada folk epics, a profile
- Guttal in Trivedi & Bartholomeusz (2006), p105
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp170
- Krishnamoorthy & Mukhopadhyay (1991), p94
- Kamath (1980), p281
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1716
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp172
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp173
- Das (1995), p203
- Rao in Datta (1988), p1182
- Murthy in K.M. George (1992), pp174
