List of historical separatist movements in North America explained

This is a list of historical separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are no longer an active movement with active members.
2. They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

List

Antigua and Barbuda

• Political party: Antigua Labour Party

Bahamas

• Abaco Islands
  • Political parties: Abaco Independence Movement (defunct)
• Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

Barbados

Culpepper Island

• Proposed state: Lokono-Arawak Nation
  • Political parties: United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP), Eagle Clan of Lokono-Arawaks (ECLA)^{[1] [2]}
  • Militant organisation: Indigenous Democracy Defense Organization (IDDO)^[3]

Belize

• Political party: People's United Party

British West Indies

• Political party: Caribbean League
• Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

Canada

Autonomist

• Acadia
  • Political party: Parti Acadien
• Cape Breton Island
  • Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
• the Maritimes
  • Political party: the Maritimes
• Ontario
  • Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
  • Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

Secessionist

• Nova Scotia
  • Political: Anti-Confederation Party
• Ontario
  • Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
  • Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
  • Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
  • Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
• Western Canada
  • Political: Unionest Party, Separation Party of Alberta, Alberta Independence Party

Costa Rica

• Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

Dominica

• Political party: Dominica Labour Party

Autonomist

Kalinago Territory

• Proposed state: Karifuna-Carib Nation
  • Political parties: Kalinago Tribal Nation, United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

Haiti

• Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Jamaica

See main article: Independence of Jamaica.

• Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

Leeward Maroons

• Proposed state: Accompong Town Maroon Community^{[8] [9]}
  • Political organizations: Maroon Council^[10]

Mexico

Secessionist

• California Republic
• Chan Santa Cruz
• Republic of Fredonia
• Republic of the Rio Grande
• Republic of Texas
• Republic of Yucatán
• Republic of Baja California
• Republic of Sonora

Nicaragua

• Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

Panama

• Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Carib Country (Black Carib indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy) ^{[11] [12] [13]}

• Proposed state: Yurumein
• Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs^[14]
• Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),^{[15] [16]} Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG),^[17] United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) ^[18]

Trinidad and Tobago

• Political party: People's National Movement
• Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People

United States

• American Revolution
• Aztlán
• Confederate States of America
• New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
• Republic of New Afrika
• State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
• State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803)
• For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.
• Republic of West Florida
• Conch Republic
• Capitol Hill Occupied Protest

Puerto Rico

• Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

See also

• List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
• List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
• Lists of separatist movements

Notes and References

1. Web site: 13 March 2006 . RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB . 14 June 2023 . Antigua Observer . The Voice of the Taino People Online.
2. Web site: THINGS BAJAN: Culpepper Island . 2023-06-14 . NationNews Room . en-US.
3. Web site: 2015-02-08 . New Global Entity Focused on Threats to the Security of Indigenous Tribal Nations Created * Last Real Indians Exclusive . 2023-06-14 . NationNews . en-US.
4. Web site: 13 March 2006 . RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB . 14 June 2023 . Antigua Observer . The Voice of the Taino People Online.
5. Web site: 2021-10-12 . When the Kalinago Tribal Nation of Dominica Stood up to the Powers That be and Won by Damon Corrie . 2023-06-14 . Last Real Indians Room . en-US.
6. Web site: 2010-03-02 . The Caribs of Dominica: Land Rights and Ethnic Consciousness . 2023-06-14 . Cultural Survival . en-US.
7. Web site: 2021-08-23 . Meet the Kalinagos: Dominica offers Maroons, Ja Gov’t model of mutual respect . 2023-06-14 . Cultural Survival . en-US.
8. Web site: 2010-04-15 . Maroon Autonomy In Jamaica . 2023-06-14 . Cultural Survival . english.
9. Web site: 2019-05-08 . A Maroon State in Formation: Sovereignty and State Effects in the Polity of Accompong . 2023-06-14 . UC Davis . english.
10. Web site: 2011-01-13 . Maroons demand autonomy . 2023-06-14 . UC Davis . english.
11. Web site: 2012-12-29 . The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions . 2023-06-14 . Antigua Observer . Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
12. Web site: 2007 . HEGEM ONY, CARIB HISTORY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ST. VINCENT . 2023-06-14 . Antigua Observer . University College London.
13. Web site: CARIBS . Antigua Observer . Tripod.
14. Web site: August 1972 . 1 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK CARIBS . 2023-06-14 . belize-glessimaresearch.org . Belize Glessima Research.
15. Book: Twin, Paul . Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival . Peter Lang Publishing . 2006 . 978-0-8204-7488-5 . Forte . Maximilian Christian . New York, New York . 89–106 . Land Ownership and the Construction of Carib Identity in St. Vincent . https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA101., Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples
16. Web site: September 2013 . Land and Livelihoods among the Black Caribs of North-East St Vincent: Case studies of farming and cottage-based agro-processing . 2023-06-14 . Antigua Observer . Caribbean Geography-Research Gate.
17. Web site: Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc . GIPSVG . GIPSVG Inc..
18. Web site: 13 March 2006 . RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB . 14 June 2023 . Antigua Observer . The Voice of the Taino People Online.