| Settlement Type: | City |
| List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona | |
| Mapsize: | 250px |
This is a list, which includes photographic galleries, of some of the remaining historic structures and monuments, of historic significance, in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. Included are photographs of properties identified by the African, Asian and Hispanic historic property surveys of the City of Phoenix, focusing on the themes of history in Phoenix from 1870 to 1975.
This list however, is not limited to historical structures and monuments. Also listed are historical landmarks, some of which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places such as the Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites and the Deer Valley Rock Art Center. These contain the ruins of structures and artifacts of the Hohokams who lived within the modern Phoenix city area before the arrival of the settlers of non-Native American origin.
The abandoned Joint Head Dam and the early canals built by the early pioneers of European descent played an important role in the irrigation and development of Phoenix and its surrounding areas. Pictured is the ruins of the abandoned Joint Head Dam built in 1884. Also, pictured is the Grand Canal, the oldest canal in Phoenix which was built by the pioneers in 1877, and the Old Crosscut Canal, built in 1888.
Included in this list are the photographs of the final resting place of various notable people who are interred in Phoenix's historic cemeteries who were of historical importance to Phoenix and Arizona. According to the definition by the "Pioneers' Cemetery Association (PCA)" a "historic cemetery" is one which has been in existence for more than fifty years. Among the cemeteries listed is the abandoned Crosscut Cemetery which was established in 1870 and therefore, Phoenix's oldest cemetery and the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Listed are some museums in Phoenix with the images of artifacts of historical importance. Such is the case of the Phoenix Trolley Museum where the historic Trolley Car #116 is showcased. Among the museums are the Martin Auto Museum, which showcases automobiles from 1886 onward and the Musical Instrument Museum.
Laveen and the Sunnyslope District are listed separately because these were two areas whose citizens wanted to proclaim the areas as independent towns, but whose areas were instead merged into the city of Phoenix.
Phoenix is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona.[1] Phoenix was incorporated as a city in 1881, after being founded in 1867 near the Salt River close to its confluence with the Gila River. The city has numerous historic properties which have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. There are also 33 landmarks and attractions within Phoenix that are claimed to represent the best features of the city. These have been designated as "Phoenix Points of Pride"[2] and/or are listed in the Phoenix Historic Property Register. The Phoenix Historic Property Register, was established in 1986. It is the city's official listing of the historic and prehistoric properties that have been deemed worthy of preservation. Some of these properties are listed in both the National Register of Historic Places and in the Phoenix Historic Property Register.[3] [4] [5] [6]
Historic Heritage Square is part of the Heritage and Science Park on the east end of downtown. It encompasses the only remaining group of residential structures from the original town site of Phoenix.[7] The images of these properties with a short description of the same are included.
According to Robert A. Melikian, author of the book Vanishing Phoenix, Phoenix's preservation office does not have the ability to deny a demolition permit. Therefore, the owner of a property, listed either in the National Register of Historic Places or the Phoenix Historic Property Register, may demolish the historical property.[8] Entire neighborhoods, such as Golden Gate, where members of the minority communities lived have been razed. Both the residence of former Territorial Governor Joseph Kibbey located at 1334 E. Jefferson St. which served as the home and medical practice of Dr. Winston C. Hackett, the first African-American physician in Arizona and the building located at 1342 E. Jefferson St. where Hackett founded the Booker T. Washington Memorial Hospital were demolished.[9] [10] The historic St. James Hotel is an example of a building listed in the National Register of Historic Places which will be demolished, despite the protests of preservation groups, to make way for a VIP parking lot for the Phoenix Suns season ticket holders. Among the properties which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and which have been demolished are the following:[11]
Some of the historic houses and buildings which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and/ or the Phoenix Historic Property Register are also listed in the "enDangered Dozen Historic Places List," released by the Phoenix Historic Neighborhoods Coalition. These structures are prone to vandalism and the elements. Among the structures which are neglected and are at the highest risk of disappearing in the near future are the following:[12]
The Pueblo Grande Ruin is the remains of a 450 BC prehistoric Hohokam village. For unknown reasons the site was abandoned by 1450 AD. These are some of the ruins of the Hohokam structures which were unearthed and which are situated in the Pueblo Grande Museum & Archaeological Park.
When the pioneers of European descent settled in Phoenix, the area was mainly desert. Settlers such as Jack Swilling were inspired by the ancient canals of the Hohokam. The pioneers soon began to dig ditches to carry water from the Salt River which would irrigate their farms. Eventually, canal building companies, such as the Arizona Canal Company, which was formed in December 1882, were organized and built the current canals in the area. The Joint Head Dam was built in 1884, where Jack Swilling dug his ditch, known as the "Swillings Ditch", and where the Salt River are located. The dam served the Grand Canal (built 1878) and eventually the Old Crosscut Canal (built 1888). The abandoned Joint Head Dam has been determined to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under criterion "A" because of its association with the locally important history of reclamation and therefore, is a Section 4 (f) resource.[13]
Phoenix's Heritage Square is located in what once was block 14 of the original townsite of Phoenix. The square dates back to the Victorian era of the late 1800s. The townsite was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1978, reference: #78000550. The Dr. Roland Lee Rosson House (1895), now a Victorian-period historic house museum, and Baird Machine Shop (1920), which are individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places, are also located in the historic square.[14]
This section includes historical buildings which are listed either in the National Register of Historic Places or in the Phoenix Historic Property Register. The oldest of these, which is still standing and in use, is the "Fry's Building" which was built in 1885. The oldest hotel, which was completed in 1893, and is still in use today is the "Windsor Hotel".
Also, included in this section are historic structures such as the "Heard Ranch Grain Silos", listed in the PHPR plus, the Arizona State Fair Grandstand which was built in the early 1900s, the "17th Avenue Underpass" and the "Central Avenue Underpass", both which are eligible to be included in the National Register of Historic Places.[15]
Many of the historic houses of religious worship, such as the "First Presbyterian Church" (1892), are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Others, such as the "Tanner Chapel A.M.E. Church" (1929), have been designated historic by the Phoenix Historic Property Register. The Tanner Chapel A.M.E. Church, one of the oldest African-American churches in the state, is the only Arizona church where civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. is known to have given a sermon. Houses of religious worship such as the "First Mexican Baptist Church" (1920), Phoenix's oldest Hispanic church, are recognized as historic by surveys, as in the case of the Hispanic American Historic Property Survey of the City of Phoenix.
The first school in Phoenix was established in 1873. It was known as the Little Adobe School and it was located in 202 N. Central Avenue where the San Carlos Hotel currently stands. Schools were segregated then and therefore, so were many of the historic schools on this list. The Phoenix Indian School was established in 1891 under the federal "assimilation" policy which sought to regimentalize and culturally exterminate Native American students. African-American students were only allowed to attend racially segregated schools such as the Dunbar School which was built in 1925, the Phoenix Union Colored High School (Later renamed George Washington Carver High School) built in 1926, and the Booker T. Washington Elementary School built in 1928.
Some of these houses meet the National Register criteria for evaluation. The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and that are associated with the lives of persons significant in Phoenix's past. The following prominent people who at one time or another lived in Phoenix and whose houses are listed here are:
The following prominent people who at one time or another lived in Phoenix and whose houses are listed here are:
The City of Phoenix conducted various historic property surveys focusing on the themes of African, Asian and Hispanic history in Phoenix from 1870 to 1975. The purpose of the surveys was to identify the number and locations of minority associated historic properties citywide and to document their significance to their community. The surveys were funded by the Phoenix Historic Preservation Bonds funds as well as a Certified Local Government grant received from the National Park Service through the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office. While the National Register of Historic Places Criteria is only concentrated on the properties of these communities prior to 1955, the study included in the surveys take into consideration the significance of the struggle for civil rights and equality. Therefore, the properties which were involved in ending segregation in Phoenix are also included.[17] [18] [19]
The areas covered in the African American Historic Property Survey are 1. East – the region south of Van Buren Avenue to the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks, east of Central Avenue to 24th Street; 2. West – the region south of Grant Avenue to the Salt River, west of 7th Avenue to 19th Avenue; and 3. South – the region south of the Salt River to Southern Avenue, east of 16th Street to 28th Street.
The areas covered in the Asian American Historic Property Survey are spread throughout Phoenix and not concentrated in one area. The concentration of the areas depends on the nationality from which they are descended, such as Chinese, Japanese, Filipino and Asian Indian.
The areas covered in the Hispanic American Historic Property Survey are the regions south of the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks to the Salt River, east of Central Avenue to 24th Street; west of Central Avenue to 27th Avenue and south of the Salt River to Baseline, east to 48th Street and west to 35th Avenue. One of the structures considered as iconic is the Sacred Heart Church which is located in 920 S. 17th St. The church was built in 1900 in what was once a Hispanic neighborhood called "Golden Gate". The City of Phoenix forced the residents of the community in question to move and demolished the entire neighborhood. The reason given for this act was that the city needed the land to expand Sky Harbor Airport. The church was added to National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 2012. Reference number 12000124.[20]
The following prominent people who at one time or another lived in Phoenix and whose houses are listed here are:
The north and south sides of the Central Avenue Corridor of Phoenix are lined with historical houses and buildings. These are the images of those properties. Some are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and some are listed in the Phoenix Historic Properties Register. There are also some historic properties which are listed in both registers.
The Pioneers' Cemetery Association (PCA) defines an "historic cemetery" as one which has been in existence for more than fifty years.[23] There are various historic cemeteries which were established in the late 19th century. These cemeteries serve as the final resting place of various notable citizens of Arizona. Among which can be found pioneers, governors, congressman, government officials, journalists, race car drivers, soldiers, actors and actresses.
The four historic cemeteries listed are:
The Crosscut Cemetery, a.k.a. the Williams Crosscut Cemetery, was established in 1870 by John Wesley and Amanda "Manda" Williams. The historic cemetery, which at the time was located in the desert far from central Phoenix, is the oldest pioneer cemetery in Phoenix.[24] It is located in what is now the corner of 48th St. and East. Van Buren St. Many of the headstones are missing and some of the graves vandalized. The cemetery, which continues to belong to the Williams family, has a locked gate and a chained-linked fence with barbered wire surrounding it.[25]
The Pioneer and Military Memorial Park is the official name given to seven historic cemeteries in Phoenix. The cemeteries were founded in 1884 in what was known as "Block 32". On February 1, 2007, "Block 32" was renamed Pioneer and Military Memorial Park.
St. Francis Catholic Cemetery, established in 1897, is one of the oldest in the city. Its inhabitants represent pioneer families, community and business leaders, miners, those who succumbed to tuberculosis, and others who helped write the history of Phoenix and Arizona. Margaret Geare of Dublin, Ireland, who was buried on October 12, 1897, is believed to be the first to be buried in the cemetery. The cemetery is located at 2033 N. 48th Street.
Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery is the final resting place of various notable people. Among them are three Arizona Territory Governors, six Arizona State Governors, a Secretary of Arizona Territory, the founder of Glendale, Arizona, the 1958 Indianapolis 500 winner and a journalist.
Winnie Ruth Judd was a native of Indiana who worked in Phoenix as a medical secretary. Judd was accused of murdering and dismembering the bodies of her two roommates, friends Agnes Anne LeRoi and Hedvig Samuelson. The prosecutors in her trial alleged that she placed the dismembered parts of the bodies in two trunks (suitcases) and took them to Los Angeles. According to prosecutors, the murders were committed by Judd and an accomplice, Phoenix businessman John "Happy Jack" Halloran, whom she claimed was her lover. Her trial was marked by sensationalized nationwide newspaper coverage, who referred to Judd as "The Trunk Murderess". She was pronounced guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence she received raised debate about capital punishment. Days before her execution Winnie Ruth was called back to the courtroom for an insanity hearing. In 1933, she was found to be insane and moved from prison to the Arizona State Mental Hospital.[26]
The historic properties pictured are all either directly or indirectly related to Judd and the infamous crime. Three of the buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, two of the houses are located in the Historic Roosevelt District which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and the house where the murders took place was once listed in the "enDangered Dozen Historic Places List," released by the Phoenix Historic Neighborhoods Coalition.[27] It is now in the process of restoration and will be used to house a law firm.
Among the landmarks that are pictured and included in this article are the Deer Valley Rock Art Center and Papago Park. The Deer Valley Rock Art Center, also known as the Hedgpeth Hills Petroglyph Site and the Sonoran Desert preserve, is a 47-acre archaeological site containing over 1500 Hohokam, Patayan, and Archaic petroglyphs.[28] The petroglyphs are between 500 and 7,000 years old,[29] and at least one source dates the petroglyphs to 10,000 years ago.[30] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and it was also listed with the Phoenix Points of Pride.A museum designed by Will Bruder was constructed on the site in 1994.[31] [32] [33] [34]
Papago Park is a hilly desert park covering 1200 acres in its Phoenix extent and 296 acres in its Tempe extent. It is where the Desert Botanical Garden, the Phoenix Zoo, and Hunt's Tomb, the pyramidal tomb of Arizona's first governor, George W. P. Hunt are located.
The Desert Botanical Garden, Hole-in-the-Rock and Hunt's tomb are located in Papago Park. Papago Park was listed in the Phoenix Historic Property Register in October 1989. The Desert Botanical Garden is designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride. The Webster Auditorium is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
A museum is a building or place where objects of historical, artistic, or scientific interest are exhibited, preserved, or studied. There are many museums in Phoenix, among them the Heard Museum, an Art Museum which serves as a showcase for Native American culture and the Phoenix Art Museum, an Art Museum, which showcases artwork from the Renaissance to today.
This section of the list includes the Pioneer Living History Museum and the Phoenix Trolley Museum. The Pioneer Living History Museum has 30 historic original and reconstructed buildings from the 1880s and early 1900s on its 90-acre property. The main exhibit of the Phoenix Trolley Museum is the historic trolley car #116, a restored 1928 trolley which served the original Phoenix trolley system.
This section also includes some images of cars exhibited in the Martin Auto Museum and some of the historic musical instruments on exhibit in the Musical Instrument Museum. The Martin Auto Museum is dedicated to the preservation of historical and collectible automobiles for educational purposes and the Musical Instrument Museum, which bills itself as "The World's Only Global Musical Instrument Museum", displays more than 6,500 instruments collected from around 200 of the world's countries and territories. Among the exhibits is the Steinway piano that John Lennon used to compose the song "Imagine", Elvis Presley's guitar, a 1900 Cuatro, and displays dedicated to various countries.[35]
Laveen, an urban village within the city of Phoenix, which was first settled by farmers and dairymen in 1884. In the early 1900s, Walter E. Laveen and his family homesteaded an area encompassing all four corners of present-day 51st Avenue and Dobbins Road, where they also built the area's first general storethe Laveen Storeon the southeast corner.[36] Two properties in Laveen are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
The Sunnyslope community is a long-established cohesive neighborhood within the borders of the city of Phoenix. It has its own "small town" identity and a sense of place that is a point of pride embraced by community members. Sunnyslope has attempted to be incorporated as its own town on four occasions but failed every time. In 1959 the City of Phoenix annexed the community of Sunnyslope. Most of the structures of historic significance have been razed.[37] [38]
Historic structures in Phoenix with articles