List of guitar tunings explained

This article contains a list of guitar tunings that supplements the article guitar tunings. In particular, this list contains more examples of open and regular tunings, which are discussed in the article on guitar tunings. In addition, this list also notes dropped tunings.

Standard tuning

E-A-d-g-b-e'

Throughout, this list references standard tuning, i.e. for comparison.

Open

Major

Major open-tunings give a major chord with the open strings.

Open A

E-A-C-E-A-E

→

Open B

B-F-B-F-B-D

Used by Nickelback on "Should've Listened", Devin Townsend in recent years, and Big Wreck on "Albatross".

Open C

C-G-C-G-C-E

This open C tuning is used by William Ackerman for his "Townsend Shuffle" and by John Fahey for his tribute to Mississippi John Hurt. This tuning is also commonly used by John Butler on his 12-string guitar. This tuning is used on most work by Devin Townsend in his solo work as well as his work with Strapping Young Lad. When playing on a 7-string guitar, he would have a low G as the lowest string to complete the fifth. David Wilcox also recorded his most famous songs, "Eye of the Hurricane" and "Rusty Old American Dream", both from How Did You Find Me Here, in this tuning, as well as "New World", "Show the Way", "Hold It Up to the Light", and his cover of "It's the Same Old Song" from Big Horizon, and "Mango" from East Asheville Hardware.

C-E-G-C-E-GThe English guitar used a repetitive open-C tuning that approximated a major-thirds tuning.[1]

C-C-G-C-E-G[2]

This open-C tuning gives the initial harmonic series when a C-string is struck.[3] The C-C-G-C-E-G tuning uses the harmonic sequence (overtones) of the note C. When an open-note C-string is struck, its harmonic sequence begins with the notes (C,C,G,C,E,G,B♭,C).[2] [3] This overtone-series tuning was modified by Mick Ralphs, who used a high C rather than the high G for "Can't Get Enough" on Bad Company. Ralphs said, "It needs the open C to have that ring," and "it never really sounds right in standard tuning".[4]

Open D

D-A-D-F-A-D

Open-D tuning is used by Joni Mitchell for her "Big Yellow Taxi", Nick Drake for "Place To Be", Alt-J for "Interlude 2", Boys Like Girls for "Thunder", Harry Styles for Matilda, David Wilcox for "Wildberry Pie", "Mighty Ocean", "Kindness", and "Never Enough", and by Soko for "No More Home, No More Love".Open-D tuning has been called Vestapol tuning.

Richie Havens used Open D tuning to be able to play chords using only his thumb and one or two fingers. Wilco have several songs in Open D.

Kevin Cronin used Open D in "Time for Me to Fly", the 1978 REO Speedwagon hit song, with four top-string variations for G and A.

This alternative Open D tuning (and its downtuned variations) is frequently used by Mark Tremonti guitarist for the bands Creed, Alter Bridge, and Tremonti. It was also used by Keith Richards on "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and the Stone Roses in "Love Spreads".

C-G-C-F-G-C

This tuning is the same as Open D but tuned a half-step down. It is used by Alice In Chains on the songs "Over Now", "Nothin' Song", and "Shame in You"; by Guns N' Roses on the song "Bad Obsession"; and by Switchfoot on the song "Daisy".

Open E

E-B-E-G#-B-E (use light-gauge strings because three strings must be raised) Open E is used by: Duane Allman on Fillmore East and many other Slide tracks he played and recorded Brian Jones on "No Expectations", "I Wanna Be Your Man"; Keith Richards on "Salt of the Earth", "Prodigal Son", "Gimme Shelter", "Jigsaw Puzzle", "Jumpin' Jack Flash", "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and by Bob Dylan on his 1975 album Blood on the Tracks. The tuning is also used by Hoobastank on their first and second albums, by Judy Collins on her cover of "Both Sides Now", and by Junior Campbell on the Marmalade recordings "Reflections of My Life" and "I See the Rain". Lastly, the Open E tuning is used by Johnny Marr of the Smiths on "The Headmaster Ritual".

Open F

F-A-C-F-C-F (requires light-gauge strings)

C-F-C-F-A-C is the more common of the two.Used by

Elizabeth Cotten on her song "When I Get Home"

Led Zeppelin on "When the Levee Breaks" and "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp" (studio)

F-F-C-F-A-C is also used by Dave Mason on "Only You Know and I Know"

FACGCE / Math Rock Tuning

F-A-C-G-C-E is also sometimes used, most notably by the band American Football. The guitarist Yvette Young is also known to use this tuning.

Open G

D-G-D-G-B-D (also known as Spanish Tuning or Chicago Tuning)Open G was used in rock by Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin in the songs "Dancing Days", "That's The Way" and "Black Country Woman", Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones as well as in Mississippi blues by Son House, Charley Patton, and Robert Johnson, some songs by Alter Bridge (including down-tuned and minor variations on "In Loving Memory", "Watch Over You", "Wonderful Life", "Words Darker Than Their Wings", "Cradle to the Grave", and "Dying Light"), and in "Fearless" by Pink Floyd.[5] David Wilcox used this tuning on "The Nightshift Watchman".

G-G-D-G-B-DListing the initial six harmonics of the G note, this open-G tuning was used by Joni Mitchell for "Electricity", "For the Roses", and "Hunter (The Good Samaritan)".[6] It was also used by Mick Ralphs for "Hey Hey" on Bad Company's debut album.[4] and on the Meowtain song "Alleyway" Stone Gossard also used this tuning in the song "Daughter" by Pearl Jam.

D-G-B-D-G-B-D

is an open G tuning, approximately in major thirds.[9] [10]

Minor: Cross-note

The following open-tunings use a minor third, and give a minor chord with open strings. To avoid the relatively cumbersome designation "open D minor", "open C minor", such tunings are sometimes called "cross-note tunings". The term also expresses the fact that, compared to Major chord open tunings, by fretting the lowered string at the first fret, it is possible to produce a major chord very easily.

Cross-note or open E-minor was used by Bukka White and Skip James.[11]

Cross-note tunings include (low to high):

Modal

In modal tunings, the strings are tuned to form a chord which is not definitively minor or major. These tunings may facilitate very easy chords and unique sounds when the open strings are used as drones. Often these tunings form a suspended chord on the open strings. A well known user of modal tunings is Sonic Youth.

Extended chord

In extended chord tunings, the open strings form a seventh, ninth, or eleventh chord.

Regular tunings

See main article: Regular tuning.

Major seconds

C-D-E-F-G-A or C-D-F-G-A-B

A compact tuning that fits within one octave and covers the chromatic scale between open strings and the first fret.

Minor thirds

C-D-F-A-C-D

In the minor-thirds tuning, every interval between successive strings is a minor third. In the minor-thirds tuning beginning with C, the open strings contain the notes (C, D, F) of the diminished C chord.

Major thirds

See main article: Major thirds tuning.

See also: Ralph Patt.

Major-thirds tuning is a regular tuning in which the musical intervals between successive strings are each major thirds.[21] Unlike all-fourths and all-fifths tuning, major-thirds tuning repeats its octave after three strings, which again simplifies the learning of chords and improvisation.[22]

Neighboring the standard tuning is the major-thirds tuning that has the open strings

E-G-C-e-g-c'.[21] [23]

A lower major-thirds tuning has the open strings

C-E-G-c-e-g,which "contains two octaves of a C augmented chord".

All fourths

See main article: All fourths tuning.

See also: Perfect fourth.

E-A-d-g-c'-f'

This tuning is like that of the lowest four strings in standard tuning.[24] Jazz musician Stanley Jordan plays guitar in all-fourths tuning; he has stated that all-fourths tuning "simplifies the fingerboard, making it logical".[25]

Augmented fourths

See main article: Augmented-fourths tuning.

C-F-c-f-c'-f' or B-F-b-f-b'-f'

Between the all-fifths and all-fourths tunings are augmented-fourth tunings, which are also called "diminished-fifths" or "tritone" tunings.

All fifths: "Mandoguitar"

See main article: All fifths tuning.

C-G-D-A-E'-B' or G'-D-A-E'-B-F'

All-fifths tuning is a tuning in intervals of perfect fifths like that of a mandolin, cello or violin; other names include "perfect fifths" and "fifths". It has a wide range, thus it requires an appropriate range of string gauges. A high b string has been recently developed by Octave4Plus gauged at .006 which is considerable thinner than most guitar strings on the market, but under low tension to prevent breakage.

New standard tuning

See main article: New standard tuning.

See also: Guitar Craft.

C-G-D-A-E'-g'

All-fifths tuning has been approximated by the New Standard Tuning (NST) of King Crimson's Robert Fripp. It has a wider range than standard tuning, and its perfect-fifth intervals facilitate quartal and quintal harmony.

Ostrich tuning

E-E-e-e-e'-e' or C-C-c-c-c'-c'

Ostrich tuning is a tuning where all strings are tuned to the same note over two or three octaves,[26] creating an intense, chorused drone and interesting fingering potential.

Used by Soundgarden (E-E-e-e-e'-e') on the song "Mind Riot", and by Lou Reed in the Velvet Underground.

Goo Goo Dolls have used a similar tuning (B-D-D-D-d-d) on their song "Iris".

Dropped

Drop tunings lower the sixth string, dropping the lowest E string of the standard tuning. Some drop tunings also lower the fifth string (the A-note in standard-tuning). A drop one tuning lowers the pitch by one full step.

Some lower tunings may call for a baritone guitar to more easily maintain high string tension and a rich tone. Others can be achieved using a capo and/or a partial capo.

Examples

Shifted

These tunings are derived by systematic increases or decreases to standard tuning.

Lowered (standard)

Derived from standard EADGBE, all the strings are tuned lower by the same interval, thus providing the same chord positions transposed to a lower key. Lower tunings are popular among rock and heavy metal bands. The reason for tuning down below standard pitch is usually either to accommodate a singer's vocal range or to get a deeper/heavier sound.[46]

Raised

From standard EADGBE, all the strings are tuned up by the same interval. String tension will be higher. Typically requires thinner gauge strings, particularly the first string which could be as thin as six thousandths of an inch (about the thickness of a single human hair). A capo is typically preferred over these tunings, as they do not increase neck strain, etc. The advantage of these tunings is that they allow an extended upper note range versus a capo used with standard tuning which limits the number of notes that can be played; in some cases, instruo B or E (such as saxophones, which were frequently encountered in early rock and roll music) are more easily played when the accompanying guitar plays chords in the higher tuning. If standard gauge strings are used, the result is often a "brighter" or "tighter" sound; this was a common practice for some bluegrass bands in the 1950s, notably Flatt & Scruggs.

Double-dropped

Similar to the dropped tunings, except that both the 1st and 6th strings are dropped one full step.

Miscellaneous

Dad-Gad

See main article: DADGAD.

D-A-d-g-a-d'DADGAD was developed by Davey Graham in the early 1960s when he was travelling in Morocco, to more easily play along with Oud music. Among the first to use this tuning were the folk-blues guitarists of the '60s like Bert Jansch, John Renbourn, Martin Carthy, and John Martyn. It was many years later in the 1970s that it became established for accompanists of traditional music, predominantly Scottish and Irish. Due to this popularity it is sometimes referred to as "Celtic" tuning, although this is misleading given its origin and its primary early use in a quite different field of music. Often vocalized as "Dad-Gad", DADGAD it is now common in Celtic music. In rock music, has been used in Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir".[5] Pierre Bensusan is another noted exponent of this tuning. The post-metal group Russian Circles also employ this tuning, and also plays it tuned a half-step down: D-A-d-g-a-d'. Four down-tuned variations are used by the band Sevendust: A Drop C# variation, or C-G-c-f-g-c', Also uses a variation where the lowest string is dropped to G on the song "Chop", A Drop C variation, or 'C-G-c-f-g-c'. (used on the song "Unraveling". Also uses a variation where the lowest string is dropped to G, used on some songs from Kill the Flaw and the song "Life Deceives You"), a Drop B variation, or B'-F-B-e-f-b, and a Drop A# variation, or A'-F-A-d-f-a. Neighboring tunings D-A-d-e-a-e' and C-G-c-d-g-a have been used by Martin Carthy, and D-A-d-a-a-d' was used by Dave Wakeling on the English Beat's 1983 "Save It For Later" and by My Bloody Valentine on the song "Sometimes" from Loveless (1991).

Dad-Dad

D-A-d-d-a-d'Nicknamed - "Papa-Papa". DADDAD is common in folk music (Irish, Scottish), and for the execution of a rhythm guitar in "heavy" (alternative music) on 6th on the third string at the same time. To reach the tuning from DADGAD, Open D or Open D Minor, the G string is dropped to D so that the 3rd and 4th strings are tuned to the same pitch. DADDAD tuning is sometimes used on Dobro guitars for rock and blues. Notable users of this tuning include Billy McLaughlin and John Butler.

Cello/Standard guitar

C-G-d-a-b-e'Essentially a cello tuning with the deeper four strings in fifths and the two highest strings in standard guitar tuning. Used on numerous Pavement songs (including Cut Your Hair and by Foo Fighters on the song "Weenie Beenie".

"Karnivool" tuning

B-F-b-g-b-e'Hybrid tuning between drop B-tuning and E-standard. Used by the band Karnivool for many of their songs.

B-F-b-f-b-e'The hybrid tuning with the 3rd string lowered a half-step to create a larger power chord, Also used by Karnivool.

Mi-composé

E-A-d'-g-b-e'Mi-composé is a tuning commonly used for rhythm guitar in African popular music forms such as soukous and makossa.[48] It is similar to the standard guitar tuning, except that the d string is raised an entire octave. This is accomplished by replacing the d string with an e' string and tuning it to d'.

"Iris" Tuning

B-D-D-D-d-dTuning used by Johnny Rzeznik of the Goo Goo Dolls on the song "Iris".

E-A-C#-F#-A-C# ("Sleeping Ute")

Tuning used by Grizzly Bear guitarist Daniel Rossen in "Sleeping Ute", the opening song of their album Shields. Creates an F#m7/E chord when strummed open.

José González tuning

D-A-D-G-B-EThis is a tuning favored by the Swedish singer-songwriter José González. He uses this on such songs as "Crosses", "Heartbeats" and "Cycling Trivialities" (capo on second fret). It is similar to the standard guitar tuning, but the low E string is dropped to D and the G string is dropped a half step to F/G. Also used by artists such as M. Ward, Stephen Malkmus, and Day Wave.

Dadd9 tuning

D-A-D-F#-A-E This tuning is used by Tonic in their song Soldier's Daughter with a capo on the 4th fret, Periphery uses this tuning a full step down on the song "Scarlet".

Mr.Tom tuning

D-F#-A-E-F#-AThis tuning was made by songwriter/composer Mr.Tom (Rawding) during the creation of an original indie folk instrumental "When You Stand By Me".[49] The tuning is based on the Open D tuning.

Liberty tuning

E-A-D-g-c'-e' Promoted by Harvey Reid for use in combination with a partial capo, as a system which is easier for children to learn.

Converge tuning

C-G-C-F-G-CUsed on the majority of Converge songs since Jane Doe

C-F-C-F-A-CAnother tuning used by Converge, notably used on the title track from Axe to Fall

El Ten Eleven tuning

E-A-D-G#-B-EUsed on the Kristian Dunn of El Ten Eleven

Staind tuning

Ab-Db-Ab-Db-Gb-BbA combination of Drop Ab and Drop Db, Used by Mike Mushok on many songs, especially from Dysfunction and Break the Cycle.

Gb-Db-Ab-Db-Gb-BbThe previous tuning with the 6th string an additional step down, used on the song "Price to Play" and for all but one song on the Self-Titled album, these songs are played live on a 7-string with a high Eb due to some leads being tracked in a higher tuning.

Microtonal tuning

See also: Microtonal music. The open strings of a guitar can be tuned to microtonal intervals, however microtonal scales cannot easily be played on a conventional guitar because the frets only allow for a chromatic scale of twelve equally spaced pitches, each a semitone apart. (Certain microtonal scales, particularly quarter tones, can be played on a standard guitar solely by adjusting tunings, but the distance between notes on the scale makes it somewhat impractical.) It is possible to play microtonal scales on a fretless guitar, to convert a fretted guitar into a fretless, or to make a custom neck with a specific microtonal fret spacing.

Guitars can also be refretted to a microtonal scale.[50] On many refretted microtonal guitars, the frets are split, so that the tuning of each string is independent from the others. To enable an adjustable microtonal tuning, there exist guitars with frets that can be moved across the fingerboard.[51] [52]

Extended techniques such as the 3rd bridge technique, slide guitar and prepared guitar techniques can be used to produce microtonality without severe modification to the instrument.

Guitar tunings inspired by other Instruments

In his on-line guide to alternative tunings for six-string guitars, William Sethares mentions several that are inspired by instruments other than guitars, for example:

This tuning may also be used with a capo at the third fret to match the common lute pitch: G-c-f-a-d'-g'. This tuning also matches standard vihuela tuning and is often employed in classical guitar transcriptions of music written for those instruments, such as, for instance, "La Canción Del Emperador" and "Diferencias Sobre Guardame Las Vacas" by Renaissance composer Luis de Narváez.

Five-string guitar tunings

When the guitar evolved from the renaissance lute in the 18th century it was a five-string instrument (baroque guitar). Today, five-string guitars are common in Brazil, where they are known as guitarra baiana and are typically tuned in 5ths. Schecter Guitar Research produced a production model five-string guitar called the Celloblaster in 1998.[53] A five-string tuning may be necessary in a pinch when a string breaks on a standard six-string (usually the high E) and no replacement is immediately available.

Some basic five-string tunings include:

Extended-range guitar tunings

Seven-string

Similar to five-string bass guitar tuning, seven-string tuning allows for the extra string a fourth lower than the original sixth string. This allows for the note range of B standard tuning without transposing E standard guitar chords down two and a half steps down. Baritone 7-string guitars are available which features a longer scale-length allowing it to be tuned to a lower range.

Lower

The open C tuning for 7-string guitar was Devin Townsend's preferred tuning for the extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad (GCGCGCE), used on their last two albums. Also used on most of Synchestra and Ziltoid the Omniscient, "Planet of the Apes" from Deconstruction, "War Princess" from Z², "Failure" from Transcendence and "Monuments of Glitch" from The Puzzle

Higher

Dropped

These tunings have the lowest string (or other strings tuned one full step lower allowing for chord structures similar to six-string drop tunings.

Eight-string

A continuation of the seven-string guitar, the eight-string guitar adds another string a perfect fourth lower than the low B of the seven-string guitar. This additional low F string is just a whole step up from a bass guitars low E string.

Lower

Higher

Dropped

Nine-string

A continuation of the eight-string guitar, the nine-string guitar adds a string lower or higher.

Lower

Higher

Dropped

Other

Ten-string

As a classical instrument introduced by Narciso Yepes (ten-string classical guitar of Yepes), the ten-string guitar adds four sympathetic strings to the classical guitar

As a continuation of the nine-string guitar, the ten-string guitar adds another lower or higher string to the standard tuning.

Eighteen-string

A special extended range electric guitar made by Ormsby Guitars for Jared Dines for the Djent 2018 event, as of today it is the only guitar of its kind.

Steel guitar

On pedal steel guitar, the most common tunings on double-neck instruments are the extended-chord C6 tuning and E9 tuning, sometimes known as the Texas and Nashville tunings respectively.[61] On a double-neck instrument, the neck nearest the player will normally be some form of C6, and the furthest neck E9.

Necks with 12 or more strings can be used with universal tunings which combine the features of C6 and E9. On a 12-string pedal steel guitar, all 12 strings are tuned and played individually, not as six double courses as on the 12-string guitar.

On a lap steel guitar there may be up to four necks, each tuned differently. The C6 tuning was a common tuning for a six-string lap steel in the 1920s and 1930s.[62] Tunings with a sixth interval are popular in Western swing and jazz, while tunings containing sevenths are often chosen for blues and rock music.[63]

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers. Hannu Annala . Heiki Mätlik . Katarina Backman. Mel Bay. 2007. 978-0-7866-5844-2 . 30. Composers for other plucked instruments: Rudolf Straube (1717-1785).
  2. Web site: CCGCEG Guitar Tuner. CCGCEG: Open C via harmonic overtones. 20 February 2013. Guitar Tunings Database. 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130310120037/http://www.gtdb.org/tuner/ccgceg/. 10 March 2013.

  3. Book: Persichetti, Vincent . Vincent Persichetti . Twentieth-century harmony: Creative aspects and practice . 1961 . W. W. Norton . New York . 0-393-09539-8 . 398434 . registration .

  4. Mick Ralphs: The rock 'N' roll fantasy continues. Lisa. Sharken. 15 May 2001. 21 February 2013. Vintage Guitar. 8 February 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130208022331/http://www.vintageguitar.com/2801/mick-ralphs/. live.
  5. Johnson. Gordie. 1 May 2008. Hey Kid, What Tuning is That?. Canadian Musician. 30. 3. 25.
  6. Web site: List of all Guitar and Piano Transcriptions . JoniMitchell.com . GGDGBD . February 22, 2013 . May 18, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091409/http://jonimitchell.com/music/viewalltranscriptions.cfm?sortby=by%20Tuning . live .
  7. Web site: George Kahumoku - D Wahine Tuning . Taropatch . 2013-06-23 . 2013-09-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130919013815/http://www.taropatch.net/tunings.htm . live .
  8. Web site: Blackett. Matt. Big Wreck in Guitar PLayer Magazine. Ultimate-Guitar.com. Guitar Player. 24 October 2016. 24 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161024091440/http://profile.ultimate-guitar.com/sweet_inc/blog/37688/. live.

  9. Book: Bellow, Alexander. The illustrated history of the guitar. Colombo Publications. 1970.

  10. Book: Timofeyev, Oleg V.. The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800-1850. Oleg V. Timofeyev. Duke University, Department of Music. 1999. 1–584. University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number 9928880.
  11. Cohen. Andy. 22 March 2005. Stefan Grossman- Country Blues Guitar in Open Tunings. Sing Out!. 49. 1. 152.
  12. Web site: John Sheehan . Soundclick . 2013-11-13 . 2013-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113065546/http://www.soundclick.com/bands/default.cfm?bandid=830322&content=songinfo&songid=6499182 . live .
  13. Web site: Latest Recording News and Reviews . johnsheehan.net . 2013-11-13 . 2013-11-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131113071147/http://www.johnsheehan.net/LATEST%20NEWS.htm . live .
  14. Erlewine. Dan. August 1992. Talking With The Iceman: Albert Collins. Guitar Player. 26. 8. 62.
  15. Book: Grossman, Stefan . The Art of Fingerstyle Guitar: Solos in Open Tunings . 1984 . Mel Bay Publications Inc.
  16. Dazzling Stranger: Bert Jansch and the British Folk and Blues Revival Colin Harper (©2000, published by Bloomsbury)
  17. The Guitar Book Pierre Bensusan (©1986, published by Hal Leonard)
  18. Classic Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young: Selections from Déjà Vu and Crosby Stills & Nash [Authentic Guitar-Tab Edition] © 1993 Warner Bros. Music
  19. Coby & Simone, Something to Do with Time, published February 1, 2020, https://hist.bandcamp.com/album/something-to-do-with-time
  20. Coby & Simone, Something to Do with Space, published January 20, 2019, https://hist.bandcamp.com/album/something-to-do-with-space

  21. Tuning in thirds: A new approach to playing leads to a new kind of guitar . Jonathon . Peterson . Tacoma, WA . American Lutherie: The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers . The Guild of American Luthiers . 1041-7176 . Number 72 . Winter . 2002 . 9 October 2012 . 36–43 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111021185726/http://www.luth.org/backissues/al69-72/al72.htm . 21 October 2011 .

  22. Web site: Ole . Kirkeby . 1 March 2012 . Major thirds tuning . 10 June 2012 . m3guitar.com . cited by . https://web.archive.org/web/20120529074627/http://v3p0.m3guitar.com/ . 29 May 2012 .
  23. Web site: The major 3rd tuning . Ralph . Patt . Ralph Patt . ralphpatt.com . Ralph Patt's jazz web page . 14 April 2008 . 10 June 2012 . cited by . 6 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306022849/http://www.ralphpatt.com/Tune.html . live .
  24. Book: Bianco, Bob . Guitar in Fourths . Calliope Music . New York City . 1987 . 0-9605912-2-2 . 16526869.

  25. Book: Ferguson, Jim . Stanley Jordan . 68–76? . New directions in modern guitar . Guitar Player basic library . Helen . Casabona . Adrian . Belew . Adrian Belew . Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . 1986 . 978-0-88188-423-4 .

  26. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0715563/bio Lou Reed biography
  27. Web site: Sheet Happens Publishing – Artist Approved Music Transcriptions and Limited Edition Vinyl Pressings.
  28. Web site: Sheet Happens Publishing – Artist Approved Music Transcriptions and Limited Edition Vinyl Pressings.
  29. Web site: Greg Bradley of Art of Dying – Guitar Rig and Gear Setup – 2011. GuitarGeek. 12 December 2013. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175543/http://www.guitargeek.com/greg-bradley-art-of-dying-guitar-rig-gear-setup-2011/. live.
  30. Web site: Rig Rundown – Black Stone Cherry's Chris Robertson. All Axess. 12 December 2013. 9 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140609041005/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qr3kYbmKnPE. live.
  31. Web site: Jeff Kendrick & Mike Spreitzer Talk About Tuning. Fret 12. 16 March 2014. 11 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140711172716/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIn2UMhB3L4. live.
  32. Web site: Pepper Keenan of Down – Guitar Rig and Gear Setup – 2008. GuitarGeek. 12 December 2013. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175102/http://www.guitargeek.com/pepper-keenan-down-guitar-rig-and-gear-setup-2008/. live.
  33. Web site: Kirk Windstein of Down – Guitar Rig and Gear Setup – 2007. GuitarGeek. 12 December 2013. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175100/http://www.guitargeek.com/kirk-windstein-down-guitar-rig-and-gear-setup-2007/. live.
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