List of gomphothere fossils in South America explained

This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).

The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.^[1] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community, listed below.

Modern classification

• Cuvieronius
  • C. hyodon (type)
• Notiomastodon
  • N. platensis (type)

Former classification

Original classification

• Gomphotheriidae
  • Cuvieroniinae
    • Cuvieronius
      • C. arellanoi
      • C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) (type)
      • C. priestleyi
      • C. tarijensis
      • C. tropicus (=C. oligobunis)
    • Haplomastodon
      • H. chimborazi
      • H. guayasensis
      • H. waringi (type)
    • Notiomastodon
      • N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
      • N. platensis (type)
      • N. vidali
    • Stegomastodon
      • S. mirificus (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
      • S. platensis
      • S. primitivus (=S. rexroadensis)
      • S. superbus
      • S. waringi

Gomphothere fossil finds

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Argentina

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
			596m (1,955feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		194m (636feet)	Stegomastodon platensis
		1m (03feet)	Stegomastodon platensis
		10m (30feet)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1)
			61m (200feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		21m (69feet)	Stegomastodon superbus
		1m (03feet)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2)
		102m (335feet)	Stegomastodon platensis
		49m (161feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		100m (300feet)	Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis
		100m (300feet)	Stegomastodon cf. platensis
			29m (95feet)	Stegomastodon platensis
		1m (03feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		65m (213feet)	Mastodon sp.
		12m (39feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		900m (3,000feet)	cf. Notiomastodon platensis
		50m (160feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		95m (312feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		27m (89feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		870m (2,850feet)	Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.")
		2000m (7,000feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.

Bolivia

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
			1718m (5,636feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
		3880m (12,730feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
		3038m (9,967feet)	Cuvieronius sp.
		3390m (11,120feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
		1080m (3,540feet)	Cuvieronius "andinum"
		167m (548feet)	Cuvieronius "andinum"
		413m (1,355feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
Mid Pleistocene			595m (1,952feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
			973m (3,192feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp.

Brazil

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
			400m (1,300feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
			390m (1,280feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
		300m (1,000feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		500m (1,600feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		770m (2,530feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		900m (3,000feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		580m (1,900feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		700m (2,300feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		560m (1,840feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		685m (2,247feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		122m (400feet)	Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis")
		373m (1,224feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		255m (837feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
		52m (171feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
Pleistocene			973m (3,192feet)	Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi
		355m (1,165feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
		740m (2,430feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali
		320m (1,050feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		440m (1,440feet)	Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon")
		360m (1,180feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		430m (1,410feet)	Haplomastodon waringi
		390m (1,280feet)	Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)"
		470m (1,540feet)	Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis
		65m (213feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
		150m (490feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
		490m (1,610feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
		950m (3,120feet)	Notiomastodon platensis
		266m (873feet)	Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis
		25m (82feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
		530m (1,740feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		360m (1,180feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
Tortonian			274m (899feet)	Amahuacatherium peruvium

Chile

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		Taguatagua, O'Higgins	206m (676feet)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
	Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso	943m (3,094feet)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
	Parral, Cauquenes, Maule	150m (490feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno	14m (46feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Río Bueno, Valdivia	10m (30feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Paredones & Colchagua	55m (180feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Alto de Boroa, Temuco	131m (430feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Limahuida, Río Choapa	282m (925feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Casablanca	313m (1,027feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Chillán	138m (453feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Monte Verde	59m (194feet)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)
	Lagunillas, Valparaíso	212m (696feet)	cf. hyodon
	Catapilco, La Ligua	103m (338feet)	cf. hyodon
	Marchigüe, Colchagua	170m (560feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region	424m (1,391feet)	Stegomastodon platensis
	Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu	3012m (9,882feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
Quebrada Quereo Fm.	Quereo	20m (70feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Malloco, Santiago	482m (1,581feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Algarrobo	5m (16feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Melipilla	269m (883feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Cerrillos, Santiago	516m (1,693feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua	1813m (5,948feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Cachagua	5m (16feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
	Estero de Coyanco, Laja	121m (397feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
Pliocene		Las Pozas/Chacabuco	695m (2,280feet)	C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)

Colombia

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo, Valle del Cauca	855m (2,805feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
		80m (260feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
Late Pleistocene (Lujanian)			2600m (8,500feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi
		1400m (4,600feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
		1950m (6,400feet)	Haplomastodon waringi
		8m (26feet)	Haplomastodon waringi
Middle Pleistocene			432m (1,417feet)	Haplomastodon waringi
Pleistocene			2170m (7,120feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		1170m (3,840feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		1470m (4,820feet)	Haplomastodon sp.
		970m (3,180feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		1500m (4,900feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2750m (9,020feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2600m (8,500feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2150m (7,050feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2440m (8,010feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2820m (9,250feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2150m (7,050feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		1820m (5,970feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		1750m (5,740feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		53m (174feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		430m (1,410feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		320m (1,050feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2340m (7,680feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		1050m (3,450feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2050m (6,730feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		1280m (4,200feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		2680m (8,790feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		900m (3,000feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		900m (3,000feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.

Ecuador

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Tablazo Fm.	Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí	100m (300feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
Pleistocene		Imbabura, Imbabura	3200m (10,500feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
	Region de La Paz, Carchi	2690m (8,830feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Hacienca Pucará, Carchi	3000m (10,000feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha	2630m (8,630feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha	2539m (8,330feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo	2994m (9,823feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Tumbaco, Pichincha	2360m (7,740feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha	2610m (8,560feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha	2343m (7,687feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Checa, Pichincha	2520m (8,270feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	La Carolina, Santa Elena	5m (16feet)	Haplomastodon guayasensis
	Tanque Loma, Santa Elena	21m (69feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis)
	Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi	2760m (9,060feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi
	Baños, Cuenca	2760m (9,060feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon

Paraguay

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes	55m (180feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro	72m (236feet)	cf. Notiomastodon

Peru

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene		La Brea, Talara, Piura	3m (10feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad	2m (07feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Ocucaje, Ica	500m (1,600feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa	1m (03feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	La Huaca, Piura	17m (56feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Ayusbamba, Cuzco	3500m (11,500feet)	Cuvieronius hyodon
	Quipan, Canta, Lima	2200m (7,200feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
	Pasamayo Quarry, Lima	10m (30feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
Pleistocene		Sacaco 2, Arequipa	750m (2,460feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
	Celendín, Cajamarca	2500m (8,200feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
Tortonian			300m (1,000feet)	Amahuacatherium peruvium

Uruguay

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Dolores Fm.	Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo	105m (344feet)	Stegomastodon waringi
Mid to Late Pleistocene		Casil Quarry, Montevideo	17m (56feet)	Stegomastodon waringi

Venezuela

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene			566m (1,857feet)	Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")
		40m (130feet)	Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi
		998m (3,274feet)	?Stegomastodon sp.
		694m (2,277feet)	?Stegomastodon sp.
		590m (1,940feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		450m (1,480feet)	Stegomastodon sp.
		1200m (3,900feet)	?Cuvieronius sp.
		250m (820feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		440m (1,440feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		70m (230feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		60m (200feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		28m (92feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		50m (160feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		1500m (4,900feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		425m (1,394feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		185m (607feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		499m (1,637feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		90m (300feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		900m (3,000feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		145m (476feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		231m (758feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		120m (390feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		175m (574feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.
		26m (85feet)	Gomphotheriidae indet.

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:^{[2] [3] [4] [5]}

• Stegomastodon is an exclusively North American genus
• Haplomastodon is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon
• as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
• all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
• Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.

Evolution

• Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America
• Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves^[6]

Gallery

See also

• Gomphothere
• Great American Biotic Interchange
• South American land mammal ages
• List of fossil primates of South America

Notes and references

References

Bibliography

Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research

Publications South America

• Prado . José Luis . Alberdi . María Teresa . Azanza . Beatriz . Sánchez . Begonia . Frassinetti . Daniel . 2005 . The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America . . 126 . 21–30 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.012 . 2005QuInt.126...21P . 2017-05-07.
• Prado . José Luis . Alberdi . María Teresa . Sánchez . Begonia . Azanza . Beatriz . 2003 . Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America . . 9 . 347–363 . 2017-05-07.
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . 1995 . Los mastodontes de América Del Sur . Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC . 12 . 277–292 . 2017-05-07.
• Marshall . Larry G. . Berta . Annalisa . Robert Hoffstetter . Hoffstetter . Robert . Pascual . Rosendo . Reig . Osvaldo A. . Bombin . Miguel . Mones . Álvaro . 1984 . Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal bearing Quaternary of South America . Palaeovertebrata.

Publications Argentina

• Krapovickas . Jerónimo Matías . Tauber . Adan Alejo . 2016 . Estratigrafía de las áreas cumbrales de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba: geocronología, modelo regional, paleoambiente y paleoclima en una región poco conocida de Argentina . . 33 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: Fajardo . Dante . Isla . Federico Ignacio . Iriondo . Martín . Kröhling . Daniela . 2013 . Lexico estratigráfico de la Argentina – Cuaternario . https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071719/http://www.geologica.org.ar/archivos_usuarios/cuaternario.pdf . 2018-01-22 . Asociación Geológica Argentina . 2017-05-07.
• Prado . José Luis . Alberdi . María Teresa . Di Martino . Vicente José . 2012 . Équidos y gonfoterios del Pleistoceno Tardío del sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires . . 49 . 4 . 623–641. 10.5710/AMGH.28.4.2011.559 . 131496147 .
• Zacarías . G.G. . Miño Boilini . A.R. . Zurita . A.E. . Francia . A. . 2012 . Campamento Vespucio, una nueva localidad con mamíferos pleistocenos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina . Estudios Geológicos . 68 . 2 . 277–285 . 10.3989/egeol.40472.147 . 2017-05-07. free . 11336/25991 . free .
• Chimento . Nicolás R. . Agnolin . Federico L. . 2011 . Mamíferos del pleistoceno superior de santiago del estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeográficas . Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia . 51 . 6 . 83–100 . 10.1590/S0031-10492011000600001 . free .
• Tomassini . Rodrigo L. . Montalvo . Claudia I. . Manera . Teresa . Oliva . Cristian . 2010 . Estudio tafonómico de los mamíferos pleistocenos del yacimiento de Playa del Barco (Pehuen Co), provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina . . 47 . 2 . 137–152 . 10.5710/AMGH.v47i2.5 . 129003421 . 2017-05-07. 11336/79516 . free .
• Fernicola . Juan Carlos . Vizcaíno . Sergio F. . De Iulliis . Gerardo . 2009 . The fossil mammals collected by Charles Darwin in South America during his travels on board the HMS Beagle . Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 64 . 2017-05-07.
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . 2008 . Presencia de Stegomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) en el Pleistoceno Superior de la zona costera de Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina) . Estudios Geológicos . 64 . 175–185 . 10.3989/egeol.08642.044 . 2017-05-07. free . 10261/17389 . free .
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Cerdeño . Esperanza . Prado . José Luis . 2008 . Stegomastodon platensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno de Santiago del Estero, Argentina . . 45 . 2017-05-07.
• Pomi . Lucas Horacio . 2008 . Una nueva asociación de vertebrados fósiles de Edad Ensenadense (Plioceno tardío-Pleistoceno medio) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina . . 45 . 503–510 . 2017-05-07.
• Vizcaíno . Sergio F. . Fernicola . Juan C. . 2008 . Las bestias fósiles de Mr. Darwin . Museo . 3 . 65–69 . 2017-05-07.
• Iriondo . Martín . Kröhling . Daniela . 2007 . Geomorphology and sedimentology of the upper basin of the Salado River (Southern Santa Fe and NW Buenos Aires provinces; Argentina) . . 14 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: Miño Boilini . Ángel R. . Canteros . Oscar A. . Alcarez . María A. . Lutz . Alicia I. . 2005 . Últimos hallazgos de mamíferos fósiles del Arroyo Toropí (Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno Temprano) y revisión sistemática de los Toxodontidae cuaternarios de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina . . 2017-05-07.
• Zurita . Alfredo E. . Carlini . Alfredo A. . Scillato Yané . Gustavo J. . Tonni . Eduardo P. . 2004 . Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile . . 31 . 65–87 . 10.4067/S0716-02082004000100004 . 2017-05-07. free . 11336/59128 . free .
• Tonni . Eduardo P . 1987 . Stegomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) y la antigüedad de la Formación El Palmar en el Departamento Colon, Provincia de Entre Ríos, República de Argentina . . 2 . 323–324.
• Tonni . Eduardo P. . Prado . José Luis . Menegaz . Adriana N. . Salemme . Mónica G. . 1985 . La Unidad Mamífero (Fauna) Lujanense. Proyección de la Estratigrafia Mamaliana al Cuaternario de la Región Pampeana . . 22 . 255–261 . 2017-05-07.

Publications Bolivia

• MacFadden . Bruce J. . Shockey . Bruce J. . 1997 . Ancient Feeding Ecology and Niche Differentiation of Pleistocene Mammalian Herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: Morphological and Isotopic Evidence . . 23 . 1 . 77–100 . 10.1017/S0094837300016651 . 2401158 . 1997Pbio...23...77M . 88948874 .
• Marshall . Larry G. . Sempere . Thierry . 1991 . The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context – A review . Revista técnica de YPFB . 12 . 631–652 . 2017-05-07.
• Book: Boule . Marcellin . Thevenin . A. . 1920 . Mammifères fossiles de Tarija . Paris . Imprimerie Nationale.

Publications Brazil

• Parisi Dutra . Rodrigo . Velloso Missagia . Rafaela . Araujo Perini . Fernando . Cozzuol . Mario Alberto . Gasparini . Germán Mariano . Gonçalves Guedes . Patricia . De Oliveira Salles . Leandro . 2016 . Fossil peccaries of Late Pleistocene/Holocene (Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from underwater caves of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil) . . 29 . 1 . 85 . 10.1080/08912963.2015.1125898 . 2017HBio...29...85P . 11336/54277 . 2017-05-07. free .
• Souza Lobo . Leonardo . Saldanha Scherer . Carolina . Trindade Dantas . Mário André . 2015 . Megafauna do Pleistoceno Final de Matina, Bahia, Brasil: sistemática, cronologia e paleoecologia . . 18 . 2 . 325–338 . 10.4072/rbp.2015.2.11 . 2017-05-07.
• Asakura Bezerra de Oliveira . Yumi . Lopes da Silva . Jorge Luiz . Lopes da Silva . Ana Paula . Alves da Silva . Elaine Pollyanne . Cavalcante Omena . Érica . 2014 . Taphonomic and sedimentological aspects of the "Picos II" paleontological site, municipality of Piranhas, Alagoas, Brazil . . 644 . 2017-05-07.
• Kerber . Leonardo . Gregis Pitana . Vanessa . Ribeiro . Ana María . Schmaltz Hsiou . Annie . Oliveira . Edison V. . 2014 . Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review . Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas . 31 . 248–259 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: De Souza Barbosa . Fernando Henrique . 2013 . Análise paleopatológica em megafauna pleistocênica do Lajedo da Escada, Baraúna, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil . . 2017-05-07.
• De Araújo Júnior . Hermínio Ismael . Bissaro Júnior . Marcos César . Tavares dos Santos . Tirla . Da Silva Alves . Rosembergh . Paglarelli Bergqvist . Lílian . 2012 . Tafonomia da megafauna Pleistocênica Brasileira: Fluvial Transport Index (FTI) em análises de representatividade óssea . . 15 . 95–104 . 10.4072/rbp.2012.1.08 . 2017-05-07.
• Ghilardi . Aline Marcele . Adorna Fernandes . Marcelo . Bichuette . Maria Elina . 2011 . Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil . 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.04.018 . . 245 . 2 . 369–378 . 2011QuInt.245..369G .
• Campbell . Kenneth E. . Frailey . Carl D. . Romero Pittman . Lidia . 2009 . In defense of Amahuacatherium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) . . 252 . 113–128 . 10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0113 . 2017-05-07.
• Da Costa Ribeiro . Ricardo . De Souza Carvalho . Ismar . 2009 . Megafauna do Quaternário tardio de Baixa Grande, Bahia, Brasil . Anuário do Instituto de Geociências . 32 . 2017-05-07.
• Oliveira . Édison Vicente . Franca Barreto . Alcina M. . Da Silva Alves . Rosembergh . 2009 . Aspectos sistemáticos, paleobiogeográficos e paleoclimáticos dos mamíferos quaternários de Fazenda Nova, PE, nordeste do Brasil . . 5 . 75–85 . 10.4013/gaea.2009.52.04 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: Da Silva Alves . Rosembergh . 2007 . Os mamíferos Pleistocênicos de Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco: aspectos tafonômicos, taxonômicos e paleoambientais . . 2017-05-07.
• De Oliveira Porpino . Kleberson . Dos Santos Júnior . Valdeci . Ferreira dos Santos . Maria de Fátima Cavalcante . 2007 . Lajedo do Soledade, Apodi-RN, Ocorrência peculiar de megafauna fóssil quaternária no nordeste do Brasil . SIGEP . 127 . 403–412 . 2017-05-07.
• Trindade Dantas . Mário André . De L. Tasso . M.A. . 2007 . Megafauna do Pleistoceno final de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia: taxonomia e aspectos tafonômicos . . 3 . 30–36.
• Trindade Dantas . Mário André . Zucon . Maria Elena . 2007 . Sobre a ocorrência de fósseis da megafauna do Pleistoceno final em Coronel João Sá, Bahia. Brasil . Revista UnG . 6 . 191–200 . 2017-05-07.
• Cozzuol . Mario . 2006 . The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography . . 21 . 3 . 185–203 . 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005 . 2006JSAES..21..185C . 2017-05-07.
• Marinho da Silva . Fabiana . Da Silva Alves . Rosembergh . Franca Barreto . Alcina Magnólia . Bezerra de Sá . Fabrício . Borges de Lins e Silva . Ana Carolina . 2006 . A megafauna Pleistocênica do Estado de Pernambuco . Estudos Geológicos . 16 . 55–66 . 2017-05-07.
• Marinho da Silva . Fabiana . Franca Barreto . Alcina Magnólia . Bezerra de Sá . Fabrício . Borges de Lins e Silva . Ana Carolina . 2003 . Levantamento das ocorrências dos fósseis de mamíferos Quaternários do Estado de Pernambuco – resultados preliminares . IX Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário . 2017-05-07 . pt-BR.
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . Cartelle . Cástor . 2002 . El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil . . 17 . 217–235 . 2017-05-07.
• Guérin . Claude . Fauré . Martine . Simões . Paulo R. . Hugueney . Marguerite . Mourer Chauvire . Cécile . 1999 . Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião, São Raimundo Nonato, PI – Rica fauna pleistocênica e registro da Pré-história brasileira . SIGEP . 69 . 131–137 . 2017-05-07.
• Lessa . Gisele . Cartelle . Cástor . Farias . Helen D. . Gonçalves . Pablo R. . 1998 . Novos achados de mamíferos carnívoros do Pleistoceno Final – Holoceno em grutas calcáreas do estado da Bahia . . 21 . 157–169 . 2017-05-07.
• Guérin . Claude . 1993 . La faune pléistocène de la Lagoa da Pedra à Conceição das Creoulas / Salgueiro, Pernambouc, Brésil . CLIO Série Arqueológica . 9 . 15–20 . 2017-05-07.
• Simpson . George Gaylord . Couto . Carlos de Paula . 1957 . The mastodonts of Brazil . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 112 . 129–189 . 2246/434 .

Publications Chile

• Labarca . Rafael . Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . Mansilla . P. . Mourgues . F.A. . 2016 . Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central . Estudios Geológicos . 72 . e046 . 10.3989/egeol.42199.385 . 2017-05-07. free . 10261/192918 . free .
• Labarca E. . Rafael . Alcaraz . M. Alejandra . 2011 . Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (=Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela) (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35ºS) . . 38 . 156–170 . 10.5027/andgeoV38n1-a09 . 2017-05-07.
• López Mendoza . Patricio . Rojas . Osvaldo . Mansilla . Pablo . Olivares . Luis . Martínez . Ismael . 2010 . Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos . Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona . 17 . 11–25 . 2017-05-07.
• Frassinetti . D. . Alberdi . María Teresa . 2005 . Presencia del género Stegomastodon entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior . Estudios Geológicos . 61 . 1–2 . 101–107 . 10.3989/egeol.05611-245 . 2017-05-07.
• Frassinetti . D. . Alberdi . María Teresa . 2000 . Revisión y estudio de los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae): Cuvieronius hyodon, Pleistoceno superior . Estudios Geológicos . 56 . 3–4 . 197–208 . 10.3989/egeol.00563-4151 . 2017-05-07. free .

Publications Colombia

• Pardo Jaramillo . Mauricio . 2012 . Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia . Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales . 36 . 203–210 . 2017-05-07.
• Páramo Fonseca . María Euridice . Escobar Quemba . Ingrid Carolina . 2010 . Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia . . 35 . 50–57 . 2017-05-07 . 2017-08-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170806030039/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24535/1/21722-118331-1-PB.pdf . dead .
• Rodríguez Flórez . Carlos David . Rodríguez Flórez . Ernesto León . Rodríguez . Carlos Armando . 2009 . Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca . Museum Center – Natural History Museum . Scientific Bulletin . 13 . 78–85 . 2017-05-07 . 2011-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110704040203/http://200.21.104.25/boletincientifico/downloads/Boletin13(2)_COMPLETO.pdf . dead .
• Villarroel A. . Carlos S. . Clavijo . Jairo . 2005 . Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana . Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales . XXIX . 345–356 . 2017-05-07.
• Villarroel A. . Carlos S. . Brieva B. . Jorge . Cadena . Alberto . 1996 . La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia) . . 21 . 81–87 . 2017-05-07.
• . Gonzalo . 1990 . Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia – Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia . Revista de Arqueología Americana . 1 . 69–89 . es . 2017-05-07.
• . Thomas . 1986 . Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes . Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes . II . 27–34.
• Web site: Hoffstetter . Robert . Robert Hoffstetter . 1971 . Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados . https://web.archive.org/web/20170406113114/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/31246/1/30399-109998-1-PB.pdf . 2017-04-06 . . 37–62 . 2017-05-07.
• De Porta . Jaime . 1969 . Les vertébrés fossiles de Colombie et les problèmes posés par l'isolemant du continent Sud-Américain . . 2 . 2 . 77–94 . 10.18563/pv.2.2.77-94 . 2017-05-07.
• De Porta . Jaime . 1961 . La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá . Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander . 7 . 37–54 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: Bürgl . Hans . 1956 . Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca . Catalog record . Servicio Geológico Nacional . 2017-05-07.

Publications Ecuador

• Lindsey . Emily L. . López R . Eric X. . 2015 . Tanque Loma, a new late-Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador . . 57 . 61–82 . 10.1016/j.jsames.2014.11.003 . 2015JSAES..57...61L . 2017-05-07.
• Ferretti . Marco P . 2010 . Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of South American gomphotheres . . 32 . 4 . 663–721 . 10.5252/g2010n4a3 . 86792928 . 2017-05-07.
• Web site: Carrión . José Luis Ramón . La Paleontología en el Ecuador; Historia y perspectivas . Escuela Politécnica Nacional . 2017-05-07.
• G. Cantalamessa . C. Di Celma . G. Bianucci . G. Carnevale . M. Coltorti . M. Delfino . G. Ficcarelli . M. Moreno Espinosa . D. Naldini . P. Pieruccini . L. Ragaini . L. Rook . M. Rossi . G. Tito . D. Torre . G. Valleri . W. Landini . 2001 . A new vertebrate fossiliferous site from the Late Quaternary at San José on the north coast of Ecuador: preliminary note . . 14 . 3 . 331–334 . 10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00027-X . 2001JSAES..14..331C.
• Hoffstetter . Robert . Robert Hoffstetter . 1952 . Les mammifères pleistocènes de la République de l'Équateur . Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France . 66 . 2017-05-07.

Publications Paraguay

• Ríos Díaz . Sergio D. . Luna . Carlos A. . Souberlich . Ricardo . Aguilera . Paula . Gadea de Campos Cevera . Ana M. . Godoy Araña . Ana . 2014 . Mamíferos del Cuaternario de Puerto Santa Rosa, Departamento de San Pedro, Paraguay . Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay . 18 . 67–76 . 2017-05-07.
• Ríos Díaz . S.D. . 2013 . Una nueva localidad de vertebrados cuaternarios en Puerto Pinasco, Dpto. de Presidente Hayes, República del Paraguay . XXVII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados . 2017-05-07.
• Báez Presser . Jaime Leonardo . Buongermini . Emilio . Fillipi Amábile . Víctor Orlando . Fernández Crossas . Víctor . Báez Almadas . Adolfo Benicio . Zarza Limas . Pedro Ramón . Oporto Migone . Orlando . 2004 . Algunos antecedentes paleontológicos del Paraguay . Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay . 15 . 95–110 . 2017-05-07.
• . Robert . 1978 . Une faune de Mammifères pleistocènes au Paraguay . Compte Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société Géologique de France . 1 . 32–33 . 2017-05-07.

Publications Peru

• Pujos . François . Salas Gismondi . Rodolfo . 2004a . A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru . Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines . 33 . 2 . 331–377 . 10.4000/bifea.5746 . 2017-05-07. free .
• Pujos . François . Salas Gismondi . Rodolfo . 2004b . A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru . . 47 . 3 . 579–604 . 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00376.x . 2004Palgy..47..579P . 129311786 . 2017-05-07.
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . Salas . Rodolfo . 2004 . The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru . . 231 . 3 . 423–452 . 10.1127/njgpa/231/2004/423 . 2017-05-07.

Publications Uruguay

• Alvarenga . Herculano . Jones . Washington William . Rinderknecht . Andrés . 2010 . The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay . . 256 . 2 . 229–234 . 10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052 . 2017-05-07.
• Alberdi . María Teresa . Prado . José Luis . Perea . Daniel . Ubilla . Martín . 2007 . Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay . . 243 . 2 . 179–189 . 10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0179 . 2017-05-07.
• Gutiérrez . Mercedes . Prado . José Luis . Perea . Daniel . Ubilla . Martín . 2005 . Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay . . 2005 . 11 . 641–662 . 10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/641 . 2017-05-07.

Publications Venezuela

• Morón . Camilo . 2015 . Panorama geológico, paleontológico, arqueológico, histórico y mitológico del estado Falcón . Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes . 33 . 104–126 . 2017-05-07.
• Carrillo B. . Jorge . Chávez A. . Edwin . Alfonzo H . Imerú . 2008 . Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano . Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de los Andes . 26 . 233–263 . 2017-05-07.
• Bryan . Alan L. . Casamiquela . Rodolfo M. . José Cruxent . Cruxent . José M. . Gruhn . Ruth . Ochsenius . Claudio . 1978 . An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela . . 200 . 4347 . 1275–1277 . 10.1126/science.200.4347.1275 . 17738722 . 1978Sci...200.1275B . 42568763 . 2017-05-07. Rodolfo Casamiquela .

Publications proposed reclassification

• Mothé, Dimila . dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo . Asevedo, Lidiane . Borges-Silva, Leon . Rosas, Mariane . Labarca-Encina, Rafael . Souberlich, Ricardo . Soibelzon, Esteban . Roman-Carrion, José Luis . Ríos, Sergio D. . Rincon, Ascanio D. . de Oliveira, Gina Cardoso . Lopes, Renato Pereira . 2016a . Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) . . 443 . 52–64 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028 . 2017QuInt.443...52M . 2017-05-07. 11336/48585 . free .
• Mothé . Dimila . Ferretti . Marco P. . Avilla . Leonardo S. . 2016b . The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha . . 11 . 1 . e0147009 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0147009 . free . 26756209 . 4710528 . 2016PLoSO..1147009M .
• Mothé . Dimila . Avilla . Leonardo S. . 2015 . Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea) . . 110 . 23–35 . 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013 . 2017-05-07.
• Mothé . Dimila . Avilla . Leonardo S. . Cozzuol . Mário . Winck . Gisele R. . 2012 . Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands . . 276-277 . 2–7 . 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018 . 2012QuInt.276....2M . 2017-05-07.
• Lucas . Spencer G . 2013 . The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres . . 2 . 1 . 19–40 . 2013JPalG...2...19L . 2017-05-07.
• Lucas . Spencer G . 2008 . Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World . Neogene Mammals – New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin . 44 . 409–415 . 2017-05-07.

Notes and References

1. Book: History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times . Defler, Thomas . 9783319984490. 1086568896. 2018-12-19. Springer .
2. Lucas, 2013
3. Mothé et al., 2012
4. Mothé et al., 2016a
5. Mothé et al., 2016b
6. Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33