List of genocides explained

This list includes estimates of all deaths which were directly or indirectly caused by genocides that are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides. It excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal, but called mass murder, crimes against humanity, politicide, classicide, or war crimes, such as the Thirty Years' War (4.5 to 8 million deaths), Japanese war crimes (30 million deaths), the Red Terror (50,000 to 200,000 deaths), the Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1.5 to 13 million deaths), the Great Purge (0.7 to 1.2 million deaths), the Great Leap Forward and the famine which followed it (15 to 55 million deaths).[1] Genocides in history includes cases where there is less consensus among scholars as to whether they constituted genocide.

Definitions

See main article: Genocide definitions. Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature. The United Nations Genocide Convention, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[2] This and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "intent to destroy" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.[3] Writing in 1998, professors of sociology Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the Genocide Convention was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise; the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that for various reasons, none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support.[4]

Three genocides in history have been recognised under the 1948 legal definition: the Cambodian genocide, the Rwandan genocide, and the Srebrenica massacre.[5]

According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualise genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. The academic social science approach does not require proof of intent,[5] and social scientists often define genocide more broadly.[6] The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organisations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".[5]

List

The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides.

EventLocationPeriodEstimated killings
FromToLowestHighest
DescriptionProportion of group killed
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide)data-sort-value="France" Languedoc (now France)12091229[7] [8]
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated.[9] Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[10] Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."[11]
Taíno genocidedata-sort-value="Hispaniola" Hispaniola14921514
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labor and exploitation by the Spanish. Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonists guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. He also notes the sexual abuse of Spanish colonizers of Native women as acts of "biological genocide."[12] University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the encomienda as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths."[13] Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola.[14] Andrés Reséndez argues that even though the Spanish were aware of the spread of smallpox, they made no mention of it until 1519, a quarter century after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.[15] Instead he contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly and that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for the constant enslavement they were subject to. According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labor in the mines. 68% to over 96% of the Taíno population perished under Spanish rule.
Dzungar genocidedata-sort-value="China" Dzungaria, Qing dynasty China17551758
The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty.[16] [17] The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by Manchu generals of the Qing army, supported by Turkic oasis dwellers (now known as Uyghurs) who rebelled against Dzungar rule.80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
1804 Haitian massacredata-sort-value="Haiti" Haiti1804
The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by many scholars,[18] <--Phrase shows in Google search result: https://archive.today/J69ry-->[19] as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.[20] [21]
Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)data-sort-value="Australia" Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)18251832
The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin[22] among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide. Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.~100%
Trail of Tearsdata-sort-value="United States" Southeastern United States18301850[23]
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government.[24] A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself, or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.[25] Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at .
Massacre of Salsipuedesdata-sort-value="Uruguay" Uruguay1831[26]
The Massacre of Salsipuedes was a genocidal attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the Uruguayan Army, led by Fructuoso Rivera, as the culmination of the state's efforts to eradicate the Charrúa from Uruguay.[27] [28]
Moriori genocidedata-sort-value="New Zealand" Chatham Islands, New Zealand18351863[29] [30]
The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands by Maori from New Zealand left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.[31] 95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi.[32] [33] All were enslaved and many were cannibalised.[34] The Moriori language is now extinct.[35]
Queensland Aboriginal genocidedata-sort-value="Australia" Queensland18401897[36]
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.[37] [38] [39] [40] 3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed
(10,000 to 65,180 killed out of 125,600) <		--There are extra parens and other promblems that make this too confusing to understand:[41] 300,000 people)-->
California genocidedata-sort-value="United States" California, United States18461873–16,094[42] [43]
The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.[44] Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period
Circassian genocidedata-sort-value="Russia" Circassia, Russian Empire18641867[45] [46] [47]
The Circassian genocide[48] [49] was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths[50] during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War.[51] The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population.[52] Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,[53] justified their use in scientific experiments,[54] and allowed their soldiers to rape women.95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia.[55] Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.[56]
Putumayo genocidedata-sort-value="Peru" Present-day Putumayo Department, Colombia18791913[57] +[58] [59]
Members of the Huitoto, Andoques, Yaguas, Ocaina and Boras groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract latex.[60] During this time period, several tribes became extinct.[61] 80–86% of the total population in the Putumayo region perished during the Amazon rubber boom.[62]
Selk'nam genocidedata-sort-value="Chile" Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina18801910[63]
The Selk'nam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selk'nam people, one of the four indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historians estimate that the genocide spanned a period of between ten and twenty years, and resulted in the decline of the Selk'nam population from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.84%The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.
Hamidian massacresdata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Six Vilayets, Ottoman Empire18941896
The Hamidian massacres were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire that took place in the mid-1890s.[64] [65] It was estimated casualties ranged from 80,000 to 300,000, resulting in 50,000 orphaned children.[66] The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, reasserted Pan-Islamism as a state ideology. Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians,[67] they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the Diyarbekir massacre, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.[68]
Herero and Nama genocidedata-sort-value="Namibia" German South West Africa (now Namibia)19041908[69]
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.60% (24,000 out of 40,000) to 81.25% (65,000[70] [71] out of 80,000[72]) of total Herero and 50% of Nama population killed.
Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan WarsScutari, Kosovo, and Manastir vilayets, Ottoman Empire19121913[73] [74] [75]
The massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars were perpetrated on several occasions by the Serbian and Montenegrin armies and paramilitaries during the conflicts that occurred in the region between 1912 and 1913.[76] During the 1912–13 First Balkan War, Serbia and Montenegro committed a number of war crimes against the Albanian population after expelling Ottoman Empire forces from present-day Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia, which were reported by the European, American and Serbian opposition press.[77] Most of the crimes occurred between October 1912 and the summer of 1913. The goal of the forced expulsions and massacres was statistical manipulation before the London Ambassadors Conference to determine the new Balkan borders.10% of the population of present-day Kosovo (estimated to be 500,000) was victimized[78]
Greek genocide and Pontic genocidedata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)19141922[79]
The Greek genocide,[80] [81] which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[82] against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert,[83] expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.[84] At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed
Sayfodata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq)19151919[85]
The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 percent of the original population.[86]
Armenian genocidedata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq)19151917[87]
The Armenian genocide,[88] [89] carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.[90] Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.[91] The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.[92]
Osage Indian murdersdata-sort-value="United States" Oklahoma, United States19181931[93] +[94]
The Osage Indian murders was a plot by William King Hale and others to kill full-blood Osage to gain the mineral rights for their reservation. The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation.[95] [96] [97] [98] [99] Estimates vary widely, with 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed with the lowest estimate.[100]
Libyan genocidedata-sort-value="Libya" Italian Libya19291932[101] +[102]
The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture,[103] [104] [105] particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934. During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians. Italy apologised in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.[106] % of Cyrenaican population
Half of the nomadic Bedouin population[107] [108]
Holodomordata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Ukraine and the northern Kuban, Soviet Union19321933
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made,[109] whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.[110] [111] 10% of Ukraine's population
Over 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
Romani Holocaustdata-sort-value="Europe" German-occupied Europe1939[112] 1945[113] [114]
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.[115] A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.[116] 25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed
Parsley massacredata-sort-value="Dominican Republic" Dominican Republic1937[117]
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.[118] Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island; the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.[119] Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.[120] [121] As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.
Polish Operation of the NKVDdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Soviet Union19371938[122] [123]
The Polish Operation of the NKVD in 1937–1938 was an anti-Polish mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo of the Communist Party against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to all Poles. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 Poles living in or near the Soviet Union.[124] Multiple historians have published opinions describing the operation as genocidal.[125] [126] [127] 22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation[128] [129] (part of the Generalplan Ost)data-sort-value="Europe" German-occupied Europe19391945[130] [131]
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior German: [[Untermensch]]en.From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population. In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniksdata-sort-value="Yugoslavia" Yugoslavia19411945
The Chetniks, a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force, committed numerous war crimes during the Second World War, primarily directed against the non-Serb population of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, mainly Muslims and Croats, and against Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and their supporters.[132] [133] [134] The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs.[135]
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatiadata-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" Independent State of Croatia
(now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina)		19411945[136] [137]
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs[138] (part of the Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan)data-sort-value="Europe" German-occupied Europe19411945[139] [140]
During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and working to death Soviet POWs, was grounded in Nazi racial theory, which depicted Slavs as sub-humans (German: [[Untermensch]]en).[141] [142]
The Holocaustdata-sort-value="Europe" Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe19411945[143]
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[144] [145] [146] Nearly one and half million in just 100 days from late July to early November,[147] The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.[148] [149] Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[150] [151]
Deportation of the Crimean Tatarsdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Crimea, Soviet Union1944[152] [153]
The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the ethnic cleansing and the cultural genocide of at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars which was carried out by the Soviet authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Within those three days, the NKVD used cattle trains to deport the Crimean Tatars, mostly women, children, and the elderly, even Communist Party members and Red Army members, to the Uzbek SSR, several thousand kilometres away. Multiple scholars have recognised the deportation as a genocide.[154] [155] The deportation and following exile reduced the Crimean Tatar population by between 18% and 46%.[156]
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingushdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Soviet Union19441948[157] [158]
The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, or Ardakhar Genocide, was the Soviet forced transfer of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on 23 February 1944, during World War II. The expulsion was ordered by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, as a part of a Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union between the 1930s and the 1950s.[159] [160] [161] The European Parliament officially recognised the deportations as genocide in 2004.[162] [163] 23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population killed[164] [165] [166]
Guatemalan genocidedata-sort-value="Guatemala" Guatemala19621996
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments.[167] Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of.[168] [169] At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya.[170] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed
Zanzibar genocidedata-sort-value="Zanzibar" Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania)1964+
In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the island’s majority Black African population.[171] Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and more than 20,000.[172] [173] 25% or more of the Arab population (50,000 people) of Zanzibar were killed by the end of 1964.
Bangladesh genocidedata-sort-value="Bangladesh" East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)1971[174]
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.[175] 4% of the population of East Pakistan[176]
Ikizadata-sort-value="Burundi" Burundi1972
The Ikiza was a series of mass killings which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. The International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996 concluded that the Ikiza was a genocide.[177] As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[178]
Genocide of Acholi and Lango peopledata-sort-value="Uganda" Uganda19721978
After Idi Amin overthrow the regime of Milton Obote in 1971, he declared the Acholi and Lango tribes enemies, as Obote was a Lango and he saw the fact that they dominated the army as a threat.[179] In January 1972, Amin issued an order to the Ugandan army ordering that they assemble and kill all Acholi or Lango soldiers, and then commanded that all Acholi and Lango be rounded up and confined within army barracks, where they were either slaughtered by the soldiers or killed when the Ugandan air force bombed the barracks.
East Timor genocidedata-sort-value="Indonesia" East Timor, Indonesia19741999[180] [181]
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.[182] [183] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[184] 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
data-sort-value="Cambodia" Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia)19751979[185] [186]
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labor camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labor, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant.[187] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.[188] [189] 15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer
data-sort-value="Lebanon" Beirut, Lebanon1982[190] [191]
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civiliansmostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiasin the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp.[192] [193] [194] [195] Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,[196] [197] a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre.[198] Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.[199]
Shona: [[Gukurahundi]]data-sort-value="Zimbabwe" Matabeleland, Zimbabwe19831987[200]
The Shona: Gukurahundi was the systematic massacre of the Ndebele people by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party.[201] The Shona: Gukurahundi was initiated because the ZAPU party, the main Zimbabwean opposition party, found the majority of its support among the Ndebele people, leading Mugabe to conclude that they must be exterminated in order to eliminate support for the ZAPU.[202] The Shona: Gukurahundi began in 1983, and continued until the signing of the 1987 Unity Accords, during which time about 20, 000 Ndebele were killed and sent to re-education camps.
Anfal campaigndata-sort-value="Iraq" Kurdistan Region, Iraq19861989[203] [204]
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[205] A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.[206] [207] [208]
Isaaq genocidedata-sort-value="Somalia" Somaliland, Somalia19871989[209] [210] [211] [212] [213]
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[214] [215] [216] This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 percent destroyed)[217] and Burao (70 percent destroyed) respectively,[218] and had caused 400,000[219] [220] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,[221] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[222] In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.
Bosnian genocidedata-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" Bosnia and Herzegovina19921995[223]
The Bosnian genocide comprised localised massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologising to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.[224]
data-sort-value="Rwanda" Rwanda1994[225]
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.[226] During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.[227] [228] [229] The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.[230] 60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed
7% of Rwanda's total population killed
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo Wardata-sort-value="Democratic Republic of the Congo" Kivu, Zaire19961997[231]
During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed French: [[Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre]] (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo).[232] [233] Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.[234] As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.
Effacer le tableaudata-sort-value="Congo, Democratic Republic of the" North Kivu, DR Congo20022003[235]
French: Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.[236] 40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed
Darfur genocidedata-sort-value="Sudan"Darfur, Sudan2003[237] [238]
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur and the ongoing war in Sudan in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.[239] These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.
Yazidi genocidedata-sort-value="Iraq"Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria20142017[240] [241]
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017.[242] [243] [244] It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men.[245] The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.

See also: 2007 Yazidi communities bombings.

A study found 3,100 killed and 6,880 were kidnapped, amouting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.[246]
By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.[247] [248]
Iraqi Turkmen genocidedata-sort-value="Iraq"Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq20142017
The Iraqi Turkmen genocide refers to a series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.[249] It began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen land in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,[250] [251] and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the United Nations.[252] [253]
Rohingya genocidedata-sort-value="Myanmar"Rakhine State, Myanmar2016Present–[254] [255]
The Rohingya genocide[256] [257] [258] [259] is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.[260] The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp,[261] while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.[262] Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.

See also

See main article: Outline of genocide studies.

Political extermination campaigns

Bibliography

See main article: Bibliography of Genocide studies.

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK: Genocide . 2 January 2019 . . 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101182544/https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf . 1 January 2023.
  3. Book: Jones, Adams . Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction . . 2024 . 978-1032028101 . 4th . 24–29 . There is something of a consensus that group 'destruction' must involve physical liquidation..
  4. Book: Jonassohn . Kurt . Björnson . Karin Solveig . Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective . 1998 . . 978-1-4128-2445-3 . 133–135.
  5. Web site: Samuel . Sigal . 13 November 2023 . How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza . 2 July 2024 . Vox . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine . 9 July 2024.
  6. Burga . Solcyré . 13 November 2023 . Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In . . 24 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/ . 25 November 2023.
  7. Book: Tatz . Colin Martin . Colin Tatz . Higgins . Winton . 2016 . The Magnitude of Genocide . . 978-1-4408-3161-4 . 214 . Google Books.
  8. Book: Robertson, John M. . 1902 . A Short History of Christianity . London, UK . Watts & Co. . 254 . Google Books.
  9. Book: Barber, Malcolm . Malcolm Barber . Bloxham . Donald . Donald Bloxham . Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . 2010 . The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition . The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies . Oxford . . 407 . 978-0199232116.
  10. Book: Lemkin, Raphael . Jacobs . Steven Leonard . 2012 . Lemkin on Genocide . Lanham, Maryland . . 978-0-7391-4526-5 . Raphael Lemkin . 71 . Google Books.
  11. Book: Jonassohn . Kurt . Björnson . Karin Solveig . 1998 . Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective . Piscataway, New Jersey . . 978-1-4128-2445-3 . 50 . Google Books.
  12. Web site: speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism . .
  13. Book: Stannard, David E. . 1993 . American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World . . 139 . 978-0195085570 . David Stannard . Google Books.
  14. Web site: Hispaniola Case Study: Colonial Genocides . Date range of image: 1492 to 1514 . Yale University - Genocide Studies Program . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109235352/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola . 9 November 2022.
  15. News: Trever . David . The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620020336/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html . 20 June 2019 . Los Angeles Times.
  16. Book: Klimeš, Ondřej . Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949 . 8 January 2015 . . 978-90-04-28809-6 . 27–.
  17. Book: Millward, James A. . Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang . 13 August 2016 . 2007 . . 978-0-231-13924-3 . . 95.
  18. Girard . Philippe R. . 2005 . Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4 . Patterns of Prejudice . 39 . 2 . 138–161 . 10.1080/00313220500106196 . 145204936 . 0031-322X . The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide.
  19. Book: Robins . Nicholas A. . Adam . Jones . Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. . Robins . Nicholas A. . Adam . Jones . Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice . . 2009 . 9780253220776 . 3 . https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC&pg=PA3 . The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[...] . Google Books. – Also stated in Book: Jones, Adam . 11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed." . The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections . . 26 June 2013 . 9781135047153 . 169 . https://books.google.com/books?id=INwyX-ZKsVsC&pg=PA169 . Google Books.
  20. Book: Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . Colonialism and Genocide . Stone . Dan . 2013 . . 978-1-317-99753-5 . 63 . en.
  21. Book: Forde, James . The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804—1824 . 2020 . Springer . 978-3-030-52608-5 . 40 . en.
  22. Book: Reynolds, Henry . Genocide in Tasmania? . A. Dirk . Moses . A. Dirk Moses . Genocide and settler society: Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History . . 2004 . 128.
  23. Michael . Nicky . Smith . Beverly Jean . Lowe . William . 2021 . Reclaiming Social Justice and Human Rights: The 1830 Indian Removal Act and the Ethnic Cleansing of Native American Tribes . . 6 . 1 . 25–39 [31].
  24. Web site: Minges . Patrick . Patrick Minges . 1998 . Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131011041833/http://www.us-data.org/us/minges/underdog.html . 11 October 2013 . 13 January 2013 . US Data Repository . mdy-all.
  25. Book: Ostler, Jeffrey . Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas . 2019 . . 978-0-300-21812-1 . 10.2307/j.ctvgc629z . j.ctvgc629z . 166826195 . 363–368 [368] . Naming Removal . Overall, then, although the U.S. policy of removal was not intended to kill as many Indians as possible, answering the question of genocide for this particular phase of United States–Indian relations with an absolute "no" too easily dismisses the matter. ... In its outcome and in the means used to gain compliance, the policy had genocidal dimensions..
  26. News: Nolen . Stephanie . 'We are still here': The fight to be recognized as Indigenous in Uruguay . . 13 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240421032215/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-in-uruguay-indigenous-people-are-fighting-to-prove-they-exist/ . 21 April 2024.
  27. Web site: 30 August 2009 . Pruebas irrefutables demuestran el genocidio de la población charrúa . Irrefutable evidence demonstrates the genocide of the Charrúa population . 13 January 2021 . LARED21 . es.
  28. News: Albarenga . Pablo . 10 November 2017 . Where did Uruguay's indigenous population go?. 13 January 2021 . . en.
  29. News: Dave . Kopel . Paul . Gallant . Joanne D. . Eisen . A Moriori Lesson: a brief history of pacifism . National Review . 2003-04-11.
  30. Web site: Tommy Solomon . https://web.archive.org/web/20160123025254/http://www.education-resources.co.nz/t-solomon.htm . dead . 23 January 2016.
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  33. Encyclopedia: Denise . Davis . Māui . Solomon . Moriori: The impact of new arrivals . . 28 October 2008 . NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2009-02-07.
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  35. Book: King, Michael . Moriori: A People Rediscovered . Viking . . 1989 . 136.
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  37. The Partial Case for Queensland Genocide . Ray . Gibbons . Academia . https://web.archive.org/web/20231227112736/https://www.academia.edu/12016000 . 27 December 2023.
  38. Queensland's Frontier Killing Times Facing Up to Genocide . Hannah . Baldry . Alisa . McKeon . Scott . McDougal . . 2201-7275 . 15 . 1 . 92–113.
  39. Colonial and modern genocide: explanations and categories . . 21 . 89–115 . Alison . Palmer . 10.1080/014198798330115 . 1998.
  40. Confronting Australian Genocide . Tatz . Colin . 2006 . Roger . Maaka . Chris Andersen . The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives . 25 . 16–36 . . 19514155 . 978-1551303000.
  41. 40%Book: Ørsted–Jensen, Robert . Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War . 2011 . Cooparoo, Brisbane . Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing . 9781466386822.) – of 314,000- Hugo . Graeme . March 2012 . Population Distribution, Migration and Climate Change in Australia: An Exploration . NCCARF. Gough . Myles . 11 May 2011 . Prehistoric Australian Aboriginal populations were growing . Cosmos Magazine. to 750,000 – Encyclopedia: Thomson . Neil . 2001 . Indigenous Australia: Indigenous Health . James . Jupp . The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their Origins. . . 153 . 978-0-521-80789-0.) people
  42. Book: Madley, Benjamin . An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873.
  43. Web site: California Genocide . https://web.archive.org/web/20070708120515/http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/calif.html . dead . 8 July 2007 . 8 January 2007 . PBS.
  44. Book: Adhikari, Mohamed . 25 July 2022 . Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples . Indianapolis . Hackett Publishing Company . 72–115 . 978-1647920548 . March 21, 2023 . March 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164810/https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ . live .
  45. ; ;
  46. ; ;
  47. The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide . 6 December 2023 . American University: Journal of International Service . Evan . Messenger . The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ....
  48. ; ;
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        • Web site: Cataliotti . Joseph . 22 October 2023 . Circassian Genocide: Overview & History . https://web.archive.org/web/20230320101348/https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html . 20 March 2023 . Study.com.
    • Web site: 21 May 2023 . Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ . 22 August 2023 . Human Rights Association.
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  74. Rifati . Fitim . Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913-1914) . sq . Albanian uprisings in Kosovo as an alternative to liberation from Serbian-Montenegro rule (1913-1914) . . 2021 . 1 . 84 . 10.51331/A004 . According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania..
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  86. Ze'evi . Dror . Dror Ze'evi . Morris . Benny . Benny Morris . Response to Critique: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780674916456 . . 2020 . 22 . 4 . 561–566 . 10.1080/14623528.2020.1735600 . 216395523.
  87. Book: Bijak . Jakub . Lubman . Sarah . The Armenian Genocide Legacy . 2016 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 978-1-137-56163-3 . 39 . en . The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923.
  88. Book: Robertson . Geoffrey . The Armenian Genocide Legacy . 2016 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 978-1-137-56163-3 . 69–83 . en . Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics . Put another way – if these same events occurred today, there can be no doubt that prosecutions before the ICC of Talaat and other CUP officials for genocide, for persecution and for other crimes against humanity would succeed. Turkey would be held responsible for genocide and for persecution by the ICJ and would be required to make reparation.14 That Court would also hold Germany responsible for complicity with the genocide and persecution, since it had full knowledge of the massacres and deportations and decided not to use its power and influence over the Ottomans to stop them. But to the overarching legal question that troubles the international community today, namely whether the killings of Armenians in 1915 can properly be described as a genocide, the analysis in this chapter returns are sounding affirmative answer..
  89. Book: Lattanzi . Flavia . The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law . 2018 . Springer International Publishing . 978-3-319-78169-3 . 27–104 . en . The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?. Starting from the claim by the Armenian community and the majority of historians that the 1915–1916 Armenian massacres and deportations constitute genocide as well as Turkey's fierce opposition to such a qualification, this paper investigates the possibility of identifying those massacres and deportations as the destruction of a nation. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the facts and the required mental element, the author shows that a deliberate destruction, in a substantial part, of the Armenian Christian nation as such, took place in those years. To come to this conclusion, this paper borrows the very same determinants as those used in the case-law of the Military Tribunals in occupied Germany, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in genocide cases..
  90. Web site: The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth . . 30 October 2020 . en . Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition. The CUP government systematically used an emergency military situation to effect a long-term population policy aimed at strengthening Muslim Turkish elements in Anatolia at the expense of the Christian population (primarily Armenians, but also Christian Assyrians). Ottoman, Armenian, US, British, French, German, and Austrian documents from the time reveal that the CUP leadership intentionally targeted the Armenian population of Anatolia. . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051841/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth . 20 October 2023.
  91. Book: Suny . Ronald Grigor . Ronald Grigor Suny . "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide . They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else . 2015 . . 978-1-4008-6558-1 . xxi.
  92. Book: Pamuk . Şevket . Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820 . 2018 . . 978-0691184982 . 50.
  93. News: Jefferson . Margo . 31 August 1994 . BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Digging Up a Tale of Terror Among the Osages . en-US . . 8 November 2023 . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212020739/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/31/books/books-of-the-times-digging-up-a-tale-of-terror-among-the-osages.html . 12 December 2023.
  94. Web site: 12 October 2023 . The FBI's First Big Case: The Osage Murders . 8 November 2023 . History . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210111532/https://www.history.com/news/the-fbis-first-big-case-the-osage-murders . 10 February 2024.
  95. Morska . Izabela . 2022-12-08 . Animality as an excuse for murder: David Grann and Killers of the Flower Moon . Beyond Philology . en . 19/4 . 97–127 . 10.26881/bp.2022.4.04 . 2451-1498 . free.
  96. Book: American Mythologies: New Essays on Contemporary Literature . 2005 . . 978-0-85323-736-5 . DGO - Digital original . 10.2307/j.ctt5vjbd1 . j.ctt5vjbd1 . "To authorize the Osage terror as genocide and to connect a corner of Oklahoma to a global tribal history, she recreates the Holocaust as a site of hybridity.".
  97. Web site: Asenap . Jason . 6 November 2023 . Killers of the Flower Moon and who gets to tell an Osage story . 8 November 2023 . . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240306213233/https://www.vox.com/2023/11/6/23945433/killers-flower-moon-osage-indigenous-scorsese-tell-story . 6 March 2024.
  98. Coyne . Delaney . 26 October 2023 . How the Osage Nation became Catholic: The hard truths in 'Killers of the Flower Moon' . 8 November 2023 . America Magazine . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240310152909/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2023/10/26/killers-flower-moon-osage-catholics-246377 . 10 March 2024.
  99. Bryant . Michael . 7 May 2020 . Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin . Genocide Studies and Prevention . 14 . 1 . 21–39 . 10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632 . 1911-0359 . free.
  100. United States Census . 1930 . Indian Population of the United States . 1930 Federal Population Census . https://web.archive.org/web/20240305191547/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-indians/1930sr-indians-ch02.pdf . 5 March 2024 . At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or full bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0%, claimed to be of full blood, but by 1930 the number of full bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3 percent..
  101. Book: Duggan, Christopher . The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 . 2008 . . 978-0-618-35367-5 . 497 . en.
  102. Book: Wright, John . A History of Modern Libya . 1982 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921175305/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya . 21 September 2023.
  103. Book: Mann, Michael . The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing . . 2006 . 9780521538541 . 309 . Google Books.
  104. Book: Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif . Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance . Second . 23 March 2011 . . 9781438428932 . 146 . en . Google Books.
  105. Book: Dictionary of Genocide: A-L . Totten . Samuel . Bartrop . Paul Robert . Samuel Totten . Paul R. Bartrop . 2008 . . 9780313346422 . 259.
  106. Book: The Report: Libya 2008 . Oxford Business Group . 2008 . 17.
  107. Book: Pappé, Ilan . Ilan Pappé . The Modern Middle East . . 2005 . 0-415-21409-2 . 26.
  108. Book: Cardoza, Anthony L. . Benito Mussolini: the first fascist . . 2006 . 109.
  109. American Political Science Review. 10.1017/S0003055419000066. 571 . Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger' . 2019 . Rozenas . Arturas . Zhukov . Yuri M. . 113 . 2 . 143428346 . Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001)..
  110. 37 . 10.21226/T2301N . Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography . 2015 . Andriewsky . Olga . East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies . 2 . free . Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such..
  111. Grynevych . Liudmyla .

    uk:Гриневич Людмила Володимирівна

    . The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography on the Holodomor and Prospects for Its Development . The Harriman Review . 16 . 2 . 10–20 . 2008 . 10.7916/d8-enqm-hy61 . Harriman Institute.
  112. Web site: Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 . 2024-04-12 . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  113. Book: Niewyk . Donald L. . Nicosia . Francis R. . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . 5 July 2016 . 2000 . . 978-0-231-50590-1 . 47 . Google Books.
  114. Web site: Ignác . Benjamin . 2018-08-02 . Why it is important to remember the Roma Holocaust? . 2023-08-02 . European Roma Rights Centre .
  115. News: How World War II shaped modern Germany . Mark . Davis . 5 May 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407065855/https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany . 7 April 2024.
  116. Web site: Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 . . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072926/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 . 5 August 2011.
  117. Book: Maria Cristina Fumagalli . On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic . 2015 . Liverpool University Press . 20 . 9781781387573 .
  118. Book: Cadeau, Sabine F. . More than a Massacre: Racial Violence and Citizenship in the Haitian–Dominican Borderlands . 2022 . . 10.1017/9781108942508 . 978-1108942508 . 249325622.
  119. Book: Maria Cristina Fumagalli . On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic . 2015 . . 20 .
  120. Book: Cambeira, Alan . Quisqueya la bella . 1997 . 1996 . 182 . . 1-56324-936-7 . anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans..
  121. Book: Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961 . 9780822981039 . Paulino . Edward . 16 February 2016 . . Google Books.
  122. Book: Goldman, Wendy Z. . 2011 . Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia . New York . . 978-0-521-19196-8 . 217.
  123. News: The Devils' Playground . . 26 April 2011 . Joshua . Rubenstein . Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of Amnesty International USA and a co-editor of The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories. . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101530/https://www.arlindo-correia.org/040111.html . 6 April 2023.
  124. Book: Wendy Z. Goldman. Wendy Z. Goldman . 2011 . Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia . New York . . 978-0-521-19196-8 . 217.
  125. News: The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact . Snyder . Timothy . Timothy Snyder . 5 October 2010 . . en . 6 August 2018 . It is hard not to see the Soviet "Polish Operation" of 1937–38 as genocidal, as more than 100,000 innocent people were killed on the spurious grounds that theirs was a disloyal ethnicity and since Stalin spoke of "Polish filth"..
  126. Book: Sebag-Montefiore, Simon . Simon Sebag-Montefiore . Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar . 229 . . New York . 2003 . 1-4000-7678-1.
  127. Book: Naimark, Norman M. . Genocide: A World History . Norman Naimark . November 2016 . . 978-0-19-063772-9.
  128. Book: David . Furber . Wendy . Lower . Wendy Lower . Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History . 2008 . . 978-1-78238-214-0 . 393 . https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&q=nazi+Polish+genocide&pg=PP3 . en . Colonialism and genocide in Nazi-occupied Poland and Ukraine . Google Books.
  129. Book: Bauer, Yehuda . Yehuda Bauer . Comparison of Genocides . Studies in Comparative Genocide . Levon . Chorbajian . Levon Chorbajian . George . Shirinian . . 1999 . 978-1-349-27348-5 . 10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_3 . 31–43 . According to Polish sources, about three million ethnic Poles lost their lives during the war, or about 10 per cent of the Polish nation(...) large numbers were murdered, or died as a result of direct German actions such as denying food or medical treatment to Poles, or incarceration in concentration camps. There is no way of estimating the exact proportions, but I believe it would be difficult to deny that we have here a case of mass murder directed against Poles. German plans regarding Poles talked about denationalizing the Polish people, or in other words, making them into individuals who would no longer have any national identity(...)This is a case of genocide – a purposeful attempt toeliminate an ethnicity or a nation, accompanied by the murder of large numbers of the targeted group..
  130. Web site: Polish Victims . . 30 October 2020 . en . It is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland..
  131. Book: Cherry . Robert D. . Robert D. Cherry . Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future . Orla-Bukowska . Annamaria . Annamaria Orla-Bukowska . 2007 . . 978-0-7425-4666-0 . 52 . en . ...and the ruthlessness of German rule in Poland, where three million gentiles also perished and the punishment for hiding a Jew was execution of captured rescuers and their immediate families. . Google Books.
  132. Book: Redžić, Enver . Enver Redžić . Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War . 2005 . . London; New York . 978-0-7146-5625-0 . 155 . Google Books.
  133. Book: The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook . Matjaž . Klemenčič . Mitja . Žagar . . 2004 . 978-1-57607-294-3 . 184 . Google Books.
  134. Book: Hoare . Marko Attila . Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943 . 2006 . . 0197263801 . 154 . Google Books.
  135. Book: Malcolm, Noel . Noel Malcolm . 1994 . Bosnia: A Short History . . . 978-0-8147-5520-4 . 178–179 .
  136. Book: Yeomans . Rory . Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941-1945 . 2013 . University of Pittsburgh Press . 9780822977933 . 18 . Although the estimates of the number of Serbs murdered by the regime vary, even the most conservative figures suggest that out of a pre-war population of 1.9 million, at least 200,000 and possibly as many as 500,000 died at the hands of Ustasha death squads, were executed, or perished in the state's concentration camps..
  137. Web site: The JUST Act Report: Croatia . state.gov . U.S. Department of State . In all, approximately 30,000 Jews (between 75-80 percent of the Jews within the NDH) died during the Holocaust, the majority at the hands of the Ustasha, although the NDH also transferred some 7,000 Jews to the Nazis to be deported to Auschwitz... The NDH also killed an estimated 25,000 or more Roma men, women, and children, the vast majority of the Roma population under its control..
  138. Earl Porter . Thomas . Hitler's Rassenkampf in the East: The Forgotten Genocide of Soviet POWs . . 20 November 2018 . 37 . 6 . 839–859 . 10.1080/00905990903230785 . 162190846 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230909194246/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/hitlers-rassenkampf-in-the-east-the-forgotten-genocide-of-soviet-pows/1907302228EDE513F7AA25F3F1DE0DC2 . 9 September 2023.
  139. Book: Taulbee . James Larry . Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and War Crimes in Modern History: Blood and Conscience [2 volumes] ]. 2017 . . 978-1440829857 . 124 . Google Books.
  140. Book: Calvocoressi . Peter . Peter Calvocoressi . Total War . Wint . Guy . . 1989 . Revised . The total number of prisoners taken by the German armies in the USSR was in the region of 5.5 million. Of these, the astounding number of 3.5 million or more had been lost by the middle of 1944 and the assumption must be that they were either deliberately killed or done to death by criminal negligence. Nearly two million of them died in camps and close on another million disappeared while in military custody either in the USSR or in rear areas; a further quarter of a million disappeared or died in transit between the front and destinations in the rear; another 473,000 died or were killed in military custody in Germany or Poland..
  141. Web site: Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702054843/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-persecution-of-soviet-prisoners-of-war . 2 July 2020.

  142. "Next to the Jews in Europe,' wrote Alexander Werth', 'the biggest single German crime was undoubtedly the extermination by hunger, exposure and in other ways of ... Russian war prisoners.' Yet the murder of at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs is one of the least-known of modern genocides; there is still no full-length book on the subject in English. It also stands as one of the most intensive genocides of all time: 'a holocaust that devoured millions,' as Catherine Merridale acknowledges. The large majority of POWs, some 2.8 million, were killed in just eight months of 1941–42, a rate of slaughter matched (to my knowledge) only by the 1994 Rwanda genocide."

  143. Book: Bracher, Karl Dietrich . Karl Dietrich Bracher . The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism . Praeger Publishers . 1970 . 1st . New York . 430 . en . Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million..
  144. Book: Landau, Ronnie S. . The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning . . 2016 . 978-0-85772-843-2 . 3rd . 3 . en.
  145. Book: Herf, Jeffrey C. . Jeffrey Herf . The Routledge History of Antisemitism . . 2024 . 978-1-138-36944-3 . Weitzman . Mark . 1st . Abingdon and New York . 278 . en . The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust . 10.4324/9780429428616 . Williams . Robert J. . Wald . James.
  146. Book: Gerlach, Christian . Christian Gerlach . The Extermination of the European Jews . . 2016 . 9781139034180 . 1st . Cambridge . 99–100 . en.
  147. Stone . Lewi . 2019 . Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide . Science Advances . 5 . 1 . eaau7292 . 2019SciA....5.7292S . 10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 . 6314819 . 30613773.
  148. Rosenberg . Alan . 1979 . The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust . European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe . 13 . 1 . 29–34 . 0014-3006 . 41442658.
  149. Book: Stone, Dan . Dan Stone (historian) . The Holocaust: An Unfinished History . . 2023 . 978-0-241-38871-6 . 1st . 191 . en.
  150. Encyclopedia: Holocaust Encyclopedia . Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945 . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204721/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945 . 13 June 2018. live. According to the American Jewish Yearbook, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million..
  151. Book: Berenbaum, Michael . The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . . 2006 . 978-0-8018-8358-3 . 2nd . Washington, DC . 16, 220 . en.
  152. Book: Buckley . Cynthia J. . Ruble . Blair A. . Hofmann . Erin Trouth . 2008 . Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia . Washington, D.C. . Woodrow Wilson Center Press . 9780801890758 . 207.
  153. Book: Allworth, Edward . 1998 . The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents . Durham . . 9780822319948 . 97019110 . 610947243 . 6 .
  154. ;
  155. News: The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact . Snyder . Timothy . 5 October 2010 . . 6 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608080044/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/holocaust-secondworldwar . 8 June 2023.
  156. Web site: 34 . "Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations . Human Rights Watch . 1991.
  157. Wong, Tom K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. . LCCN 2014038930. page 68
  158. News: Chanturiya . Kazbek . After 73 years, the memory of Stalin's deportation of Chechens and Ingush still haunts the survivors . https://web.archive.org/web/20191127234921/https://oc-media.org/after-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors/ . dead . 27 November 2019 . 27 November 2019 . OC Media . 23 February 2017.
  159. Book: Nekrich, Aleksandr . 1978 . The Punished Peoples: The deportation and fate of Soviet minorities at the end of the Second World War . 138 . registration . Norton . 77026201 . 9780393000689 . New York.
  160. Book: Gammer, Moshe . Lone Wolf and the Bear . 166–171 . 0822958988 . . 2006.
  161. Book: Rummel, R. J. . Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 . . 1990 . 1-56000-887-3 . 1 March 2014 . R. J. Rummel.
  162. Web site: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944 . UNPO . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131808/https://unpo.org/article/438 . 4 June 2023.
  163. Web site: Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day . Save Chechnya Campaign . https://web.archive.org/web/20130227054740/http://savechechnya.org/archives/410 . dead . 27 February 2013 . 27 February 2013.
  164. Book: Wood, Tony . Chechnya: the Case for Independence . 37–38.
  165. Book: Dunlop . Russia Confronts Chechnya . 62–70.
  166. Web site: Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates . . 29 May 2019.
  167. News: Elisabeth . Malkin . Trial on Guatemalan Civil War Carnage Leaves Out U.S. Role . . 16 May 2013 . 7 July 2023 . The U.S. played a very powerful and direct role in the life of this institution, the army, that went on to commit genocide . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624062205/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html . 24 June 2024.
  168. News: Group says files show U.S. knew of Guatemala abuses . . . 19 March 2009 . 29 October 2016 .
  169. Book: Blakeley, Ruth . 2009 . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South . . 91-94 . 978-0415686174.
  170. Book: Lynn V. . Foster . Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World . . 84 .
  171. Book: Kuper, Leo . Race, Class, and Power: Ideology and Revolutionary Change in Plural Societies . 5 July 2017 . . 978-1-351-49504-2 . 127 . en.
  172. Book: Ibrahim, Abdullah Ali . June 2015 . The 1964 Zanzibar Genocide: The Politics of Denial . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325605315 . ResearchGate . Africa and the Gulf Region: Blurred Boundaries and Shifting Ties . Rogaia Mostafa . AbuSharaf . Dale F. . Eickelman . Berlin . Gerlach.
  173. Web site: 2 July 2017 . What We Forgot To Remember, Part 1: Genocide in Zanzibar . 9 December 2023 . . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209152633/https://areomagazine.com/2017/07/02/what-we-forgot-to-remember-part-1-genocide-in-zanzibar/ . 9 December 2023.
  174. News: Dummett . Mark . 16 December 2011 . How one newspaper report changed world history . en-GB . . 4 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 . 16 June 2023.
  175. Web site: Bangladesh . . 16 October 2023 . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704145934/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh . 4 July 2024.
  176. Book: Rummel, R.J. . Rudolph Rummel . Death By Government . 331 . 1560009276 . . The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. ... The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualised over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II). . January 1997.
  177. Web site: 30 January 1997 . Burundi Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 . U.S. Department of State.
  178. Book: Krueger . Robert . Bob Krueger . Krueger . Kathleen Tobin . 2007 . From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years During Genocide . . 9780292714861 . 29 .
  179. Web site: HOME . Combatgenocide . he . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627211122/https://www.combatgenocide.org/ . 27 June 2023.
  180. Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
    * This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
    Web site: Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report. Web site: The CAVR Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm . dead . 13 May 2012.
  181. Web site: Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm . dead . 13 May 2012 . cavr-timorleste.org . 16 April 2018.
  182. Web site: Payaslian . Simon . Simon Payaslian . 20th Century Genocides . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173612/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml . 28 May 2023.
  183. Web site: Genocide Studies Program: East Timor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220326193743/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor . 26 March 2022.
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  237. Darfur: counting the deaths (2). What are the trends? . 2005 . Guha-Sapir . Debarati . Degomme . Olivier . . 2078.1/179717 . free.
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  240. News: Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . Spencer . Richard . 14 October 2014 . 13 October 2019 . en-GB . 0307-1235.
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  242. News: John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide . . 17 March 2016 . 17 March 2016 . Elise . Labott . Tal . Kopan . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317121954/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html . 17 March 2016 . live.
  243. Web site: UN accuses the "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis . ru . 19 March 2015 . . 16 April 2015.
  244. News: The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis . Радио Свобода . 19 March 2015 . . 16 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232852/http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html . 10 July 2015 . live.
  245. News: Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader . Callimachi . Rukmini . 16 August 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181021073815/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html . 21 October 2018 . live.
  246. News: Study: Nearly 10,000 Yazidis Killed, Kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014 . . 9 May 2017 . en .
  247. News: 23 November 2015 . ISIS Terror: One Yazidi's Battle to Chronicle the Death of a People . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316115552/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/isis-terror-one-yazidis-battle-chronicle-death-people-n461566 . 16 March 2016 . 17 March 2016 . NBC News.
  248. Tagay. Sefik. Ayhan. Dogan. Catani. Claudia. Schnyder. Ulrich. Teufel. Martin . 2017 . The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora . . 390 . 10106 . 1946 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0 . 29115224 . 40913754 . 0140-6736.
  249. Web site: İlhan Yılmaz . Cömert . 12 July 2017 . IŞİD'ın Irak'ta Türkmen Coğrafyasındaki Katliamları . tr . ISIS Massacres in Turkmen Region in Iraq . 10 November 2023 . 21yyte.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017114333/https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari . 17 October 2023.
  250. Web site: ar:البرلمان العراقي يعتبر جرائم "داعش" بحق التركمان إبادة جماعية . albarlaman aleiraqiu yuetabar jarayim "daeish" bihaqi alturkuman 'iibadat jamaeiatan . ar . The Iraqi Parliament considers ISIS crimes against the Turkmen to be genocide . 10 November 2023 . Anadolu Agency . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133221/https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821 . 13 August 2023.
  251. Web site: Iraqi parliament recognizes ISIS persecution of Turkmen as genocide . 20 July 2017 . 10 November 2023 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214220438/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp . 14 February 2023.
  252. Web site: McKay . Hollie . 5 March 2021 . The ISIS War Crime Iraqi Turkmen Won't Talk About . 14 February 2023 . . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133553/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/ . 13 August 2023.
  253. Web site: Goran . Baban . 4 February 2021 . Turkmen women call to uncover fate of 1300 missing Turkmen abducted by ISIS . 14 February 2023 . Kirkuknow . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116212611/https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788 . 16 November 2023.
  254. News: Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus . James . Bennett . 14 December 2017 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143330/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 . 4 April 2023.
  255. More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents May Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead . Laignee . Barron . 8 March 2018 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100432/https://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ . 13 February 2023.
  256. News: The Rohingya crisis bears all the hallmarks of a genocide . . R.C. . 23 May 2018 . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726042531/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/05/23/the-rohingya-crisis-bears-all-the-hallmarks-of-a-genocide . 26 July 2023.
  257. Web site: The Rohingya Crisis and the Meaning of Genocide . Camilla . Siazon . 8 May 2018 . Council on Foreign Relations . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110008/https://www.cfr.org/interview/rohingya-crisis-and-meaning-genocide . 5 April 2023.
  258. News: UN official says Rohingya crisis has 'hallmarks of genocide' . 1 February 2018 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110009/https://apnews.com/187143b5b0f94011b886bc6f8979afc0/UN-official-says-Rohingya-crisis-has-'hallmarks-of-genocide' . 5 April 2023.
  259. News: There's only one conclusion on the Rohingya in Myanmar: It's genocide . Azeem . Ibrahim . 23 October 2017 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604112756/https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/23/opinions/myanmar-rohingya-genocide/index.html . 4 June 2023.
  260. News: Hunt . Katie . Rohingya crisis: How we got here . 3 February 2021 . . 13 November 2017 . 13 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171113042510/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/rohingya-crisis-timeline/index.html . live.
  261. News: Sengupta . Somini . Henry . Fountain . The Biggest Refugee Camp Braces for Rain: 'This Is Going to Be a Catastrophe'; More than half a million Rohingya refugees face looming disaster from floods and landslides..., . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135847/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/climate/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-camp.html . 24 February 2021 . 14 March 2018 . . 26 May 2020.
  262. News: Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis . 24 April 2018 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022074920/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 . 22 October 2023.

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