List of genocides explained

This list includes all events which have been classified as genocide by significant scholarship. As there are varying definitions of genocide, this list includes events around which there is ongoing scholarly debate over their classification as genocide and is not a list of only events which have a scholarly consensus to recognize them as genocide. This list excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal.

Definitions

See main article: Genocide definitions. Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature.[1] The United Nations Genocide Convention, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[2] This and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "intent to destroy" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.[3] Writing in 1998, professors of sociology Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the Genocide Convention was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise; the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that for various reasons, none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support.[4]

Three genocides in history have been recognised under the 1948 legal definition: the Cambodian genocide, the Rwandan genocide, and the Srebrenica massacre.[5]

According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualise genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. The academic social science approach does not require proof of intent,[5] and social scientists often define genocide more broadly. The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organisations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".[5]

List

The term genocide is contentious and as a result its definition varies. This list only considers acts which are recognised in significant scholarship as genocides.

List of genocides in reverse chronological order
EventLocationPeriodEstimated killings
FromToLowestHighest
DescriptionProportion of group killed
Gaza genocidedata-sort-value="Palestine"Gaza Strip, Palestine2023Present[6]
Israel has been accused by numerous experts, governments, UN agencies and non-governmental organizations of carrying out a genocide against the Palestinian population during its invasion and bombing of Gaza during the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.[7] By March 2024, after five months of attacks, Israeli military action had resulted in the deaths of over 31,500 Palestinians – 1 out of every 75 people in Gaza – averaging 195 killings a day,[8] and nearly 40,000 confirmed deaths by July. Most of the victims are civilians,[9] [10] including over 25,000 women and children[11] [12] and 108 journalists.[13] Thousands more dead bodies are under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[14] [15] [16] By March 2024, 374 healthcare workers in Gaza had been killed.
  • More than 10,000 estimated under rubble[17]
  • At least 100,282 injuries[18]
  • Damage to or destruction of approximately 80% of homes and 50% of buildings in Gaza[19]
  • 20% of population facing "catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity" involving "an extreme lack of food, starvation, and exhaustion"[20]
  • 1,900,000+ internally displaced persons[21] [22]
  • 1.7–7.9% of pre-war Gazan population killed
data-sort-value="Sudan"West Dafur, Sudan2023Present15,000[23] [24]
The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) of Sudan and its allied Arab militias started to commit organized mass killings of Masalit civilians and also targeting other non-Arab[25] communities around El Geneina during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present). The events included torture, rape, and looting and were described as the worst atrocities against civilians so far in the 2023 conflict in Sudan.[26] [27]

Ardamata massacre

Between 800 and 2,000 people were murdered. 20,000 fled.[28]

Misterei massacre

17,000 people fled to Chad (Gongour) after the massacre.[29] [30]

Geneina massacre

Within 8 days thousands of civilians were murdered.[31] [32] 500,000 people displaced since 2023 (75 % were from El Geneina)[33]

See also: War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

Rohingya genocidedata-sort-value="Myanmar"Rakhine State, Myanmar2016 Present–[34] [35]
The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and killings of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military of Myanmar. The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that occurred from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been occurring since August 2017.[36] The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh, resulting in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp,[37] while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia, where they continue to face persecution. The Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law, and are falsely regarded as Bengali immigrants by much of Myanmar's Bamar majority, to the extent that the government refuses to acknowledge the Rohingya's existence as a valid ethnic group.[38] Before the 2015 refugee crisis, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.
Iraqi Turkmen genocidedata-sort-value="Iraq"Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq20142017
The Iraqi Turkmen genocide refers to a series of killings, rapes, executions, expulsions, and sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen by the Islamic State.[39] It began when ISIS captured Iraqi Turkmen land in 2014 and it continued until ISIS lost all of their land in Iraq. In 2017, ISIS's persecution of Iraqi Turkmen was officially recognized as a genocide by the Parliament of Iraq,[40] [41] and in 2018, the sexual slavery of Iraqi Turkmen girls and women was recognized by the United Nations.[42] [43]
Yazidi genocidedata-sort-value="Iraq"Islamic State-controlled territory in northern Iraq and Syria20142017[44] [45]
The Yazidi genocide was perpetrated by the Islamic State throughout Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017.[46] [47] [48] It was characterized by massacres, genocidal rape, and forced conversions to Islam. Over a period of three years, Islamic State militants trafficked thousands of Yazidi women and girls and killed thousands of Yazidi men.[49] The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS was committing genocide against the Yazidis population. It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys were still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people were still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016. A study found 3,100 killed and 6,880 were kidnapped, amouting to 2.5% of Yazidis being either killed or kidnapped.[50]
By 2015, upwards of 71% of the global Yazidi population was displaced by the genocide, with most Yazidi refugees having fled to Iraq's Kurdistan Region and Syria's Rojava.[51] [52]
Darfur genocidedata-sort-value="Sudan"Darfur, Sudan20032005[53] [54]
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the war in Darfur. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. This includes Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for his role in the genocide. An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 and 2005.[55] These atrocities have been called the first genocide of the 21st century.
Effacer le tableaudata-sort-value="Congo, Democratic Republic of the" North Kivu, DR Congo20022003[56]
French: Effacer le tableau ("erasing the board") was the operational name given to the systematic extermination of the Bambuti pygmies by rebel forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The primary objective of Effacer le tableau was the territorial conquest of the North Kivu province of the DRC and ethnic cleansing of Pygmies from the Congo's eastern region.[57] 40% of the Eastern Congo's Pygmy population killed
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo Wardata-sort-value="Democratic Republic of the Congo" Kivu, Zaire19961997[58]
During the First Congo War, troops of the Rwanda-backed French: [[Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre]] (AFDL) conducted mass killings of Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian Hutu men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps in eastern Zaire (now named the Democratic Republic of the Congo).[59] [60] Elements of the AFDL and the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks killed 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000 – 700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.[61] As survivors fled westward, the AFDL units hunted them down killing thousands more.
data-sort-value="Rwanda" Rwanda1994[62]
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War.[63] During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the Constitution of Rwanda states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the actual number of fatalities is unclear, and some estimates suggest that the real number killed was likely lower.[64] [65] [66] The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi deaths.[67] 60–70% of Tutsis in Rwanda killed
7% of Rwanda's total population killed
Bosnian genocidedata-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" Bosnia and Herzegovina19921995[68]
The Bosnian genocide comprised localised massacres, including those in Srebrenica and Žepa, committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. On 31 March 2010, the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologising to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks ("Bosnian Muslims").More than 3% of the Bosniak population of Bosnia and Herzegovina died during the Bosnian War.[69]
Isaaq genocidedata-sort-value="Somalia" Somaliland, Somalia19871989[70] [71] [72] [73] [74]
The Genocide of Isaaqs was the systematic, state-sponsored massacre of Isaaq civilians between 1988 and 1991 by the Somali Democratic Republic under the dictatorship of Siad Barre.[75] [76] [77] This included the leveling and complete destruction of the second- and third-largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa (90 percent destroyed)[78] and Burao (70 percent destroyed) respectively,[79] and had caused 400,000[80] [81] Somalis (primarily of the Isaaq clan) to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees,[82] with another 400,000 being internally displaced.[83] In 2001, the United Nations commissioned an investigation on past human rights violations in Somalia, specifically to find out if "crimes of international jurisdiction (i.e. war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide) had been perpetrated during the country's civil war". The investigation was commissioned jointly by the United Nations Co-ordination Unit (UNCU) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The investigation concluded with a report confirming the crime of genocide to have taken place against the Isaaqs in Somalia.
Anfal campaigndata-sort-value="Iraq" Kurdistan Region, Iraq19861989[84] [85]
The Anfal campaign was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate. The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[86] A variety of national governments have passed resolutions recognising the Anfal campaign as a genocide.[87] [88] [89]
Shona: [[Gukurahundi]]data-sort-value="Zimbabwe" Matabeleland, Zimbabwe19831987[90]
The Shona: Gukurahundi was the systematic massacre of the Ndebele people by Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party.[91] The Shona: Gukurahundi was initiated because the ZAPU party, the main Zimbabwean opposition party, found the majority of its support among the Ndebele people, leading Mugabe to conclude that they must be exterminated in order to eliminate support for the ZAPU.[92] The Shona: Gukurahundi began in 1983, and continued until the signing of the 1987 Unity Accords, during which time about 20, 000 Ndebele were killed and sent to re-education camps.
data-sort-value="Lebanon" Beirut, Lebanon1982[93] [94]
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the 16–18 September 1982 killings of civiliansmostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiasin the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. It was perpetrated by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon, and supported by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp. Both the United Nations and an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride concluded that the massacre was an act of genocide against the Palestinian people,[95] [96] a conclusion concurred with by NGOs such as the Palestinian Return Centre.[97] Human rights scholars Damien Short and Haifa Rashed also described the massacre as genocidal in nature.[98]
data-sort-value="Cambodia" Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia)19751979[99] [100]
The Cambodian genocide was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to labor camps in the countryside, where mass executions, forced labor, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease were rampant.[101] Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered, where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal found that targeting of Vietnamese and Cham minorities constituted a genocide under the UN Convention.[102] [103] 15–33% of total population of Cambodia killed, including 99% of Cambodian Viets, 50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham, 40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai, 25% of Urban Khmer, 16% of Rural Khmer
East Timor genocidedata-sort-value="Indonesia" East Timor, Indonesia19741999[104] [105]
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. Genocide scholars at Oxford University and Yale University acknowledge the Indonesian occupation of East Timor as genocide.[106] [107] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[108] 13% to 44% of East Timor's total population killed
(See death toll of East Timor genocide)
Genocide of Acholi and Lango peopledata-sort-value="Uganda" Uganda19721978
After Idi Amin overthrew the regime of Milton Obote in 1971, he declared the Acholi and Lango tribes enemies, as Obote was a Lango and he saw the fact that they dominated the army as a threat.[109] In January 1972, Amin issued an order to the Ugandan army ordering that they assemble and kill all Acholi or Lango soldiers, and then commanded that all Acholi and Lango be rounded up and confined within army barracks, where they were either slaughtered by the soldiers or killed when the Ugandan air force bombed the barracks.
Ikizadata-sort-value="Burundi" Burundi1972
The Ikiza was a series of mass killings which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. The International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996 concluded that the Ikiza was a genocide.[110] As much as 10% to 15% of the Hutu population of Burundi killed[111]
Bangladesh genocidedata-sort-value="Bangladesh" East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)1971[112]
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis, especially Bengali Hindus, residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Armed Forces and the Razakars. It began as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and genocidal sexual violence.[113] 4% of the population of East Pakistan[114]
Zanzibar genocidedata-sort-value="Zanzibar" Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania)1964+
In January 1964 during and following the Zanzibar Revolution, Arab residents of Zanzibar were targeted for violence by the island’s majority Black African population.[115] Arabs were mass murdered, raped, tortured and deported from the island by Black African militiamen under the Afro-Shirazi Party and Umma Party. The exact death toll is unknown, although scholarly sources estimate the number of Arabs killed to be between 13,000 and more than 20,000.[116] [117] 25% or more of the Arab population (50,000 people) of Zanzibar were killed by the end of 1964.
Maya genocidedata-sort-value="Guatemala" Guatemala19621996
The Guatemalan genocide was the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) by successive US-backed Guatemalan military governments.[118] Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of guerrillas and especially civilians at the hands of security forces had been widespread since 1965, and was a longstanding policy of the military regime, which US officials were aware of.[119] [120] At least an estimated 200,000 persons died by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations. 83% of those killed were Maya.[121] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.40% of the Maya population (24,000 people) of Guatemala's Ixil and Rabinal regions were killed
Deportation of the Chechens and Ingushdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Soviet Union19441948[122] [123]
The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, or Ardakhar Genocide, was the Soviet forced transfer of the whole of the Vainakh (Chechen and Ingush) populations of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on 23 February 1944, during World War II. The expulsion was ordered by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, as a part of a Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union between the 1930s and the 1950s. The European Parliament officially recognised the deportations as genocide in 2004.[124] [125] 23.5% to almost 50% of total Chechen population killed[126]
Deportation of the Crimean Tatarsdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Crimea, Soviet Union1944[127] [128]
The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the ethnic cleansing and the cultural genocide of at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars which was carried out by the Soviet authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Within those three days, the NKVD used cattle trains to deport the Crimean Tatars, mostly women, children, and the elderly, even Communist Party members and Red Army members, to the Uzbek SSR, several thousand kilometres away. Multiple scholars have recognised the deportation as a genocide.[129] [130] The deportation and following exile reduced the Crimean Tatar population by between 18% and 46%.[131]
The Holocaustdata-sort-value="Europe" Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe19411945 [132]
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[133] [134] [135] Nearly one and half million were killed in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942.[136] The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups. The Holocaust is considered to be the single largest genocide in history.[137] [138] Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[139] [140]
Siege of Leningrad[141] [142] [143] data-sort-value="Europe" Leningrad19411944[144] [145] [146] [147]
Some historians and the Russian government have classified the siege, in which German and Finnish policies led to the deaths of more than 1 million civilians from starvation, as a genocide.
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatiadata-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina" Independent State of Croatia
(now Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina)		19411945[148] [149]
Genocide of Serbs and Holocaust of Jews and Romani within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state that existed during World War II, led by the Ustaše regime, which ruled an occupied area of Yugoslavia. The Genocide of Serbs was conducted in parallel to the Holocaust in the NDH. The Ustaše were the only quisling forces in Yugoslavia who operated their own extermination camps for the purpose of murdering Serbs and other ethnic groups (Jews and Romani).
Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniksdata-sort-value="Yugoslavia" Yugoslavia19411945
The Chetniks, a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force, committed numerous war crimes during the Second World War, primarily directed against the non-Serb population of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, mainly Muslims and Croats, and against Communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and their supporters. The Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the 1941 'Instructions' issued by Chetnik leader, Draža Mihailović, advocated for the cleansing of non-Serbs.[150]
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation[151] [152] (part of the Generalplan Ost)data-sort-value="Europe" German-occupied Europe19391945[153] [154]
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior German: [[Untermensch]]en.From 6% to 10% (1.8 to 3 million) of the total Polish gentile population. In addition, 3 million Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust in Poland (90% of Polish Jews).
Polish Operation of the NKVDdata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Soviet Union19371938[155] [156]
The Polish Operation of the NKVD in 1937–1938 was an anti-Polish mass-ethnic cleansing operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the Great Purge. It was ordered by the Politburo of the Communist Party against so-called "Polish spies" and customarily interpreted by NKVD officials as relating to all Poles. It resulted in the sentencing of 139,835 people, and summary executions of 111,091 Poles living in or near the Soviet Union.[157] Multiple historians have published opinions describing the operation as genocidal.22% of the Polish population of the USSR was "sentenced" by the operation (140,000 people)
Parsley massacredata-sort-value="Dominican Republic" Dominican Republic1937[158]
The Parsley massacre was a mass killing of Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region in October 1937. Dominican Army troops from different areas of the country carried out the massacre on the orders of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo.[159] Many died while trying to flee to Haiti across the Dajabón River that divides the two countries on the island; the troops followed them into the river to cut them down, causing the river to run with blood and corpses for several days. The massacre claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children.[160] Dominican troops interrogated thousands of civilians demanding that each victim say the word "parsley" (perejil). If the accused could not pronounce the word to the interrogators' satisfaction, they were deemed to be Haitians and killed.[161] [162] As a result of the massacre, virtually the entire Haitian population in the Dominican frontier was either killed or forced to flee across the border.
Romani Holocaustdata-sort-value="Europe" German-occupied Europe1939[163] 1945[164] [165]
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.[166] A supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws issued on 26 November 1935 classified the Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.[167] 25% to 80% of Romani people in Europe killed
Holodomordata-sort-value="Soviet Union" Ukraine and the northern Kuban, Soviet Union19321933
The Holodomor also known as the Ukrainian Famine was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union.While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made,[168] whether or not the Holodomor was intentional and therefore constitutes a genocide under the Genocide Convention is debated by scholars.[169] [170] 10% of Ukraine's population
Over 35% of Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
Libyan genocidedata-sort-value="Libya" Italian Libya19291932[171] +[172]
The Libyan genocide was the genocide of Libyan Arabs and the systematic destruction of Libyan culture,[173] [174] [175] particularly during and after the Second Italo-Senussi War between 1929 and 1934. During this period, between 83,000 and 125,000 Libyans were killed by Italian colonial authorities under Benito Mussolini. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, executing surrendering combatants, and the mass executions of civilians. Italy apologised in 2008 for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.[176] % of Cyrenaican population
Half of the nomadic Bedouin population[177] [178]
Osage Indian murdersdata-sort-value="United States" Oklahoma, United States19181931[179] +[180]
The Osage Indian murders was a plot by William King Hale and others to kill full-blood Osage to gain the mineral rights for their reservation. The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation.[181] [182] [183] [184] [185] Estimates vary widely, with 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed with the lowest estimate.[186]
Armenian genocidedata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria, and Iraq)19151917[187]
The Armenian genocide,[188] [189] carried out by the Young Turks, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, and mass starvation. It occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides; some scholars consider these to form a broader genocide targeting all of the Christians in Anatolia.[190] Approximately 90% of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were killed or expelled.[191] The share of Christians in area within Turkey's current borders declined from 20-22% in 1914, or about 3.3.–3.6 million people, to around 3% in 1927.[192]
Sayfodata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey, Syria and Iraq)19151919[193]
The Sayfo (also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide) was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.Overall, about 2 million Christians were killed in Anatolia between 1894 and 1924, 40 percent of the original population.[194]
Greek genocide and Pontic genocidedata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)19141922[195]
The Greek genocide,[196] [197] which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. It was perpetrated by the government of the Ottoman Empire led by the Three Pashas and by the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[198] against the Greek population of the Empire. The genocide included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches through the Syrian Desert,[199] expulsions, summary executions, and the destruction of Eastern Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments.[200] At least 25% of Greeks in Anatolia (Turkey) killed
Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan WarsScutari, Kosovo, and Manastir vilayets, Ottoman Empire19121913[201] [202] [203]
The massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars were perpetrated on several occasions by the Serbian and Montenegrin armies and paramilitaries during the conflicts that occurred in the region between 1912 and 1913.[204] During the 1912–13 First Balkan War, Serbia and Montenegro committed a number of war crimes against the Albanian population after expelling Ottoman Empire forces from present-day Albania, Kosovo, and North Macedonia, which were reported by the European, American and Serbian opposition press.[205] Most of the crimes occurred between October 1912 and the summer of 1913. The goal of the forced expulsions and massacres was statistical manipulation before the London Ambassadors Conference to determine the new Balkan borders.10% of the population of present-day Kosovo (estimated to be 500,000) was victimized[206]
Herero and Nama genocidedata-sort-value="Namibia" German South West Africa (now Namibia)19041908[207]
The Genocide in German South West Africa was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.60% (24,000 out of 40,000) to 81.25% (65,000[208] [209] out of 80,000[210]) of total Herero and 50% of Nama population killed.
Hamidian massacresdata-sort-value="Ottoman Empire" Six Vilayets, Ottoman Empire18941896
The Hamidian massacres were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire that took place in the mid-1890s.[211] [212] It was estimated casualties ranged from 80,000 to 300,000, resulting in 50,000 orphaned children.[213] The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, reasserted Pan-Islamism as a state ideology. Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians,[214] they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the Diyarbekir massacre, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.[215]
Selk'nam genocidedata-sort-value="Chile" Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Argentina18801910[216]
The Selk'nam genocide was the systematic extermination of the Selk'nam people, one of the four indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Historians estimate that the genocide spanned a period of between ten and twenty years, and resulted in the decline of the Selk'nam population from approximately 4,000 people during the 1880s to a few hundred by the early 1900s.84%The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3,000 to about 500 people.
Putumayo genocidedata-sort-value="Peru" Present-day Putumayo Department, Colombia18791913[217] +[218] [219]
Members of the Huitoto, Andoques, Yaguas, Ocaina and Boras groups were hunted and enslaved so they could be used to extract latex.[220] During this time period, several tribes became extinct.[221] 80–86% of the total population in the Putumayo region perished during the Amazon rubber boom.[222]
Circassian genocidedata-sort-value="Russia" Circassia, Russian Empire18641867[223] [224] [225]
The Circassian genocide[226] [227] was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths[228] during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War.[229] The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population.[230] Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,[231] justified their use in scientific experiments,[232] and allowed their soldiers to rape women.95%–97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the forces of Tsarist Russia.[233] Only a small percentage who accepted to convert to Christianity, Russify and resettle within the Russian Empire were spared. The remaining Circassian populations who refused were thus forcefully dispersed, deported or killed. Today, most Circassians live in exile.[234]
California genocidedata-sort-value="United States" California, United States18461873–16,094[235] [236]
The California genocide was a series of systematized killings of thousands of Indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.[237] Amerindian population in California declined by 80% during the period
Queensland Aboriginal genocidedata-sort-value="Australia" Queensland18401897[238]
Queensland represents the single bloodiest colonial frontier in Australia. Thus the records of Queensland document the most frequent reports of shootings and massacres of indigenous people, the three deadliest massacres on white settlers, the most disreputable frontier police force, and the highest number of white victims to frontier violence on record in any Australian colony. Thus some sources have characterized these events as a Queensland Aboriginal genocide.[239] 3.3% to over 50% of the aboriginal population was killed
(10,000 to 65,180 killed out of 125,600) <		--There are extra parens and other promblems that make this too confusing to understand:[240] 300,000 people)-->
Moriori genocidedata-sort-value="New Zealand" Chatham Islands, New Zealand18351863[241] [242]
The genocide of the Moriori began in the fall of 1835. The invasions of the Chatham Islands by Maori from New Zealand left the Moriori people and their culture to die off. Those who survived were either kept as slaves or eaten and Moriori were not sanctioned to marry other Moriori or have children within their race. This caused their people and their language to be endangered. There were only 101 Moriori people left out of 2000 who had survived in 1863.[243] 95% of the Moriori population was eradicated by the invasion from Taranaki, a group of people from the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama iwi.[244] [245] All were enslaved and many were cannibalised.[246] The Moriori language is now extinct.[247]
Massacre of Salsipuedesdata-sort-value="Uruguay" Uruguay1831[248]
The Massacre of Salsipuedes was a genocidal attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the Uruguayan Army, led by Fructuoso Rivera, as the culmination of the state's efforts to eradicate the Charrúa from Uruguay.[249] [250]
Trail of Tearsdata-sort-value="United States" Southeastern United States18301850[251]
The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government.[252] A variety of scholars have classified the Trail of Tears as either a genocide in and of itself, or as a genocidal act within the broader genocide of Native Americans.[253] Figures for the number of deaths per Native American group that was forcibly relocated can be found at .
Black War (genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians)data-sort-value="Australia" Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)18251832
The extinction of Aboriginal Tasmanians was called an archetypal case of genocide by Rafael Lemkin[254] among other historians, a view supported by more recent genocide scholars like Ben Kiernan who covered it in his book Blood and Soil: A History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. This extinction also includes the Black War, which would make the war an act of genocide. Historians like Keith Windschuttle among other historians disagree with this interpretation in discourse known as the History wars.~100%
1804 Haitian massacredata-sort-value="Haiti" Haiti1804
The 1804 Haitian massacre is considered to be a genocide by many scholars,[255] <--Phrase shows in Google search result: https://archive.today/J69ry-->[256] as it was intended to destroy the Franco-Haitian population following the Haitian Revolution. The massacre was ordered by King Jean-Jacques Dessalines to remove the remainder of the white population from Haiti, and lasted from January to 22 April 1804. During the massacre, entire families were tortured and killed, and by the end of it, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent.[257] [258]
Dzungar genocidedata-sort-value="China" Dzungaria, Qing dynasty China17551758
The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty.[259] [260] The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule, after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by Manchu generals of the Qing army, supported by Turkic oasis dwellers (now known as Uyghurs) who rebelled against Dzungar rule.80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats killed
Taíno genocidedata-sort-value="Hispaniola" Hispaniola14921514
The Taíno genocide refers to the extermination of the indigenous population of Hispaniola due to forced labor and exploitation by the Spanish. Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide including the abuses of the Encomienda system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings." He considers colonists guilty due to failing to halt the abuses of the system despite royal orders. He also notes the sexual abuse of Spanish colonizers of Native women as acts of "biological genocide."[261] University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the encomienda as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths."[262] Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola.[263] Andrés Reséndez argues that even though the Spanish were aware of the spread of smallpox, they made no mention of it until 1519, a quarter century after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.[264] Instead he contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly and that even though disease was a factor, the native population would have rebounded the same way Europeans did during the Black Death if it were not for the constant enslavement they were subject to. According to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from lethal forced labor in the mines. 68% to over 96% of the Taíno population perished under Spanish rule.
Albigensian Crusade (Cathar genocide)data-sort-value="France" Languedoc (now France)12091229[265] [266]
The Albigensian Crusade was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism, a Christian sect, in Languedoc, in southern France. The Catholic Church considered them heretics and ordered that they should be completely eradicated.[267] Raphael Lemkin referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[268] Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe it as "the first ideological genocide."[269]

See also

See main article: Outline of genocide studies.

Political extermination campaigns

Bibliography

See main article: Bibliography of Genocide studies.

Notes and References

  1. Book: Moses, A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . 2021 . The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression . . 9781316217306., pp. 1-16
  2. Web site: ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK: Genocide . 2 January 2019 . . 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101182544/https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf . 1 January 2023.
  3. Book: Jones, Adams . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction . . 2024 . 978-1032028101 . 4th . 24–29 . There is something of a consensus that group 'destruction' must involve physical liquidation..
  4. Book: Jonassohn . Kurt . Björnson . Karin Solveig . Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective . 1998 . . 978-1-4128-2445-3 . 133–135.
  5. Web site: Samuel . Sigal . 13 November 2023 . How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza . 2 July 2024 . Vox . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine . 9 July 2024.
  6. Khatib . Rasha . McKee . Martin . Martin McKee . Yusuf . Salim . Salim Yusuf . 5 July 2024 . Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential . . Elsevier BV . 404 . 10449 . 237–238 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3 . 0140-6736 . 38976995 . Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37 396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186 000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2 375 259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip..
  7. Web site: . 16 November 2023 . Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224050530/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/11/gaza-un-experts-call-international-community-prevent-genocide-against . 24 December 2023 . 22 December 2023 . . Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure..
  8. Web site: 18 March 2024 . Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel- Reported Humanitarian Impact Key Figures – Day 163 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322013248/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Gaza_casualties_info-graphic_18_March_2024-final.pdf . 22 March 2024 . 21 March 2024 . . United Nations.
  9. News: Knell . Yolanda . 29 February 2024 . More than 30,000 killed in Gaza, Hamas-run health ministry says . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240229125619/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68430925 . 29 February 2024.
  10. News: Kuperman . Alan J. . 16 April 2024 . Civilian deaths in Gaza rival those of Darfur – which the US called a 'genocide' . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240416102259/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/16/gaza-civilian-deaths-genocide . 16 April 2024.
  11. News: 1 March 2024 . More than 25,000 women and children killed in Gaza: US defence secretary . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320104841/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/1/more-than-25000-women-and-children-killed-in-gaza-us-defence-secretary . 20 March 2024 . 21 March 2024 . Al Jazeera.
  12. News: Graham-Harrison . Emma . 25 February 2024 . Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227025505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/25/gaza-death-toll-set-to-pass-30000-as-israel-prepares-assault-on-rafah . 27 February 2024 . The Guardian.
  13. Web site: 20 March 2024 . Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza war . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240320155826/https://cpj.org/2024/03/journalist-casualties-in-the-israel-gaza-conflict/ . 20 March 2024 . 21 March 2024 . . en-US.
  14. News: Massoud . Bassam . Fick . Maggie . 23 December 2023 . Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213315/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ . 14 January 2024 . Reuters.
  15. News: 21 December 2023 . Gaza death toll reaches 20,000 as UN ceasefire vote postponed . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222102314/https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/21/gaza-death-toll-reaches-20000-as-un-ceasefire-vote-postponed . 22 December 2023 . 22 December 2023 . EuroNews.
  16. News: 21 December 2023 . Gaza war 'most dangerous ever' for journalists, says rights group . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222091121/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-most-dangerous-ever-journalists-says-rights-group-2023-12-21/ . 22 December 2023 . Reuters.
  17. Web site: 3 May 2024 . 10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza . https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza . 5 May 2024 . 5 May 2024 . United Nations in Palestine.
  18. News: More than 100,000 Palestinians have been injured in Gaza since last October, according to health ministry. CNN. 22 October 2024. Kareem. Khadder. Sanna Noor. Haq.
  19. News: Malsin . Jared . 30 December 2023 . The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing . . 4 January 2024 . 4 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240104000648/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 . live.
  20. News: Burke . Jason . 24 June 2024 . One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240706152623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/24/gaza-households-hunger-draft-un-report . 6 July 2024.
  21. Web site: 18 December 2023 . Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110222554/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza . 10 January 2024 . 4 January 2024 . Human Rights Watch.
  22. ;
  23. Web site: Sudan’s Masalit people are being butchered. Is the world watching? - GZERO Media . 2024-11-22 . www.gzeromedia.com . en.
  24. Web site: Journal . Wall Street . 2024-04-14 . New Darfur Genocide: Sudanese RSF massacres Masalit . 2024-11-22 . genocidewatch . en.
  25. News: Ahmed . Kaamil . 2024-11-03 . ‘We will make you have Arab babies’: fears of genocide amid rape and torture in Sudan’s Darfur . 2024-11-22 . The Observer . en-GB . 0029-7712.
  26. 2024 . “The Massalit Will Not Come Home” Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes Against Humanity in El Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan . Human Rights Watch . en-US . United States of America . 979-8-88708-129-8.
  27. Gallopin . Jean-Baptiste . 2024-05-09 . “The Massalit Will Not Come Home” . Human Rights Watch . en.
  28. Web site: 2023-11-26 . Sudan: New Mass Ethnic Killings, Pillage in Darfur Human Rights Watch . 2024-11-22 . en.
  29. Web site: Rhodes . Hafiz Haroun and Tom . 2023-07-21 . DARFUR: The road from Misterei is full of corpses; the town empty save for the Janjaweed and RSF . 2024-11-22 . African Arguments . en-GB.
  30. Web site: 2023-07-11 . Sudan: Darfur Town Destroyed Human Rights Watch . 2024-11-22 . en.
  31. Web site: 2023-07-20 . Millions flee homes in Sudan amid reports of widespread war crimes . 2024-11-22 . PBS News . en-us.
  32. News: Salih . Zeinab Mohammed . 2024-02-29 . Sudan’s war leaves deep scars in Geneina, a city of two massacres . 2024-11-22 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  33. Web site: 2024-05-09 . Sudan: Ethnic Cleansing in West Darfur Human Rights Watch . 2024-11-22 . en.
  34. News: Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus . James . Bennett . 14 December 2017 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143330/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 . 4 April 2023.
  35. More Than 43,000 Rohingya Parents May Be Missing. Experts Fear They Are Dead . Laignee . Barron . 8 March 2018 . . 25 August 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100432/https://time.com/5187292/rohingya-crisis-missing-parents-refugees-bangladesh/ . 13 February 2023.
  36. News: Hunt . Katie . Rohingya crisis: How we got here . 3 February 2021 . . 13 November 2017 . 13 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171113042510/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/rohingya-crisis-timeline/index.html . live.
  37. News: Sengupta . Somini . Henry . Fountain . The Biggest Refugee Camp Braces for Rain: 'This Is Going to Be a Catastrophe'; More than half a million Rohingya refugees face looming disaster from floods and landslides... . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135847/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/climate/bangladesh-rohingya-refugee-camp.html . 24 February 2021 . 14 March 2018 . . 26 May 2020.
  38. News: Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis . 24 April 2018 . . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022074920/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561 . 22 October 2023.
  39. Web site: İlhan Yılmaz . Cömert . 12 July 2017 . IŞİD'ın Irak'ta Türkmen Coğrafyasındaki Katliamları . tr . ISIS Massacres in Turkmen Region in Iraq . 10 November 2023 . 21yyte.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20231017114333/https://21yyte.org/tr/merkezler/bolgesel-arastirma-merkezleri/orta-dogu-ve-afrika-arastirmalari-merkezi/isidin-irakta-turkmen-cografyasindaki-katliamlari . 17 October 2023.
  40. Web site: ar:البرلمان العراقي يعتبر جرائم "داعش" بحق التركمان إبادة جماعية . albarlaman aleiraqiu yuetabar jarayim "daeish" bihaqi alturkuman 'iibadat jamaeiatan . ar . The Iraqi Parliament considers ISIS crimes against the Turkmen to be genocide . 10 November 2023 . Anadolu Agency . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133221/https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/865821 . 13 August 2023.
  41. Web site: Iraqi parliament recognizes ISIS persecution of Turkmen as genocide . 20 July 2017 . 10 November 2023 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230214220438/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/200720174-amp . 14 February 2023.
  42. Web site: McKay . Hollie . 5 March 2021 . The ISIS War Crime Iraqi Turkmen Won't Talk About . 14 February 2023 . . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133553/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-isis-war-crime-iraqi-turkmen-wont-talk-about/ . 13 August 2023.
  43. Web site: Goran . Baban . 4 February 2021 . Turkmen women call to uncover fate of 1300 missing Turkmen abducted by ISIS . 14 February 2023 . Kirkuknow . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20231116212611/https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/64788 . 16 November 2023.
  44. News: Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . Spencer . Richard . 14 October 2014 . 13 October 2019 . en-GB . 0307-1235.
  45. News: Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds . . 9 May 2017 . en-us . 3 May 2021 . Taylor . Lin . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530060724/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I . 30 May 2023.
  46. News: John Kerry: ISIS responsible for genocide . . 17 March 2016 . 17 March 2016 . Elise . Labott . Tal . Kopan . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317121954/http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/politics/us-iraq-syria-genocide/index.html . 17 March 2016 . live.
  47. Web site: UN accuses the "Islamic State" in the genocide of the Yazidis . ru . 19 March 2015 . . 16 April 2015.
  48. News: The UN has blamed 'Islamic State' in the genocide of the Yazidis . Радио Свобода . 19 March 2015 . . 16 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150710232852/http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/26909669.html . 10 July 2015 . live.
  49. News: Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader . Callimachi . Rukmini . 16 August 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20181021073815/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/16/world/middleeast/turkish-airstrike-in-iraqi-territory-kills-a-kurdish-militant-leader.html . 21 October 2018 . live.
  50. News: Study: Nearly 10,000 Yazidis Killed, Kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014 . . 9 May 2017 . en .
  51. News: 23 November 2015 . ISIS Terror: One Yazidi's Battle to Chronicle the Death of a People . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316115552/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/isis-terror-one-yazidis-battle-chronicle-death-people-n461566 . 16 March 2016 . 17 March 2016 . NBC News.
  52. Tagay. Sefik. Ayhan. Dogan. Catani. Claudia. Schnyder. Ulrich. Teufel. Martin . 2017 . The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora . . 390 . 10106 . 1946 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0 . 29115224 . 40913754 . 0140-6736.
  53. Darfur: counting the deaths (2). What are the trends? . 2005 . Guha-Sapir . Debarati . Degomme . Olivier . . 2078.1/179717 . free.
  54. Web site: Reeves . Eric . 28 April 2006 . Quantifying Genocide in Darfur . Sudan - Research, Analysis, and Advocacy . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112164853/https://sudanreeves.org/2017/01/05/quantifying-genocide-darfur-mortality-update-august-6-2010/ . 12 January 2024.
  55. Web site: Darfur . 2 August 2023 . encyclopedia.ushmm.org . en.
  56. Web site: Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025741/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/pygmy.htm . dead . 4 March 2016 . Raja . Seshadri . 7 November 2005 . Case Study 163 . . 21 July 2012 . During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. […] Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated.
  57. News: Penketh . Anne . Extermination of the pygmies . https://web.archive.org/web/20181221123504/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/extermination-of-the-pygmies-552332.html . dead . 21 December 2018 . 21 December 2018 . . 7 July 2004.
  58. Book: Lemarchand . René . René Lemarchand . Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory . University of Pennsylvania Press . 2011 . 978-0-8122-4335-2 . 21 . en.
  59. Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed Within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Between March 1993 and June 2003 . August 2010 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240217203926/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf . 17 February 2024.
  60. Leaning . Jennifer . Sollom . Richard . Austin . Kathi . Investigations in Eastern Congo and Western Rwanda . Physicians for Human Rights . 1996.
  61. Ezimet . Kisangani . The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law . The Journal of Modern African Studies . 2000 . 38 . 2 . 163–202 . . 161648 . 10.1017/S0022278X0000330X . 154818651.
  62. McDoom . Omar Shahabudin . Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide . . 2020 . 22 . 1 . 83–93 . 10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 . 214032255 . I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide..
  63. Web site: Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda – Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director . 18 January 2021 . . en . 7 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707004810/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2020/April/commemoration-of-international-day-of-reflection-on-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi-in-rwanda.html . live.
  64. Meierhenrich . Jens . Jens Meierhenrich . 2020 . How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate . . 22 . 1 . 72–82 . 10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611 . Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of 1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.. 213046710.
  65. Reydams . Luc . Luc Reydams . 2020 . 'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide . Review of African Political Economy . 48 . 168 . 235–256 . 10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 . 225356374 . The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously. . free.
  66. McDoom . Omar . 2020 . Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide . . 22 . 1 . 83–93 . 10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252 . In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible. . 214032255 . 31 March 2022 . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331225048/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252?journalCode=cjgr20 . live.
  67. Guichaoua . André . 2 January 2020 . Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections . . 22 . 1 . 125–141 . 10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 . 213471539 . 1462-3528 . 27 May 2021 . 17 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220217170428/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 . live.
  68. Book: Calic, Marie–Janine . https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA140 . Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative . Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 . . West Lafayette, IN . 2012 . Charles W. . Ingrao . Thomas A. . Emmert . 139–40 . 978-1-55753-617-4 . Google Books. Footnotes in source identify numbers as June 2012.
  69. The 1992–95 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Census-Based Multiple System Estimation of Casualties' Undercount . Jan . Zwierzchowski . Ewa . Tabeau . 1 February 2010 . Conference Paper for the International Research Workshop on 'The Global Costs of Conflict' . The Households in Conflict Network (HiCN) and The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) 1–2 February 2010, Berlin . 15.
  70. Book: Straus, Scott . Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa . 24 March 2015 . . 9780801455674 . en . Google Books.
  71. Book: Peifer, Douglas C. . Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention . 1 May 2009 . DIANE Publishing . 9781437912814 . Google Books.
  72. Book: Straus, Scott . Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa . 24 March 2015 . . 9780801455674 . Google Books.
  73. Book: Jones, Adam . Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . 22 January 2017 . . 9781842771914 . Google Books.
  74. News: Investigating genocide in Somaliland . . 16 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230613090102/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/6/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland . 13 June 2023.
  75. Book: Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia) . Mburu . Chris . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country Office . 1 January 2002 . Google Books.
  76. Ingiriis . Mohamed Haji . 2 July 2016 . "We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia . . 9 . 3 . 237–58 . 10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 . 148145948 . 1939-2206.
  77. Book: Mullin, Chris . A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin . 1 October 2010 . Profile Books . 978-1847651860 . Google Books.
  78. Book: Somaliland: Time for African Union Leadership . International Crisis Group . 2006 . 5 . 21 June 2017 . 2 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071223/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/somaliland-time-for-african-union-leadership.pdf . dead.
  79. Book: Tekle, Amare . Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation . 1 January 1994 . The Red Sea Press . 9780932415974 . Google Books.
  80. Web site: Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics . World Bank . https://web.archive.org/web/20050316193327/https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf . 16 March 2005 . 10.
  81. Book: Press, Robert M. . The New Africa: Dispatches from a Changing Continent . 1 January 1999 . . 9780813017044 . Google Books.
  82. Book: Lindley, Anna . The Early Morning Phonecall: Somali Refugees' Remittances . 15 January 2013 . . 9781782383284 . en . Google Books.
  83. Book: Law, Ian . Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debates, Dilemmas, Directions . 1 January 2010 . Longman . 9781405859127 . Google Books.
  84. Web site: Genocide in Iraq . . 1993.
  85. News: The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign . PBS Frontline . PBS.
  86. News: Beeston . Richard . 18 January 2010 . Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore . The Times . dead . 28 August 2013 . http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100123105309/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6991512.ece . 23 January 2010.
  87. News: Is Swedish neutrality over? . 11 December 2012 . Pravda . 24 April 2019 . 18 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218064533/https://www.pravdareport.com/world/123118-swedish_neutrality/ . dead.
  88. News: Historic Debate Secures Parliamentary Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide . March 2013 . . 31 August 2013.
  89. News: South Korea recognizes Kurdish genocide . 26 April 2015 . 13 June 2013 . dead . https://archive.today/20150426233519/http://www.peyamner.com/english/PNAnews.aspx?ID=314434 . 26 April 2015.
  90. Book: Hill, Geoff . The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown . Johannesburg . Struik . 2005 . 2003 . 978-1-86872-652-3.
  91. Web site: Resolution on State Repression in Zimbabwe . genocidescholars.org . International Association of Genocide Scholars . 25 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224102949/https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/IAGS-RESOLUTION-ON-ZIMBABWE-7-June-2005.pdf . 24 December 2023.
  92. News: Zimbabwe: new documents claim to prove Mugabe ordered Gukurahundi killings . Stuart . Doran . . 19 May 2015 . www.theguardian.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20240201195911/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/19/mugabe-zimbabwe-gukurahundi-massacre-matabeleland . 1 February 2024.
  93. Web site: First Lebanon War: Massacres at Sabra & Shatila. Jewish Virtual Library.
  94. Book: Kapeliouk, Amnon . 1984 . Amnon Kapeliouk . Sabra & Shatila: Inquiry Into a Massacre . Association of Arab-American University Graduates . 0937694630 . Jahshan . Khalil.
  95. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.
  96. Book: MacBride . Seán . Seán MacBride . A. K. . Asmal . B. . Bercusson . R. A. . Falk . G. . de la Pradelle . S. . Wild . Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon . . 1983 . London . 191–192 . 0-903729-96-2.
  97. Sabra and Shatila: A genocide for which the criminal has not been held accountable . Palestinian Return Centre . 2021 . 15 April 2024.
  98. Rashed . Haifa . Short . Damien . Damien Short . Docker . John . Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine . . . 2014 . 13 . 1 . 1–23 . 10.3366/hls.2014.0076 . en . 1474-9475.
  99. Web site: Mapping Project 1995-Present . Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam) . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215185155/http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/Mapping.htm . 15 December 2023.
  100. Web site: Welcome . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240218025508/https://gsp.yale.edu/ . 18 February 2024.
  101. ; ;
  102. Book: Kiernan . Ben . Ben Kiernan . Bushnell . P. Timothy . Shlapentokh . Vladimir . Vanderpool . Christopher . Sundram . Jeyaratnam . State Organized Terror: The Case Of Violent Internal Repression . 2019 . . 978-1-000-31305-5 . en . Genocidal targeting: Two groups of victims in Pol Pot's Cambodia.
  103. News: Ellis-Petersen . Hannah . Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of genocide in Cambodia's 'Nuremberg' moment . 25 November 2020 . . 16 November 2018 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115222558/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia . 15 January 2024.
  104. Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
    * This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.
    Web site: Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report. Web site: The CAVR Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm . dead . 13 May 2012.
  105. Web site: Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm . dead . 13 May 2012 . cavr-timorleste.org . 16 April 2018.
  106. Web site: Payaslian . Simon . Simon Payaslian . 20th Century Genocides . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173612/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml . 28 May 2023.
  107. Web site: Genocide Studies Program: East Timor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220326193743/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor . 26 March 2022.
  108. Web site: Chega! The CAVR Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm . dead . 13 May 2012.
  109. Web site: HOME . Combatgenocide . he . https://web.archive.org/web/20230627211122/https://www.combatgenocide.org/ . 27 June 2023.
  110. Web site: 30 January 1997 . Burundi Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 . U.S. Department of State.
  111. Book: Krueger . Robert . Bob Krueger . Krueger . Kathleen Tobin . 2007 . From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years During Genocide . . 9780292714861 . 29 .
  112. News: Dummett . Mark . 16 December 2011 . How one newspaper report changed world history . en-GB . . 4 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616035043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 . 16 June 2023.
  113. Web site: Bangladesh . . 16 October 2023 . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20240704145934/https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bangladesh . 4 July 2024.
  114. Book: Rummel, R.J. . Rudolph Rummel . Death By Government . 331 . 1560009276 . . The human death toll over only 267 days was incredible. Just to give for five out of the eighteen districts some incomplete statistics published in Bangladesh newspapers or by an Inquiry Committee, the Pakistani army killed 100,000 Bengalis in Dacca, 150,000 in Khulna, 75,000 in Jessore, 95,000 in Comilla, and 100,000 in Chittagong. For eighteen districts the total is 1,247,000 killed. This was an incomplete toll, and to this day no one really knows the final toll. Some estimates of the democide (i.e. Rummel's 'death by government') are much lower—one is of 300,000 dead—but most range from 1 million to 3 million. ... The Pakistani army and allied paramilitary groups killed about one out of every sixty-one people in Pakistan overall; one out of every twenty-five Bengalis, Hindus, and others in East Pakistan. If the rate of killing for all of Pakistan is annualised over the years the Yahya martial law regime was in power (March 1969 to December 1971), then this one regime was more lethal than that of the Soviet Union, China under the communists, or Japan under the military (even through World War II). . January 1997.
  115. Book: Kuper, Leo . Race, Class, and Power: Ideology and Revolutionary Change in Plural Societies . 5 July 2017 . . 978-1-351-49504-2 . 127 . en.
  116. Book: Ibrahim, Abdullah Ali . June 2015 . The 1964 Zanzibar Genocide: The Politics of Denial . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325605315 . ResearchGate . Africa and the Gulf Region: Blurred Boundaries and Shifting Ties . Rogaia Mostafa . AbuSharaf . Dale F. . Eickelman . Berlin . Gerlach.
  117. Web site: 2 July 2017 . What We Forgot To Remember, Part 1: Genocide in Zanzibar . 9 December 2023 . . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209152633/https://areomagazine.com/2017/07/02/what-we-forgot-to-remember-part-1-genocide-in-zanzibar/ . 9 December 2023.
  118. News: Elisabeth . Malkin . Trial on Guatemalan Civil War Carnage Leaves Out U.S. Role . . 16 May 2013 . 7 July 2023 . The U.S. played a very powerful and direct role in the life of this institution, the army, that went on to commit genocide . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624062205/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/americas/trial-on-guatemalan-civil-war-carnage-leaves-out-us-role.html . 24 June 2024.
  119. News: Group says files show U.S. knew of Guatemala abuses . . . 19 March 2009 . 29 October 2016 .
  120. Book: Blakeley, Ruth . 2009 . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South . . 91-94 . 978-0415686174.
  121. Book: Lynn V. . Foster . Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World . 2002 . . 84 . 978-0-8160-4148-0 .
  122. Wong, Tom K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration Control. Stanford University Press. p. 68. . LCCN 2014038930. page 68
  123. News: Chanturiya . Kazbek . After 73 years, the memory of Stalin's deportation of Chechens and Ingush still haunts the survivors . https://web.archive.org/web/20191127234921/https://oc-media.org/after-73-years-the-memory-of-stalins-deportation-of-chechens-and-ingush-still-haunts-the-survivors/ . dead . 27 November 2019 . 27 November 2019 . OC Media . 23 February 2017.
  124. Web site: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944 . 2 November 2009 . UNPO . https://web.archive.org/web/20230604131808/https://unpo.org/article/438 . 4 June 2023.
  125. Web site: Press-Release: February 23, World Chechnya Day . Save Chechnya Campaign . https://web.archive.org/web/20130227054740/http://savechechnya.org/archives/410 . dead . 27 February 2013 . 27 February 2013.
  126. Book: Dunlop . Russia Confronts Chechnya . 62–70.
  127. Book: Buckley . Cynthia J. . Ruble . Blair A. . Hofmann . Erin Trouth . 2008 . Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia . Washington, D.C. . Woodrow Wilson Center Press . 9780801890758 . 207.
  128. Book: Allworth, Edward . 1998 . The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents . Durham . . 9780822319948 . 97019110 . 610947243 . 6 .
  129. ;
  130. News: The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact . Snyder . Timothy . 5 October 2010 . . 6 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608080044/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/holocaust-secondworldwar . 8 June 2023.
  131. Web site: 34 . "Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations . Human Rights Watch . 1991.
  132. Book: Bracher, Karl Dietrich . Karl Dietrich Bracher . The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism . Praeger Publishers . 1970 . 1st . New York . 430 . en . Estimates of the total losses range from 5 to 7 million..
  133. Book: Landau, Ronnie S. . The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning . . 2016 . 978-0-85772-843-2 . 3rd . 3 . en.
  134. Book: Herf, Jeffrey C. . Jeffrey Herf . The Routledge History of Antisemitism . . 2024 . 978-1-138-36944-3 . Weitzman . Mark . 1st . Abingdon and New York . 278 . en . The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust . 10.4324/9780429428616 . Williams . Robert J. . Wald . James.
  135. Book: Gerlach, Christian . Christian Gerlach . The Extermination of the European Jews . . 2016 . 9781139034180 . 1st . Cambridge . 99–100 . en.
  136. Stone . Lewi . 2019 . Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide . Science Advances . 5 . 1 . eaau7292 . 2019SciA....5.7292S . 10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 . 6314819 . 30613773.
  137. Rosenberg . Alan . 1979 . The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust . European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe . 13 . 1 . 29–34 . 0014-3006 . 41442658.
  138. Book: Stone, Dan . Dan Stone (historian) . The Holocaust: An Unfinished History . . 2023 . 978-0-241-38871-6 . 1st . 191 . en.
  139. Encyclopedia: Holocaust Encyclopedia . Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945 . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204721/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945 . 13 June 2018. live. According to the American Jewish Yearbook, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million..
  140. Book: Berenbaum, Michael . The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . . 2006 . 978-0-8018-8358-3 . 2nd . Washington, DC . 16, 220 . en.
  141. Book: Bidlack . Richard . Lomagin . Nikita . The Leningrad Blockade, 1941-1944: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives . 2012 . . 978-0-300-11029-6 . 1 . en.
  142. Opfer, Täter, Betrachter: Finnland und die Leningrader Blockade . de . Victims, Perpetrators, Observers: Finland and the Leningrad Blockade . Timo . Vihavainen . Timo Vihavainen . Gabriele . Schrey-Vasara . Osteuropa . 61 . 8/9 . 2011 . 48–63 . 44936431.
  143. Die doppelte Tragödie: Anna Reid über die Leningrader Blockade . de . The Double Tragedy: Anna Reid on the Leningrad Blockade . Elfie . Siegl . Osteuropa . 61 . 8/9 . 2011 . 358–363 . 44936455.
  144. Krasman . Noah . The Paradox of Genocide in Modern Russia: Evolving Narratives of the Siege of Leningrad During the "Great Patriotic Operation" . . 2 October 2023 . 25 . 3–4 . 403–417 . 10.1080/14623528.2023.2214408 . As determined by scholars and the recent court decision in St. Petersburg, the siege was a "war crime, a crime against humanity, and genocide." . free.
  145. Book: Glantz, David . 2001 . The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror . Zenith Press, Osceola, WI . 0-7603-0941-8.
  146. Krasman . Noah . The Paradox of Genocide in Modern Russia: Evolving Narratives of the Siege of Leningrad During the "Great Patriotic Operation" . . 2 October 2023 . 25 . 3–4 . 403–417 . 10.1080/14623528.2023.2214408 . As determined by scholars and the recent court decision in St. Petersburg, the siege was a "war crime, a crime against humanity, and genocide." . free.
  147. Book: Glantz, David . 2001 . The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror . Zenith Press, Osceola, WI . 0-7603-0941-8.
  148. Book: Yeomans . Rory . Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941-1945 . 2013 . University of Pittsburgh Press . 9780822977933 . 18 . Although the estimates of the number of Serbs murdered by the regime vary, even the most conservative figures suggest that out of a pre-war population of 1.9 million, at least 200,000 and possibly as many as 500,000 died at the hands of Ustasha death squads, were executed, or perished in the state's concentration camps..
  149. Web site: The JUST Act Report: Croatia . state.gov . U.S. Department of State . In all, approximately 30,000 Jews (between 75-80 percent of the Jews within the NDH) died during the Holocaust, the majority at the hands of the Ustasha, although the NDH also transferred some 7,000 Jews to the Nazis to be deported to Auschwitz... The NDH also killed an estimated 25,000 or more Roma men, women, and children, the vast majority of the Roma population under its control..
  150. Book: Malcolm, Noel . Noel Malcolm . 1994 . Bosnia: A Short History . . . 978-0-8147-5520-4 . 178–179 .
  151. Book: David . Furber . Wendy . Lower . Wendy Lower . Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History . 2008 . . 978-1-78238-214-0 . 393 . https://books.google.com/books?id=cbSWBAAAQBAJ&q=nazi+Polish+genocide&pg=PP3 . en . Colonialism and genocide in Nazi-occupied Poland and Ukraine . Google Books.
  152. Book: Bauer, Yehuda . Yehuda Bauer . Comparison of Genocides . Studies in Comparative Genocide . Levon . Chorbajian . Levon Chorbajian . George . Shirinian . . 1999 . 978-1-349-27348-5 . 10.1007/978-1-349-27348-5_3 . 31–43 . According to Polish sources, about three million ethnic Poles lost their lives during the war, or about 10 per cent of the Polish nation(...) large numbers were murdered, or died as a result of direct German actions such as denying food or medical treatment to Poles, or incarceration in concentration camps. There is no way of estimating the exact proportions, but I believe it would be difficult to deny that we have here a case of mass murder directed against Poles. German plans regarding Poles talked about denationalizing the Polish people, or in other words, making them into individuals who would no longer have any national identity(...)This is a case of genocide – a purposeful attempt toeliminate an ethnicity or a nation, accompanied by the murder of large numbers of the targeted group..
  153. Web site: Polish Victims . . 30 October 2020 . en . It is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland..
  154. Book: Cherry . Robert D. . Robert D. Cherry . Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future . Orla-Bukowska . Annamaria . Annamaria Orla-Bukowska . 2007 . . 978-0-7425-4666-0 . 52 . en . ...and the ruthlessness of German rule in Poland, where three million gentiles also perished and the punishment for hiding a Jew was execution of captured rescuers and their immediate families. . Google Books.
  155. Book: Goldman, Wendy Z. . 2011 . Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia . New York . . 978-0-521-19196-8 . 217.
  156. News: The Devils' Playground . . 26 April 2011 . Joshua . Rubenstein . Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of Amnesty International USA and a co-editor of The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories. . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101530/https://www.arlindo-correia.org/040111.html . 6 April 2023.
  157. Book: Goldman, Wendy Z. . Wendy Z. Goldman . 2011 . Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia . New York . . 978-0-521-19196-8 . 217.
  158. Book: Maria Cristina Fumagalli . On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic . 2015 . Liverpool University Press . 20 . 9781781387573 .
  159. Book: Cadeau, Sabine F. . More than a Massacre: Racial Violence and Citizenship in the Haitian–Dominican Borderlands . 2022 . . 10.1017/9781108942508 . 978-1108942508 . 249325622.
  160. Book: Maria Cristina Fumagalli . On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic . 2015 . . 20 . 978-1-78138-757-3 .
  161. Book: Cambeira, Alan . Quisqueya la bella . 1997 . 1996 . 182 . . 1-56324-936-7 . anyone of African descent found incapable of pronouncing correctly, that is, to the complete satisfaction of the sadistic examiners, became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand innocent souls, Haitians as well as Dominicans..
  162. Book: Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic's Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961 . 9780822981039 . Paulino . Edward . 16 February 2016 . . Google Books.
  163. Web site: Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 . 2024-04-12 . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  164. Book: Niewyk . Donald L. . Nicosia . Francis R. . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . 5 July 2016 . 2000 . . 978-0-231-50590-1 . 47 . Google Books.
  165. Web site: Ignác . Benjamin . 2018-08-02 . Why it is important to remember the Roma Holocaust? . 2023-08-02 . European Roma Rights Centre .
  166. News: How World War II shaped modern Germany . Mark . Davis . 5 May 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407065855/https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/05/how-world-war-ii-shaped-modern-germany . 7 April 2024.
  167. Web site: Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 . . 9 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072926/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 . 5 August 2011.
  168. American Political Science Review. 10.1017/S0003055419000066. 571 . Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger' . 2019 . Rozenas . Arturas . Zhukov . Yuri M. . 113 . 2 . 143428346 . Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001)..
  169. 37 . 10.21226/T2301N . Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography . 2015 . Andriewsky . Olga . East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies . 2 . 1 . free . Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such..
  170. Grynevych . Liudmyla .

    uk:Гриневич Людмила Володимирівна

    . The Present State of Ukrainian Historiography on the Holodomor and Prospects for Its Development . The Harriman Review . 16 . 2 . 10–20 . 2008 . 10.7916/d8-enqm-hy61 . Harriman Institute.
  171. Book: Duggan, Christopher . The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 . 2008 . . 978-0-618-35367-5 . 497 . en.
  172. Book: Wright, John . A History of Modern Libya . 1982 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230921175305/http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Libya . 21 September 2023.
  173. Book: Mann, Michael . The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing . . 2006 . 9780521538541 . 309 . Google Books.
  174. Book: Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif . Making of Modern Libya, The: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance . Second . 23 March 2011 . . 9781438428932 . 146 . en . Google Books.
  175. Book: Dictionary of Genocide: A-L . Totten . Samuel . Bartrop . Paul Robert . Samuel Totten . Paul R. Bartrop . 2008 . . 9780313346422 . 259.
  176. Book: The Report: Libya 2008 . Oxford Business Group . 2008 . 17.
  177. Book: Pappé, Ilan . Ilan Pappé . The Modern Middle East . . 2005 . 0-415-21409-2 . 26.
  178. Book: Cardoza, Anthony L. . Benito Mussolini: the first fascist . . 2006 . 109.
  179. News: Jefferson . Margo . 31 August 1994 . BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Digging Up a Tale of Terror Among the Osages . en-US . . 8 November 2023 . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212020739/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/31/books/books-of-the-times-digging-up-a-tale-of-terror-among-the-osages.html . 12 December 2023.
  180. Web site: 12 October 2023 . The FBI's First Big Case: The Osage Murders . 8 November 2023 . History . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210111532/https://www.history.com/news/the-fbis-first-big-case-the-osage-murders . 10 February 2024.
  181. Morska . Izabela . 2022-12-08 . Animality as an excuse for murder: David Grann and Killers of the Flower Moon . Beyond Philology . en . 19/4 . 97–127 . 10.26881/bp.2022.4.04 . 2451-1498 . free.
  182. Book: American Mythologies: New Essays on Contemporary Literature . 2005 . . 978-0-85323-736-5 . DGO - Digital original . 10.2307/j.ctt5vjbd1 . j.ctt5vjbd1 . "To authorize the Osage terror as genocide and to connect a corner of Oklahoma to a global tribal history, she recreates the Holocaust as a site of hybridity.".
  183. Web site: Asenap . Jason . 6 November 2023 . Killers of the Flower Moon and who gets to tell an Osage story . 8 November 2023 . . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240306213233/https://www.vox.com/2023/11/6/23945433/killers-flower-moon-osage-indigenous-scorsese-tell-story . 6 March 2024.
  184. Coyne . Delaney . 26 October 2023 . How the Osage Nation became Catholic: The hard truths in 'Killers of the Flower Moon' . 8 November 2023 . America Magazine . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20240310152909/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2023/10/26/killers-flower-moon-osage-catholics-246377 . 10 March 2024.
  185. Bryant . Michael . 7 May 2020 . Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin . Genocide Studies and Prevention . 14 . 1 . 21–39 . 10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632 . 1911-0359 . free.
  186. United States Census . 1930 . Indian Population of the United States . 1930 Federal Population Census . https://web.archive.org/web/20240305191547/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-indians/1930sr-indians-ch02.pdf . 5 March 2024 . At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or full bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0%, claimed to be of full blood, but by 1930 the number of full bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3 percent..
  187. Book: Bijak . Jakub . Lubman . Sarah . The Armenian Genocide Legacy . 2016 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 978-1-137-56163-3 . 39 . en . The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923.
  188. Book: Robertson . Geoffrey . The Armenian Genocide Legacy . 2016 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 978-1-137-56163-3 . 69–83 . en . Armenia and the G-word: The Law and the Politics . Put another way – if these same events occurred today, there can be no doubt that prosecutions before the ICC of Talaat and other CUP officials for genocide, for persecution and for other crimes against humanity would succeed. Turkey would be held responsible for genocide and for persecution by the ICJ and would be required to make reparation.14 That Court would also hold Germany responsible for complicity with the genocide and persecution, since it had full knowledge of the massacres and deportations and decided not to use its power and influence over the Ottomans to stop them. But to the overarching legal question that troubles the international community today, namely whether the killings of Armenians in 1915 can properly be described as a genocide, the analysis in this chapter returns are sounding affirmative answer..
  189. Book: Lattanzi . Flavia . The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law . 2018 . Springer International Publishing . 978-3-319-78169-3 . 27–104 . en . The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?. Starting from the claim by the Armenian community and the majority of historians that the 1915–1916 Armenian massacres and deportations constitute genocide as well as Turkey's fierce opposition to such a qualification, this paper investigates the possibility of identifying those massacres and deportations as the destruction of a nation. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the facts and the required mental element, the author shows that a deliberate destruction, in a substantial part, of the Armenian Christian nation as such, took place in those years. To come to this conclusion, this paper borrows the very same determinants as those used in the case-law of the Military Tribunals in occupied Germany, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in genocide cases..
  190. Web site: The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): In Depth . . 30 October 2020 . en . Although the term genocide was not coined until 1944, most scholars agree that the mass murder of Armenians fits this definition. The CUP government systematically used an emergency military situation to effect a long-term population policy aimed at strengthening Muslim Turkish elements in Anatolia at the expense of the Christian population (primarily Armenians, but also Christian Assyrians). Ottoman, Armenian, US, British, French, German, and Austrian documents from the time reveal that the CUP leadership intentionally targeted the Armenian population of Anatolia. . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020051841/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth . 20 October 2023.
  191. Book: Suny . Ronald Grigor . Ronald Grigor Suny . "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide . They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else . 2015 . . 978-1-4008-6558-1 . xxi.
  192. Book: Pamuk . Şevket . Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820 . 2018 . . 978-0691184982 . 50.
  193. Book: Travis, Hannibal . Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I . Genocide Studies and Prevention . 1 . 3 . December 2006 . 327–371.
  194. Ze'evi . Dror . Dror Ze'evi . Morris . Benny . Benny Morris . Response to Critique: The thirty-year genocide. Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924, by Benny Morris and Dror Ze'evi, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press, 2019, 672 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9780674916456 . . 2020 . 22 . 4 . 561–566 . 10.1080/14623528.2020.1735600 . 216395523.
  195. Book: Sjöberg . Erik . Erik Sjöberg (historian) . The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe . 2016 . . 978-1-78533-326-2 . 234 . en . Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000....
  196. Varnava . Andrekos . Book Review: Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009 . . 2016 . 10 . 1 . 121–123 . 10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1403 . 1911-0359 . free.
  197. Book: Barth, Boris . Genozid. Völkermord im 20. Jahrhundert. Geschichte, Theorien, Kontroversen . de . Genocide: Genocide in the 20th Century: History, theories, controversies . 2006 . 978-3-40652-865-1 . München . C. H. Beck.
  198. Meichanetsidis . Vasileios . 2015 . The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview . Genocide Studies International . en . 9 . 1 . 104–173 . 10.3138/gsi.9.1.06 . 154870709 . 2291-1847 . The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks.
  199. Book: Weisband, Edward . The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making . 2017 . . 978-0-19-067789-3 . 262 . en . Google Books.
  200. Book: Law . Ian . Jacobs . Anna . Kaj . Nisreen . Pagano . Simona . Koirala . Bozena Sojka . 20 October 2014 . Mediterranean racisms: connections and complexities in the racialization of the Mediterranean region . Springer . 978-1-137-26347-6 . Basingstoke . 54 . 893607294 . vanc . Google Books.
  201. Book: Geshov . Ivan Evstratiev . La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique . The Genesis of World War: The Debacle of the Balkan Alliance . 1919 . P. Haupt . as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912-1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army . 64 . fr . 9 August 2023.
  202. Rifati . Fitim . Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913-1914) . sq . Albanian uprisings in Kosovo as an alternative to liberation from Serbian-Montenegro rule (1913-1914) . . 2021 . 1 . 1 . 84 . 10.51331/A004 . According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania..
  203. Ke . Jing . Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations . Kosovo Public Policy Center . 83 . 120,000-270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914..
  204. Book: United States Department of State . Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States . 1943 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 115 . 2 January 2020 . en.
  205. Web site: Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha . https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html . 31 May 2012.
  206. Book: Aggression Against Yugoslavia Correspondence . 2000 . . 978-86-80763-91-0 . 42 . 29 April 2020 . en.
  207. ; ; ; ;
  208. News: Germany admits Namibia genocide . 20 February 2016 . . 14 August 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3565938.stm . 27 February 2024.
  209. News: German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia . 20 February 2016 . . 16 August 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230924103227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum . 24 September 2023.
  210. Web site: UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985 . paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10 . Prevent Genocide International . https://web.archive.org/web/20240211213921/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm . 11 February 2024.
  211. Book: Adalian, Rouben Paul . Rouben Paul Adalian . 2010 . Historical Dictionary of Armenia . 2nd . Lanham, MD . . 154.
  212. Book: Hovannisian, Richard G. . 2002 . Confronting the Armenian Genocide . Samuel . Totten . Samuel Totten . Steven Leonard . Jacobs . Pioneers of Genocide Studies . New Brunswick . . 978-1-4128-0957-3 . 27–46.
  213. News: The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000 . 18 December 1896 . Fifty Thousand Orphans Made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406221917/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/12/18/archives/fifty-thousand-orphans-made-so-by-the-turkish-massacres-of.html . 6 April 2023.
  214. Book: Cleveland, William L. . A History of the Modern Middle East . 2nd . Boulder, CO . Westview . 2000 . 0-8133-3489-6 . 119 .
  215. Book: Angold, Michael . O'Mahony . Anthony . Cambridge History of Christianity . 5. Eastern Christianity . 512 . 2006 . . 978-0-521-81113-2 . Google Books.
  216. Adhikari . Mohamed . Mohamed Adhikari . Carmichael . Cathie . Jones . Adam . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . Kapila . Shruti . Naimark . Norman . Norman Naimark . Weitz . Eric D. . Genocide and Global and/or World History: Reflections . . 2018 . 20 . 1 . 134–153 . 10.1080/14623528.2017.1363476 . 80081680.
  217. Book: Tully . John . The Devil's Milk A Social History of Rubber . 2011 . . 86 . 978-1-58367-261-7 .
  218. Book: Javier . Uriarte . Felipe . Martínez-Pinzón . Intimate Frontiers A Literary Geography of the Amazon . 2019 . . 120 . 9781786949721.
  219. Book: Slavery in Peru: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Report of the Secretary of State, with Accompanying Papers, Concerning the Alleged Existence of Slavery in Peru . 1913 . United States. Department of State . 119, 160 .
  220. Book: Hardenburg . Walter . The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise; Travels in the Peruvian Amazon Region and an Account of the Atrocities Committed Upon the Indians Therein . 1912 . London . . 1372293019 . 160, 194, 290 .
  221. Book: Valcárcel . Carlos . El proceso del Putumayo y sus secretos inauditos . The Putumayo process and its unprecedented secrets . 1915 . Centro de Estudios Teológicos de la Amazonía . 165 . 978-9972-9410-9-2 . es.
  222. Book: Slavery in Peru: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Report of the Secretary of State, with Accompanying Papers, Concerning the Alleged Existence of Slavery in Peru . 1913 . . 435 .
  223. ; ;
  224. ; ;
  225. The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide . 6 December 2023 . American University: Journal of International Service . Evan . Messenger . The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ....
  226. ; ;
  228. Sources:
    • : "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million"
        • Web site: Cataliotti . Joseph . 22 October 2023 . Circassian Genocide: Overview & History . https://web.archive.org/web/20230320101348/https://study.com/learn/lesson/circassian-genocide-overview-facts.html . 20 March 2023 . Study.com.
    • Web site: 21 May 2023 . Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822133010/https://ihd.org.tr/en/circassian-genocide-on-its-159th-anniversary-genocide-is-a-crime-against-humanity/ . 22 August 2023 . Human Rights Association.
  229. Yemelianova . Galina . April 2014 . Islam, nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus . Caucasus Survey . 1 . 2 . 3 . 10.1080/23761199.2014.11417291 . free.
  230. Web site: Gazetesi . Aziz Üstel . Soykırım mı; işte Çerkes soykırımı - Yazarlar - Aziz ÜSTEL . Is it genocide; here is the Circassian genocide - Authors - Aziz ÜSTEL . tr . 26 September 2020 . star.com.tr.
  231. Capobianco, Michael (2012). Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide
  232. Web site: Gazetesi . Jıneps . 2 September 2013 . Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi . Velyaminov, Zass and his hobby of collecting human heads . 26 September 2020 . Jıneps Gazetesi . tr.
  233. Web site: Isla . Rosser-Owen . The First Circassian Exodus to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, based on the accounts of Contemporary British Observers. . Circassianworld . https://web.archive.org/web/20240229202129/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/Isla_Thesis.pdf . 29 February 2024.
  234. Book: King, Charles . The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus . 95.
  235. Book: Madley, Benjamin . An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873.
  236. Web site: California Genocide . https://web.archive.org/web/20070708120515/http://www.pbs.org/indiancountry/history/calif.html . dead . 8 July 2007 . 8 January 2007 . PBS.
  237. Book: Adhikari, Mohamed . 25 July 2022 . Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples . Indianapolis . Hackett Publishing Company . 72–115 . 978-1647920548 . March 21, 2023 . March 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164810/https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ . live .
  238. Evans . Raymond . Ørsted–Jensen . Robert . "I Cannot Say the Numbers that Were Killed": Assessing Violent Mortality on the Queensland Frontier . 2014-07-09 . paper . AHA . . . 2467836.
  239. Book: Tatz, Colin . Confronting Australian Genocide . Colin Tatz . 2006 . Roger . Maaka . Chris . Andersen . The Indigenous Experience: Global Perspectives . Aboriginal History . 25 . 16–36 . . 19514155 . 978-1551303000.
  240. 40%Book: Ørsted–Jensen, Robert . Frontier History Revisited – Queensland and the 'History War . 2011 . Cooparoo, Brisbane . Qld: Lux Mundi Publishing . 9781466386822.) – of 314,000- Hugo . Graeme . March 2012 . Population Distribution, Migration and Climate Change in Australia: An Exploration . NCCARF. Gough . Myles . 11 May 2011 . Prehistoric Australian Aboriginal populations were growing . Cosmos Magazine. to 750,000 – Encyclopedia: Thomson . Neil . 2001 . Indigenous Australia: Indigenous Health . James . Jupp . The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their Origins. . . 153 . 978-0-521-80789-0.) people
  241. News: Dave . Kopel . Paul . Gallant . Joanne D. . Eisen . A Moriori Lesson: a brief history of pacifism . National Review . 2003-04-11.
  242. Web site: Tommy Solomon . https://web.archive.org/web/20160123025254/http://www.education-resources.co.nz/t-solomon.htm . dead . 23 January 2016.
  243. Web site: The Genocide . Moriori Genocide . 19 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211234811/https://moriorigenocides.weebly.com/the-genocide.html . 11 December 2023.
  244. Book: King, Michael . 978-1459623019 . The Silence Beyond . . 2011 . 190.
  245. Encyclopedia: Denise . Davis . Māui . Solomon . Moriori: The impact of new arrivals . . 28 October 2008 . NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2009-02-07.
  246. Book: King, Michael . 2000 . Moriori: a People Rediscovered . Revised . Viking . 0-14-010391-0 . 57–58.
  247. Book: King, Michael . Moriori: A People Rediscovered . Viking . . 1989 . 136.
  248. News: Nolen . Stephanie . 'We are still here': The fight to be recognized as Indigenous in Uruguay . . 13 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240421032215/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-in-uruguay-indigenous-people-are-fighting-to-prove-they-exist/ . 21 April 2024.
  249. Web site: 30 August 2009 . Pruebas irrefutables demuestran el genocidio de la población charrúa . Irrefutable evidence demonstrates the genocide of the Charrúa population . 13 January 2021 . LARED21 . es.
  250. News: Albarenga . Pablo . 10 November 2017 . Where did Uruguay's indigenous population go?. 13 January 2021 . . en.
  251. Michael . Nicky . Smith . Beverly Jean . Lowe . William . 2021 . Reclaiming Social Justice and Human Rights: The 1830 Indian Removal Act and the Ethnic Cleansing of Native American Tribes . . 6 . 1 . 25–39 [31].
  252. Web site: Minges . Patrick . Patrick Minges . 1998 . Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131011041833/http://www.us-data.org/us/minges/underdog.html . 11 October 2013 . 13 January 2013 . US Data Repository . mdy-all.
  253. Book: Ostler, Jeffrey . Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas . 2019 . . 978-0-300-21812-1 . 10.2307/j.ctvgc629z . j.ctvgc629z . 166826195 . 363–368 [368] . Naming Removal . Overall, then, although the U.S. policy of removal was not intended to kill as many Indians as possible, answering the question of genocide for this particular phase of United States–Indian relations with an absolute "no" too easily dismisses the matter. ... In its outcome and in the means used to gain compliance, the policy had genocidal dimensions..
  254. Book: Reynolds, Henry . Genocide in Tasmania? . A. Dirk . Moses . A. Dirk Moses . Genocide and settler society: Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian History . . 2004 . 128.
  255. Girard . Philippe R. . 2005 . Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4 . Patterns of Prejudice . 39 . 2 . 138–161 . 10.1080/00313220500106196 . 145204936 . 0031-322X . The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide.
  256. Book: Robins . Nicholas A. . Adam . Jones . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . Introduction: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice. . Robins . Nicholas A. . Adam . Jones . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice . . 2009 . 9780253220776 . 3 . https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC&pg=PA3 . The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as "subaltern genocide": cases in which subaltern actors—those objectively oppressed and disempowered—adopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their[...] . Google Books. – Also stated in Book: Jones, Adam . Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) . 11: "Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed." . The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections . . 26 June 2013 . 9781135047153 . 169 . https://books.google.com/books?id=INwyX-ZKsVsC&pg=PA169 . Google Books. A contrasting view is given by News: Gaffield . Julia . Five myths about the Haitian Revolution . Washington Post . 5 October 2024 . 6 August 2021 . Anti-colonialism is not genocide..
  257. Book: Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . Colonialism and Genocide . Stone . Dan . 2013 . . 978-1-317-99753-5 . 63 . en.
  258. Book: Forde, James . The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804—1824 . 2020 . Springer . 978-3-030-52608-5 . 40 . en.
  259. Book: Klimeš, Ondřej . Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949 . 8 January 2015 . . 978-90-04-28809-6 . 27–.
  260. Book: Millward, James A. . Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang . 13 August 2016 . 2007 . . 978-0-231-13924-3 . . 95.
  261. Web site: speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism . .
  262. Book: Stannard, David E. . 1993 . American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World . . 139 . 978-0195085570 . David Stannard . Google Books.
  263. Web site: Hispaniola Case Study: Colonial Genocides . Date range of image: 1492 to 1514 . Yale University - Genocide Studies Program . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109235352/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/colonial-genocides-project/hispaniola . 9 November 2022.
  264. News: Trever . David . The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620020336/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html . 20 June 2019 . Los Angeles Times.
  265. Book: Tatz . Colin Martin . Colin Tatz . Higgins . Winton . 2016 . The Magnitude of Genocide . . 978-1-4408-3161-4 . 214 . Google Books.
  266. Book: Robertson, John M. . 1902 . A Short History of Christianity . London, UK . Watts & Co. . 254 . Google Books.
  267. Book: Barber, Malcolm . Malcolm Barber . Bloxham . Donald . Donald Bloxham . Moses . A. Dirk . A. Dirk Moses . 2010 . The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition . The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies . Oxford . . 407 . 978-0199232116.
  268. Book: Lemkin, Raphael . Jacobs . Steven Leonard . 2012 . Lemkin on Genocide . Lanham, Maryland . . 978-0-7391-4526-5 . Raphael Lemkin . 71 . Google Books.
  269. Book: Jonassohn . Kurt . Björnson . Karin Solveig . 1998 . Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective . Piscataway, New Jersey . . 978-1-4128-2445-3 . 50 . Google Books.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of genocides".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.