List of genetic hybrids explained
This is a list of genetic hybrids which is limited to well documented cases of animals of differing species able to create hybrid offspring which may or may not be infertile.
Hybrids should not be confused with genetic chimeras, such as that between sheep and goat known as the geep. Wider interspecific hybrids can be made via in vitro fertilization or somatic hybridization, however the resulting cells are not able to develop into a full organism.
Nomenclature
The naming of hybrid animals depends on the sex and species of the parents. The father giving the first half of his species' name and the mother the second half of hers. (I.e. a pizzly bear has a polar bear father and grizzly bear mother whereas a grolar bear's parents would be reversed.)
Animals
Phylum Chordata
Chordate
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Class Actinopterygii
- Class Amphibia
- Class Reptilia
- Infraorder Gekkota
- Family Diplodactylidae
- Order Crocodilia
- Family Crocodylidae
- Genus Crocodylus
- Hybridization between the endemic Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) and the widely distributed American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is causing conservation problems for the former species as a threat to its genetic integrity.[10]
- Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) have mated with Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in captivity producing offspring which in many cases have grown over 20feet in length. It is likely that wild hybridization occurred historically in parts of southeast Asia.
- Order Testudines
- Class Mammalia
- Clade Euungulata
- Order Artiodactyla
- Family Bovidae – Bovid hybrids
- Subfamily Bovinae
- Dzo, zo or yakow; a cross between a domestic cow/bull and a yak.
- Beefalo, a cross of an American bison and a domestic cow. This is a fertile breed; this, along with mitochondrial DNA evidence,[11] has led bison to occasionally be classified in the genus Bos.
- Zubron, a hybrid between wisent (European bison) and domestic cow.
- Yakalo, a hybrid between a bison and a yak.
- Fertile hybrids between bongos (Tragelaphus eurycerus) and sitatungas (Tragelaphus spekii) have occurred in captivity.[12]
- Hybrids between the African buffalo subspecies, the Lake Chad buffalo and African forest buffalo can occur on forest/savannah margins.
- Wild water buffalo and domestic water buffalo can hybridize freely.
- Subfamily Caprinae
- Family Camelidae
- Cama, a cross between a male dromedary and a female llama, also an intergeneric hybrid.
- Dromedary and Bactrian camels can crossbreed and produce a one large-humped Hybrid camel.
- Huarizo, a cross between a male llama and a female alpaca.
- Infraorder Cetacea
- Family Balaenopteridae
- Hybrids between blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) have been recorded.
- At least one hybrids between a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was attributed to marine biologist Michael Poole.[13]
- Family Delphinidae
- Family Monodontidae
- In 2019, a "Narluga" hybrid of a male beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and a female narwhal (Monodon monoceros) was confirmed by DNA analysis.[15]
- Order Carnivora
- Infraorder Arctoidea
- Suborder Feliformia
- Family Felidae (see Felid hybrids); various other wild cat crosses are known involving the lynx, bobcat, leopard, serval, etc.
- Pumapard, a hybrid between a cougar and a leopard.
- Subfamily Felinae
- Savannah cats are the hybrid cross between an African serval cat and a domestic cat
- Bengal cat, a cross between the Asian leopard cat and the domestic cat, one of many hybrids between the domestic cat and wild cat species. The domestic cat, African wild cat and European wildcat may be considered variant populations of the same species (Felis silvestris), making such crosses non-hybrids.
- Serengeti, a hybrid crossbreed of a Bengal and an Oriental Shorthair.
- Chausie, a hybrid between a jungle cat and domestic cat.
- Subfamily Pantherinae
- Genus Panthera
- Ligers and tigons (crosses between a lion and a tiger) and other Panthera hybrids such as the lijagulep.
- Species P. tigris
- A hybrid between a Bengal tiger and a Siberian tiger is an example of an intra-specific hybrid.
- Family Canidae
- Family Mustelidae
- Order Primates
- Suborder Haplorhini
- Order Proboscidea
- Class Aves
- Order Strigiformes
- Order Passeriformes
- The domestic canary (Serinus canaria var. domesticus, family Fringillidae) has hybridized with other perching birds including the blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina, family Thraupidae), the chestnut-capped blackbird (Agelaius ruficapillus, family Icteridae), and the red fody (Foudia madagascariensis, family Ploceidae). A fertile egg was made from the domestic canary and the chestnut-shouldered petronia (Petronia xanthocollis, family Passeridae) but there has been no mention of hatched hybrids.[17]
- The red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata, family Thraupidae) has hybridized between the northern cardinal (Cardinalia cardinalis, family Cardinalidae), shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis, family Icteridae), and chestnut-capped blackbird.
- The yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella, family Emberizidae) has hybridized with the European greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) and the European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), both of the family Fringillidae.
- The cut-throat (Amadina fasciata, family Estrildidae) has hybridized with the Eurasian linnet (Carduelis cannabina, family Fringillidae) and the orange bishop (Euplectes franciscanus, family Ploceidae).
- Family Fringillidae
- Cagebird breeders sometimes breed hybrids between species of finch, such as goldfinch x canary. These birds are known as mules.
- Order Psittacidae
- Order Accipitriformes
- Family Accipitridae
- Red kite and black kite: five bred unintentionally at a falconry center in England. (It is reported that the black kite (the male) refused female black kites but mated with two female red kites.)
- Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) and common black hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus): one and possibly two offspring produced naturally in Sonoma County, California, US.[18]
- Order Falconiformes
- Order Anseriformes
- Family Anatidae
- The mulard duck, hybrid of the domestic Pekin duck and domesticated Muscovy ducks.
- Brewer's duck, hybrid of the mallard and gadwall.
- Genus Anas
- In Australia, New Zealand and other areas where the Pacific black duck occurs, it is hybridised by the much more aggressive introduced mallard. This is a concern to wildlife authorities throughout the affected area, as it is seen as genetic pollution of the black duck gene pool.
- Hybrids between Greylag goose (Anser anser) and Canada goose (Branta canadensis).
- Order Galliformes
Plants
- Clade Tracheophytes
- A list of plants that can hybridize under the same genus (Interspecific introgression, allopolyploid origin, and interspecific hybrid origin) can be found here: List of plant hybrids
Notes and References
- News: Voloder. Dubravka . vanc . Print Email Facebook Twitter More World-first hybrid sharks found off Australia. 5 January 2012. ABC News. 3 January 2012.
- Web site: July 2020. Stephanie Pappas-Live Science Contributor 20. Scientists accidentally create 'impossible' hybrid fish. 2020-08-05. livescience.com. 20 July 2020. en.
- Web site: Slimy Salamanders Caught Crossbreeding. Live Science Staff. 18 September 2007. Live Science. 2019-12-01.
- Web site: Borneo bateater. Natural History. en. 2019-12-01.
- Web site: Genetic Analysis of Florida's Invasive Pythons Reveals A Tangled Family Tree. www.usgs.gov. en. 2019-12-01.
- Web site: Jungle Corn Snakes. Bane Reptiles. en. 2019-12-09.
- Web site: Hybrids. Southern California Kingsnakes. en. 2019-12-09.
- Web site: Imperial Pueblan milk snake. www.reptilesncritters.com. 2019-12-09.
- Web site: White Sided Black Rat Snake-baby. Charles. Strictly Reptiles. 21 March 2017 . en-US. 2019-12-09.
- Web site: Crocodilian Exploration . Science and Exploration . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201609/http://www.savingwildplaces.com/swp-home/swp-crocodile/8287793?preview=&psid=&ph=class%2525253dawc-148772 . 26 February 2009 . dead .
- Guo S, Liu J, Qi D, Yang J, Zhao X . 2006 . Taxonomic placement and origin of yaks: implications from analyses of mtDNA D-loop fragment sequences . Acta Theriologica Sinica . 26 . 4 . 325–30.
- Koulischer. L.. Tijskens, J. . Mortelmans, J. . Chromosome studies of a fertile mammalian hybrid: the offspring of the cross bongo × sitatunga (Bovoidea). Chromosoma. 1973. 41. 3. 265–70. 10.1007/BF00344021. 4691550. 7987737 .
- Hatch, L. T. . Dopman, E. B. . Harrison, R. G. . Phylogenetic relationships among the baleen whales based on maternally and paternally inherited characters . . 41 . 1 . 12–27 . 2006. 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.023 . 16843014.
- Web site: Choi CQ . DNA Discovery Reveals Surprising Dolphin Origins . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112030121/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140111-hybrid-dolphin-species-ocean-animal-science/ . dead . January 12, 2014 . 13 January 2014 . National Geographic News . 18 January 2019 .
- Web site: Tina Hesman . Saey . vanc . 20 June 2019 . DNA confirms a weird Greenland whale was a narwhal-beluga hybrid . Science News . 2019-11-07 .
- Hamer . Thomas . vanc . Hybridization Between Barred and Spotted Owls . The Auk: Ornithological Advances . April 1994 . 111 . 2 . 487–92 . 5 March 2019.
- September 2006. Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Eugene M McCarthy. Oxford and New York. Oxford University Press. 0-19-518323-1. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 81. 3. 294. 10.1086/509448. 0033-5770.
- Moore . S . Coulson . J O . vanc . Intergeneric hybridization of a vagrant Common Black Hawk and a Red-shouldered Hawk . Journal of Raptor Research . March 2020 . 54 . 1 . 74–80 . 10.3356/0892-1016-54.1.74 . free .
Lay summary: Web site: 2019-12-01. 30 March 2015. Geggel. Laura. 'Super' Termite Hybrid May Wreak Havoc on Florida Animals. Live Science.
2 . 2015 . 41 . 299–306 . CHOUVENC . THOMAS . LI . HOU-FENG . AUSTIN . JAMES . BORDEREAU . CHRISTIAN . BOURGUIGNON . THOMAS . CAMERON . STEPHEN L. . CANCELLO . ELIANA M. . CONSTANTINO . REGINALDO . COSTA-LEONARDO . ANA MARIA . EGGLETON . PAUL . EVANS . THEODORE A. . FORSCHLER . BRIAN . GRACE . J. KENNETH . HUSSENEDER . CLAUDIA . KŘEČEK . JAN . LEE . CHOW-YANG . LEE . TIMOTHY . LO . NATHAN . MESSENGER . MATTHEW . MULLINS . AARON . ROBERT . ALAIN . ROISIN . YVES . SCHEFFRAHN . RUDOLF H. . SILLAM-DUSSÈS . DAVID . ŠOBOTNÍK . JAN . SZALANSKI . ALLEN . TAKEMATSU . YOKO . VARGO . EDWARD L. . YAMADA . AKINORI . YOSHIMURA . TSUYOSHI . SU . NAN-YAO . 19512935 . 10.1111/syen.12157 . Revisiting Coptotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): a global taxonomic road map for species validity and distribution of an economically important subterranean termite genus . Systematic Entomology . free .
1 . 2018 . 22 . 21–35 . Govorushko . Sergey . 92474272 . 10.1111/ens.12328 . Economic and ecological importance of termites: A global review . Entomological Science .
These reviews cite this research.
3 . 10 . 2015 . Public Library of Science (PLoS) . . 1932-6203 . Chouvenc . Thomas . Helmick . Ericka E. . Su . Nan-Yao . 5016465 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0120745 . e0120745 . Hybridization of Two Major Termite Invaders as a Consequence of Human Activity . free . 25806968 . 2015PLoSO..1020745C . 4373762 .
- Brower AV. May 2011. Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence. Genetica. 139. 5. 589–609. 10.1007/s10709-010-9530-4. 3089819. 21113790.
- Web site: [https: https://www.ebay.com/itm/Battus-Philenor-x-Battus-polydamas-HYBRID-Super-Rarity-MALE-Mexico-/293411093146?mkcid=16&mkevt=1&_trksid=p2349624.m46890.l49286&mkrid=707-127634-2357-0].
- McConchie C . August 1994. Intergeneric Hybridisation between Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). Annals of Botany. 74. 2. 111–18. 10.1006/anbo.1994.1100. 0305-7364.