List of fruit bats explained

Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes or megabats, are the 197 species of bats that make up the suborder Megachiroptera, found throughout the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, of which 186 are extant. The suborder is part of the order Chiroptera (bats), and contains a single family, Pteropodidae. The family is divided into between two and six subfamilies, with recent phylogenetic analysis suggesting a different classification structure of the known species than before. Bats have been traditionally thought to be a monophyletic group; according to this model, all living fruit bats and microbats (Microchiroptera) are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight.^[1]

However, there are alternate hypotheses which conclude that bats are polyphyletic. The flying primate hypothesis was created in the 1980s stating that, based on morphological evidence, the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera, although genetic evidence supports the monophyly of bats. This model states that fruit bats and primates share several anatomical features not seen in microbats, and are thus more closely related; for example, their brains show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates.^{[2] [3]}

The Yinpterochiroptera is a proposed suborder of the Chiroptera based on molecular evidence consisting of the fruit bats and five other microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This model also challenges the view that the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera are monophyletic. The other suborder consisting of the other bat species would be the Yangochiroptera.

Conventions

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Species considered valid are also based on the Red List of Threatened Species unless noted otherwise in a super-scripted note. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author, based on the book Mammal Species of the World. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name, also based upon Mammal Species of the World.

Classification

There are between two and six recognized subfamilies of fruit bats according to various authors: Cynopterinae, Epomophorinae, Harpionycterinae, Nyctimeninae, Macroglossinae, Rousettinae, and Pteropodinae. However, the relationships among fruit bats are not resolved. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae are not monophyletic, and possibly also the Cynopterinae and the Epomophorinae. A new clade consisting solely of African fruit bats is supported by phylogenetic analysis, which will consist of 12 genera currently placed in several different subfamilies.^[4] Conversely, there may have been at least three separate colonization events of Africa by fruit bats.^[5] There is also controversy regarding the Southeast Asian fruit bats. Listed here are 45 genera and 197 species. Of these, the IUCN classifies 88 species as least concern, 13 as near threatened, 40 as vulnerable, 15 as endangered, eight as critically endangered, four as recently extinct, and 22 as data deficient. Seven species listed here are not evaluated. The population trends of 78 species are decreasing, 40 are stable, three are increasing, and 65 are unknown.

• Family Pteropodidae^[6]
  • Subfamily Pteropodinae
    • Tribe Pteropodini
    • Tribe Macroglossini
    • Tribe Notopterini
  • Subfamily Nyctimeninae
  • Subfamily Harpyionyterinae
  • Subfamily Rousettinae
    • Tribe Rousettini
    • Tribe Dobsoniini
  • Subfamily Epomophorinae
    • Tribe Epomophorini
    • Tribe Myonycterini
    • Tribe Scotonycterini
    • Tribe Plerotini
  • Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Tribe Pteropodini

Tribe Pteropodini – 5 genera, 73 species
Genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 – 65 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Little red flying fox P. scapulatus Peters, 1862 Native in blue, vagrant in brown Mariana fruit bat P. mariannus Desmarest, 1822 Large flying fox P. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 Ryukyu flying fox P. dasymallus Temminck, 1825 Admiralty flying fox P. admiralitatum Thomas, 1894 – Aldabra flying fox P. aldabrensis True, 1893 – Black flying fox P. alecto Temminck, 1837 Vanuatu flying fox P. anetianus Gray, 1870 – Aru flying fox P. aruensis Peters, 1867 – Torresian flying fox Pteropus banakrisi Richards and Hall, 2002 – Dusky flying fox P. brunneus Dobson, 1878 Formerly Percy Island in Queensland, Australia, until the 19th or 20th century – Ashy-headed flying fox P. caniceps Gray, 1870 – Bismarck masked flying fox P. capistratus Peters, 1866 Native range in green, vagrant range in brown Moluccan flying fox P. chrysoproctus Temminck, 1837 Makira flying fox P. cognatus Andersen, 1908 – Spectacled flying fox P. conspicillatus Gould, 1849 Nicobar flying fox P. faunulus Miller, 1902 – P. fundatus Felten and Kock, 1972 – Indian flying fox P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782 Gilliard's flying fox P. gilliardorum van Deusen, 1969 – Gray flying fox P. griseus Geoffroy, 1810 Ontong Java flying fox P. howensis Troughton, 1931 – Small flying fox P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1825 Ruck flying fox Pteropus insularis Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842 Andersen's flying fox P. intermedius Andersen, 1908 – Kei flying fox P. keyensis Peters, 1867 – Lombok flying fox P. lombocensis Dobson, 1878 – Okinawa flying fox P. loochoensis Gray, 1870 – Lyle's flying fox P. lylei Andersen, 1908 Big-eared flying fox P. macrotis Peters, 1867 – Lesser flying fox P. mahaganus Sanborn, 1931 – Black-bearded flying fox P. melanopogon Peters, 1867 Black-eared flying fox P. melanotus Blyth, 1863 Range in red, extinct in black Caroline flying fox P. molossinus Temminck, 1853 Great flying fox P. neohibernicus Peters, 1867 Mauritian flying fox P. niger Kerr, 1792 Temotu flying fox P. nitendiensis Sanborn, 1930 – P. ocularis Peters, 1867 – Ornate flying fox P. ornatus Gray, 1870 – Pelew flying fox P. pelewensis Andersen, 1909 Masked flying fox P. personatus Temminck, 1825 Large Palau flying fox P. pilosus Andersen, 1909 Formerly Palau since 1874 – Geelvink Bay flying fox P. pohlei Stein, 1933 – Grey-headed flying fox P. poliocephalus Temminck, 1825 Bonin flying fox P. pselaphon Lay, 1829 Little golden-mantled flying fox P. pumilus Miller, 1911 – Solomons flying fox P. rayneri Gray, 1870 – P. rennelli Troughton, 1929 – Rodrigues flying fox P. rodricensis Dobson, 1878 – Madagascan flying fox P. rufus Geoffroy, 1803 Samoa flying fox P. samoensis Peale, 1848 Seychelles fruit bat P. seychellensis Milne-Edwards, 1877 Philippine gray flying fox P. speciosus Andersen, 1908 – Small Mauritian flying fox P. subniger Kerr, 1792 Formerly Mauritius until 1859 Temminck's flying fox P. temminckii Peters, 1867 Guam flying fox P. tokudae Tate, 1934 Formerly Guam until 1968 – Insular flying fox P. tonganus Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 Vanikoro flying fox P. tuberculatus Peters, 1869 – Kosrae flying fox P. ualanus Peters, 1883 New Caledonia flying fox P. vetulus Jouan, 1863 – Pemba flying fox P. voeltzkowi Matschie, 1909 – Dwarf flying fox P. woodfordi Thomas, 1888 – Yap flying fox P. yapensis Andersen, 1908 Livingstone's fruit bat P. livingstonii Gray, 1866 Small Samoan flying fox P. allenorum Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009 – Large Samoan flying fox P. coxi Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009 –
Genus Acerodon Jourdan, 1837 – 5 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture A. celebensis Peters, 1867 Talaud flying fox A. humilis Andersen, 1909 – Giant golden-crowned flying fox A. jubatus von Eschscholtz, 1831 current range in green, possibly extinct in orange, and extinct in black Palawan fruit bat A. leucotis Sanborn, 1950 – Sunda flying fox A. mackloti Temminck, 1837 –
Genus Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 – 5 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Bougainville monkey-faced bat P. anceps Andersen, 1909 – Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat P. atrata Thomas, 1888 – Greater monkey-faced bat P. flanneryi Helgen, 2005 – Montane monkey-faced bat P. pulchra Flannery, 1991 – New Georgian monkey-faced bat P. taki Parnaby, 2002 Range in red, extinct in black –
Genus Styloctenium Matschie, 1899 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat S. wallacei Gray, 1866 Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat S. mindorensis Esselstyn, 2007 –
Genus Neopteryx Hayman, 1946 – 1 species

Tribe Macroglossini

Tribe Macroglossini – 2 genera, 5 species
Genus Macroglossus Cuviwer, 1824 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-tongued nectar bat M. minimus Geoffroy, 1810 Long-tongued fruit bat M. sobrinus Andersen, 1911
Genus Syconycteris Matschie, 1899 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Common blossom bat S. australis Peters, 1867 Halmahera blossom bat S. carolinae Rozendaal, 1984 – Moss-forest blossom bat S. hobbit Ziegler, 1982 –

Tribe Notopterini

Tribe Notopterini – 4 genera, 8 species

Genus Notopteris Gray, 1859 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-tailed fruit bat N. macdonaldi Gray, 1859 New Caledonia blossom bat N. neocaledonica Trouessart, 1908 –

Genus Melonycteris – 2 subgenera, 3 species Dobson, 1877
Subgenus Melonycteris Dobson, 1877
Subgenus Nesonycteris Thomas, 1887 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Fardoulis' blossom bat M. (N.) fardoulisi Flannery, 1993 – Woodford's fruit bat M. (N.) woodfordi Thomas, 1887 –
Genus Mirimiri Helgen, 2005 – 1 species
Genus Desmalopex Miller, 1907 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture White-winged flying fox D. leucopterus Temminck, 1825 Small white-winged flying fox D. microleucopterus Esselstyn, Harvey, Garcia, Mylanar, Saulog, and Lawrence, 2008 –

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Subfamily Nyctimeninae – 2 genera, 17 species
Genus Nyctimene Rafinesque, 1815 – 15 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat N. aello Thomas, 1900 Common tube-nosed fruit bat N. albiventer Gray, 1862 Pallas's tube-nosed bat N. cephalotes Pallas, 1767 range in green, possibly extinct in orange Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat N. certans Andersen, 1912 – Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat N. cyclotis Andersen, 1910 – Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat N. draconilla Thomas, 1922 – Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat N. keasti Kitchener, 1993 – Island tube-nosed fruit bat N. major Dobson, 1877 Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat N. malaitensis Phillips, 1968 – Lesser tube-nosed bat N. minutus Andersen, 1910 – Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat N. rabori Heaney and Peterson, 1984 – Eastern tube-nosed bat N. robinsoni Thomas, 1904 Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat N. sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931 – Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat N. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914 Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat N. masalai Smith and Hood, 1983 –
Genus Paranyctimene Tate, 1942 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Unstriped tube-nosed bat P. raptor Tate, 1942 Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat P. tenax Bergmans, 2001 –

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae – 1 genus, 2 species
Genus Harpyionycteris Palmer, 1898 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Sulawesi harpy fruit bat H. celebensis Miller and Hollister, 1921 – Harpy fruit bat H. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896

Subfamily Rousettinae

Tribe Rousettini

Tribe Rousettini – 3 genera, 15 species
Genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 – 3 subgenera, 10 species
Subgenus Boneia Jentink, 1879
Subgenus Rousettus Gray, 1821 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Egyptian fruit bat R. (R.) aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 Geoffroy's rousette R. (R.) amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 Sulawesi rousette R. (R.) celebensis Andersen, 1907 Leschenault's rousette R. (R.) leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820 Linduan rousette R. (R.) linduensis Maryanto and Yani, 2003 – Comoro rousette R. (R.) obliviosus Kock, 1978 – Bare-backed rousette R. (R.) spinalatus Bergmans and Hill, 1980 –
Subgenus Stenonycteris Gray, 1871 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-haired rousette R. (S.) lanosus Thomas, 1906 Madagascan rousette R. (S.) madagascariensis Grandidier, 1928
Genus Eonycteris Dobson, 1878 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Greater nectar bat E. major Andersen, 1910 – Philippine dawn bat E. robusta Miller, 1913 – Dawn bat E. spelaea Dobson, 1871
Genus Eidolon Rafinesque, 1837 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Madagascan fruit bat E. dupreanum Schlegel and Pollen Straw-colored fruit bat E. helvum Kerr, 1792

Tribe Dobsoniini

Tribe Dobsoniini – 2 genera, 15 species
Genus Dobsonia Palmer, 1898 – 14 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat D. anderseni Thomas, 1914 – Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat D. beauforti Bergmans, 1975 – Philippine naked-backed fruit bat D. chapmani Rabor, 1975 – Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat D. crenulata Andersen, 1908 – Biak naked-backed fruit bat D. emersa Bergmans and Sarbini, 1985 – Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat D. exoleta Andersen, 1908 – Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat D. inermis Andersen, 1909 – Lesser naked-backed fruit bat D. minor Dobson, 1878 – Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat D. moluccensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 New Guinea naked-backed fruit bat D. magna Thomas, 1905 – Panniet naked-backed fruit bat D. pannietensis De Vis, 1905 – Western naked-backed fruit bat D. peronii Geoffroy, 1810 – New Britain naked-backed fruit bat D. praedatrix Andersen, 1908 – Greenish naked-backed fruit bat D. viridis Heude, 1896 –
Genus Aproteles Menzies, 1977 – 1 species

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Tribe Epomophorini

Tribe Epomophorini 5 genera, 16 species
Genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1835 – 9 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. angolensis Gray, 1870 – Peters's epauletted fruit bat E. crypturus Peters, 1852 Gambian epauletted fruit bat E. gambianus Ogilby, 1835 Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. grandis Sanborn, 1950 – E. labiatus Temminck, 1837 East African epauletted fruit bat E. minimus Claessen and Vree, 1991 – Minor epauletted fruit bat E. minor Dobson, 1879 Central Africa and East Africa – Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat E. wahlbergi Sundevall, 1846 Ansell's epauletted fruit bat E. anselli Bergmans & van Strien, 2004 –
Genus Micropteropus Matschie, 1899 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. intermedius Hayman, 1963 – Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. pusillus Peters, 1867
Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species
Genus Epomops Gray, 1870 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat E. buettikoferi Matschie, 1899 Dobson's epauletted fruit bat E. dobsonii du Bocage, 1889 Franquet's epauletted fruit bat E. franqueti Tomes, 1860
Genus Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species

Tribe Myonycterini

Tribe Myonycterini 3 genera, 7 species
Genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 4 species
Subgenus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture East African little collared fruit bat M. (M.) relicta Bergmans, 1980 – Little collared fruit bat M. (M.) torquata Dobson, 1878 Sierra Leone collared fruit bat M. (M.) leptodon Andersen, 1908 Northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea –
Subgenus Phygetis Andersen, 1912
Genus Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912 – 1 species
Genus Megaloglossus Pagenstecher, 1885 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Woermann's bat M. woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 – Azagnyi fruit bat M. azagnyi Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin, 2012 Coasts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Togo –

Tribe Scotonycterini

Tribe Scotonycterini 2 genera, 4 species
Genus Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894 – 1 species
Genus Casinycteris Thomas, 1910 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Short-palated fruit bat C. argynnis Thomas, 1910 – Campo-Ma'an fruit bat C. campomaanensis Hassanin, 2014 – Pohle's fruit bat C. ophiodon Pohle, 1943

Tribe Plerotini

Tribe Plerotini 1 genus, 1 species
Genus Plerotes Andersen, 1910 – 1 species

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Cynopterinae – 15 genera, 28 species
Genus Sphaerias Miller, 1906 – 1 species
Genus Alionycteris Kock, 1969 – 1 species
Genus Cynopterus Cuvier, 1824 – 7 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Lesser short-nosed fruit bat C. brachyotis Müller, 1838 Horsfield's fruit bat C. horsfieldii Gray, 1843 – Peters's fruit bat C. luzoniensis Peters, 1861 – Minute fruit bat C. minutus Miller, 1906 Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat C. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991 – Greater short-nosed fruit bat C. sphinx Vahl, 1797 – Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat C. titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825
Genus Haplonycteris Lawrence, 1939 – 1 species
Genus Latidens Thonglongya, 1972 – 1 species
Genus Otopteropus Kock, 1969 – 1 species
Genus Penthetor Andersen, 1912 – 1 species
Genus Aethalops Thomas, 1923 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Borneo fruit bat A. aequalis Allen, 1938 – Pygmy fruit bat A. alecto Thomas, 1923 –
Genus Thoopterus Matschie, 1899 – 1 species
Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species
Genus Ptenochirus Peters, 1861 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Greater musky fruit bat P. jagori Peters, 1861 Lesser musky fruit bat P. minor Yoshiyuki, 1979 –
Genus Dyacopterus Andersen, 1912 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Dayak fruit bat D. spadiceus Thomas, 1890 – Brooks's dyak fruit bat D. brooksi Thomas, 1890 – Philippine large-headed fruit bat D. rickarti Helgen, Kock, Gomez and Ingle, 2007 –
Genus Chironax Andersen, 1908 – 1 species
Genus Megaerops Peters, 1865 – 4 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Tailless fruit bat M. ecaudatus Temminck, 1837 Javan tailless fruit bat M. kusnotoi Hill & Boeadi, 1978 – Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat M. niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983 – White-collared fruit bat M. wetmorei Taylor, 1934 –
Genus Balionycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species

See also

• List of bats
• Megabat

Notes and References

1. Nature . 10.1038/nature06549 . Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . Nancy B. . Simmons . Kevin L. . Seymour . Jörg . Habersetzer . Gregg F. . Gunnell . 451 . 2008 . 18270539 . 7180 . 2008Natur.451..818S . 818–21. 2027.42/62816 . 4356708 . free .
2. Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation. 2008. Nature. 451. 7180. 10.1038/nature06549. 18270539. 818–821. Simmons. N. B.. Seymour. K. L.. Habersetzer. J.. Gunnell. G. F.. 2008Natur.451..818S. 2027.42/62816. 4356708. free.
3. Pettigrew. J. D.. Maseko. B. C.. Manger. P.R.. Primate-like retinotectal decussation in an echolocating megabat, Rousettus aegyptiacus . Neuroscience. 153. 1. 226–31 . 2008. 18367343. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.019. 30649196.
4. F. C.. Almeida. N. P.. Giannini. N. B.. Simmons. 2016. The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Acta Chiropterologica. 18. 1. 73–90. 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. 89415407. 11336/12847. free.
5. J. J.. B. Alvarez. Y.. Tabarés. E.. Garrido-Pertierra. A.. Ibáñez. C.. Bautista. J. M.. 1999. Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3. 13. 596–604. 10.1006/mpev.1999.0669. 10620416.
6. Francisca C.. Almeida. Norberto P.. Giannini. Rob. DeSalle. Nancy B.. Simmons. 2011. Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny?. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11. 281. 281. 10.1186/1471-2148-11-281. 21961908. 3199269 . free .