List of mountains of the Alps over 4000 metres explained

This list tabulates all of the 82 official mountain summits of 4000m (13,000feet) or more in height in the Alps, as defined by the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA).^[1] All are located within France, Italy or Switzerland, and are often referred to by mountaineers as the Alpine four-thousanders.^{[2] [3]} A further table of 46 subsidiary mountain points which did not meet the UIAA's selection criteria is also included.^[4]

The official UIAA list of 82 mountain summits, titled in English as 'The 4000ers of the Alps' was first published in 1994. They were selected primarily on a prominence of at least 30m (100feet)) above the highest adjacent col or pass. Additional criteria were used to include or exclude some points, based on the mountain's overall morphology and mountaineering significance. (For example, the Grand Gendarme on the Weisshorn was excluded, despite meeting the prominence criterion as it was simply deemed part of that mountain's ridge.) A further 46 additional points of mountaineering significance, such as Pic Eccles, which did not meet the UIAA's primary selection criteria, were then included within an 'enlarged list'.^[4]

For a list containing many of the independent mountains of the Alps (i.e. only those with a prominence greater than 300m (1,000feet) and covering all countries, see List of prominent mountains of the Alps.

Another, less formal, list of 4000 metre alpine mountains, containing only independent peaks with a prominence of over 100m, and based on an earlier 1990s publications by Richard Goedeke, contains just 51 mountains.^[5]

Official list

The table shows the 82 four-thousanders in the Alps that are recognised by the UIAA. They are located in Switzerland (48),^[6] Italy (38) and France (25).

Clicking the symbol at the head of the column sorts the table by that column’s data.

Nr.	Image	Summit	Height (m)	Range	Country	Isolation^[7] (km)	Prominence (m)	First ascent^[8]	Easiest (normal) route to summit	Observations
1			4,809	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy ^[9]	Elbrus (RU)	near Lake Kubenskoye (RU) ^[10]	Jacques Balmat, Michel-Gabriel Paccard	Goûter Route (PD-/PD+)	Highest mountain of the Alps, border dispute France/Italy
2		Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	4,748	Mont Blanc Group	France^[11] / Italy ^[12] ^[13]	Mont Blanc	Col Major <	--4,741 m point is for "La Tournette" -->	F. Clissold, J. M. Couttet and five guides^[14] ^[15]	Goûter Route (PD-/PD+) extension from summit of Mont Blanc	Fore-summit of Mont Blanc, border dispute France/Italy
3		Dufourspitze	4,634	Monte Rosa Massif	Switzerland	Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	Grosser Sankt Bernhard	Charles Hudson and 7 companions	From Monte Rosa Hut via Monte Rosa glacier (III, 40°, AD-)	Highest peak of the Monte Rosa Massif, highest peak of the Alps outside of the Mont Blanc Massif
4		Nordend	4,608	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy/ Switzerland	Grenzgipfel	Silbersattel	Edward N. Buxton, T.F. Buxton, John J. Cowell, Michel-Clément Payot, Binder	From Monte Rosa Hut via Silbersattel (II, PD)
5		Zumsteinspitze	4,563	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy/ Switzerland	Grenzgipfel	Grenzsattel	Joseph Zumstein, Joseph Vincent and Johann Niklaus Vincent and others	From Gnifetti Hut (Italian side) via Lys glacier or Monte Rosa Hut (Swiss side) via Grenz glacier to Lys Col and then along the Western flank and SE ridge to the summit (I, PD)
6		Signalkuppe	4,554	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy/ Switzerland	Zumsteinspitze	Colle Gnifetti	Giovanni Gnifetti and 7 companions		Highest mountain hut and building in Europe, Capanna Regina Margherita, at 4,554 m.
7		Dom	4,546	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Nordend	Neues Weisstor	John Llewelyn Davies, Johann Zumtaugwald, Johann Kronig, Hieronymous Brantschen	From Domhütte via Northern flank to the summit (PD)
8		Lyskamm (Eastern Summit)	4,532	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Zumsteinspitze	Lisjoch	by 14 mountaineers	From Gnifetti Hut via Lys glacier, Lys Col (Lisjoch) and East Ridge to the (Eastern) summit (II, AD)	Western summit (4479 m)
9		Weisshorn	4,505	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Dom	Furggjoch	John Tyndall, Johann Joseph Brennen, Ulrich Wenger	East ridge from Weisshornhütte (III, AD)
10		Täschhorn	4,491	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Dom	Domjoch	John Llewelyn Davies, J.W. Hayward, Peter-Josef Summermatter, Stefan, Johann Zumtaugwald
11		Lyskamm (Western Summit)	4,479	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Lyskamm Eastern Summit	Col to the Eastern Summit	William E. Hall and 13 companions
12		Matterhorn	4,478	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Lyskamm Western Summit	Col Durand	Croz, Taugwalder, Whymper, Hudson, Douglas and Hadow
13			4,469	Mont Blanc Group	Italy	Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	Col to Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	G.B. and G.F. Gugliermina, Joseph Brocherel
14		Mont Maudit	4,465	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Mont Blanc	Col de la Brenva	Henry S. King, William E. Davidson, Johann Jaun, Johann von Bergen
15		Parrotspitze	4,434	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy/ Switzerland	Signalkuppe	Seserjoch	Florence Crauford Grove, Melchior Anderegg and 4 companions
16		Dent Blanche	4,357	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Matterhorn	Wandfluejoch	Thomas S. Kennedy, William and C. Wigram mit Jean-Baptiste Croz, Johann Kronig
17		Ludwigshöhe	4,341	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy/ Switzerland	Parrotspitze	Fiodejoch	Ludwig von Welden and companions
18		Nadelhorn	4,327	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Dom	Lenzjoch	Franz Andenmatten, Baptiste Epiney, Aloys Supersaxo, Joseph Zimmermann
19		Schwarzhorn (Corno Nero)	4,321	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy	Ludwigshöhe	col with the Ludwigshöhe	Marco Maglionini, Albert de Rothschild, Eduard Cupelin mit Peter and Nikolaus Knubel
20			4,309	Grand Combin	Switzerland	Dent Blanche	Fenêtre de Durand	Jouvence Bruchez, Benjamin, Maurice Felley
21			4,304	Mont Blanc Group	France Italy	Mont Blanc	Col du Dôme	Jean-Marie Couttet, François Cuidet
22		Lenzspitze	4,293	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Nadelhorn	Nadeljoch	Clinton Thomas Dent, Alexander and Franz Burgener
23		Finsteraarhorn	4,274	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Nadelhorn	west of the Simplon Pass	Arnold Abbühl, Joseph Bortis, Alois Volker
24		Mont Blanc du Tacul	4,248	Mont Blanc Group	France	Mont Maudit	Col Maudit	J-M Chabot, P-J Mochet, J-M Perrod and James H. Ramsay^[16]
25			4,243	Mont Blanc Group	Italy	Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	Col to the Mont Blanc de Courmayeur	Walter Bonatti, Toni Gobbi^[17]
26		Stecknadelhorn	4,240	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Nadelhorn	Stecknadeljoch	Oscar Eckenstein, Matthias Zurbriggen
27		Castor	4,225	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Lyskamm Western Summit	Felikjoch	William Mathews, F.W. Jacomb, Michel Croz
28		Zinalrothorn	4,221	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Weisshorn	Hohlicht Pass	Florence Crauford Grove, Leslie Stephen, Jakob and Melchior Anderegg
29		Hohberghorn	4,218	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Stecknadelhorn	Hohbergjoch	R. B. Heathcote, Franz Biner, Peter Perren, Peter Taugwalder
30		Vincent Pyramid	4,215	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy	Schwarzhorn (Corno Nero)	Col to the Schwarzhorn	Johann Nikolaus Vincent, three unknown companions
31		(Pointe Walker)	4,208	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Mont Blanc du Tacul	Col du Géant	Horace Walker, Melchior Anderegg, J. Jaun, J. Grange
32		Alphubel	4,206	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Täschhorn	Mischabeljoch	T .W. Hinchliff, Leslie Stephen, Melchior Anderegg, Peter Perren
33		Rimpfischhorn	4,199	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Alphubel	Allalin Pass	Leslie Stephen, Robert Liveing, Melchior Anderegg, Johann Zumtaugwald
34		Aletschhorn	4,194	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Finsteraarhorn	Lötschenlücke	Francis F. Tuckett, Johann Joseph Bennen, Peter Bohren, V. Tairraz
35		Strahlhorn	4,190	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Rimpfischhorn	Alder Pass	Edmund J. Grenville, Christopher Smyth, Franz-Josef Andenmatten, Ulrich Lauener
36			4,184	Grand Combin	Switzerland	Combin de Grafeneire	Col to the Combin de Grafeneire
37		(Pointe Whymper)	4,184	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Pointe Walker	^[18] col with the Pointe Walker	Edward Whymper, Michel Croz, Christian Almer, F. Biner
38		Dent d’Hérens	4,173	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Matterhorn	Colle Tournanche	Florence Crauford Grove, Melchior Anderegg and 5 companions
39		(Western Summit)	4,160	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Castor	Schwarztor	Henri Maynard, Joseph-Marie Couttet, Jean Gras, Jean-Baptiste and Jean-Jacques Erin
40		Jungfrau	4,158	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Aletschhorn	Jungfraujoch	Johann Rudolf, Hieronymus Meyer, Alois Volker, Joseph Bortis
41		(Central Summit)	4,154	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Breithorn (Western Summit)	Col to the (Western Summit)	Henri Maynard, Joseph-Marie Couttet, Jean Gras, Jean-Baptiste and Jean-Jacques Erin
42		Bishorn	4,151	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Weisshorn	Weisshornjoch	G. S. Barnes, R. Chessyre-Walker, Joseph Imboden, J. M. Chanton
43		(Eastern Summit/ western Twin Peak)	4,138	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Breithorn (Central Summit)	Selle
44			4,132	Grand Combin	Switzerland	Combin de Grafeneire	Col to the Combin de Grafeneire	E.F.M.Benecke and H.A.Cohen^[19]
45			4,122	Mont Blanc Group	France	Grandes Jorasses	Col de l’Eboulement	Edward Whymper, Christian Almer, Franz Biner
46		(L’Isolée)	4,114	Mont Blanc Group	France	Mont Blanc du Tacul	Col to Mont Blanc du Tacul	^[20] Antoine Blanchet, Armand Charlet
47			4,112	Mont Blanc Group	Italy	Mont Blanc	Col de Peuterey	Henry S. King, Emile Rey, Ambros Supersaxo, Aloys Anthamatten
48		Mönch	4,110	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Jungfrau	Unteres Mönchsjoch	Sigismund Porges, Christian Almer, Christian and Ulrich Kaufmann
49		(Pointe Croz)	4,110	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Pointe Whymper	col with Pointe Walker
50		(Pointe Carmen)	4,109	Mont Blanc Group	France	L'Isolée	col with L'Isolée	Brégault, Chevalier, De Lépiney
51		(Gendarm/ eastern Twin Peak)	4,106	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Breithorn (eastern Twin Peak)	Col to western Twin Peak
52			4,102	Mont Blanc Group	France	Aiguille Verte	col with the Aiguille Verte	Robert Fowler, Michel Ducroz, Michel Balmat
53			4,102	Pelvoux	France	Picco Luigi Amedeo	Col du Lautaret	Edward Whymper, Horace Walker, Adolphus W. Moore, Christian Almer, Michel Croz
54		(Pointe Médiane)	4,097	Mont Blanc Group	France	Pointe Carmen	col with the Carmen	Antoine Blanchet, Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet, Devouassoud
55		Pollux	4,089	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Castor	Zwillingsjoch	Jules Jacot, Josef-Marie Perren, Peter Taugwalder sen.
56		Schreckhorn	4,078	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Finsteraarhorn	Finsteraarjoch	Leslie Stephen, Ulrich Kaufmann, Peter and Christian Michel
57		(Roccia Nera)	4,075	Wallis Alps	Italy/ Switzerland	Zwilling-Ost	Col to the Zwilling East
58		(Pointe Chaubert)	4,074	Mont Blanc Group	France	Pointe Médiane	Col to the Médiane	Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet
59		Mont Brouillard	4,069	Mont Blanc Group	France	Picco Luigi Amedeo	Col Emile Rey	Karl Blodig, Oscar Eckenstein, Alessio Brocherel
60		(Pointe Marguerite)	4,065	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Pointe Croz	col with Pointe Croz
61		(Corne du Diable)	4,064	Mont Blanc Group	France	Pointe Chaubert	Col to the Chaubert	Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet
62		Ober Gabelhorn	4,063	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Zinalrothorn	Triftjoch	Horace Walker, Adolphus W. Moore, Jakob Anderegg
63			4,061	Graian Alps	Italy	Grandes Jorasses	Nahe Kleiner Sankt Bernhard	John J. Cowell, W. Dundas, Jean Tairraz, Michel-Clément Payot
64			4,052	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Dôme du Goûter	Col de Bionnassay	E.N. Buxton, F.C. Grove, R.J.S. Macdonald, Michel Payot, Jean-Pierre Cachat
65			4,049	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Mönch	Fiescherjoch	Adolphus W. Moore, H. B. George, Ulrich Kaufmann, Christian Almer
66			4,048	Bernina Group	Switzerland	Finsteraarhorn	Maloja Pass	Johann Coaz, Jon and Lorenz Ragut Tscharner
67		(Punta Giordani/Giordanispetz)	4,046	Monte Rosa Massif	Italy	Vincent Pyramid	col with the Vincent Pyramid	Pietro Giordani ^[21]
68		(Pointe Elena)	4,045	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Pointe Marguerite	col with Pointe Marguerite
69			4,043	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Gross Fiescherhorn	Kleine Grünhornlücke	Edmund von Fellenberg, Peter Michel, Peter Egger, Peter Inäbnit
70		Lauteraarhorn	4,042	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Gross Fiescherhorn	Schreckhorn Saddle	Pierre Desor, Arnold Escher von der Linth, Christian Girard, Melchior Bannholzer, Jakob Leuthold
71			4,035	Mont Blanc Group	France	Grande Rocheuse	col with the Rocheuse	E. Fontaine, Jean Ravanel, Léon Tournier
72			4,035	Mischabel Group	Switzerland	Hohberghorn	Dürrenjoch	Albert F. Mummery, William Penhall, Alexander Burgener, Ferdinand Imseng
73		Allalinhorn	4,027	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Rimpfischhorn	Alphubeljoch	Edward L. Ames, Johann Josef Imseng, Franz Josef Andenmatten
74			4,025	Bernese Alps	Switzerland	Gross Fiescherhorn	Fiescher Saddle	Eugen Guido Lammer, August Lorria
75			4,015	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Pointe Marguerite	Col des Grandes Jorasses	Alphonse Payot, Michel-Clément Payot, J. Eccles
76		(Dôme de Neige)	4,015	Pelvoux	France	Barre des Écrins	Brèche Lory
77		Weissmies	4,013	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Lenzspitze	Mondelli Pass	<	--many sources say Häusser or Hausser instead-->, Peter Josef Zurbriggen
78		Dent du Géant	4,013	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Dôme de Rochefort	col with the Aiguille de Rochefort	Jean-Joseph, Baptiste and Daniel Maquignaz ("Pointe Sella")^[22]
79			4,013	Mont Blanc Group	Italy	Mont Brouillard	Col to the Mont Brouillard	Martino Baretti, Jean-Joseph Maquignaz
80		Lagginhorn	4,010	Wallis Alps	Switzerland	Weissmies	Lagginjoch	Edward L. Ames, Johann Josef Imseng, Franz-Josef Andenmatten
81			4,001	Mont Blanc Group	France/ Italy	Dent du Géant	Col to the Dôme de Rochefort	Alphonse Payot, Michel-Clément Payot, J. Eccles
82			4,000	Mont Blanc Group	France	Grande Rocheuse	Col de l’ Aiguille Verte	Thomas Middlemore, John Oakley Maund, Henri Cordier, Johann Jaun, Andreas Maurer

Enlarged list

The following expandable table forms an extended list of 46 ‘lesser summits’ identified by the UIAA. These are either:

• secondary summits or gendarmes which satisfy the topographic criteria, but are part of other well-defined mountain summits already listed above,
• or have failed to meet the topographic criteria, but have been included through more subjective criteria (i.e. morphological or mountaineering significance).^[4]

Name	Country	Height	Range
Rocher de la Tournette	France, Italy	4677 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Dunantspitze	Switzerland	4632 m	Monte Rosa Massif
Grenzgipfel	Italy, Switzerland	4618 m	Monte Rosa Massif
Les Bosses	France, Italy	4547 m	Mont Blanc Massif
La Grande Bosse	France, Italy	4513 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Monte Cervino Vetta Italiana/Sommet italien du mont Cervin	Italy, Switzerland	4476,4 m	Pennine Alps
Dom (Großer Gendarm)	Switzerland	4468 m	Pennine Alps
Aiguille de la Belle Etoile	Italy	4349 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Grand Gendarme (Weisshorn)	Switzerland	4331 m	Pennine Alps
Pointe Mieulet	France	4287 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Liskammnase	Italy, Switzerland	4272 m	Pennine Alps
Pointe Bayeux	France	4258 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Mont Blanc du Tacul (Punkt E)	France	4247 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Aiguille du Croissant	Switzerland	4243 m	Pennine Alps
Pic Tyndall	Italy, Switzerland	4241 m	Pennine Alps
Picco Muzio	Italy, Switzerland	4187 m	Pennine Alps
Entdeckungsfels (Roccia della Scoperta)	Switzerland <	-- Not in Italy, but very close to the border -->	4178 m	Pennine Alps
Balmenhorn	Italy <	-- Not in Switzerland, but close to the border -->	4167 m	Pennine Alps
Alphubel south top	Switzerland	4166 m	Pennine Alps
Dent d'Hérens la Corne	Switzerland	4148 m	Pennine Alps
Pointe Burnaby	Switzerland	4135 m	Pennine Alps
Alphubel Nordostgipfel	Switzerland	4128 m	Pennine Alps
Alphubel Nordgipfel	Switzerland	4116 m	Pennine Alps
Rimpfischhorn (Großer Gendarm)	Switzerland	4108 m	Pennine Alps
Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey (Pointe SO)	Italy	4107 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Pointe de l'Androsace	France, Italy	4107 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey (Pointe NW)	Italy	4104 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Dent Blanche (Grand Gendarme)	Switzerland	4097 m	Pennine Alps
Felikhorn	Italy <	-- Not in Switzerland, but close to the border -->	4093 m	Pennine Alps
Lenzspitze Großer Gendarm	Switzerland	4091 m	Pennine Alps
Wengen Jungfrau	Switzerland	4089 m	Bernese Alps
Combin de la Tsessette gendarme (south-east)	Switzerland	4088 m	Pennine Alps
Pic Lory	France	4086 m	Dauphiné Alps
Dent d'Hérens Gendarme Crochu	Switzerland	4075 m	Pennine Alps
Pilier du Diable	France	4067 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Terzo pilastro del Col Maudit	France	4064 m	Pennine Alps
Pointe Bravais	France	4057 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Pic Eccles	Italy	4041 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Dent d'Hérens, L'Epaule	Italy, Switzerland	4040 m	Pennine Alps
Gendarme del Col Maudit	France	4032 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Il Roc	Italy	4026 m	Graian Alps
Pointe Eveline	France	4026 m	Mont Blanc Massif
Pointe Croux	France	4023 m	Mont Blanc Massif
La Spedla / Punta Perrucchetti	Italy, Switzerland	4020 m	Bernina Range
L'Epaule	Switzerland	4017 m	Pennine Alps
Piton des Italiens	France, Italy	4003 m	Mont Blanc Massif

Number of Alpine four-thousanders and distribution

Since no exact and formal definition of a 'mountain' exists, the number of 4000-metre summits is arbitrary. The topographic prominence is an important factor to decide the official nomination of a summit. The 'Official list' proposed by the UIAA is based not only on prominence but also on other criteria such as the morphology (general appearance) and mountaineering interest. Summits such as Punta Giordani or Mont Blanc de Courmayeur have much less than the 30 metres minimum prominence criterion but are included in the list because of the other criteria. In comparison, the official 14 eight-thousanders recognised by the UIAA have all a prominence of over 600 metres (despite a proposed expansion). A minimum prominence criterion of 300 metres^[23] would reduce the number of Alpine four-thousanders to only 29, whilst a prominence criterion of 100 metres would raise it to 49.^[24]

The table below gives the number of four-thousanders as a function of their minimum prominence.

align=left		align=left colspan="8"	Minimum prominence	align=left	UIAA list	align=left	Enlarged list	align=left	Karl Blodig list
align=left	Country / Range	align=left	2000m (7,000feet)	align left	1500m (4,900feet) (Ultras)	align=left	1000m (3,000feet)	align=left	500m (1,600feet)	align=left	300m (1,000feet)	align=left	200m (700feet)	align=left	100m (300feet)	align=left	30m (100feet)	align=left	-	align=left	-	align=left	-
Switzerland	3	4	9	17	24	28	37	46	48	71	41
Italy	1	2	3	5	7	8	20	31	38	60	25
France	2	2	2	4	4	6	11	20	25	41	13
Pennine	1	2	6	11	15	19	26	38	41	65	34
Mont Blanc	1	1	1	3	3	5	11	23	28	46	15
Bernese	1	1	2	5	7	7	9	9	9	10	9
Dauphiné	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	1
Bernina	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1
Graian^[25]	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1
Total	5	7	12	22	29	35	51	73	82	128	61

See also

• • List of mountain lists – list of peak-bagging lists

Bibliography

• Dumler, Helmut and Willi P. Burkhardt, The High Mountains of the Alps, Diadem, 1994
• Goedeke, Richard, Alpine 4000m Peaks by the Classic Routes, (2nd ed.) Menasha Ridge Press, 1997
• Goedeke, Richard, 4000er Tourenführer, Die Normalrouten auf alle Viertausender der Alpen, Bruckmann 01.04.2022
• McLewin, Will, In Monte Viso’s Horizon: Climbing All the Alpine 4000m Peaks, Ernest Press, 1991
• Moran, Martin, The 4000m Peaks of the Alps: Selected Climbs, Alpine Club, 2007
• Club 4000, Tutti i 4000 - L'aria sottile dell'alta quota, Vivalda Editori - CAI Torino, 2010

External links

• UIAA: Mountain Classification (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation)
• Die Viertausender der Alpen (Germany, Thomas Schabarer & Daniel Roth)
• Club 4000 (Italy, Torino, Alpine Club)
• The 4000m Project (Switzerland, Zermatt, Herve Liboureau)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Mountain Classification – UIAA . 21 October 2020.
2. Gorączko . Marcin . Easy four-thousanders in the Alps: between alpinism and mass tourism . Geography and Tourism . 31 December 2018 . 6 . 2 . 119–128 . 10.5281/zenodo.2144166 . 24 October 2020.
3. Web site: Liv Sansoz completes 82 x 4000m peaks in the Alps . PlanetMountain.com . 24 October 2020 . en.
4. The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List. UIAA-Bulletin. 145. March 1994. https://web.archive.org/web/20100307064135/http://www.club4000.it/Articoli/Boll_uiaa.pdf. 7 March 2010.
5. 2305 . List of Alpine four-thousanders.
6. Cantons of Valais (45), Bern (7) and Graubünden (1)
7. Web site: Peakbagger . 27 May 2009.
8. Web site: Alpsgipfel & Erstbesteiger . 27 May 2009.
9. Web site: Fiche Question.
10. This relates to Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, the nearest higher mountain, which can be reached by descending to this height (108 metres above the sea).
11. Book: IGN Map of France. St-Gervais-les-Bains - Mont Blanc. 1986. France. Sheet 3531.
12. Web site: Italia contro Francia. 13 September 2015.
13. Web site: Italia-Francia, il duello dei confini sulla cima del Monte Bianco. 8 September 2015.
14. Brown, T. G. and de Beer, G. The First Ascent of Mont Blanc, 1957, p. 14
15. Alpine Journal, vol. XXV, p. 620
16. Gottlieb Studer, Über Eis und Schnee, Vol 2., p. 15
17. Web site: Chronik zur Mont Blanc-Region . 26 May 2009.
18. Web site: Hartmut Bielefeldt . Viertausender d Alps . 26 May 2009.
19. Alpine Club Guide Book 'Selected Climbs in the Pennine Alps Vol II', translated and adapted from the 'Guide des Alpes Valaisannes du CAS' by Robin G. Collomb. Published by The Alpine Club, London 1968.
20. Web site: ALPIN-Tourenbuch . Hochtour: Mont Blanc Du Tacul . 27 May 2009.
21. Gottlieb Studer, Über Eis und Schnee, Vol 2., p. 63
22. The 4 meter higher Pointe Graham was reached a month later, 20 August 1882, by William Woodman Graham guided by Auguste Cupelin and Alphonse Payot, using the fixed ropes of the first party
23. Such as the one used in List of prominent mountains of the Alps above 3000 m
24. Web site: Alpine 4000-meter Peaks . Peakbagger . 19 October 2020.
25. Excluding the Mont Blanc Massif