List of flora of Greenland explained

The flora of Greenland consists of a total of 583 species or 614 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants, of which 13 are endemic, and 87 taxa introduced by humans, most of which are naturalized.^{[1] [2]}

Apiaceae

• Angelica archangelica – native
• Carum carvi – introduced
• Ligusticum scoticum ssp. scoticum – native

Aspleniaceae

• Asplenium viride – native

Asteraceae

• Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium – introduced
• Antennaria affinis – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria alpina
• Antennaria angustata – native
• Antennaria boecherana – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria canescens – native
• Antennaria compacta – native
• Antennaria friesiana – native
• Antennaria glabrata – native
• Antennaria hansii – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria intermedia – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria porsildii – native
• Antennaria sornborgeri – native
• Antennaria subcanescens – native
• Arnica angustifolia ssp. angustifolia – native
• Artemisia borealis ssp. borealis – native
• Artemisia vulgaris – introduced
• Chamomilla recutita – introduced
• Chamomilla suaveolens – introduced
• Cirsium arvense – introduced
• Cirsium helenioides – native, locally extinct
• Crepis tectorum ssp. tectorum – introduced
• Erigeron borealis – native
• Erigeron compositus – native
• Erigeron humilis – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. uniflorus – native
• Filaginella uliginosa – introduced
• Hieracium sect. Alpina – native
• Hieracium sect. Prenanthoidea – native
• Hieracium sect. Subalpina – native
• Hieracium sect. Tridentata – native
• Leontodon autumnalis ssp. autumnalis – introduced (Norsemen)
• Leucanthemum vulgare – introduced
• Matricaria maritima ssp. phaeocephala – native
• Matricaria perforata – introduced
• Omalotheca norvegica – native
• Omalotheca supina – native
• Senecio vulgaris – introduced
• Taraxacum sect. Arctica – native
• Taraxacum sect. Borealia – native
• Taraxacum sect. Spectabilia – native

Betulaceae

• Alnus viridis ssp. crispa – native
• Betula glandulosa – native
• Betula nana ssp. nana – native
• Betula pubescens ssp. minor – native

Boraginaceae

• Asperugo procumbens – introduced
• Mertensia maritima – native
• Myosotis arvensis – introduced

Brassicaceae

• Arabidopsis arenicola – native
• Arabis alpina – native
• Barbarea stricta – introduced
• Barbarea vulgaris – introduced
• Beringia bursifolia – native
• Boechera holboellii – native
• Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris – introduced
• Braya humilis ssp. arctica – native
• Braya intermedia – native
• Braya linearis – native
• Braya novae-angliae – native
• Braya purpurascens – native
• Braya thorild-wulffii – native
• Cakile edentula ssp. edentula – native
• Capsella bursa-pastoris – introduced
• Cardamine bellidifolia – native
• Cardamine pratensis ssp. polemonioides – native
• Cardaminopsis arenosa – introduced
• Cochlearia groenlandica – native
• Descurainia sophia – introduced
• Draba alpina – native
• Draba arctica ssp. ostenfeldii – native, endemic (subspecies)
• Draba arctica ssp. arctica – native
• Draba arctogena – native
• Draba aurea – native
• Draba cana – native
• Draba cinerea – native
• Draba corymbosa – native
• Draba crassifolia – native
• Draba fladnizensis – native
• Draba glabella – native
• Draba incana – native
• Draba micropetala – native
• Draba nivalis – native
• Draba norvegica – native
• Draba oblongata – native
• Draba oxycarpa – native
• Draba pauciflora – native
• Draba sibirica – native
• Draba subcapitata – native
• Draba wahlenbergii – native
• Erysimum redowskii(syn. E. pallasii) – native
• Eutrema edwardsii – native
• Lesquerella arctica – native
• Raphanus raphanistrum – introduced
• Rorippa islandica ssp. islandica – native
• Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris – introduced
• Rorippa sylvestris – introduced
• Sinapis arvensis – introduced
• Sisymbrium altissimum – introduced
• Subularia aquatica ssp. americana – native
• Thlaspi arvense – introduced

Callitrichaceae

• Callitriche anceps – native
• Callitriche hamulata – native
• Callitriche hermaphroditica – native
• Callitriche palustris – native

Calochortaceae

• Streptopus amplexifolius ssp. americanus – native

Campanulaceae

• Campanula gieseckiana – native
• Campanula uniflora – native

Caryophyllaceae

• Arenaria humifusa – native
• Arenaria pseudofrigida – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. alpinum – native
• Cerastium arcticum – native
• Cerastium arvense – native
• Cerastium beeringianum – native
• Cerastium cerastoides – native
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare – introduced
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. fontanum – native
• Cerastium regelii – native
• Honckenya peploides ssp. diffusa – native
• Lychnis alpina ssp. americana – native
• Minuartia biflora – native
• Minuartia groenlandica – native
• Minuartia rossii ssp. rossiii – native
• Minuartia rubella – native
• Minuartia stricta – native
• Sagina cespitosa – native
• Sagina nivalis – native
• Sagina nodosa – native
• Sagina procumbens – native
• Sagina saginoides – native
• Silene acaulis – native
• Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora – native
• Silene furcata ssp. furcata – native
• Silene latifolia ssp. alba – introduced
• Silene sorensenis – native
• Silene uralensis ssp. uralensis – native
• Silene vulgaris – introduced^[3]
• Spergula arvensis – introduced
• Spergularia canadensis – native
• Stellaria borealis – native
• Stellaria humifusa – native
• Stellaria longifolia – native
• Stellaria longipes – native
• Stellaria media – introduced

Chenopodiaceae

• Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox – native
• Atriplex patula – introduced
• Chenopodium album – introduced

Cornaceae

• Cornus canadensis – native
• Cornus suecica – native
• Cornus × unalaschkensis – native (hybrid)

Crassulaceae

• Rhodiola rosea ssp. rosea – native
• Sedum acre – native
• Sedum annuum – native
• Sedum villosum – native

Cupressaceae

• Juniperus communis ssp. nana – native

Cyperaceae

• Carex acuta – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. stans – native
• Carex arctogena – native
• Carex atrata – native
• Carex atrofusca – native
• Carex bicolor – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. bigelowii – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida – native
• Carex boecheriana – native
• Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens – native
• Carex buxbaumii – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. fuscidula – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. chlorostachys – native
• Carex capitata – native
• Carex chordorrhiza – native
• Carex curta – native
• Carex deflexa – native
• Carex demissa – native
• Carex disperma – native
• Carex fuliginosa ssp. misandra – native
• Carex glacialis – native
• Carex glareosa – native
• Carex gynocrates – native
• Carex holostoma – native
• Carex krausei ssp. porsildiana – native
• Carex lachenalii – native
• Carex lidii – native
• Carex lyngbyei ssp. lyngbyei – native
• Carex mackenziei – native
• Carex macloviana – native
• Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua – native
• Carex marina ssp. marina – native
• Carex marina ssp. pseudolagopina – native
• Carex maritima – native
• Carex membranacea ^[4]
• Carex microglochin – native
• Carex miliaris
• Carex nardina ssp. hepburnii – native
• Carex nigra ssp. nigra – native
• Carex norvegica – native
• Carex panicea – native
• Carex parallela ssp. parallela – native
• Carex praticola – native
• Carex quasivaginata – native
• Carex rariflora – native
• Carex rhomalea
• Carex rostrata – native
• Carex rufina – native
• Carex rupestris – native
• Carex salina – native
• Carex miliaris – native
• Carex scirpoidea – native
• Carex stylosa – native
• Carex subspathacea ssp. subspathacea – native
• Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa – native
• Carex trisperma – native
• Carex umbellata – native
• Carex ursina – native
• Eleocharis acicularis ssp. acicularis – native
• Eleocharis palustris – native
• Eleocharis quinqueflora ssp. fernaldii – native
• Eleocharis uniglumis – native
• Eriophorum angustifolium – native
• Eriophorum callitrix – native
• Eriophorum scheuchzeri – native
• Eriophorum × sorenseni – native
• Eriophorum triste – native
• Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum – native
• Kobresia myosuroides – native
• Kobresia simpliciuscula ssp. subholarctica – native
• Trichophorum cespitosum – native

Diapensiaceae

• Diapensia lapponica ssp. lapponica – native

Droseraceae

• Drosera rotundifolia – native

Dryopteridaceae

• Dryopteris expansa – native
• Dryopteris filix-mas – native
• Dryopteris fragrans – native
• Dryopteris marginalis – native
• Polystichum lonchitis – native

Empetraceae

• Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum – native

Equisetaceae

• Equisetum arvense ssp. arvense – native
• Equisetum arvense ssp. boreale – native
• Equisetum hyemale – native^[5]
• Equisetum scirpoides – native
• Equisetum sylvaticum – native
• Equisetum variegatum ssp. variegatum – native

Ericaceae

• Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla – native
• Andromeda polifolia ssp. polifolia – native
• Arctostaphylos alpinus – native
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – native
• Cassiope tetragona – native
• Harrimanella hypnoides – native
• Ledum groenlandicum – native
• Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens – native
• Loiseleuria procumbens – native
• Orthilia obtusata – native
• Phyllodoce caerulea – native
• Pyrola grandiflora – native
• Pyrola minor – native
• Rhododendron lapponicum – native
• Vaccinium myrtillus – native
• Vaccinium oxycoccos ssp. microphyllus – native
• Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum – native
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus – native
• ×Ledodendron vanhoeffeni – native, endemic (intergeneric hybrid)^[6]

Fabaceae

• Astragalus alpinus ssp. arcticus – probably introduced
• Lathyrus japonicus – native
• Lathyrus pratensis – introduced
• Medicago lupulina – introduced
• Trifolium hybridum – casual
• Trifolium pratense – introduced
• Trifolium repens – introduced
• Vicia cracca – introduced (Norsemen)
• Vicia hirsuta – introduced
• Vicia sativa ssp. nigra – introduced
• Vicia sepium – introduced

Gentianaceae

• Gentiana nivalis – native
• Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta – native
• Gentianella aurea – native
• Gentianella detonsa – native
• Gentianella tenella – native
• Lomatogonium rotatum – native

Geraniaceae

• Erodium cicutarium – introduced
• Geranium pusillum – introduced
• Geranium sylvaticum – native

Haloragaceae

• Myriophyllum alterniflorum – native
• Myriophyllum sibiricum – (Haloragaceae) - native

Hippuridaceae

• Hippuris vulgaris – native

Iridaceae

• Sisyrinchium montanum – native

Isoetaceae

• Isoetes echinospora ssp. muricata – native
• Isoetes lacustris – native

Juncaceae

• Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. alpestris – native
• Juncus arcticus ssp. arcticus – native
• Juncus biglumis – native
• Juncus bufonius ssp. bufonius – introduced
• Juncus bufonius ssp. ranarius – native
• Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus – native
• Juncus filiformis – native
• Juncus gerardii ssp. gerardii – native
• Juncus squarrosus – native
• Juncus subtilis – native
• Juncus trifidus – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. albescens – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. triglumis – native
• Luzula nivalis – native
• Luzula arcuata – native
• Luzula confusa – native
• Luzula groenlandica – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. frigida – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora – native
• Luzula parviflora ssp. parviflora – native
• Luzula spicata – native
• Luzula wahlenbergii – native

Juncaginaceae

• Triglochin palustris – native

Lamiaceae

• Lamium amplexicaule – introduced
• Lamium moluccellifolium – introduced
• Lamium purpureum – introduced
• Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus – native

Lentibulariaceae

• Pinguicula vulgaris – native
• Utricularia intermedia – native
• Utricularia minor – native
• Utricularia ochroleuca – native

Linnaeaceae

• Linnaea borealis ssp. americana – native

Lycopodiaceae

• Diphasiastrum alpinum – native
• Diphasiastrum complanatum – native
• Diphasiastrum sitchense – native^[7]
• Diphasiastrum x zeilleri – native
• Huperzia arctica – native
• Huperzia selago – native
• Lycopodium annotinum ssp. annotinum – native
• Lycopodium dubium – native
• Lycopodium lagopus – native

Malaceae

• Sorbus groenlandica – native

Melanthiaceae

• Tofieldia coccinea – native
• Tofieldia pusilla – native

Menyanthaceae

• Menyanthes trifoliata – native

Myrsinaceae

• Anagallis arvensis – introduced
• Trientalis europaea – native^[8]

Onagraceae

• Chamaenerion latifolium – native
• Epilobium anagallidifolium – native
• Epilobium angustifolium – native
• Epilobium davuricum ssp. arcticum – native
• Epilobium hornemannii – native
• Epilobium lactiflorum – native
• Epilobium latifolium – native
• Epilobium palustre – native

Ophioglossaceae

• Botrychium boreale – native
• Botrychium lanceolatum – native
• Botrychium lunaria – native
• Botrychium minganense – native
• Botrychium multifidum – native
• Botrychium simplex – native
• Ophioglossum azoricum – native

Orchidaceae

• Amerorchis rotundifolia – native
• Corallorhiza trifida – native
• Neottia cordata – native
• Platanthera hyperborea – native
• Pseudorchis straminea – native

Orobanchaceae

• Bartsia alpina – native
• Euphrasia frigida – native
• Melampyrum sylvaticum – native
• Pedicularis capitata – native
• Pedicularis lanata – native
• Pedicularis flammea – native
• Pedicularis groenlandica – native
• Pedicularis hirsuta – native
• Pedicularis labradorica – native
• Pedicularis langsdorfii – native
• Pedicularis lapponica – native
• Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata – native^{[7] [8]}
• Rhinanthus minor ssp. groenlandicus – native
• Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor – native

Papaveraceae

• Papaver dahlianum – native
• Papaver cornwallisense
• Papaver dahlianum
• Papaver labradoricum
• Papaver lapponicum

Parnassiaceae

• Parnassia kotzebuei – native

Plantaginaceae

• Plantago coronopus – casual
• Plantago lanceolata – introduced
• Plantago major – introduced
• Plantago maritima ssp. borealis – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. alpina – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. pumila – native
• Veronica arvensis – casual
• Veronica fruticans – native
• Veronica officinalis – introduced^[3]
• Veronica persica – casual
• Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia – introduced
• Veronica wormskjoldii – native

Plumbaginaceae

• Armeria maritima ssp. maritima – native
• Armeria maritima ssp. sibirica – native

Poaceae

• Agrostis canina – native^[7]
• Agrostis capillaris – introduced
• Agrostis gigantea – native
• Agrostis mertensii – native
• Agrostis scabra – native
• Agrostis stolonifera – native
• Agrostis vinealis – native
• Alopecurus aequalis – native
• Alopecurus alpinus ssp. borealis – native
• Alopecurus geniculatus – introduced
• Alopecurus pratensis – introduced
• Anthoxanthum alpinum – native
• Arctagrostis latifolia ssp. latifolia – native
• Arctophila fulva – native
• Avenella flexuosa – native
• Bromus hordeaceus – introduced
• Bromus tectorum – introduced
• Calamagrostis canadensis ssp. langsdorfii – native
• Calamagrostis inexpansa – native
• Calamagrostis lapponica – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. neglecta – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. groenlandica – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. purpurascens – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. laricina – native
• Catabrosa aquatica – native
• Dactylis glomerata – introduced
• Danthonia spicata – native
• Deschampsia alpina – native
• Deschampsia brevifolia – native
• Deschampsia cespitosa – introduced
• Deschampsia sukatschewii ssp. borealis – native
• Dupontia fisheri – native
• Elymus alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus – native
• Elymus repens – introduced
• Elymus trachycaulus ssp. virescens – native, endemic (subspecies)
• Elymus violaceus – native
• Festuca baffinensis – native
• Festuca brachyphylla – native
• Festuca edlundiae – native
• Festuca groenlandica – native, endemic^[7]
• Festuca hyperborea – native
• Festuca pratensis – introduced
• Festuca rubra spp. fallax – introduced^[7]
• Festuca rubra ssp. arctica – native
• Festuca rubra spp. rubra – native
• Festuca saximontana – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. hirsuta – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. vivipara – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra – native^[7]
• Hierochloë alpina – native
• Hierochloë odorata ssp. arctica – native
• Leymus arenarius – native
• Leymus mollis ssp. mollis – native
• Lolium perenne – introduced
• Nardus stricta – native
• Phippsia algida ssp. algidiformis – native^[8]
• Phippsia algida ssp. algida – native
• Phleum alpinum – native
• Phleum pratense ssp. pratense – native
• Pleuropogon sabinei – native
• Poa abbreviata – native
• Poa alpina – native
• Poa annua – introduced
• Poa arctica ssp. arctica – native
• Poa arctica ssp. caespitans – native
• Poa flexuosa – native
• Poa glauca – native
• Poa hartzii – native
• Poa nemoralis – native
• Poa palustris – introduced
• Poa pratensis – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. alpigena – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. colpodea – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. irrigata – native
• Poa trivialis – introduced
• Puccinellia andersonii – native
• Puccinellia angustata – native
• Puccinellia bruggemannii – native^{[7] [8]}
• Puccinellia capillaris – native^[7]
• Puccinellia deschampsioides – native
• Puccinellia groenlandica – native, endemic
• Puccinellia laurentiana – native
• Puccinellia maritima – native
• Puccinellia nutkaensis – native
• Puccinellia phryganodes – native
• Puccinellia porsildii – native
• Puccinellia pumila – native^[7]
• Puccinellia rosenkrantzii – native, endemic
• Puccinellia tenella ssp. langeana – native
• Puccinellia vaginata – native
• Puccinellia vahliana – native
• Trisetum spicatum – native
• Vahlodea atropurpurea – native

Polemoniaceae

• Polemonium boreale – native

Polygalaceae

• Polygala serpyllifolia – probably introduced

Polygonaceae

• Bistorta vivipara – native
• Fallopia convolvulus – introduced
• Koenigia islandica – native
• Oxyria digyna – native
• Persicaria lapathifolia – introduced
• Persicaria maculosa – introduced
• Polygonum aviculare ssp. boreale – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Rumex acetosella ssp. arenicola – native
• Rumex alpestris ssp. lapponicus – native
• Rumex longifolius – introduced
• Rumex obtusifolius – introduced

Polypodiaceae

• Polypodium sibiricum – native

Portulacaceae

• Montia fontana – native

Potamogetonaceae

• Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Potamogeton gramineus – native
• Potamogeton groenlandicus – native, endemic
• Potamogeton natans – native
• Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. perfoliatus – native
• Potamogeton praelongus – native
• Stuckenia filiformis ssp. alpina – native
• Stuckenia filiformis ssp. filiformis – native

Primulaceae

• Androsace septentrionalis – native
• Primula egaliksensis – native
• Primula stricta – native

Ranunculaceae

• Anemone richardsonii – native
• Batrachium confervoides – native
• Coptis trifoliata – native
• Ranunculus acris ssp. acris – native
• Ranunculus arcticus – native
• Ranunculus auricomus – native
• Ranunculus cymbalaria – native
• Ranunculus glacialis – native
• Ranunculus hyperboreus ssp. hyperboreus – native
• Ranunculus lapponicus – native
• Ranunculus nivalis – native
• Ranunculus pygmaeus – native
• Ranunculus repens – introduced
• Ranunculus reptans – native
• Ranunculus sabinei – native
• Ranunculus subrigidus
• Ranunculus sulphureus – native
• Thalictrum alpinum – native

Rosaceae

• Acomastylis rossii – native
• Alchemilla alpina – native
• Alchemilla filicaulis – native
• Alchemilla glomerulans – native
• Alchemilla vestita – native
• Alchemilla wichurae – native
• Argentina anserina – native
• Argentina egedei ssp. egedei – native
• Comarum palustre – native
• Dryas integrifolia – native
• Dryas octopetala ssp. punctata – native
• Geum rivale – native
• Potentilla chamissonis – native
• Potentilla crantzii – native
• Potentilla hookeriana – native
• Potentilla hyparctica ssp. hyparctica – native
• Potentilla insularis – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. nivea – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. subquinata – native
• Potentilla norvegica ssp. norvegica – introduced
• Potentilla pulchella ssp. pulchella – native
• Potentilla ranunculus – native
• Potentilla rubella – native, endemic
• Potentilla rubricaulis – native
• Potentilla stipularis – native
• Potentilla vahliana – native
• Rubus chamaemorus – native
• Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus – native
• Rubus saxatilis – native
• Sibbaldia procumbens – native
• Sibbaldiopsis tridentata – native

Rubiaceae

• Galium album – introduced
• Galium aparine – introduced
• Galium boreale – native
• Galium brandegei – native
• Galium triflorum – native
• Galium uliginosum – introduced
• Galium verum – introduced^[3]

Salicaceae

• Salix arctica – native
• Salix arctophila – native
• Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea – native
• Salix glauca ssp. glauca – native
• Salix herbacea – native
• Salix reticulata – native
• Salix uva-ursi – native

Saxifragaceae

• Chrysosplenium tetrandrum – native
• Micranthes stellaris, syn. Saxifraga stellaris – native
• Saxifraga aizoides – native
• Saxifraga cernua – native
• Saxifraga cespitosa ssp. cespitosa – native
• Saxifraga foliolosa – native
• Saxifraga hieracifolia – native
• Saxifraga hirculus – native
• Saxifraga hyperborea – native
• Saxifraga nathorstii – native, endemic
• Saxifraga nivalis – native
• Saxifraga oppositifolia ssp. oppositifolia – native
• Saxifraga paniculata – native
• Saxifraga platysepala – native
• Saxifraga rivularis – native
• Saxifraga rosacea – native
• Saxifraga tenuis – native
• Saxifraga tricuspidata – native

Scrophulariaceae

• Limosella aquatica – native
• Linaria vulgaris – introduced
• Verbascum thapsus – casual

Selaginellaceae

• Selaginella rupestris – native
• Selaginella selaginoides – native

Sparganiaceae

• Sparganium angustifolium – native
• Sparganium hyperboreum – native

Thelypteridaceae

• Phegopteris connectilis – native

Urticaceae

• Urtica dioica ssp. dioica – introduced
• Urtica urens – introduced

Violaceae

• Viola adunca – native
• Viola arvensis – introduced
• Viola canina ssp. montana – native
• Viola palustris – native
• Viola selkirkii – native

Woodsiaceae

• Athyrium distentifolium ssp. americanum – native
• Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum – native
• Cystopteris fragilis – native
• Cystopteris montana – native
• Gymnocarpium dryopteris – native
• Woodsia alpina – native
• Woodsia glabella – native
• Woodsia ilvensis – native

Zosteraceae

• Zostera marina – native

Notes and References

1. Book: Tyge W. Böcher, B. Fredskild, K. Holmen & K. Jakobsen . 1978 . Grønlands Flora . 3rd . Danish . P. Haase & Søns Forlag . Copenhagen.
2. Web site: PanArctic Flora Checklist . Reidar Elven, Inger Nordal . Vladimir Y. Razzhivin . amp. https://web.archive.org/web/20080915182751/http://www.toyen.uio.no/panarctflora/ . September 15, 2008 . May 30, 2000.
3. Felix Gartmann . 1990 . Three species of flowering plants new for Greenland . . 10 . 23–25.
4. Bay . Christian . Four decades of new vascular plant records for Greenland. . PhytoKeys . 2020 . 145 . 63–92 . 10.3897/phytokeys.145.39704 . 32327927. 7165197 . free .
5. F. J. A. Daniels . C. M. van Herk . amp. 1984 . Equisetum hiemale L. found in Greenland . . 7 . 31–36.
6. Vilhelm Dalgaard . Bent Fredskild . amp. 1993 . × Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (syn.: Rhododendron vanhoeffeni) refound in Greenland . . 13 . 3 . 253–255 . 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00045.x.
7. http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/ Flora of North America
8. Christian Bay . 1993 . Taxa of vascular plants new to the flora of Greenland . . 13 . 3 . 247–252 . 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00044.x.