First Lord of the Admiralty explained

Post:	First Lord
Body:	the Admiralty
Insignia:	Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
Insigniacaption:	Royal Arms of HM Government
Department:	Department of the Admiralty
Status:	Abolished
Member Of:	Board of Admiralty Cabinet
Reports To:	Prime Minister
Nominator:	Prime Minister
Appointer:	Prime Minister
Appointer Qualified:	Subject to formal approval by the King-in-Council
Termlength:	Not fixed
Termlength Qualified:	typically 3–7 years
Formation:	1628
First:	Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland
Last:	George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe
Abolished:	1964
Superseded By:	Secretary of State for Defence

The First Lord of the Admiralty,^[1] or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty,^[2] was the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy. He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the direction and control of the Admiralty, and also of general administration of the Naval Service of the Kingdom of England, Great Britain in the 18th century, and then the United Kingdom, including the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines, and other services. It was one of the earliest known permanent government posts. Apart from being the political head of the Naval Service the post holder was simultaneously the pre-eminent member of the Board of Admiralty. The office of First Lord of the Admiralty existed from 1628 until it was abolished when the Admiralty, Air Ministry, Ministry of Defence and War Office were all merged to form the new Ministry of Defence in 1964. Its modern-day equivalent is the Secretary of State for Defence.

History

In 1628, during the reign of, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Admiral of England, was assassinated and the office was placed in commission, under the control of a Board of Commissioners.

The first such First Lord of the Admiralty was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, who was appointed in 1628. The First Lord was not always a permanent member of the board until the Admiralty Department was established as an official government department in 1709^[3] with the First Lord as its head; it replaced the earlier Office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs.^[4] During most of the 17th century and the early 18th century, it was not invariable for the Admiralty to be in commission, so there are gaps in the list of First Lords, and a small number of First Lords were for a time Lord High Admiral.

After the Revolution, in 1690, a declaratory Act was passed, during the reign of William and Mary. Parliament passed the Admiralty Act, vesting in the Commissioners the powers formerly held by the Lord High Admiral of England.^[5] and at this point became a permanent Cabinet position.

The Admiralty Commission was dissolved in 1701, but was reconstituted in 1709 on the death of Prince George of Denmark,^[3] who had been appointed Lord High Admiral. The office has been held in commission from that time onwards, however, except for a short period (1827–28) when the Duke of Clarence was Lord High Admiral. The Board of the Admiralty comprised a number of "Lords Commissioners" headed by a First Lord.^[5]

From the early 1800s the post was always held by a civilian^[6] (previously flag officers of the Royal Navy also held the post). In 1832 First Lord Sir James Graham instituted reforms and amalgamated the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board. By the provisions of the Admiralty Act of 1832, two Lords in committee could legalise any action of the Board.^[7]

In 1868 Prime Minister, William Gladstone appointed Hugh Childers First Lord, who would introduce a new system at the Admiralty. However these changes restricted communication between the board members who were affected by these new regulations, and the sittings of the Board were discontinued altogether. This situation described was further exacerbated by the disaster of in 1870, a poorly-designed new vessel for the navy.

The responsibility and powers of the First Lord of the Admiralty were laid down by an Order in Council dated 14 January 1869,^[8] and a later Order (19 March 1872) made the First Lord responsible to the Sovereign and to Parliament for all the business of the Admiralty. However, by describing the Lords of the Admiralty as the "assistants" of the First Lord,^[9] and by specifically defining their duties, this had, in fact, partially disabled the collective power of the Board.

In 1931, for the first time since 1709, the First Lord was not a member of the cabinet.^[10]

In 1946, the three posts of Secretary of State for War, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for Air became formally subordinated to that of Minister of Defence, which had itself been created in 1940 for the co-ordination of defence and security issues.

In 1964, the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was abolished, the last holder being the second Earl Jellicoe, whose father, Admiral of the Fleet the first Earl Jellicoe, had served as First Sea Lord nearly 50 years earlier. The functions of the Lords Commissioners were then transferred to an Admiralty Board, which forms part of the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom.

List of First Lords of the Admiralty

First Lords of the Admiralty of England (1628–1701)

First Lord of the Admiralty		Term of office
	Richard Weston 1st Earl of Portland^[11] ^[12]	1628	1635
	Robert Bertie 1st Earl of Lindsey^[13]	1635	1636
	William Juxon ^[14]	1636	1638
	Algernon Percy 10th Earl of Northumberland^[15]	1642	1643
	Francis Cottington 1st Baron Cottington	1643	1646
	Prince Rupert of the Rhine^[16]	1673	1679
	Sir Henry Capell ^[17]	1679	1681
	Daniel Finch 2nd Earl of Nottingham^[18]	1681	1684
	Arthur Herbert 1st Earl of Torrington^[19] ^[20]	1689	1690
	Thomas Herbert 8th Earl of Pembroke^[21]	1690	1692
	Charles Cornwallis 3rd Baron Cornwallis^[22]	1692	1693
	Anthony Cary 5th Viscount Falkland^[23]	1693	1694
	Edward Russell 1st Earl of Orford^[24]	1694	1699
	John Egerton 3rd Earl of Bridgewater^[25]	1699	1701
	Thomas Herbert 8th Earl of Pembroke^[26]	1701	1702

Senior Members of the Lord High Admiral's Council (1702–1709)

Senior Member		Term of office
	Sir George Rooke^[27]	1702	1705
	Sir David Mitchell	1705	1708
	David Wemyss 4th Earl of Wemyss	1708	1709

First Lords of the Admiralty of Great Britain (1709–1801)

First Lord of the Admiralty		Term of office		Ministry	Monarch
	Edward Russell 1st Earl of Orford^[28]	1709	1710		Godolphin–Marlborough	Anne
	John Leake ^[29]	1710	1712	Oxford–Bolingbroke
	Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford^[30]	1712	1714
				George I
	Edward Russell 1st Earl of Orford^[31]	1714	1716		Townshend
	James Berkeley 3rd Earl of Berkeley^[32]	1717	1727		Stanhope–Sunderland I
					Stanhope–Sunderland II
				Walpole–Townshend
				George II
	George Byng 1st Viscount Torrington^[33]	1727	1733
				Walpole
	Charles Wager ^[34] ^[35]	1733	1741
	Daniel Finch 8th Earl of Winchilsea^[36]	1741	1744
					Carteret
	John Russell 4th Duke of Bedford^[37]	1744	1748	Broad Bottom
	John Montagu 4th Earl of Sandwich^[38]	1748	1751
	George Anson 1st Baron Anson^[39]	1751	1756
					Newcastle I
	Richard Grenville-Temple 2nd Earl Temple^[40]	1756	1757		Pitt–Devonshire
	Daniel Finch 8th Earl of Winchilsea	1757	1757		1757 Caretaker
	George Anson 1st Baron Anson^[41]	1757	1762	Pitt–Newcastle
				George III
	George Montague-Dunk 2nd Earl of Halifax^[42]	1762	1762	Bute
	George Grenville ^[43]	1762	1763
	John Montagu 4th Earl of Sandwich	1763	1763	Grenville
	John Perceval 2nd Earl of Egmont	1763	1766
					Rockingham I
				Chatham
	Charles Saunders ^[44]	1766	1766
	Edward Hawke ^[45]	1766	1771
					Grafton
				North
	John Montagu 4th Earl of Sandwich^[46]	1771	1782
	Augustus Keppel 1st Viscount Keppel^[47]	1782	1783		Rockingham II
				Shelburne
	Richard Howe 5th Viscount Howe^[48]	1783	1783
	Augustus Keppel 1st Viscount Keppel^[49]	1783	1783		Fox–North
	Richard Howe 5th Viscount Howe^[50]	1783	1788	Pitt I
	John Pitt 2nd Earl of Chatham^[51]	1788	1794
	George Spencer 2nd Earl Spencer^[52]	1794	1801

First Lords of the Admiralty of the United Kingdom (1801–1964)

First Lord of the Admiralty			Term of office		Party	Ministry	Monarch
		John Jervis 1st Earl of St Vincent	1801	1804	Whig		Pitt I	George III
					Addington
		Henry Dundas 1st Viscount Melville	1804	1805		Tory	Pitt II
		Charles Middleton 1st Baron Barham	1805	1806		Tory
		Charles Grey Viscount Howick	1806	1806		Whig	All the Talents
		Thomas Grenville	1806	1807		Whig
		Henry Phipps 3rd Baron Mulgrave	1807	1810	Tory		Portland II
Perceval
		Charles Philip Yorke	1810	1812		Tory
		Robert Dundas 2nd Viscount Melville	1812	1827	Tory	Liverpool
George IV
		Prince William Henry Duke of Clarence ^[53]	1827	1828	—		Canning
							Goderich
		Robert Dundas 2nd Viscount Melville	1828	1830	Tory	WellingtonPeel
William IV
		James Graham ^[54]	1830	1834		Whig	Grey
		George Eden 2nd Baron Auckland	1834	1834	Whig
					Melbourne I
					Wellington Caretaker
		Thomas Robinson 2nd Earl de Grey	1834	1835		Conservative		Peel I
		George Eden 2nd Baron Auckland	1835	1835		Whig	Melbourne II
		Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound 2nd Earl of Minto	1835	1841	Whig
Victoria
		Thomas Hamilton 9th Earl of Haddington	1841	1846		Conservative	Peel II
		Edward Law 1st Earl of Ellenborough	1846	1846		Conservative
		George Eden 1st Earl of Auckland	1846	1849		Whig	Russell I
		Francis Baring	1849	1852		Whig
		Algernon Percy 4th Duke of Northumberland	1852	1852		Conservative		Who? Who?
		James Graham	1852	1855	Peelite		Aberdeen
Palmerston I
		Charles Wood Bt GCB	1855	1858		Whig
		John Pakington	1858	1859		Conservative		DerbyDisraeli II
		Edward Seymour 12th Duke of Somerset	1859	1866	Liberal		Palmerston II
					Russell II
		John Pakington	1866	1867		Conservative	DerbyDisraeli III
		Henry Lowry-Corry	1867	1868		Conservative
		Hugh Childers	1868	1871		Liberal	Gladstone I
		George Goschen	1871	1874		Liberal
		George Ward Hunt	1874	1877		Conservative	Disraeli II
		William Henry Smith	1877	1880		Conservative
		Thomas Baring 1st Earl of Northbrook	1880	1885		Liberal		Gladstone II
		Lord George Hamilton	1885	1886		Conservative		Salisbury I
		George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon	1886	1886		Liberal		Gladstone III
		Lord George Hamilton	1886	1892		Conservative		Salisbury II
		John Spencer 5th Earl Spencer	1892	1895	Liberal		Gladstone IV
					Rosebery
		George Goschen	1895	1900		Conservative	Salisbury
		William Palmer 2nd Earl of Selborne	1900	1905	Liberal Unionist
Edward VII
Balfour
		Frederick Campbell 3rd Earl Cawdor	1905	1905		Conservative
		Edward Marjoribanks 2nd Lord Tweedmouth	1905	1908		Liberal		Campbell-Bannerman
		Reginald McKenna	1908	1911	Liberal	Asquith
George V
		Winston Churchill	1911	1915		Liberal
		Arthur Balfour	1915	1916		Conservative		Asquith Coalition
		Edward Carson	1916	1917		Conservative	Lloyd George
		Eric Geddes	1917	1919		Conservative
		Walter Long	1919	1921		Conservative
		Arthur Lee 1st Baron Lee of Fareham	1921	1922		Conservative
		Leo Amery	1922	1924	Conservative		Law
					Baldwin I
		Frederic Thesiger 1st Viscount Chelmsford	1924	1924		Independent		MacDonald I
		William Clive Bridgeman^[55]	1924	1929		Conservative		Baldwin II
		A. V. Alexander	1929	1931		Labour		MacDonald II
		Austen Chamberlain	1931	1931		Conservative		National I
		Bolton Eyres-Monsell 1st Viscount Monsell^[56]	1931	1936	Conservative		National II
National III
Edward VIII
		Samuel Hoare	1936	1937	Conservative
George VI
		Duff Cooper	1937	1938		Conservative	National IV
		James Stanhope 7th Earl Stanhope	1938	1939		Conservative
		Winston Churchill	1939	1940		Conservative		Chamberlain War
		A. V. Alexander	1940	1945		Labour		Churchill War
		Brendan Bracken	1945	1945		Conservative		Churchill Caretaker
		A. V. Alexander	1945	1946		Labour	Attlee
		George Hall 1st Viscount Hall	1946	1951		Labour
		Frank Pakenham 1st Baron Pakenham	1951	1951		Labour
		James Thomas 1st Viscount Cilcennin^[57]	1951	1956	Conservative	Churchill III
Elizabeth II
Eden
		Quintin Hogg 2nd Viscount Hailsham	1956	1957		Conservative
		George Douglas-Hamilton 10th Earl of Selkirk	1957	1959		Conservative	Macmillan
		Peter Carington 6th Baron Carrington	1959	1963		Conservative
		George Jellicoe 2nd Earl Jellicoe	1963	1964		Conservative		Douglas-Home

From 1 April 1964 Elizabeth II assumed the title of Lord High Admiral. Ministerial responsibility for the Royal Navy was transferred to the newly created Secretary of State for Defence.

Notes:

Boards, departments and offices under the First Lord

• Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office, (1628–1709)
• Admiralty Department, (1709–1964)
• Board of Admiralty, (1628–1964)
• Navy Board, (1628–1832)
• Sick and Hurt Board, (1653–1806)
• Transport Board, (1690–1724, 1794–1817)
• Victualling Board, (1683–1832)
• Office of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty
• Office of the Senior Naval Lord, (1689–1771)
• Office of the First Naval Lord, (1771–1904)
• Office of the First Sea Lord, (1904–1917)
• Office of the First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff, (1917–1964)
• Office of the Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, (1800–1910)
• Office of the Naval Secretary, (1910–1964)
• Office of the Secretary to the Admiralty, (1660–1763)
• Office of the First Secretary to the Admiralty, (1763–1871)
• Office of the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty, (1871–1886)
• Office of the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty, (1886–1959)
• Office of the Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty, (1882–1964)

Fictional First Lords

The "Radical" First Lord, and a major character, in Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), is Sir Joseph Henry Porter, KCB. W. S. Gilbert wrote to Arthur Sullivan he did not intend to portray the real-life then First Lord, the bookseller and newsagent W. H. Smith, a Conservative,^[58] although some of the public, including Prime Minister Disraeli (who later referred to Smith as "Pinafore Smith"), identified Porter with him.^[59] The counterparts shared a known lack of naval background. It has been suggested the character was drawn on Smith's actual "Radical" predecessor of 1868–71, Hugh Childers.^[60]

References

Attribution

• This article contains some text from: Vesey, Richard Sir, Admiral, (1896), Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs, George Bell and Sons, London.

Sources

• Bell, Christopher M. "Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914." War in History 18.3 (2011): 333–356. online
• Hamilton, C. I. (2011). The Making of the Modern Admiralty: British Naval Policy-Making, 1805–1927. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
• Rodger, N. A. M., The Admiralty (Lavenham, 1979)
• Sainty, J. C. Admiralty Officials, 1660–1870 (London, 1975)

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11. Baron Weston from 1628, created Earl of Portland in 1633.
12. Weston, Richard (1577-1635). 60. 364.
13. Bertie, Robert.
14. Thomas Mason, Serving God and Mammon: William Juxon, 1582–1663
15. Lord High Admiral 1638–1642.
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34. MP for Portsmouth until 1734; MP for Westminster from 1734.
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53. As Lord High Admiral .
54. MP for Cumberland until 1832; MP for East Cumberland from 1832
55. MP for Oswestry
56. MP for Evesham until 1935; thereafter created Viscount Monsell.
57. MP for Hereford until 1955; thereafter created Viscount Cilcennin.
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