List of films of the Dutch East Indies explained

A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926.

Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and George Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers were ethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The release of Albert Balink's commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct.

Generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works. The early films were silent, with Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (Karnadi the Frog Contractor; 1930) generally considered the first talkie; later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an indigenous language. All were black-and-white.

According to the Indonesian film scholar Misbach Yusa Biran, the films released during this period could not be classified as truly Indonesian films as there was no sense of nationalism within them. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all films from before 1950 are lost. However, JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Indonesian Film Catalogue) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.

Pre-independence

Key

Indicates uncertain year of production

Title	Year	Director	Cast	Synopsis	Ref(s).
Loetoeng Kasaroeng	1926		Martoana, Oemar	Purbararang teases her sister as the latter is dating a monkey. However, it is actually magical and, in its human form, more handsome than Purbararang's lover.
Eulis Atjih	1927		Arsad, Soekria	A man leaves his beautiful young wife Eulis Atjih and their child to lead a life of partying. She falls into poverty and, when he returns several years later, he is also poor.
Lily van Java	1928		Lie Lian Hoa, Lie Bouw Tan, Kwee Tiang An, Yah Kwee Pang	The daughter of a rich man is forced to marry a person she does not love and secretly has a relationship with another man.
Resia Boroboedoer	1928			A Chinese woman follows a book to Borobudur temple to search for the ashes of Gautama Buddha. Upon failing, she becomes an ascetic.
Setangan Berloemoer Darah	1928			Tan Hian Beng looks for his father's killer and has his vengeance using martial arts.
Njai Dasima	1929	Lie Tek Swie	Nurhani, Anah, Wim Lender, Momo	Dasima, the mistress of a rich Englishman, is tricked into leaving him and her daughter by a greedy couple.
Rampok Preanger	1929		,	Unknown
Si Tjonat	1929		May Ku Fung,	Tjonat escapes from Batavia after killing one of his friends. He tries to kidnap his love interest, Lie Gouw Nio, but is stopped by Thio Sing Sang.
Karnadi Anemer Bangkong	1930			A comedy following the exploits of a young frog hunter named Karnadi
Lari ke Arab	1930	Wong brothers	, Oemar	A ne'er-do-well Javanese man tries to escape the realities of the Great Depression by running away to Mecca.
Nancy Bikin Pembalesan	1930	Lie Tek Swie		Dasima's daughter Nancy returns to the Dutch East Indies in a quest to avenge her mother's death. This leads to the murderers' deaths.
Njai Dasima	1930	Lie Tek Swie	Nurhani, Anah, Wim Lender, Momo	Dasima, the former mistress of a rich Englishman, lives with the greedy couple that tricked her. When she realises that they have been dishonest, they have her killed.
De Stem des Bloeds (alternatively, Njai Siti)	1930		,,	Siti awaits her lover's return. However, when he comes he cannot find her. He is able to unite with the family after his stepdaughter unwittingly falls in love with her half-brother.
Si Ronda	1930	Lie Tek Swie	, Momo	An action film based on a previously existing work
Atma de Vischer	1931		N/A	Documentary following Prince Consort Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in The Hague	-->
Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang	1931	The Teng Chun		Oh Ay Ceng is forced to marry a rich girl. Their daughter becomes engaged but dies before marriage. Her fiancé then marries Oh's daughter from his former lover.
Huwen op Bevel (alternatively, Terpaksa Menika)	1931			An Indonesian intellectual falls in love with a woman, who is told to marry someone else.
Indonesia Malaise	1931	Wong brothers	, Oemar	A young woman is forced to marry a man she does not love. He leaves her and her lover is imprisoned, making her depressed. She recovers when her lover is released.
Melati van Agam	1931	Lie Tek Swie	,, Oemar,	Norma loves Idrus but is forced to marry a rich man. Idrus falls ill and dies, and, several years later, Norma goes to Idrus' grave and commits suicide. (in two parts)
Sam Pek Eng Tay	1931	The Teng Chun		Based on a Chinese legend. Eng Tay and Sam Pek are in love, but are separated. She is sequestered and Sam Pek is killed; Eng Tay throws herself upon his grave.
Si Pitoeng	1931	Wong brothers	,, Zorro	Si Pitung, a bandit from Batavia, faces wits with the Dutch constable A.W.V. Hinne.
Sarinah	1931			A romance set on the south coast of Java
Sinjo Tjo Main di Film (alternatively, Tjo Speelt Voor de Film)	1931		,	A comedy based on the Schillings' radio work in Bandung
Karina's Zelfopoffering (alternatively, Pengorbanan Karina)	1932			Details the life of Raden Ajeng Karina, a woman of mixed-descent who lives in the palace at Yogyakarta
Njai Dasima	1932		Momo, Oesman	Dasima is tricked into leaving her lover and daughter by a greedy couple. When she realises that they have been dishonest, she is killed.
Zuster Theresia	1932		,,,	Henk works in Bandung and marries his boss' daughter. Henk calls Flora to help raise his child, but she goes to a nunnery when Daisy becomes a better mother.
Pat Bie To (alternatively, Delapan Wanita Tjantik)	1933	The Teng Chun		A martial arts story
Pat Kiam Hap (alternatively, Delapan Djago Pedang)	1933	The Teng Chun		A martial arts story
Ouw Peh Tjoa (alternatively, Doea Siloeman Uler Puti en Item)	1934	The Teng Chun		Based on a Chinese legend. A man marries a snake disguised as a woman. When the snake is discovered, she is caught but not killed as she is pregnant.
De Merapi Dreigt	1934	, Wong brothers	N/A	Documentary on Mount Merapi, north of Yogyakarta	-->
Ang Hai Djie	1935	The Teng Chun		Unknown
Pan Sie Tong	1935	The Teng Chun		Unknown
Poei Sie Giok Pa Loei Tay	1935			Poei Sie Giok, trained in martial arts since he was a child, defeats the master Loei Lo Ho, Loei's students, and Loei's wife.
Tie Pat Kai Kawin (alternatively, Siloeman Babi Perang Siloeman Monjet)	1935	The Teng Chun		The pig demon Tie Pat Kai marries a human woman. When her father drives him out, Tie kidnaps his wife and escapes. He is hunted down by two monks.
Anaknja Siloeman Oeler Poeti	1936	The Teng Chun		A sequel to Ouw Phe Tjoa. The child of the white snake and her human husband looks for its mother.
Lima Siloeman Tikoes	1936	The Teng Chun		A woman, aided by a cat demon, must discover which person is her husband and which is actually five mouse demons passing as him.
Pareh	1936	,	Roegaya,, Doenaesih,	Mahmud, a fisherman, is in love with Wagini, a farmer's daughter. However, local superstition dictates that their relationship will bring disaster.
Pembakaran Bio "Hong Lian Sie" (alternatively, Moesnanja Gowa Siloeman Boeaja Poeti)	1936	The Teng Chun		The gang of Kuen Luen Pai fights against that of Oen Kung Pai after a ship containing weapons is destroyed.
Gadis jang Terdjoeal	1937	The Teng Chun		Han Nio is sold to a rich man as his wife. They live unhappily and eventually Han dies. Her former lover tries to take revenge against the husband but is killed.
Terang Boelan (alternatively, Het Eilan der Droomen)	1937		, Roekiah,	Rohaya is in love but forced to marry a man she does not love. She elopes but is caught. Her lover wins her back by fighting.
Fatima	1938	,	Kartolo,,, Roekiah	Fatima is in love with Idris, but the rich youth Ali tries to steal her. He is later arrested as the leader of a gang of bandits.
Oh Iboe	1938	The Teng Chun	Lo Tjin Nio, Bissoe	A widower remarries and focuses on gambling, while his business is run by the dishonest Kian Hwat. His daughter Loan regains the family wealth after Kian steals it.
Tjiandjoer	1938	The Teng Chun	Lo Tjin Nio, Bissoe	The spoiled Kim Tjiang has his brother Kim Djin exiled from home, but their father Koan Liong later realises his mistake.
Alang-Alang	1939	The Teng Chun	Hadidjah,, Bissoe, Lena, Moesa	Suhiyat is in love with Surati, but she is kidnapped. Suhiyat eventually rescues her.
Gagak Item	1939	,	Kartolo, Roekiah,	A bandit film, based on Zorro
Impian di Bali	1939			A couple travel through Bali. Includes comedic acts and music.
Roesia si Pengkor (alternatively, Hadji Saleh)	1939	The Teng Chun	Da'ing, Bissoe, Hadidjah	Suti is left with her mother while her father leaves town. She is courted by several boys, including the one she loves. The two marry after overcoming the other suitors.
Dasima	1940	Tan Tjoei Hock	,,, S Talib	Dasima divorces from her husband then marries Samiun. Samiun spends her money on gambling and, she asks for it back, he has her killed.
Harta Berdarah	1940	,	Soelastri, Zonder, RS Fatimah, Moesa	A rich man leaves his community in suffering while a young couple try to make their way. Eventually the rich man sees the negative influences of money.
Kartinah	1940	Andjar Asmara	Ratna Asmara, Astaman,,	Suria's wife Titi has memory problems. Suria falls in love with her nurse Kartinah and, after Titi dies in an air raid, marries her.
Kedok Ketawa	1940	Jo An Djan	, Oedjang,	Marsinah and Basuki fall in love and are protected from thugs by "The Laughing Mask"
Kris Mataram	1940	Njoo Cheong Seng	,	The noble R.A. Rusmini is in love with the commoner Bachtiar, but their love faces heavy opposition by traditional groups.
Matjan Berbisik	1940	Tan Tjoei Hock	Hadidjah,, Bissoe, Said	Hamid's father goes away and does not return until after his son is fully grown. By this time, Hamid and his caretaker's son are in competition for a young woman's love.
Melati van Agam	1940	Tan Tjoei Hock	,,, S Thalib	Siti Norma marries a man she does not love out of respect for her parents, but then elopes with her lover Idrus.
Rentjong Atjeh	1940	The Teng Chun	,,, Hadidjah	Two youths, Rusna and Daud, receive training to hunt and kill a pirate who left them orphans fifteen years prior.
Roekihati	1940	,	, Roekiah, Kartolo,	Roekihati is married to Mansur. He begins to stray when he meets Aminah, but as Roekihati is ever-faithful he returns to her.
Siti Akbari	1940	,	, Kartolo,, Roekiah	Siti Akbari's husband cheats on her, but eventually she finds happiness.
Sorga Ka Toedjoe	1940	,	, Roekiah, Kartolo,	Kasimin and Hadidjah, long-separated spouses, are reunited after the efforts of Hadidjah's niece Rasminah and her lover Hoesin.
Zoebaida	1940	Njoo Cheong Seng	, Soerip, Aisah,	A love story set in Timor
Air Mata Iboe	1941	Njoo Cheong Seng	,,, Soerip	Sumadi takes vengeance on his siblings after they refuse to shelter their mother, Sugiati, after their father dies.
Ajah Berdosa	1941	Wu Tsun	,,, Soetijem	A man is tempted by a "modern" city woman and leaves his wife and son, only to find misfortune.
Aladin dengan Lampoe Wasiat	1941	Wong brothers	, Benny,	The poor youth Aladin falls in love with a princess and defeats the evil grand vizier.
Asmara Moerni	1941		, Djoewariah,	A doctor falls in love with his maid, only to marry her after her fiancé dies.
Bajar dengan Djiwa	1941		,, Haroen, Oesman	A drama following the interactions between several families, including the philanthropist Basuki and the ne'er-do-well Umar
Boedjoekan Iblis	1941	Jo An Djan	,, Anwar,	Unknown
Djantoeng Hati	1941	Njoo Cheong Seng	,, Ariati	Two girls, the traditional Karina and modernist Roesdjana, are in competition. The film warns that modernity is not necessarily the best path.
Elang Darat	1941		Astaman,, Rohana, Salam	Parlan is called to Kresek to track down a bandit called Elang Darat, who is revealed to be Parlan's half-brother Gunawi.
Garoeda Mas	1941	Jo An Djan	,,,	Unknown
Ikan Doejoeng	1941	Lie Tek Swie	Asmanah, Soerjono, A Thys, S Poniman	Asmara is told to marry someone she does not love. She instead elopes with Sanusi and, when they are accosted by robbers, escapes into the night.
Koeda Sembrani	1941	Wong brothers	Roekiah,,, Kartolo	The story of a winged horse
Lintah Darat	1941	Wu Tsun	, Satijem,,	Kumala joins forces with Safi'i to deal with a loan shark and his wife, Kumala's selfish sister Asnah.
Matula	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	,,, Bissoe	Matula goes to a dukun, asks to be made handsome, and is told to pay with a life. He tries to use Emma as his payment, but is stopped by her father and her fiancé.
Moestika dari Djemar	1941	Jo An Djan	Dhalia,, Djoeriah	Unknown
Noesa Penida	1941	Andjar Asmara	Ratna Asmara, Astaman,,	Two brothers are in love with a princess, but differences in their castes leads to difficulty.
Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman	1941	Jo Eng Sek	,	Barja begins a life of crime after his cousin rejects his advances, while Pah Wongso investigates his crimes.
Pah Wongso Tersangka	1941	Wu Tsun	,,,	Pah Wongso becomes a suspect
Panggilan Darah	1941	Soetan Oesman Kariem	Dhalia, Soerip,, Mochtar Widjaja	Two orphans work at the home of Iskak. When his wife mistreats them, they run away, but find out that they are related to Iskak and thus return to him.
Pantjawarna	1941	Njoo Cheong Seng	, Dhalia,,	Described as the first musical in the Indies
Poesaka Terpendam	1941		Roekiah,, Titing, Kartolo	A group of people go on a search for hidden treasure.
Poetri Rimba	1941		Aisjah, Loedi,, Bissoe, Soetiati	Achmad is taken into a village after getting lost in the jungle. He competes against Perbada for the love of the leader's daughter.
Ratna Moetoe Manikam	1941	Sutan Usman Karim	Ratna Asmara, Astaman,,	Two goddesses compete for the love of an earthly king.
Selendang Delima	1941		, Asmana, Soerjono	Unknown
Si Gomar	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	Tan Tjeng Bok, Hadidjah,, Bissoe	Soebardja and Mariani are separated and left orphans after robbers kill their parents. As adults they nearly marry each other, but are stopped when their cousin recognises them.
Singa Laoet	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	Tan Tjeng Bok, Hadidjah, Bissoe,	Mahmud goes against a gang of pirates led by Singa Laoet ("Lion of the Sea") to discover who killed his father twenty years earlier.
Siti Noerbaja	1941	Lie Tek Swie	Asmanah, Momo, Soerjono, A. Thys	Sitti Nurbaya falls in love with Samsulbahri, but is forced to marry the criminal Datuk Meringgih to pay her father's debt.
Soeara Berbisa	1941	Wu Tsun	,, Oedjang, Soehaena	Mitra and Neng Mardinah fall in love, but the jealous Mardjohan spreads rumours that Mitra is the son of a thief. They reconcile and are revealed to be long-lost brothers.
Sorga Palsoe	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	Lo Tjin Nio,,, Rohana	Hian Nio is treated by as a servant by her mother. Her lover's boss, Bian Hong, marries her. However, she is distressed by the marriage, runs away, and dies.
Srigala Item	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	Tan Tjeng Bok, Hadidjah,, Aisah	Mochtar is forced to live with his uncle after his father disappears. The cruel uncle and his son are often accosted by a masked figure known only as De Zwarte Wolf ("The Black Wolf").
Tengkorak Hidoep	1941	Tan Tjoei Hock	Tan Tjeng Bok,, Misnahati, Bissoe	Darmadji and his friends go to Mustika Island, where they witness Maha Daru being reborn after 2,000 years. They must defeat him to survive.
Tjioeng Wanara	1941	Jo Eng Sek	,,,	Tjioeng Wanara rebels against the cruel king of Galuh.
Wanita dan Satria	1941		Djoewariah,,	A womaniser named Soedrajat abuses his status to gain women's trust before ultimately getting his comeuppance.
1001 Malam	1942	Wu Tsun		Unknown
Boenga Sembodja	1942		Dhalia,,, Anwar	Unknown
Mega Mendoeng	1942	Boen Kim Nam	, Oedjang,,	Kustini is betrayed by her friend Sujono, but they later reconcile.
Poelo Inten	1942		, Djoeriah, Noersani,	Unknown
Berdjoang	1943		, Sambas, Dhalia, Kartolo	Anang and Saman compete for the love of Hasanah. After Anang joins the Japanese army, Hasanah decides she wants to be with him.
Di Desa	1943	Roestam Sutan Palindih	, Garkiah, Epen	Unknown
Di Menara	1943	Roestam Sutan Palindih	, Garkiah, Epen	Unknown
Kemakmoeran	1943			Unknown
Djatoeh Berkait	1944		Astaman, Kartolo, Dimin	Unknown
Hoedjan	1944		, Dhalia,	Unknown
Keris Poesaka	1944			Unknown
Koeli dan Romoesha	1944			Propaganda promoting the romusha programme

Key

Indicates uncertain year of production

Post-independence

Title	Year	Director	Cast	Synopsis	Ref(s).
Djaoeh Dimata	1948	Andjar Asmara	Ratna Asmara,,,	Soelastri must go to Jakarta to earn a living after her husband Asrad goes blind.
Anggrek Bulan	1948	Andjar Asmara	,,,	Kati is in a love triangle with Atma and Subrata, but Atma has other to worry about.
Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum	1948	Roestam Sutan Palindih	Sofia,,,	Unknown
Aneka Warna	1949		, Mochsin,,	The story of Dul Kalong and Mat Codot, two fools from the Aneka Warna troupe who live in poverty.
Bengawan Solo	1949	Jo An Tjiang	Sofia,,,	A village woman's two children are raised by different families after she drowns herself in the Solo River.
Gadis Desa	1949	Andjar Asmara	,,,	Abu Bakar falls in love with his landlord's daughter despite having a wife.
Harta Karun	1949		,,, Herawati	Suliati and Ahmad are in love, but Suliati's father will not bless the relationship because Ahmad is poor.
Tjitra	1949		,,,	Harsono takes Suryani's virginity then flees to the city, where he is caught up in a murder case.
Menanti Kasih	1949		,,, Djoeriah	Husni Anwar discovers his schooling was paid for by Rachman, and now he must marry Rachman's daughter.
Saputangan	1949		,, Noorsini,	Hardjono goes blind while at sea, but has an operation to give him back his sight.
Sehidup Semati	1949		,,,	During a trip to Bandung Kusmayadi proposes to Asmarani despite already being betrothed to Lasminah.

See also

• List of Indonesian films

References

Bibliography

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• Web site: Djauh Dimata . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200406/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-d011-48-446958_djauh-dimata . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Djatoeh Berkait . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204321/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-d014-44-546090_djatoeh-berkait . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Elang Darat . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200641/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-e010-41-868227_elang-darat . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Eulis Atjih . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 6 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202630/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-e010-27-735216_eulis-atjih . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Fatima . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202193627/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-f006-38-574433_fatima . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• News: Film-critieken. "Huwen op Bevel." . Film review "Huwen op Bevel." . Dutch . Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië . Batavia . 5 . 11 August 1931 . NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen . 7 February 2013 . . 2 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202193522/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010229261%3Ampeg21%3Ap005%3Aa0112 . dead .
• Web site: Gadis jang Terdjoeal . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016223332/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-g018-37-644243_gadis-jang-terdjoeal . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Gadis Desa . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194401/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-g009-49-002956_gadis-desa . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Gagak Item . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204403/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-g009-39-831646_gagak-item . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Garoeda Mas . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204147/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-g010-41-717153_garoeda-mas . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Harta Berdarah . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202851/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-h013-40-804488_harta-berdarah . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Harta Karun . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203443/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-h010-49-300666_harta-karun . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• News: Indische filmkunst . Indies Cinema . Dutch . De Indische Courant . Surabaya . 11 June 1931 . 5 . .
• Book: Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen . registration . 978-0-8248-1367-3 . Heider . Karl G . 1991 . University of Hawaii Press . Honolulu .
• Web site: Hoedjan . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202193724/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-h007-44-549608_hoedjan . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Ikan Doejoeng . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204309/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-i012-41-300584_ikan-doejoeng . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Impian di Bali . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203142/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-i012-39-449626_impian-di-bali . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Indonesia Malaise . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194913/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-i016-31-404203_indonesia-malaise . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Book: Kahin , George McTurnan . George McTurnan Kahin

. George McTurnan Kahin . 1952 . Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia . Cornell University Press . Ithaca, New York . 978-0-8014-9108-5 .

• Web site: Karnadi Anemer Bangkong . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 11 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201922/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k021-30-607305_karnadi-anemer-bangkong/en . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Kartinah . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203042/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k008-40-318274_kartinah . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Kedok Ketawa . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203037/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k011-40-254387_kedok-ketawa . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Kemakmoeran . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204317/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k011-43-554171_kemakmoeran . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Keris Poesaka . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201054/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k012-44-325456_keris-poesaka . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Koeda Sembrani . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203138/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k013-41-259434_koeda-sembrani . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Koeli dan Romoesha . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204333/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k016-44-077658_koeli-dan-romoesha . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Kris Mataram . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202193831/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-k011-40-802576_kris-mataram . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Lari ke Arab . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201831/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l010-30-542462_lari-ka-arab . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Lily van Java . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 21 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204311/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l011-28-301201_lily-van-java . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Lima Siloeman Tikoes . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016230927/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l018-36-825965_lima-siloeman-tikoes . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Lintah Darat . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110175028/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l011-41-281002_lintah-darat . 10 November 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Loetoeng Kasaroeng . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 21 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203603/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-l017-26-052414_loetoeng-kasaroeng . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Matjan Berbisik . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194618/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-m014-40-604291_matjan-berbisik . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Matula . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204300/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-m006-41-548315_matula . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Melati Van Agam . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140104/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-m013-40-546325_melati-van-agam . 14 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Melati Van Agam (I dan II) . Melati Van Agam (I and II) . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200304/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n012-30-335061_njai-dasima-ii . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Menanti Kasih . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194719/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-m012-49-053542_menanti-kasih . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Moestika dari Djenar . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194350/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-m018-41-689102_moestika-dari-djenar . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Nancy Bikin Pembalesan (Njai Dasima III) . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202139/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n033-30-161073_nancy-bikin-pembalesan-njai-dasima-iii . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Njai Dasima . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140403094413/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n010-32-110904_njai-dasima . 3 April 2014 . . dead.
• Web site: Njai Dasima (I) . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 12 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200921/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n011-29-352520_njai-dasima-i . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Njai Dasima (II) . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200304/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n012-30-335061_njai-dasima-ii . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Noesa Penida . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204206/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-n011-41-305921_noesa-penida . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Oh Iboe . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016230321/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-o006-38-644101_oh-iboe . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Ouw Peh Tjoa . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130929153945/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-o010-34-734153_ouw-peh-tjoa . 29 September 2013 . . dead.
• News: Pah Wongso op de film . Pah Wongso on Film . Dutch . 3 . Bataviaasch nieuwsblad . Batavia . 2 April 1941 . .
• Web site: Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194353/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p025-40-061590_pah-wongso-pendekar-boediman . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Pah Wongso Tersangka . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194751/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p018-41-447112_pah-wongso-tersangka . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Pan Sie Tong . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016232733/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p010-35-438236_pan-sie-tong . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Panggilan Darah . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204353/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t013-41-347096_tjioeng-wanara . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Pantjawarna . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203046/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p011-41-194341_pantjawarna . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Pareh . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204513/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p005-35-063498_pareh . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Pembakaran Bio 'Hong Lian Sie' . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016230325/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p024-36-746590_pembakaran-bio-hong-lian-sie . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Poei Sie Giok Pa Loei Tay . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203524/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p020-35-219301_poei-sie-giok-pa-loei-tay . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Poelo Inten . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204119/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p010-42-407482_poelo-inten . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Poesaka Terpendam . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204516/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p016-41-849090_poesaka-terpendam . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Poetri Rimba . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203509/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-p011-41-476637_poetri-rimba . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Bachelour's of History Thesis . Sekilas Perkembangan Perfilman di Indonesia . An Overview of the Development of Film in Indonesia . Indonesian . Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Baru Terhadap Perfilman Indonesia Tahun 1966–1980 . New Order Policy Towards Indonesian Films (1966–1980) . Prayogo . Wisnu Agung . 2009 . University of Indonesia .
• Web site: Rampok Preanger . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 21 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204344/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r014-29-864246_rampok-preanger . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Ratna Moetoe Manikam (Djoela Djoeli Bintang Tiga) . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202905/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r041-41-475190_ratna-moetoe-manikam-djoela-djoeli-bintang-tiga . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Rentjong Atjeh . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016231138/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r013-40-341300_rentjong-atjeh . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Resia Borobudur . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 10 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204154/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r016-28-593950_resia-boroboedoer/en . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Roekihati . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201621/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r009-40-223108_roekihati . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Roesia si Pengkor . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016150523/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-r015-39-508401_roesia-si-pengkor . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Sam Pek Eng Tay . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200237/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s012-31-749323_sam-pek-eng-tay . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• News: Sampoerna: 'Asmara Moerni' . Dutch . Soerabaijasch Handelsblad . 27 June 1941 . 6 . Kolff & Co. . Surabaya . . 21 July 2013 . 20 July 2013 . https://archive.today/20130720132328/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd:011122333:mpeg21:p006:a0168 . dead .
• News: Sampoerna: 'Wanita dan Satria' . Dutch . Soerabaijasch Handelsblad . 11 September 1941 . 6 . Kolff & Co. . Surabaya . .
• Web site: Saputangan . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031050111/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s010-49-829182_saputangan . 31 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Sehidup Semati . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031042308/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s013-49-436799_sehidup-semati . 31 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Selendang Delima . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203947/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s015-41-094576_selendang-delima . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Seribu Satu (1001) Malam . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110175012/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s019-42-344418_seribu-satu-1001-malam . 10 November 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Si Gomar . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203728/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s007-41-611559_si-gomar . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Si Pitoeng . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204252/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s009-31-113961_si-pitoeng . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Si Ronda . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204203/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s007-30-376864_si-ronda . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Si Tjonat . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 21 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201833/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s008-29-986279_si-tjonat . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Singa Laoet . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202715/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s010-41-227946_singa-laoet . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Sinjo 'Tjo' Main Di Film . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 22 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202118/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s018-31-338550_sinjo-tjo-main-di-film . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Siti Akbari . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103184530/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s010-39-092079_siti-akbari . 3 November 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Siti Noerbaja . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202201432/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s012-41-328345_siti-noerbaja . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Soeara Berbisa . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173421/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s013-41-941644_soeara-berbisa . 10 November 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Sorga Ka Toedjoe . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203938/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s014-40-008229_sorga-ka-toedjoe . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Sorga Palsoe . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203735/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s011-40-986379_sorga-palsoe . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Srigala Item . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202759/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-s011-41-356648_srigala-item . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Studio Nieuws . Studio News . Indonesian . Pertjatoeran Doenia Dan Film . February 1942 . 18–20 . 1 . 9 . Batavia . .
• News: Telah Pergi Seorang Wim Umboh . Wim Umboh has Passed Away . Indonesian . Republika . 25 January 1996 . .
• Web site: Tengkorak Hidoep . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202202259/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t015-41-948428_tengkorak-hidoep . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Terang Boelan . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202200239/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t012-37-272359_terang-boelan . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Tie Pat Kai Kawin . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194819/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t014-35-468549_tie-pat-kai-kawin . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Tjiandjoer . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 24 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016223849/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t010-38-858970_tjiandjoer . 16 October 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Tjioeng Wanara . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 26 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204353/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t013-41-347096_tjioeng-wanara . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Tjitra . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 23 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203514/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t006-49-102168_tjitra . 2 December 2013 . . dead.
• Web site: Wanita dan Satria . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 27 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140115163533/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-w015-41-244720_wanita-dan-satria . 15 January 2014 . . dead.
• Web site: Zoebaida . Indonesian . filmindonesia.or.id . Konfiden Foundation . Jakarta . 25 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131202204143/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-z008-40-792367_zoebaida . 2 December 2013 . . dead.