List of file signatures explained

1. This is a list of file signatures, data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or Magic Bytes.

Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be recognizable when interpreted as text. The column ISO 8859-1 shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as the control code abbreviation or symbol, or codepage 1252 character where available, or a box otherwise. In some cases the space character is shown as ␠.

data-sort-type="text" style="width:14em"	Hex signature	ISO 8859-1	Offset	Extension	Description
data-sort-value="2@3@21"	23 21	#!	0		Script or data to be passed to the program following the shebang (#!)^[1]
02 00 5a 57 52 54 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00	␂␀ZWRT␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀	0	cwk	Claris Works word processing doc
00 00 02 00 06 04 06 00 08 00 00 00 00 00	␀␀␂␀␆␄␆␀␈␀␀␀␀␀	0	wk1	Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v1) file
00 00 1A 00 00 10 04 00 00 00 00 00	␀␀␚␀␀␊␄␀␀␀␀␀	0	wk3	Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v3) file
00 00 1A 00 02 10 04 00 00 00 00 00	␀␀␚␀␂␊␄␀␀␀␀␀	0	wk4 wk5	Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v4, v5) file
00 00 1A 00 05 10 04	␀␀␚␀␅␊␄	0	123	Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet (v9) file
00 00 03 F3	␀␀␃ó	0		Amiga Hunk executable file
00 00 49 49 58 50 52 (little-endian) 00 00 4D 4D 58 50 52 (big-endian)	␀␀IIXPR ␀␀MMXPR	0	qxd	Quark Express document
50 57 53 33	PWS3	0	psafe3	Password Gorilla Password Database
D4 C3 B2 A1 (little-endian)	Ôò¡	0	pcap	Libpcap File Format^[2]
A1 B2 C3 D4 (big-endian)	¡²ÃÔ
4D 3C B2 A1 (little-endian)	M<²¡	0	pcap	Libpcap File Format (nanosecond-resolution)
A1 B2 3C 4D (big-endian)	¡²<M
0A 0D 0D 0A	␊␍␍␊	0	pcapng	PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format^[3]
ED AB EE DB	í«îÛ	0	rpm	RedHat Package Manager (RPM) package^[4]
data-sort-value="5@3@5@1"	53 51 4C 69 74 65 20 66<br /> 6F 72 6D 61 74 20 33 00	SQLite format 3␀	0	sqlitedb sqlite db	SQLite Database^[5]
data-sort-value="5@3@5@0"	53 50 30 31	SP01	0	bin	Amazon Kindle Update Package^[6]
49 57 41 44	IWAD	0	wad	internal WAD (main resource file of Doom)^[7]
00	␀	0	PIC PIF SEA YTR	IBM Storyboard bitmap file Windows Program Information File Mac Stuffit Self-Extracting Archive IRIS OCR data file
data-sort-value="O11"	00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00<br /> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00<br /> 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00	␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀<br /> ␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀<br /> ␀␀␀␀␀␀␀␀	11	PDB	PalmPilot Database/Document File
BE BA FE CA	¾ºþÊ	0	DBA	Palm Desktop Calendar Archive
00 01 42 44	␀␁BD	0	DBA	Palm Desktop To Do Archive
00 01 44 54	␀␁DT	0	TDA	Palm Desktop Calendar Archive
data-sort-value="5@4@4446"	54 44 46 24	TDF$	0	TDF$	Telegram Desktop File
data-sort-value="5@4@4445"	54 44 45 46	TDEF	0	TDEF	Telegram Desktop Encrypted File
00 01 00 00	␀␁␀␀	0		Palm Desktop Data File (Access format)
00 00 01 00	␀␀␁␀	0	ico	Computer icon encoded in ICO file format^[8]
data-sort-value="6@9@6@3"	69 63 6e 73	icns	0	icns	Apple Icon Image format
data-sort-value="O4@667479703367"	66 74 79 70 33 67	ftyp3g	4	3gp 3g2	3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP and 3GPP2 multimedia files
data-sort-value="O4@667479703367"	66 74 79 70 68 65 69 6366 74 79 70 6d	ftypheic	4	heic	High Efficiency Image Container (HEIC)
1F 9D	␟□	0	z tar.z	compressed file (often tar zip) using Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm
1F A0	␟⍽	0	z tar.z	Compressed file (often tar zip) using LZH algorithm
data-sort-value="2@D@6@8@6@C@3@0@2@D"	2D 68 6C 30 2D	-lh0-	2	lzh	Lempel Ziv Huffman archive file Method 0 (No compression)
data-sort-value="2@D@6@8@6@C@3@5@2@D"	2D 68 6C 35 2D	-lh5-	2	lzh	Lempel Ziv Huffman archive file Method 5 (8 KiB sliding window)
data-sort-value="4@2@4@1"	42 41 43 4B 4D 49 4B 45<br /> 44 49 53 4B	BACKMIKEDISK	0	bac	AmiBack Amiga Backup data file
data-sort-value="4@9@4E"	49 4E 44 58	INDX	0	idx	AmiBack Amiga Backup index file
data-sort-value="6@2@70"	62 70 6C 69 73 74	bplist	0	plist	Binary Property List file
data-sort-value="4@2@5A"	42 5A 68	BZh	0	bz2	Compressed file using Bzip2 algorithm
data-sort-value="4@7@49"	47 49 46 38 37 61 47 49 46 38 39 61	GIF87a GIF89a	0	gif	Image file encoded in the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)^[9]
data-sort-value="4@9@4@9"	49 49 2A 00 (little-endian)	II*␀	0	tif tiff	Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)^[10]
4D 4D 00 2A (big-endian)	MM␀*
data-sort-value="4@9@4@9B"	49 49 2A 00 10 00 00 00<br /> 43 52	II*␀␐␀␀␀CR	0	cr2	Canon RAW Format Version 2^[11] Canon's RAW format is based on TIFF.^[12]
data-sort-value="8@0"	80 2A 5F D7	€*_×	0	cin	Kodak Cineon image
data-sort-value="5@2@4E"	52 4E 43 01 52 4E 43 02	RNC␁ RNC␂	0		Compressed file using Rob Northen Compression (version 1 and 2) algorithm^[13]
4E 55 52 55 49 4D 47 4E 55 52 55 50 41 4C	NURUIMG NURUPAL	0	nui nup	nuru ASCII/ANSI image and palette files^[14]
data-sort-value="5@3@4@4"	53 44 50 58 (big-endian format)	SDPX	0	dpx	SMPTE DPX image
data-sort-value="5@850"	58 50 44 53 (little-endian format)	XPDS
data-sort-value="7@6@2"	76 2F 31 01	v/1␁	0	exr	OpenEXR image
data-sort-value="4@2@5@0"	42 50 47 FB	BPGû	0	bpg	Better Portable Graphics format^[15]
data-sort-value="F@F@D@8"	FF D8 FF DB	ÿØÿÛ	0	jpg jpeg	JPEG raw or in the JFIF or Exif file format^[16]
data-sort-value="F@F@D@8"	FF D8 FF E0 00 10 4A 46<br /> 49 46 00 01	ÿØÿà␀␐JFIF␀␁
data-sort-value="F@F@D@8"	FF D8 FF EE	ÿØÿî
data-sort-value="F@F@D@8"	FF D8 FF E1 ?? ?? 45 78<br /> 69 66 00 00	ÿØÿá<span style="opacity:50%">??</span>Exif␀␀
data-sort-value="F@F@D@8"	FF D8 FF E0	ÿØÿà	0	jpg	JPEG raw or in the JFIF or Exif file format
data-sort-value="0@0@0@0"		␀␀␀␌jP␠␠␍␊‡␊	0	jp2 j2k jpf jpm jpg2 j2c jpc jpx mj2	JPEG 2000 format^[17]
data-sort-value="0@0@0@0"		ÿOÿQ
data-sort-value="71@6f@69@66"	71 6f 69 66	qoif	0	qoi	QOI - The “Quite OK Image Format”^[18]
data-sort-value="4@6@4F49"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 49 4C 42 4D	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>ILBM	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	ilbm lbm ibm iff	IFF Interleaved Bitmap Image
data-sort-value="4@6@4F38"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 38 53 56 58	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>8SVX	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	8svx 8sv svx snd iff	IFF 8-Bit Sampled Voice
data-sort-value="4@6@4F41@4@3"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 43 42 4D	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>ACBM	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	acbm iff	Amiga Contiguous Bitmap
data-sort-value="4@6@4F41@4E42"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 4E 42 4D	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>ANBM	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	anbm iff	IFF Animated Bitmap
data-sort-value="4@6@4F41@4E49"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 4E 49 4D	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>ANIM	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	anim iff	IFF CEL Animation
data-sort-value="4@6@4F46@415"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 46 41 58 58	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>FAXX	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	faxx fax iff	IFF Facsimile Image
data-sort-value="4@6@4F46@545"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 46 54 58 54	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>FTXT	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	ftxt iff	IFF Formatted Text
data-sort-value="4@6@4F53"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 53 4D 55 53	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>SMUS	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	smus smu mus iff	IFF Simple Musical Score
data-sort-value="4@6@4F43"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 43 4D 55 53	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>CMUS	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	cmus mus iff	IFF Musical Score
data-sort-value="4@6@4F59"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 59 55 56 4E	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>YUVN	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	yuvn yuv iff	IFF YUV Image
data-sort-value="4@6@4F46@414"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 46 41 4E 54	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>FANT	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	iff	Amiga Fantavision Movie
data-sort-value="4@6@4F41@4@9"	46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 49 46 46	FORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>AIFF	data-sort-value="3"	0 any	aiff aif aifc snd iff	Audio Interchange File Format
4C 5A 49 50	LZIP	0	lz	lzip compressed file^[19]
30 37 30 37 30 37	070707	0	cpio	cpio archive file^[20]
4D 5A	MZ	0	exe dll mui sys scr cpl ocx ax iec ime rs tsp fon efi	DOS MZ executable and its descendants (including NE and PE)
53 4D 53 4E 46 32 30 30	SMSNF200	0	ssp	SmartSniff Packets File ^[21]
5A 4D	ZM	0	exe	DOS ZM executable and its descendants (rare)
data-sort-value="5@0@4B"	50 4B 03 04 50 4B 05 06 (empty archive) 50 4B 07 08 (spanned archive)	PK␃␄ PK␅␆ PK␇␈	0	zip aar apk docx epub ipa jar kmz maff msix odp ods odt pk3 pk4 pptx usdz vsdx xlsx xpi	zip file format and formats based on it, such as EPUB, JAR, ODF, OOXML
data-sort-value="5@2@61"	52 61 72 21 1A 07 00	Rar!␚␇␀	0	rar	Roshal ARchive compressed archive v1.50 onwards^[22]
data-sort-value="5@2@61B"	52 61 72 21 1A 07 01 00	Rar!␚␇␁␀	0	rar	Roshal ARchive compressed archive v5.00 onwards^[23]
7F 45 4C 46	␡ELF	0		Executable and Linkable Format
data-sort-value="8@9"	89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A	‰PNG␍␊␚␊	0	png	Image encoded in the Portable Network Graphics format^[24]
data-sort-value="8@9"	0E 03 13 01	␅␃␓␁	0	hdf4 h4	Data stored in version 4 of the Hierarchical Data Format.
data-sort-value="8@9"	89 48 44 46 0D 0A 1A 0A	‰HDF␍␊␚␊	0, 512, 1024, 2048, ...	hdf5 h5	Data stored in version 5 of the Hierarchical Data Format.
C9	É	0	com	CP/M 3 and higher with overlays
CA FE BA BE	Êþº¾	0	class	Java class file, Mach-O Fat Binary
EF BB BF		0	txt others	UTF-8 byte order mark, commonly seen in text files.^[25] ^[26] ^[27]
FF FE	ÿþ	0	txt others	UTF-16LE byte order mark, commonly seen in text files.
FE FF	þÿ	0	txt others	UTF-16BE byte order mark, commonly seen in text files.
FF FE 00 00	ÿþ␀␀	0	txt others	UTF-32LE byte order mark for text
00 00 FE FF	␀␀þÿ	0	txt others	UTF-32BE byte order mark for text
2B 2F 76 38 2B 2F 76 39 2B 2F 76 2B 2B 2F 76 2F	+/v8 +/v9 +/v+ +/v/	0		UTF-7 byte order mark for text^[28]
0E FE FF	␎þÿ	0	txt others	SCSU byte order mark for text
DD 73 66 73	Ýsfs	0		UTF-EBCDIC byte order mark for text
FE ED FA CE	þíúÎ	data-sort-value="2.4096"	0 0x1000		Mach-O binary (32-bit)
FE ED FA CF	þíúÏ	data-sort-value="2.4096"	0 0x1000		Mach-O binary (64-bit)
FE ED FE ED	þíþí	0		JKS Javakey Store^[29]
CE FA ED FE	Îúíþ	0		Mach-O binary (reverse byte ordering scheme, 32-bit)^[30]
CF FA ED FE	Ïúíþ	0		Mach-O binary (reverse byte ordering scheme, 64-bit)
data-sort-value="2@5@2"	25 21 50 53	%!PS	0	ps	PostScript document
data-sort-value="2@5@2@1@5@0@5@3@2@d@4@1"	25 21 50 53 2D 41 64 6F 62 65 2D 33 2E 30 20 45 50 53 46 2D 33 2E 30	%!PS-Adobe-3.0 ESPF-3.0	0	eps epsf	Encapsulated PostScript file version 3.0^[31]
data-sort-value="2@5@2@1@5@0@5@3@2@d@4@1"	25 21 50 53 2D 41 64 6F 62 65 2D 33 2E 31 20 45 50 53 46 2D 33 2E 30	%!PS-Adobe-3.1 ESPF-3.0	0	eps epsf	Encapsulated PostScript file version 3.1^[32]
data-sort-value="4@9@5@4"	49 54 53 46 03 00 00 00<br /> 60 00 00 00	ITSF␃␀␀␀`␀␀␀	0	chm	MS Windows HtmlHelp Data
data-sort-value="3@F@5@F"	3F 5F	?_	0	hlp	Windows 3.x/95/98 Help file
data-sort-value="2@5@5"	25 50 44 46 2D	%PDF-	0	pdf	PDF document^[33]
data-sort-value="3@0@2"	30 26 B2 75 8E 66 CF 11<br /> A6 D9 00 AA 00 62 CE 6C	0&²uŽfÏ␑¦Ù␀ª␀bÎl	0	asf wma wmv	Advanced Systems Format^[34]
data-sort-value="2@4"	24 53 44 49 30 30 30 31	$SDI0001	0		System Deployment Image, a disk image format used by Microsoft
4F 67 67 53	OggS	0	ogg oga ogv	Ogg, an open source media container format
data-sort-value="3@8"	38 42 50 53	8BPS	0	psd	Photoshop Document file, Adobe Photoshop's native file format
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9574@1"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 57 41 56 45	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>WAVE	0	wav	Waveform Audio File Format^[35]
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9415"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 56 49 20	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>AVI␠	0	avi	Audio Video Interleave video format^[36]
FF FB FF F3 FF F2	ÿû ÿó ÿò	0	mp3	MPEG-1 Layer 3 file without an ID3 tag or with an ID3v1 tag (which is appended at the end of the file)
data-sort-value="4@9@4@4"	49 44 33	ID3	0	mp3	MP3 file with an ID3v2 container
data-sort-value="4@2@4D"	42 4D	BM	0	bmp dib	BMP file, a bitmap format used mostly in the Windows world
data-sort-value="O32769"	43 44 30 30 31	CD001	data-sort-value="32769"	0x8001 0x8801 0x9001	iso	ISO9660 CD/DVD image file^[37]
data-sort-value="O32769"	43 44 30 30 31	CD001	data-sort-value="387785"	0x5EAC9	cdi	CD-i CD image file
data-sort-value="6@d@6@1@6@9"	6D 61 69 6E 2E 62 73	main.bs	0	mgw	Nintendo Game & Watch image file
data-sort-value="4@e@4@5@5@3"	4E 45 53	NES	0	nes	Nintendo Entertainment System image file
data-sort-value="a@0@3@2@4@1"	A0 32 41 A0 A0 A0	2A	data-sort-value="91556"	0x165A4	d64	Commodore 64 1541 disk image (D64 format)
data-sort-value="4@7@4@3@5@2"	47 53 52 2D 31 35 34 31	GCR-1541	0	g64	Commodore 64 1541 disk image (G64 format)
data-sort-value="a@0@3@2@4@1"	A0 33 44 A0 A0	3D	data-sort-value="399385"	0x61819	d81	Commodore 64 1581 disk image (D81 format)
data-sort-value="4@3@3@6@3@4"	43 36 34 20 74 61 70 65 20 69 6D 61 67 65 20 66 69 6C 65	C64 tape image file	0	t64	Commodore 64 tape image
data-sort-value="4@3@3@6@3@4"	43 36 34 20 43 41 52 54 52 49 44 47 45 20 20 20	C64 CARTRIDGE␠␠␠	0	crt	Commodore 64 cartridge image
data-sort-value="5@3@4@9"	53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 20<br /> 3D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20<br /> 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20<br /> 20 20 20 20 20 54	SIMPLE␠␠<br /> =␠␠␠␠␠␠␠<br /> ␠␠␠␠␠␠␠␠<br /> ␠␠␠␠␠T	0	fits	Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)^[38]
data-sort-value="6@6"	66 4C 61 43	fLaC	0	flac	Free Lossless Audio Codec^[39]
data-sort-value="4D 5@46"	4D 54 68 64	MThd	0	mid midi	MIDI sound file^[40]
D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1	ÐÏ␑ࡱ␚á	0	doc xls ppt msi msg	Compound File Binary Format, a container format defined by Microsoft COM. It can contain the equivalent of files and directories. It is used by Windows Installer and for documents in older versions of Microsoft Office.^[41] It can be used by other programs as well that rely on the COM and OLE API's.
data-sort-value="6@4"	64 65 78 0A 30 33 35 00	dex␊035␀	0	dex	Dalvik Executable
4B 44 4D	KDM	0	vmdk	VMDK files^[42] ^[43]
23 20 44 69 73 6B 20 44 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 6F	# Disk Descripto	0	vmdk	VMware 4 Virtual Disk description file (split disk)
data-sort-value="4@3@72"	43 72 32 34	Cr24	0	crx	Google Chrome extension^[44] or packaged app^[45]
data-sort-value="4@1@47"	41 47 44 33	AGD3	0	fh8	FreeHand 8 document^[46] ^[47]
data-sort-value="0@507"	05 07 00 00 42 4F 42 4F<br /> 05 07 00 00 00 00 00 00<br /> 00 00 00 00 00 01	␅␇␀␀BOBO<br /> ␅␇␀␀␀␀␀␀<br /> ␀␀␀␀␀␁	0	cwk	AppleWorks 5 document
data-sort-value="0@607"	06 07 E1 00 42 4F 42 4F<br /> 06 07 E1 00 00 00 00 00<br /> 00 00 00 00 00 01	␆␇á␀BOBO<br /> ␆␇á␀␀␀␀␀<br /> ␀␀␀␀␀␁	0	cwk	AppleWorks 6 document
data-sort-value="4@5@52"	45 52 02 00 00 00	ER␂␀␀␀	0	toast	Roxio Toast disc image file
8B 45 52 02 00 00 00	‹ER␂␀␀␀
data-sort-value="Z"	6B 6F 6C 79	koly	data-sort-value="4294966784"	end–512	dmg	Apple Disk Image file
data-sort-value="7@8@6"	78 61 72 21	xar!	0	xar	eXtensible ARchive format^[48]
data-sort-value="5@0@4D4F"	50 4D 4F 43 43 4D 4F 43	PMOCCMOC	0	dat	Windows Files And Settings Transfer Repository^[49] See also USMT 3.0 (Win XP)^[50] and USMT 4.0 (Win 7)^[51] User Guides
4E 45 53 1A	NES␚	0	nes	Nintendo Entertainment System ROM file^[52]
data-sort-value="O257"	75 73 74 61 72 00 30 30 75 73 74 61 72 20 20 00	ustar␀00 ustar␠␠␀	257	tar	tar archive^[53]
4F 41 52 ??	OAR<span style="opacity:50%">?</span>	0	oar	OAR file archive format, where ?? is the format version.
data-sort-value="7@4"	74 6F 78 33	tox3	0	tox	Open source portable voxel file^[54]
4D 4C 56 49	MLVI	0	MLV	Magic Lantern Video file^[55]
data-sort-value="4@4@43"	44 43 4D 01 50 41 33 30 50 41 33 30	DCM␁PA30 PA30	0		Windows Update Binary Delta Compression file^[56]
data-sort-value="3@7@7"	37 7A BC AF 27 1C	7z¼¯'␜	0	7z	7-Zip File Format
1F 8B	␟‹	0	gz tar.gz	GZIP compressed file^[57]
FD 37 7A 58 5A 00	ý7zXZ␀	0	xz tar.xz	XZ compression utility using LZMA2 compression
data-sort-value="0@4"	04 22 4D 18	␄"M␘	0	lz4	LZ4 Frame Format^[58] Remark: LZ4 block format does not offer any magic bytes.^[59]
data-sort-value="4D 5@34"	4D 53 43 46	MSCF	0	cab	Microsoft Cabinet file
data-sort-value="5@3@5AB"	53 5A 44 44 88 F0 27 33	SZDDˆð'3	0	??_	Microsoft compressed file in Quantum format, used prior to Windows XP. File can be decompressed using Extract.exe or Expand.exe distributed with earlier versions of Windows. After compression, the last character of the original filename extension is replaced with an underscore, e.g. ‘Setup.exe’ becomes ‘Setup.ex_’.
data-sort-value="4@6@4C4"	46 4C 49 46	FLIF	0	flif	Free Lossless Image Format
1A 45 DF A3	␚Eߣ	0	mkv mka mks mk3d webm	Matroska media container, including WebM
data-sort-value="4D 4@9"	4D 49 4C 20	MIL␠	0	stg	"SEAN : Session Analysis" Training file. Also used in compatible software "Rpw : Rowperfect for Windows" and "RP3W : ROWPERFECT3 for Windows".
data-sort-value="4@1@54"	41 54 26 54 46 4F 52 4D<br /> ?? ?? ?? ?? 44 4A 56	AT&TFORM<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>DJV	0	djvu djv	DjVu document The following byte is either 55 (U) for single-page or 4D (M) for multi-page documents.
data-sort-value="3@0@8"	30 82	0‚	0	der	DER encoded X.509 certificate
data-sort-value="2@d@2@d"	2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 43 45 52 54 49 46 49 43 41 54 45 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----	0	crt pem	PEM encoded X.509 certificate
data-sort-value="2@d@2@d"	2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 43 45 52 54 49 46 49 43 41 54 45 20 52 45 51 55 45 53 54 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----	0	csr pem	PEM encoded X.509 Certificate Signing Request
data-sort-value="2@d@2@d"	2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 50 52 49 56 41 54 45 20 4B 45 59 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----	0	key pem	PEM encoded X.509 PKCS#8 private key
data-sort-value="2@d@2@d"	2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 44 53 41 20 50 52 49 56 41 54 45 20 4B 45 59 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY-----	0	key pem	PEM encoded X.509 PKCS#1 DSA private key
data-sort-value="2@d@2@d"	2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 52 45 41 20 50 52 49 56 41 54 45 20 4B 45 59 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----	0	key pem	PEM encoded X.509 PKCS#1 RSA private key
data-sort-value="5@0@7"	50 75 54 54 59 2D 55 73 65 72 2D 4B 65 79 2D 46 69 6C 65 2D 32 3A	PuTTY-User-Key-File-2:	0	ppk	PuTTY private key file version 2
data-sort-value="5@0@7"	50 75 54 54 59 2D 55 73 65 72 2D 4B 65 79 2D 46 69 6C 65 2D 33 3A	PuTTY-User-Key-File-3:	0	ppk	PuTTY private key file version 3
2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 4F 50 45 4E 53 53 48 20 50 52 49 56 41 54 45 20 4B 45 59 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----	0		OpenSSH private key file
2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 42 45 47 49 4E 20 53 53 48 32 20 4B 45 59 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D	-----BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY-----	0	pub	OpenSSH public key file
data-sort-value="O128"	44 49 43 4D	DICM	128	dcm	DICOM Medical File Format
data-sort-value="7@7@4"	77 4F 46 46	wOFF	0	woff	WOFF File Format 1.0^[60]
data-sort-value="7@7@3"	77 4F 46 32	wOF2	0	woff2	WOFF File Format 2.0^[61]
3C 3F 78 6D 6C 20	<?xml␠	0 after BOM	xml (UTF-8 or other 8-bit encodings)	eXtensible Markup Language^[62]
3C 00 3F 00 78 00 6D 00<br /> 6C 00 20	<␀?␀x␀m␀l␀␠␀		xml (UTF-16LE)
00 3C 00 3F 00 78 00 6D<br /> 00 6C 00 20	␀<␀?␀x␀m␀l␀␠		xml (UTF-16BE)
3C 00 00 00 3F 00 00 00<br /> 78 00 00 00 6D 00 00 00<br /> 6C 00 00 00 20 00 00 00	<␀␀␀?␀␀␀<br /> x␀␀␀m␀␀␀<br /> l␀␀␀␠␀␀␀		xml (UTF-32LE)
00 00 00 3C 00 00 00 3F<br /> 00 00 00 78 00 00 00 6D<br /> 00 00 00 6C 00 00 00 20	␀␀␀<␀␀␀?<br /> ␀␀␀x␀␀␀m<br /> ␀␀␀l␀␀␀␠		xml (UTF-32BE)
4C 6F A7 94 93 40	Lo§”“@		xml (EBCDIC)
00 61 73 6D	␀asm	0	wasm	WebAssembly binary format^[63]
CF 84 01	Ï„␁	0	lep	Lepton compressed JPEG image^[64]
data-sort-value="4@3@57"	43 57 53	CWS	0	swf	Adobe Flash .swf
data-sort-value="4@6@57"	46 57 53	FWS
data-sort-value="2@1@3"	21 3C 61 72 63 68 3E 0A	!<arch>␊	0	deb	linux deb file
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9574@5"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 57 45 42 50	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>WEBP	0	webp	Google WebP image file, where ?? ?? ?? ?? is the file size. More information on WebP File Header
data-sort-value="2@7"	27 05 19 56	'␅␙V	0		U-Boot / uImage. Das U-Boot Universal Boot Loader.^[65]
7B 5C 72 74 66 31	{\rtf1|0|rtf|Rich Text Format|-| data-sort-value="5@4@4150" |54 41 50 45|TAPE|0||Microsoft Tape Format|-| data-sort-value="4@7" |47|G| data-sort-value="2.0188" |0 0xBC 0x178 ... (every 188th byte)|ts tsv tsa mpg mpeg|MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-2 Part 1)^[66] |-|00 00 01 BA|␀␀␁º|0|m2p vob mpg mpeg|MPEG Program Stream (MPEG-1 Part 1 (essentially identical) and MPEG-2 Part 1)|-|00 00 01 B3|␀␀␁³|0|mpg mpeg|MPEG-1 video and MPEG-2 video (MPEG-1 Part 2 and MPEG-2 Part 2)|-| data-sort-value="O4@6674797069736F6D" |66 74 79 70 69 73 6F 6D|ftypisom|4|mp4|ISO Base Media file (MPEG-4)|-|-| data-sort-value="O4@667479704D534E56" |66 74 79 70 4D 53 4E 56|ftypMSNV|4|mp4|MPEG-4 video file|-| data-sort-value="7@8@0" |78 01|x␁| rowspan="8" |0| rowspan="8" |zlib|No Compression (no preset dictionary)|-| data-sort-value="7@8@5E" |78 5E|x^|Best speed (no preset dictionary)|-| data-sort-value="7@8@9" |78 9C|xœ|Default Compression (no preset dictionary)|-| data-sort-value="7@8@D" |78 DA|xÚ|Best Compression (no preset dictionary)|-| data-sort-value="7@8@2" |78 20|x␠|No Compression (with preset dictionary)|-| data-sort-value="7@8@7" |78 7D|x}	Best speed (with preset dictionary)
data-sort-value="7@8@B"	78 BB	x»	Default Compression (with preset dictionary)
data-sort-value="7@8@F"	78 F9	xù	Best Compression (with preset dictionary)
data-sort-value="6@2@7"	62 76 78 32	bvx2	0	lzfse	LZFSE - Lempel-Ziv style data compression algorithm using Finite State Entropy coding. OSS by Apple.^[67]
4F 52 43	ORC	0	orc	Apache ORC (Optimized Row Columnar) file format
4F 62 6A 01	Obj␁	0	avro	Apache Avro binary file format
data-sort-value="5@3@4@5"	53 45 51 36	SEQ6	0	rc	RCFile columnar file format
data-sort-value="3@c@7@2"	3C 72 6F 62 6C 6F 78 21	<roblox!	0	rbxl	Roblox place file ^[68]
data-sort-value="6@5"	65 87 78 56	e‡xV	0	p25 obt	PhotoCap Object Templates
data-sort-value="5@5"	55 55 AA AA	UUªª	0	pcv	PhotoCap Vector
data-sort-value="7@8@5@6"	78 56 34	xV4	0	pbt pdt pea peb pet pgt pict pjt pkt pmt	PhotoCap Template
data-sort-value="5@0@4@1"	50 41 52 31	PAR1	0		Apache Parquet columnar file format
data-sort-value="4@5@4D58"	45 4D 58 32	EMX2	0	ez2	Emulator Emaxsynth samples
data-sort-value="4@5@4D55"	45 4D 55 33	EMU3	0	ez3 iso	Emulator III synth samples
1B 4C 75 61	␛Lua	0	luac	Lua bytecode^[69]
data-sort-value="6@2@6"	62 6F 6F 6B 00 00 00 00<br /> 6D 61 72 6B 00 00 00 00	book␀␀␀␀mark␀␀␀␀	0	alias	macOS file Alias^[70] (Symbolic link)
5B 5A 6F 6E 65 54 72 61<br /> 6E 73 66 65 72 5D	[ZoneTransfer]	0	Identifier	Microsoft Zone Identifier for URL Security Zones^[71] ^[72]
data-sort-value="5@2@65"	52 65 63 65 69 76 65 64<br /> 3A	Received:	0	eml	Email Message var5
data-sort-value="2@0"	20 02 01 62 A0 1E AB 07<br /> 02 00 00 00	␠␂␁b⍽␞«␇␂␀␀␀	0	tde	Tableau Datasource
data-sort-value="3@7@4"	37 48 03 02 00 00 00 00<br /> 58 35 30 39 4B 45 59	7H␃␂␀␀␀␀X509KEY	0	kdb	KDB file
data-sort-value="8@5"	85 ?? ?? 03	…<span style="opacity:50%">??</span>␃	0	pgp	PGP file ^[73]
data-sort-value="2@8"	28 B5 2F FD	(µ/ý	0	zst	Zstandard compress^[74] ^[75]
data-sort-value="5@2@53"	52 53 56 4B 44 41 54 41	RSVKDATA	0	rs	QuickZip rs compressed archive^[76] ^[77]
3A 29 0A	:)␊	0	sml	Smile file
4A 6F 79 21	Joy!	0		Preferred Executable Format
data-sort-value="3@1"	31 0A 30 30	1␊00	0	srt	SubRip File
data-sort-value="3@4"	34 12 AA 55	4␒ªU	0	vpk	VPK file, used to store game data for some Source Engine games
2A 2A 41 43 45 2A 2A	**ACE**	7	ace	ACE (compressed file format)
data-sort-value="6@0"	60 EA	`ê	0	arj	ARJ
data-sort-value="4@9@5@3"	49 53 63 28	ISc(	0	cab	InstallShield CAB Archive File
4B 57 41 4A	KWAJ	0	??_	Windows 3.1x Compressed File
data-sort-value="5@3@5A"	53 5A 44 44	SZDD	0	??_	Windows 9x Compressed File
5A 4F 4F	ZOO	0	zoo	Zoo (file format)
data-sort-value="5@0@3@1"	50 31 0A	P1␊	0	pbm	Portable bitmap ASCII
data-sort-value="5@0@3@1"	50 34 0A	P4␊	0	pbm	Portable bitmap binary
data-sort-value="5@0@3@2"	50 32 0A	P2␊	0	pgm	Portable Gray Map ASCII
data-sort-value="5@0@3@2"	50 35 0A	P5␊	0	pgm	Portable Gray Map binary
data-sort-value="5@0@3@3"	50 33 0A	P3␊	0	ppm	Portable Pixmap ASCII
data-sort-value="5@0@3@3"	50 36 0A	P6␊	0	ppm	Portable Pixmap binary
D7 CD C6 9A	×ÍÆš	0	wmf	Windows Metafile
data-sort-value="6@7"	67 69 6D 70 20 78 63 66	gimp xcf	0	xcf	XCF (file format)
2F 2A 20 58 50 4D 20 2A<br /> 2F	/* XPM */	0	xpm	X PixMap
data-sort-value="4@1@46"	41 46 46	AFF	0	aff	Advanced Forensics Format
data-sort-value="4@5@56B"	45 56 46 32	EVF2	0	Ex01	EnCase EWF version 2 format
data-sort-value="4@5@56"	45 56 46	EVF	0	e01	EnCase EWF version 1 format
data-sort-value="5@1"	51 46 49	QFI	0	qcow	qcow file format
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9414"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 41 43 4F 4E	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>ACON	0	ani	Animated cursor
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9434"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 43 44 44 41	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>CDDA	0	cda	.cda file
data-sort-value="5@2@4@9514"	52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 51 4C 43 4D	RIFF<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>QLCM	0	qcp	Qualcomm PureVoice file format
data-sort-value="5@2@4@X4@6"	52 49 46 58 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 46 47 44 4D (big-endian)	RIFX<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>FGDM	0	dcr	Adobe Shockwave^[78] ^[79] ^[80]
data-sort-value="5@844"	58 46 49 52 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 4D 44 47 46 (little-endian)	XFIR<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>MDGF
data-sort-value="5@2@4@X4D"	52 49 46 58 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 4D 56 39 33 (big-endian)	RIFX<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>MV93	0	dir dxr drx	Macromedia Director file format^[81]
data-sort-value="5@843"	58 46 49 52 ?? ?? ?? ??<br /> 33 39 56 4D (little-endian)	XFIR<span style="opacity:50%">????</span>39VM
data-sort-value="4@6@4C5"	46 4C 56	FLV	0	flv	Flash Video file
3C 3C 3C 20 4F 72 61 63<br /> 6C 65 20 56 4D 20 56 69<br /> 72 74 75 61 6C 42 6F 78<br /> 20 44 69 73 6B 20 49 6D<br /> 61 67 65 20 3E 3E 3E	<<< Orac le VM Vi rtualBox Disk Im age >>>	0	vdi	VirtualBox Virtual Hard Disk file format
data-sort-value="6@3"	63 6F 6E 65 63 74 69 78	conectix	0	vhd	Windows Virtual PC Virtual Hard Disk file format^[82]
data-sort-value="7@6@6"	76 68 64 78 66 69 6C 65	vhdxfile	0	vhdx	Windows Virtual PC Windows 8 Virtual Hard Disk file format
data-sort-value="4@9@7"	49 73 5A 21	IsZ!	0	isz	Compressed ISO image
data-sort-value="4@4@41"	44 41 41	DAA	0	daa	Direct Access Archive PowerISO
data-sort-value="4C 6@6"	4C 66 4C 65	LfLe	0	evt	Windows Event Viewer file format
data-sort-value="45 6C 66 46 69 6C 65"	45 6C 66 46 69 6C 65	ElfFile	0	evtx	Windows Event Viewer XML file format
data-sort-value="7@3@6@4@6@2@6@6"	73 64 62 66	sdbf	8	sdb	Windows customized database
data-sort-value="5@0@4D4@3"	50 4D 43 43	PMCC	0	grp	Windows 3.x Program Manager Program Group file format
4B 43 4D 53	KCMS	0	icm	ICC profile
data-sort-value="7@2"	72 65 67 66	regf	0	dat hiv	Windows Registry file
data-sort-value="2@1@4"	21 42 44 4E	!BDN	0	pst	Microsoft Outlook Personal Storage Table file
data-sort-value="4@4@52"	44 52 41 43 4F	DRACO	0	drc	3D model compressed with Google Draco^[83]
data-sort-value="4@7@52"	47 52 49 42	GRIB	0	grib grib2	Gridded data (commonly weather observations or forecasts) in the WMO GRIB or GRIB2 format^[84]
data-sort-value="4@2@4C"	42 4C 45 4E 44 45 52	BLENDER	0	blend	Blender File Format^[85]
00 00 00 0C 4A 58 4C 20 0D 0A 87 0A	␀␀␀␌JXL␠␍␊‡␊	0	jxl	Image encoded in the JPEG XL format^[86]
FF 0A	ÿ␊
00 01 00 00 00	␀␁␀␀␀	0	ttf tte dfont	TrueType font
4F 54 54 4F	OTTO	0	otf	OpenType font^[87]
data-sort-value="2@3@25"	23 25 4D 6F 64 75 6C 65	#%Module	0		Modulefile for Environment Modules^[88]
data-sort-value="4D 5@35"	4D 53 57 49 4D 00 00 00<br /> D0 00 00 00 00	MSWIM␀␀␀Ð␀␀␀␀	0	wim swm esd	Windows Imaging Format file
21 2D 31 53 4C 4F 42 1F	!-1SLOB␟	0	slob	Slob (sorted list of blobs) is a read-only, compressed data store with dictionary-like interface^[89]
AC ED	’	0		Serialized Java Data^[90]
43 72 65 61 74 69 76 65 20 56 6F 69 63 65 20 46 69 6C 65 1A 1A 00	Creative Voice File	0	voc	Creative Voice file
2E 73 6E 64	.snd	0	au snd	Au audio file format
DB 0A CE 00		0		OpenGL Iris Perfomer .PFB (Performer Fast Binary)^[91]
48 5a 4c 52 00 00 00 18	HZLR	0	hazelrules	Noodlesoft Hazel ^[92]
46 4C 68 64	FLhd	0	flp	FL Studio Project File
31 30 4C 46	10LF	0	flm	FL Studio Mobile Project File
52 4b 4d 43 32 31 30	RKMC210	0		Vormetric Encryption DPM Version 2.1 Header^[93]
00 01 00 00 4D 53 49 53 41 4D 20 44 61 74 61 62 61 73 65	␀␁␀␀MSISAM Database	0	mny	Microsoft Money file
00 01 00 00 53 74 61 6E 64 61 72 64 20 41 43 45 20 44 42	␀␁␀␀Standard ACE DB	0	accdb	Microsoft Access 2007 Database
00 01 00 00 53 74 61 6E 64 61 72 64 20 4A 65 74 20 44 42	␀␁␀␀Standard Jet DB	0	mdb	Microsoft Access Database
01 FF 02 04 03 02	␁ÿ␂␄␃␂	0	drw	Micrografx vector graphic file
02 64 73 73	␂dss	0	dss	Digital Speech Standard (Olympus, Grundig, & Phillips) v2
03 64 73 73	␃dss	0	dss	Digital Speech Standard (Olympus, Grundig, & Phillips) v3
03 00 00 00 41 50 50 52	␃␀␀␀APPR	0	adx	Approach index file
06 06 ED F5 D8 1D 46 E5 BD 31 EF E7 FE 74 B7 1D	␆␆íõØ␝Få½1ïçþt·␝	0	indd	Adobe InDesign document
06 0E 2B 34 02 05 01 01 0D 01 02 01 01 02	␆␎+4␂␅␁␁␍␁␂␁␁␂	0-65535 (run-in)	mxf	Material Exchange Format file
07 53 4B 46	␇SKF	0	skf	SkinCrafter skin file
07 64 74 32 64 64 74 64	␇dt2ddtd	0	dtd	DesignTools 2D Design file
0A 16 6F 72 67 2E 62 69 74 63 6F 69 6E 2E 70 72	␊␖org.bitcoin.pr	0	wallet	MultiBit Bitcoin wallet file
0D 44 4F 43	␍DOC	0	doc	DeskMate Document file
0E 4E 65 72 6F 49 53 4F	␎NeroISO	0	nri	Nero CD Compilation
0E 57 4B 53	␎WKS	0	wks	DeskMate Worksheet
0F 53 49 42 45 4C 49 55 53	␏SIBELIUS	0	sib	Sibelius Music - Score file
23 20 4D 69 63 72 6F 73 6F 66 74 20 44 65 76 65 6C 6F 70 65 72 20 53 74 75 64 69 6F	# Microsoft Developer Studio	0	dsp	Microsoft Developer Studio project file
23 21 41 4D 52	#!AMR	0	amr	Adaptive Multi-Rate ACELP (Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction) Codec, commonly audio format with GSM cell phones.
23 21 53 49 4C 4B 0A	#!SILK␊	0	sil	Audio compression format developed by Skype
23 3F 52 41 44 49 41 4E 43 45 0A	#?RADIANCE␊	0	hdr	Radiance High Dynamic Range image file
23 40 7E 5E	#@~^	0	vbe	VBScript Encoded script
0D F0 1D C0	␍ð�À	0	cdb	MikroTik WinBox Connection Database (Address Book)
23 45 58 54 4D 33 55	#EXTM3U	0	m3um3u8	Multimedia playlist
6D 64 66 00	mdf␀	0	m	M2 Archive, used by game developer M2
4B 50 4B 41	KPKA	0	pak	Capcom RE Engine game data archives
41 52 43	ARC	0	arc	Capcom MT Framework game data archives
D0 4F 50 53	ÐOPS	0	pl	Interleaf PrinterLeaf / WorldView document format (now Broadvision QuickSilver)
6E 2B 31 00	n+1	344	nii	Single file NIfTI format, used extensively in biomedical imaging.
6E 69 31 00	ni1	344	hdr	Header file of a .hdr/.img pair in NIfTI format, used extensively in biomedical imaging.
52 41 46 36 34	RAF64	0		Report Builder file from Digital Metaphors
56 49 53 33	VIS3	0		Resource file Visionaire 3.x Engine
4D 53 48 7C 42 53 48 7C	BSH	MSH| BSH| |0|hl7|Health Level Seven (HL7) Standard for electronic data exchange https://www.hl7.eu/HL7v2x/v25/std25/hl7.html|-|70 77 72 64 61 74 61|pwrdata|0|pwrdata|SAP Power Monitor (version 1.1.0 and higher) data file|-|1a 08|..|0|arc|ARC archive file|-|2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 42 45 47 49 4e 20 50 47 50 20 50 55 42 4c 49 43 20 4b 45 49 20 42 4c 4f 43 4b 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d|-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----|0|asc|Armored PGP public key|-|3a 42 61 73 65 20|:Base |0|cnt|Windows 3.x - Windows 95 Help Contents|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 56 44 52 4d|RIFF????VDRM|0|vdr|VirtualDub|-|52 59 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 54 52 49 44|RIFF????TRID|0|trd|TrID|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 73 68 77 34|RIFF????shw4|0|shw|Corel SHOW! 4.0|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 73 68 77 35|RIFF????shw5|0|shw|Corel SHOW! 5.0|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 73 68 72 35|RIFF????shr5|0|shr|Corel SHOW! 5.0 player|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 73 68 62 35|RIFF????shb5|0|shb|Corel SHOW! 5.0 background|-|52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 52 4d 4d 50|RIFF????RMMP|0|mmm|MacroMind Multimedia Movie or Microsoft Multimedia Movie|-|41 53 54 4d 2d 45 35 37|ASTM-E57|0|e57|ASTM E57 3D file format|-|aa aa aa aa|ªªªª|0|sys|Crowdstrike Channel File|-|8C 0A 00|Œ..|0|ucas|Unreal Engine Compressed Asset Storage file|-|2D 3D 3D 2D 2D 3D 3D 2D 2D 3D 3D 2D 2D 3D 3D 2D|-==--==--==--==-|0|utoc|Unreal Engine Table of Contents file|} See also List of file formats Magic number (programming) Substitute character (for the 1Ah (^Z) "end-of-file" marker used in many signatures) file (command) External links Gary Kessler's list of file signatures Online File Signature Database for Forensic Practitioners, a private compilation free to Law Enforcement Man page for compress, uncompress, and zcat on SCO Open Server Public Database of File Signatures Complete list of magic numbers with sample files the original libmagic data files with thousands of entries as used by file (command)

Notes and References

1. Web site: execve(2): execute program - Linux man page . 2022-07-12 . linux.die.net.
2. Web site: Libpcap File Format. 2018-06-19.
3. Web site: PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format . 2018-06-19.
4. Web site: [ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/.vhost/www.openpkg.org/doc/book/maximum-rpm.html/node26.html A. Format of the RPM file ]. 2017-02-15 .
5. Web site: Database File Format . 2018-11-16.
6. Web site: GitHub - NiLuJe/KindleTool: Tool for creating/extracting Kindle updates and more . . 2017-02-15.
7. Web site: IWAD. 2022-07-05.
8. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms997538.aspx Icons
9. http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT(sm) Version 89a
10. Web site: 2022-04-06 . TIFF, Revision 6.0 . 2022-07-12 . Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections . The Library of Congress.
11. Web site: File Extension .CR2 Details. Computer Knowledge. filext.com.
12. Web site: Inside the Canon RAW format version 2, understanding .CR2 file format and files produced by Canon EOS Digital Camera. free.fr.
13. Web site: Rob Northen compression . Sega Retro . 18 January 2024 . en . 11 August 2020.
14. Web site: domsson/nuru . github.com . 9 September 2023.
15. Web site: BPG Image format. Fabrice . Bellard . 2015 .
16. Web site: Overview of JPEG 1.
17. Web site: Overview of JPEG 2000.
18. Web site: qoi-specification.
19. News: Lzip Compressed Format and the 'application/lzip' Media Type. section 2. Ietf Datatracker .
20. Web site: Format of cpio archives . 2022-07-05.
21. Web site: Format of SmartSniff packets file . 2024-08-05.
22. TechNote.txt: RAR version 4.00 - Technical information . 2010-12-01 . The marker block is actually considered as a fixed byte sequence: 0x52 0x61 0x72 0x21 0x1a 0x07 0x00.
23. Web site: RAR 5.0 archive format . 2023-10-19.
24. 2083. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0. IETF.
25. Web site: Faq - Utf-8, Utf-16, Utf-32 & Bom.
26. Web site: How to : Load XML from File with Encoding Detection. 10 April 2016.
27. Web site: SDL Documentation.
28. Web site: Clarify guidance for use of a BOM as a UTF-8 encoding signature. Tom. Honerman. January 2, 2021.
29. Web site: JKS . Javakey Store.
30. Web site: Mac Developer Library. apple.com.
31. Web site: Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) File Format, Version 3.x . . 10 May 2022 . 2022-07-05.
32. Web site: Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) File Format, Version 3.x . . 10 May 2022 . 2022-07-05.
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