List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government explained

The following is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the interwar period (1918–1939). The first list includes female presidents who are heads of state and may also be heads of government, as well as female heads of government who are not concurrently head of state, such as prime ministers. The list does not include any presidents of the United States, nor Queens regnant who are heads of state (but not of government).

Khertek Anchimaa-Toka, of the mostly unrecognized and now defunct Tuvan People's Republic, is regarded as the "first ever elected woman head of state in the world", although not in multiparty, free and fair elections. The wife of the nation's Supreme Leader, she is the first woman to be elected Chairman of a country. She became the chairwoman of the country's presidium in 1940.^{[1] [2]}

The first woman to be elected as prime minister of a country was Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), when she led her party to victory in the July 1960 general election.^{[3] [2]}

The first woman to serve as president of a country was Isabel Perón of Argentina, who served as the country's vice president and succeeded to the presidency in July 1974 upon the death of her husband.^{[4] [2]}

The first woman elected president of a country was Vigdís Finnbogadóttir of Iceland, who won the 1980 presidential election as well as three subsequent elections, remaining in office for a total of 16 years, which makes her the longest-serving non-hereditary female head of state in history.^{[5] [2]}

The first democratically elected female prime minister of a Muslim majority country was Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan, who led her party to victory in the 1988 general election and later in 1993, making her the first woman democratically elected leader of any Muslim nation.^[6] Bhutto was also the first of only two non-hereditary female world leaders who gave birth to a child while serving in office, the other being Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand.^[7]

The longest-tenured female non-hereditary head of government is Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh. She served as the country's prime minister from June 1996 to July 2001 and again from January 2009 until August 2024, for a combined total of over 20 years.^[8]

The prime ministers of Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique, Namibia, Peru, and Uganda are included in the list of elected or appointed female deputy heads of government but not in the list of elected or appointed female deputy heads of state, as they are neither heads of government, nor deputy heads of state due to the existence of the office of vice president in these countries, whereas the prime ministers of South Korea and Sri Lanka (post-1978) are included in both of those lists.

Currently, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iceland are the only republics in the world where both the serving head of state and head of government are women. Honduras, the Marshall Islands, Mexico, Peru, and Tanzania are republics where the female President is the combined head of state and government.

Elected or appointed female chief executives

This list includes women who were appointed by a governing committee or parliament where heads of state or government are not directly elected by citizens. The list does not include women chosen by a hereditary monarch. Interim heads of state or government are listed in italics.

Portrait! Country! Office! Mandate start! Mandate
end! Term length! Head of state
or government! Executive
or non-executive

			Chairwoman of the Presidium of the Little Khural				Head of state
Sirimavo Bandaranaike		/ Sri Lanka	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Indira Gandhi		India	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Golda Meir		Israel	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Isabel Perón		Argentina	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Elisabeth Domitien		Central African Republic	Prime Minister				Head of government
Margaret Thatcher		United Kingdom	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo		Portugal	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Lidia Gueiler Tejada			President				Head of state	Executive
Eugenia Charles		Dominica	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir		Iceland	President				Head of state
Gro Harlem Brundtland		Norway	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Soong Ching-ling		China	Honorary President				Head of state
Agatha Barbara		Malta	President			5 years	Head of state
Milka Planinc			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Corazon Aquino		Philippines	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Stella Sigcau			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Benazir Bhutto		Pakistan	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Ertha Pascal-Trouillot		Haiti	President				Head of state
Kazimira Prunskienė		Lithuania	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			President of the People's Chamber				Head of state
Violeta Chamorro		Nicaragua	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Mary Robinson		Ireland	President				Head of state
Khaleda Zia		Bangladesh	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Édith Cresson		France	Prime Minister				Head of government
Hanna Suchocka		Poland	Prime Minister				Head of government
Tansu Çiller		Turkey	Prime Minister				Head of government
Kim Campbell		Canada	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Sylvie Kinigi		Burundi	Prime Minister				Head of government
Agathe Uwilingiyimana		Rwanda	Prime Minister				Head of government
Chandrika Kumaratunga		Sri Lanka	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Claudette Werleigh		Haiti	Prime Minister				Head of government
Sheikh Hasina		Bangladesh	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Ruth Perry		Liberia	Chairwoman of the Council of State				Head of state and government	Executive
Rosalía Arteaga		Ecuador	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Mary McAleese		Ireland	President				Head of state
Jenny Shipley		New Zealand	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Janet Jagan		Guyana	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga		Latvia	President			8 years	Head of state
Mireya Moscoso		Panama	President			5 years	Head of state and government	Executive
Helen Clark		New Zealand	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Tarja Halonen		Finland	President			12 years	Head of state
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo		Philippines	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Mame Madior Boye		Senegal	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Megawati Sukarnoputri		Indonesia	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Maria das Neves			Prime Minister				Head of government
Anneli Jäätteenmäki		Finland	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Yulia Tymoshenko		Ukraine	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Maria do Carmo Silveira			Prime Minister				Head of government
Angela Merkel		Germany	Chancellor				Head of government	Executive
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf		Liberia	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Michelle Bachelet		Chile	President			4 years	Head of state and government	Executive
						4 years
Portia Simpson-Miller		Jamaica	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Pratibha Devisingh Patil		India	President			5 years	Head of state
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner		Argentina	President			8 years	Head of state and government	Executive
Zinaida Greceanîi			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Michèle Pierre-Louis		Haiti	Prime Minister				Head of government
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir		Iceland	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Jadranka Kosor		Croatia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Dalia Grybauskaitė		Lithuania	President			10 years	Head of state
Roza Otunbayeva		Kyrgyzstan	President				Head of state
Laura Chinchilla		Costa Rica	President			4 years	Head of state and government	Executive
Kamla Persad-Bissessar		Trinidad and Tobago	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Mari Kiviniemi		Finland	Prime Minister			1 year	Head of government	Executive
Julia Gillard		Australia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Iveta Radičová		Slovakia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Dilma Rousseff		Brazil	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé		Mali	Prime Minister				Head of government
Atifete Jahjaga			President			5 years	Head of state
Yingluck Shinawatra		Thailand	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Helle Thorning-Schmidt		Denmark	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Joyce Banda		Malawi	President				Head of state and government	Executive
Park Geun-hye			President				Head of state and government	Executive
Alenka Bratušek		Slovenia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Tatiana Turanskaya			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Sibel Siber			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Aminata Touré		Senegal	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Erna Solberg		Norway	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Laimdota Straujuma		Latvia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Catherine Samba-Panza		Central African Republic	President				Head of state	Executive
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca		Malta	President			5 years	Head of state
Ewa Kopacz		Poland	Prime Minister				Head of government
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović		Croatia	President				Head of state
Ameenah Gurib-Fakim		Mauritius	President				Head of state
Bidya Devi Bhandari		Nepal	President				Head of state
Beata Szydło		Poland	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Hilda Heine		Marshall Islands	President				Head of state and government	Executive
					Incumbent
Aung San Suu Kyi		Myanmar	State Counsellor				De facto head of government	De facto Executive
Tsai Ing-wen			President				Head of state	Executive
Theresa May		United Kingdom	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Kersti Kaljulaid		Estonia	President				Head of state
Ana Brnabić		Serbia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Halimah Yacob		Singapore	President				Head of state
Jacinda Ardern		New Zealand	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Katrín Jakobsdóttir		Iceland	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Viorica Dăncilă		Romania	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Paula-Mae Weekes		Trinidad and Tobago	President				Head of state
		Barbados	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Sahle-Work Zewde		Ethiopia	President				Head of state
Salome Zourabichvili		Georgia	President				Head of state
Brigitte Bierlein		Austria	Chancellor				Head of government	Executive
Maia Sandu			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Zuzana Čaputová		Slovakia	President				Head of state
Mette Frederiksen		Denmark	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Sophie Wilmès		Belgium	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Jeanine Áñez			President				Head of state and government	Executive
Sanna Marin		Finland	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Katerina Sakellaropoulou		Greece	President		Incumbent		Head of state
Rose Christiane Raponda		Gabon	Prime Minister				Head of government
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé		Togo	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government
Ingrida Šimonytė		Lithuania	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Kaja Kallas		Estonia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Samia Suluhu Hassan			President		Incumbent		Head of state and government	Executive
Vjosa Osmani			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa		Samoa	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Natalia Gavrilița			Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Najla Bouden		Tunisia	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Sandra Mason		Barbados	President		Incumbent		Head of state
Magdalena Andersson		Sweden	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Xiomara Castro		Honduras	President		Incumbent		Head of state and government	Executive
Katalin Novák		Hungary	President				Head of state
Élisabeth Borne		France	Prime Minister				Head of government
Droupadi Murmu		India	President		Incumbent		Head of state
Liz Truss		United Kingdom	Prime Minister				Head of government	Executive
Giorgia Meloni			Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Dina Boluarte		Peru	President		Incumbent		Head of state and government	Executive
Nataša Pirc Musar			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Borjana Krišto			Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers		Incumbent		Head of government
Christine Kangaloo			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Evika Siliņa		Latvia	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Sylvanie Burton			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Myriam Spiteri Debono		Malta	President		Incumbent		Head of state
Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova			President		Incumbent		Head of state
Judith Suminwa			Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government
Halla Tómasdóttir		Iceland	President		Incumbent		Head of state
Paetongtarn Shinawatra		Thailand	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo		Mexico	President		Incumbent		Head of state and government	Executive
Kristrún Frostadóttir		Iceland	Prime Minister		Incumbent		Head of government	Executive
Ilza Amado Vaz			Prime Minister				Head of government
Raffaella Petrini			President of the Governorate		Appointed		Head of government
Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah		Namibia	President		Elected		Head of state and government	Executive

Elected or appointed acting female chief executives

This list includes women elected or appointed in an acting capacity, wherein they assumed a vacated office on a temporary basis.

Portrait! Country! Office! Mandate start! Mandate end! Term length! Head of state
or government

Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa			Acting Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural				Head of state
Soong Ching-ling		China	Acting Co-Chairperson				Head of state
			Acting Chairperson
Carmen Pereira		Guinea-Bissau	Acting President				Head of state
Sylvie Kinigi		Burundi	Acting President				Head of state
Reneta Indzhova		Bulgaria	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Irena Degutienė		Lithuania	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa		Mongolia	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Nino Burjanadze		Georgia	Acting President				Head of state
Barbara Prammer		Austria	Co-Acting President				Head of state
Radmila Šekerinska			Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Dalia Itzik		Israel	Acting President				Head of state
Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri		South Africa	Acting President			14 hours^[9] ^[10]	Head of state and government
Rose Francine Rogombé		Gabon	Acting President				Head of state
Cécile Manorohanta		Madagascar	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Adiato Djaló Nandigna		Guinea-Bissau	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Monique Ohsan Bellepeau		Mauritius	Acting President				Head of state
Slavica Đukić Dejanović		Serbia	Acting President				Head of state
Julie Bishop		Australia	Acting Prime Minister				Deputy Prime Minister
Natalia Gherman			Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Vassiliki Thanou		Greece	Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Maya Parnas			Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Doris Bures		Austria	Co-Acting President of the National Council				Head of state
Julie Bishop		Australia	Acting Prime Minister				Deputy Prime Minister
Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh			Acting President				Head of state
Vjosa Osmani			Acting President				Head of state
Maya Tskitishvili			Acting Prime Minister				Head of government
Võ Thị Ánh Xuân			Acting President				Head of state
Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara		El Salvador	Acting President				Head of state
Isabelle Berro-Amadeï		Monaco	Acting Minister of State		Incumbent		Head of government

Female members of collective head-of-state bodies

Name	class=unsortable	Portrait	Country	Office	Mandate start	Mandate end	Term length	Head of state or government
Alexandra Kollontai			Member of the Council of People's Commissars				Member of the collective head of state
Nadezhda Krupskaya			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Klavdiya Nikolayeva			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Anna Pankratova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Yekaterina Furtseva			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Alicja Musiałowa-Afanasjew			Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Yadgar Nasriddinova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Luise Ermisch			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Irmgard Neumann			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Tursunoy Akhunova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Lieselott Herforth			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Else Merke			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Brunhilde Hanke			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Anni Neumann			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Eugenia Krassowska-Jodłowska			Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Zoya Pukhova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Maria Schneider			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Margarete Müller			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Ilse Thiele			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Rosel Walther			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Halina Koźniewska			Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Valentina Tereshkova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet	June 1974	March or April 1989	c. 14 years	Member of the collective head of state
Rimma Gavrilova			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Kamshat Donenbaeva			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Eugenia Kempara		Poland	Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Yekaterina Mukhina			Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet				Member of the collective head of state
Violeta Chamorro		Nicaragua	Member of the Junta of National Reconstruction				Member of the collective head of state and government
Krystyna Marszałek-Młyńczyk		Poland	Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Johanna Töpfer			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Gloriana Ranocchini		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Elisabeth Kopp		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Elżbieta Gacek		Poland	Member of the Council of State				Member of the collective head of state
Monika Werner			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Eveline Klett			Member of the State Council				Member of the collective head of state
Edda Ceccoli		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Biljana Plavšić		Bosnia and Herzegovina	Serb Member of the Presidency				Member of the collective head of state
Tatjana Ljujić-Mijatović^[11]			Serb Member of the Presidency				Member of the collective head of state
Ruth Dreifuss		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Patrizia Busignani		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Ruth Metzler		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Rosa Zafferani		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Maria Domenica Michelotti		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state and government
Micheline Calmy-Rey		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Valeria Ciavatta		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Fausta Morganti		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Doris Leuthard		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Assunta Meloni		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Simonetta Sommaruga		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council				Member of the collective head of state and government
Maria Luisa Berti		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
		San Marino
Denise Bronzetti		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Antonella Mularoni		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Anna Maria Muccioli		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Lorella Stefanelli		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Mimma Zavoli		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Vanessa D'Ambrosio		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Karin Keller-Sutter		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council		Incumbent		Member of the collective head of state and government
Viola Amherd		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council		Incumbent		Member of the collective head of state and government
Aisha Musa el-Said		Sudan	Member of the Sovereignty Council		^[12]		Member of the collective head of state
Raja Nicola		Sudan	Member of the Sovereignty Council		Incumbent^[13]		Member of the collective head of state
Mariella Mularoni		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Grazia Zafferani		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Željka Cvijanović		Bosnia and Herzegovina	Serb Member of the Presidency		Incumbent		Member of the collective head of state
Élisabeth Baume-Schneider		Switzerland	Member of the Swiss Federal Council		Incumbent		Member of the collective head of state and government
Adele Tonnini		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Milena Gasperoni		San Marino	Captain Regent				Member of the collective head of state
Francesca Civerchia		San Marino	Captain Regent		Incumbent		Member of the collective head of state

Female viceregal representatives

Below are women who have been appointed representatives of heads of state, such as female governors-general and French representatives of Andorra. As governors-general are appointed representatives of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms (currently Charles III) and the French Representatives of Andorra are appointed representatives of the French Co-Prince of Andorra (currently Emmanuel Macron), they act as heads of state and carry out on a regular basis the functions and duties associated with such a role in the Commonwealth realms (excluding the United Kingdom, which has no governor-general, as the monarch of the Commonwealth realms primarily resides there) and Andorra, respectively.

Name	class=unsortable	Portrait	Country	Office	Mandate start	Mandate end	Term length
Elmira Minita Gordon		Belize	Governor-General
Jeanne Sauvé		Canada	Governor General
Nita Barrow		Barbados	Governor-General
Catherine Tizard		New Zealand	Governor-General
Pearlette Louisy		Saint Lucia	Governor-General
Adrienne Clarkson		Canada	Governor General
Silvia Cartwright		New Zealand	Governor-General
Ivy Dumont			Governor-General
Michaëlle Jean		Canada	Governor General
Emmanuelle Mignon		Andorra	Representative of the French Co-Prince
Louise Lake-Tack		Antigua and Barbuda	Governor-General
Quentin Bryce		Australia	Governor-General
Sylvie Hubac		Andorra	Representative of the French Co-Prince
Cécile La Grenade		Grenada	Governor-General		Incumbent
Marguerite Pindling			Governor-General
Patsy Reddy		New Zealand	Governor-General
Julie Payette		Canada	Governor General
Sandra Mason		Barbados	Governor-General
Susan Dougan		Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Governor-General		Incumbent
Froyla Tzalam		Belize	Governor-General	27 May 2021	Incumbent
Mary Simon		Canada	Governor General	26 July 2021	Incumbent
Cindy Kiro		New Zealand	Governor-General	21 October 2021	Incumbent
Marcella Liburd		Saint Kitts and Nevis	Governor-General	1 February 2023	Incumbent
Cynthia A. Pratt			Governor-General	1 September 2023	Incumbent
Sam Mostyn		Australia	Governor-General	1 July 2024	Incumbent

Acting female viceregal representatives

This list includes women appointed as viceregal representatives in an acting capacity, wherein they assumed a vacated office on a temporary basis.

Name	class=unsortable	Portrait	Country	Office	Mandate start	Mandate end	Term length
Sian Elias		New Zealand	Administrator of the Government (Acting Governor-General)
Monica Dacon		Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Acting Governor-General
Sandra Mason		Barbados	Acting Governor-General
Helen Winkelmann		New Zealand	Administrator of the Government (Acting Governor-General)

See also

• • Women in government List of elected and appointed female deputy heads of state
• List of elected and appointed female deputy heads of government
• List of the first women heads of state and government in Muslim-majority countries
• List of Muslim women heads of state and government
• List of female monarchs

External links

• List of Current Women Heads of State
• Women Heads of State
• Women Presidents and Women Governors-General (Zárate's Political Collections)
• Council of Women World Leaders
• Female Presidents

Notes and References

1. News: . Khertek Anchimaa Toka: the world's first female head of state . live . https://archive.today/20210523072643/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/khertek-anchimaa-toka-the-worlds-first-female-head-of-state-ndfkbzsgh0f . May 23, 2021 . The Times . December 2, 2008 . December 3, 2008.
2. News: 6 of the First Women Heads of State. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9 May 2019.
3. News: From the archive, 22 July 1960: Sri Lanka elects world's first woman prime minister . From the Guardian archive . live . 22 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130824021716/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jul/22/bandaranaike-first-woman-prime-minister . 24 August 2013.
4. News: Cords . Suzanne . Isabel Peron turns 90 . 4 February 2021 . live . Deutsche Welle . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204152717/https://www.dw.com/en/isabel-peron-turns-90/a-56456787 . 4 February 2021 . 5 February 2021 . en.
5. Einarsdóttir . Gréta Sigríður . April 15, 2020 . Vigdís Finnbogadóttir's 90th Birthday . live . Iceland Review . https://web.archive.org/web/20230128083046/https://www.icelandreview.com/news/vigdis-finnbogadottirs-90th-birthday/ . January 28, 2023 . April 16, 2020.
6. News: Burns . John F. . December 28, 2007 . Benazir Bhutto, 54, Who Weathered Pakistan's Political Storm for 3 Decades, Dies . The New York Times . live . December 29, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208065918/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/28/world/asia/28bhutto.html . February 8, 2023.
7. News: Khan . M Ilyas . 21 June 2018 . Ardern and Bhutto: Two different pregnancies in power . BBC News . live . 22 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622012924/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44568537 . 22 June 2018.
8. News: . Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world . Dhaka Tribune . 11 September 2019 . 12 September 2019.
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12. Web site: Woman on Sudan's ruling council quits, saying civilians are being ignored. 22 May 2021. Reuters.
13. The council was briefly dissolved from October to November 2021 as a result of the 2021 Sudan coup d'état. Nicola was restored to her position after the council was reconstituted in November. Source: News: Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council . 26 March 2023 . . 11 November 2021 . Khartoum.