List of female justice ministers explained

A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (called minister for justice in only very few countries) or secretary of justice. In countries where this agency is called a department (usually department of justice, sometimes attorney general's department) the head of the department is entitled attorney general, for example in the United States. Some countries have a solicitor general.

Specific duties may relate to organizing the justice system, overseeing the public prosecutor and maintaining the legal system and public order. Some ministries have additional responsibilities in related policy areas overseeing elections, directing the police, law reform. The duties of the ministry of justice may in some countries be split from separate responsibilities of an attorney general (often responsible for the justice system) and the interior minister (often responsible for public order). Sometimes the prison system is separated into another government department called Corrective Services.

when Adriana Olguín was appointed by the Chilean government to be justice minister. She was also the first female minister in Latin America.

Sovereign states

Nameclass=unsortableImageCountryContinentMandate startMandate endTerm length
Adriana Olguín ChileSouth America
Ho Jong-sukAsia2 months[1]
Stella Soulioti CyprusEurope
Elisabeth Schweigaard Selmer NorwayEurope
Svetla Daskalova BulgariaEurope
Yolanda Myers de Vásquez El SalvadorNorth America
Auður Auðuns IcelandEurope
Inger Louise Valle NorwayEurope
Nathalie Lind DenmarkEurope
Inkeri Anttila FinlandEurope
Mónica Madariaga ChileSouth America
Elizabeth Odio Benito Costa RicaAmerica
Nathalie Lind DenmarkEurope
Colette Flesch LuxembourgEurope
Mona Røkke NorwayEurope
Dina Castro de Callejas El SalvadorNorth America
Anna-Greta Leijon SwedenEurope
Elisabeth Kopp SwitzerlandEurope
Wenche Frogn Sellæg NorwayEurope
Helen Bøsterud NorwayEurope
Pura Luz Núñez Pérez Dominican RepublicNorth America
Anna-Greta Leijon SwedenEurope
Semiramis Olivo de Pichardo Dominican RepublicNorth America
Laila Freivalds SwedenEurope
Rhina de Rey Prendes El SalvadorNorth America
Mónica de Greiff ColombiaSouth America
Else Bugge Fougner NorwayEurope
Maruja Chacón Pacheco Costa RicaNorth America
Kim Campbell CanadaNorth America
Tarja Halonen FinlandEurope
Elizabeth Odio Benito Costa RicaNorth America
Kari Gjesteby NorwayEurope
Hannele Pokka FinlandEurope
Gun Hellsvik SwedenEurope
Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger GermanyEurope
Grete Faremo NorwayEurope
Anna Benaki-Psarouda GreeceEurope
Celin Discua HondurasNorth America
Máire Geoghegan-Quinn IrelandEurope
Pia Gjellerup DenmarkEurope
Janet Reno United StatesNorth America
Anneli Jäätteenmäki FinlandEurope
Winnie Sorgdrager NetherlandsEurope
Laila Freivalds SwedenEurope
Nora Owen IrelandEurope
Janet Bostwick BahamasNorth America
Maureen Clarke Costa RicaAmerica
Ritsuko Nagao JapanAsia
Hawa Sisay-Sabally GambiaAfrica
Margarita Mariscal de Gante SpainEurope
Anne Holt NorwayEurope
Vlasta Parkanová Czech RepublicEurope
Gerd-Liv Valla NorwayEurope
Alma Beatriz Rengifo López ColombiaSouth America
Élisabeth Guigou FranceEurope
Anne McLellan CanadaNorth America
Suzzana Stannik UkraineEurope
Amanda Vanstone AustraliaOceania
Aud Inger Aure NorwayEurope
Hanna Suchocka PolandEurope
Mónica Nágel Berger Costa RicaNorth America
Fatou Bensouda GambiaAfrica
Herta Däubler-Gmelin GermanyEurope
Ingrīda Labucka LatviaEurope
Yeh Chin-fongAsia
Januaria Moreira Cape VerdeAfrica
Sólveig Pétursdóttir IcelandEurope
Antonieta Rosa Gomes Guinea-BissauAfrica
Soledad Alvear ChileSouth America
Hanne Harlem NorwayEurope
Ingrīda Labucka LatviaEurope
Lena Hjelm-Wallén SwedenEurope
Marylise Lebranchu FranceEurope
Rodica Stănoiu RomaniaEurope
Mia Mottley BarbadosNorth America
Cristina Fontes Lima Cape VerdeAfrica
Vera Sofia Rubi HondurasNorth America
Mayumi Moriyama JapanAsia
Ingrid Antičević-Marinović CroatiaEurope
Barbara Piwnik PolandEurope
Lene Espersen DenmarkEurope
Celeste Cardona PortugalEurope
Patricia Vega Costa RicaNorth America
Ana Pessoa PintoAsia
Brigitte Zypries GermanyEurope
Merceditas Gutierrez PhilippinesAsia
Kang Kum-silAsia
Karin Gastinger AustriaEurope
Laurette Onkelinx BelgiumEurope
Hyacinthe Wodobodé Central African RepublicAfrica
Vesna Škare-Ožbolt CroatiaEurope
Vineta Muižniece LatviaEurope
Monica Macovei RomaniaEurope
Brigitte Mabandla South AfricaAfrica
Victoria IftodiEurope
Chieko Nōno JapanAsia
Solvita Āboltiņa LatviaEurope
Martha Karua KenyaAfrica20054 years
Wu Aiying ChinaAsia
Leena Luhtanen FinlandEurope
Allyson Maynard Gibson BahamasNorth America
Mary NaguAfrica200620082 years
Lucia Žitňanská SlovakiaEurope
Ana Lovrin CroatiaEurope
Laura Chinchilla Costa RicaNorth America
Rita Verdonk NetherlandsEurope
Beatrice Ask SwedenEurope
Tzipi Livni IsraelAsia
Claire Hepburn BahamasNorth America
Maria Berger AustriaEurope
Carmelita Pires Guinea-BissauAfrica
Tuija Brax FinlandEurope
Rachida Dati FranceEurope
Miglena Tacheva BulgariaEurope
Agnes Devanadera PhilippinesAsia
Dorothy Lightbourne JamaicaNorth America
Marie Saine-Firdaus GambiaAfrica
Annette King New ZealandOceania
Marisa Helena Morias Cape VerdeAfrica
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf SwitzerlandEurope
Wang Ching-fengAsia
Snežana Malović SerbiaEurope
Viviana Martín Salazar Costa RicaNorth America
Betty Mould-Iddrisu GhanaAfrica
Claudia Bandion-Ortner AustriaEurope
Ragna Árnadóttir IcelandEurope
Aurelia Frick LiechtensteinEurope
Daniela Kovářová Czech RepublicEurope
Michèle Alliot-Marie FranceEurope
Margarita Popova BulgariaEurope
Keiko Chiba JapanAsia
Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger GermanyEurope
Simonetta Sommaruga SwitzerlandEurope
María Encarnación de Contreras GuatemalaNorth America
Leila de Lima PhilippinesAsia
Lucia Žitňanská SlovakiaEurope
Claudia Paz y Paz GuatemalaNorth America
Grete Faremo NorwayEurope
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa SamoaOceania
Marisela Morales MexicoNorth America
Beatrix Karl AustriaEurope
Johana Pesántez EcuadorSouth America
Paula Teixeira da Cruz PortugalEurope
Anna-Maja Henriksson FinlandEurope
Grete Faremo NorwayEurope
Paola Severino ItalyEurope
Diana Kovatcheva BulgariaEurope
Annemie Turtelboom BelgiumEurope
Judith Collins New ZealandOceania
Nicola Roxon AustraliaOceania
Ana Pineda HondurasNorth America
Edite TenjuaAfrica
Ana Isabel Garita Vílchez Costa RicaNorth America
Lucia Freitas LobatoAsia
Allyson Maynard Gibson BahamasNorth America
Christiane Taubira FranceEurope
Žaneta Jaunzeme-Grende LatviaEurope
Ruth Stella Correa Palacio ColombiaSouth America
Mona Pivniceru RomaniaEurope
Tea Tsulukiani GeorgiaEurope
Patricia Pérez Goldberg ChileSouth America
Marietta Brew Appiah-Oppong GhanaAfrica
Tzipi Livni IsraelAsia
Anna Maria Cancellieri ItalyEurope
Octavie Modert LuxembourgEurope
Amie Joof GambiaAfrica
Zinaida Zlatanova BulgariaEurope
Olena Lukash UkraineEurope
Marie Benešová Czech RepublicEurope
Sheila Abed ParaguaySouth America
Mama Fatima Singhateh GambiaAfrica
Luo Ying-shayAsia
Ledy Zúñiga Rocha EcuadorSouth America
Karen Hækkerup DenmarkEurope
Asha-Rose MigiroAfrica
Baiba Broka LatviaEurope
Helena Válková Czech RepublicEurope
Cristina Ramírez Chavarría Costa RicaNorth America
Frances Fitzgerald IrelandEurope
Thelma Aldana GuatemalaNorth America
Carmelita Pires Guinea-BissauAfrica
Maggie De Block BelgiumEurope
Amy Adams New ZealandOceania
Midori Matsushima JapanAsia
Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría SpainEurope
Mette Frederiksen DenmarkEurope
Yōko Kamikawa JapanAsia
Ekaterina Zakharieva BulgariaEurope
Mama Fatima Singhateh GambiaAfrica
Virginia Velasco CondoriSouth America
Loretta Lynch United StatesNorth America
Ayelet Shaked IsraelAsia
Cecilia Sánchez Romero Costa RicaNorth America
Arpine Hovhannisyan ArmeniaEurope
Jody Wilson-Raybould CanadaNorth America
Raluca Prună RomaniaEurope
Francisca Van Dunem PortugalEurope
Marlene Malahoo Forte JamaicaNorth America
Lucia Žitňanská SlovakiaEurope
Janine Lélis Cape VerdeAfricaIncumbent
Liz Truss United KingdomEurope
Nela Kuburović SerbiaEurope
Milda Vainiutė LithuaniaEurope
Sigríður Á. Andersen IcelandEurope
Sally Yates United StatesNorth America
Gloria Akuffo GhanaAfrica
Maria Pavlova BulgariaEurope
Ana Birchall RomaniaEurope
Tsetska Tsacheva BulgariaEurope
Rosana Alvarado EcuadorSouth America
Nicole Belloubet FranceEurope
Yōko Kamikawa JapanAsia
Thalatha Atukorale Sri LankaAsia
Etilda Gjonaj AlbaniaEurope
Karla Cuevas HondurasNorth America
Sylvi Listhaug NorwayEurope
Katarina Barley GermanyEurope
Marcia González Aguiluz Costa RicaNorth America7 February 2020
María Consuelo Porras GuatemalaNorth AmericaIncumbent
Dolores Delgado SpainEurope13 January 2020
Priscilla Schwartz Sierra LeoneAfrica
Taťána Malá Czech RepublicEurope
Gloria María Borrero ColombiaSouth America
Andreja Katič SloveniaEurope
Karin Keller-Sutter SwitzerlandEurope
Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir IcelandEurope
Anna-Maja Henriksson FinlandEurope
Margarita Cabello Blanco ColombiaSouth America
Christine Lambrecht GermanyEurope
Cecilia Chacón Castillo EcuadorSouth America
Judit Varga HungaryEurope
Áslaug Arna Sigurbjörnsdóttir IcelandEurope
Masako Mori JapanAsia
Marcela Losardo ArgentinaSouth America
Choo Mi-aeAsia
Alma Zadić AustriaEuropeIncumbent
Marie-Claude Najm LebanonAsia
Monica Mæland NorwayEurope
Albulena HaxhiuEurope
Suella BravermanEurope
Fiorella Salazar RojasNorth AmericaIncumbent
Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe NepalAsia
Lilijana Kozlovič SloveniaEurope
Mária KolíkováEurope
Helen McEntee IrelandEurope
Incumbent
Jeanine Nibizi BurundiAfrica
Yōko Kamikawa JapanAsia
Maja Popović SerbiaEuropeIncumbent
Ewelina Dobrowolska LithuaniaEuropeIncumbent
Dia Forrester GrenadaNorth America
Maris Lauri EstoniaEurope
Marta Cartabia ItalyEurope
Albulena HaxhiuEuropeIncumbent
Graziella Marok-Wachter LiechtensteinEuropeIncumbent
Michaelia Cash AustraliaOceania
Heather Humphreys IrelandEurope
Bernarda Ordóñez Moscoso EcuadorSouth America
Pilar Llop SpainEurope
Leïla Jaffel TunisiaAfricaIncumbent
Emilie Mehl NorwayEuropeIncumbent
Dilan Yeşilgöz NetherlandsEurope
Marcela Ríos ChileSouth America
Catarina Sarmento e CastroEurope
Paola Flores Jaramillo EcuadorSouth AmericaIncumbent
Dominika Švarc Pipan SloveniaEuropeIncumbent
Kiri Allan New ZealandOceania
Claudette Joseph GrenadaNorth AmericaIncumbent
Lea Danilson-Järg EstoniaEurope
Heather Humphreys IrelandEurope
Inese Lībiņa-Egnere LatviaEuropeIncumbent
Élisabeth Baume-Schneider SwitzerlandEurope
He Rong ChinaAsiaIncumbent
Ester Molné Soldevila AndorraEuropeIncumbent
Alina Gorghiu RomaniaEuropeIncumbent
Guðrún Hafsteinsdóttir IcelandEuropeIncumbent
Leena Meri FinlandEuropeIncumbent
Ginny Andersen New ZealandOceania
Rita Júdice PortugalEuropeIncumbent
Mariya Pavlova BulgariaEuropeIncumbent
Shabana Mahmood United KingdomEuropeIncumbent
Liisa-Ly Pakosta EstoniaEuropeIncumbent

Dependent territories, constituent states, autonomous regions, and supra-national unions

Nameclass=unsortable ImageJurisdictionContinentMandate startMandate endTerm length
Anne X. Alpern
Pennsylvania Attorney General
North America20 January 195928 August 1961
Paula F. Beaubrun
11th Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America17 July 197225 July 1977
Velma I. Hamilton-Gayle
Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America28 November 197810 October 1979
Sandra M. H. DeSilva
Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America19791982
Arlene Violet
68th Attorney General of Rhode Island
North America19851987
Corinne Watanabe
7th Attorney General of Hawaii
North America19851986
Mary Sue Terry
36th Attorney General of Virginia
North America11 January 198628 January 1993
Grace Berg Schaible
20th Attorney General of Alaska
North America19871989
Clarine Nardi Riddle
22nd Attorney General of Connecticut
North America3 January 19899 January 1991
Frankie Sue Del Papa
29th Attorney General of Nevada
North America7 January 19916 January 2003
Bonnie Campbell
32nd Attorney General of Iowa
North America11 January 19916 January 1995
Susan B. Loving
15th Attorney General of Oklahoma
North America22 June 19919 January 1995
Dancia Penn
Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America1 October 19921 November 1999
Jan Wade
50th Attorney-General of Victoria
Australia
Heidi Heitkamp
28th Attorney General of North Dakota
North America15 December 199215 December 2000
Christine Gregoire
16th Attorney General of Washington
North America13 January 199312 January 2005
Pamela Carter
38th Indiana Attorney General
North America13 January 199316 January 1997
Jan Graham
18th Attorney General of Utah
North AmericaJanuary 1993January 2001
Cheryl Edwardes
34th Attorney-General of Western Australia
Australia
Rosemary Vodrey
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Manitoba
North America10 September 19936 January 1997
Deborah Poritz
50th Attorney General of New Jersey
North America19941996
M. Jane Brady
42nd Attorney General of Delaware
North America3 January 19957 December 2005
Betty Montgomery
45th Attorney General of Ohio
North America6 January 19955 January 2003
Carla Stovall
40th Kansas Attorney General
North America9 January 199513 January 2003
Margery Bronster
10th Attorney General of Hawaii
North America19951999
Joan Sheldon
Attorney-General of Queensland
Australia
Linda Goupil
14th Minister of Justice of Quebec
North America
Lois Browne-Evans
Attorney General of Bermuda
BermudaNorth America1999??
Jennifer Granholm
51st Attorney General of Michigan
North America1 January 19991 January 2003
Patricia A. Madrid
29th Attorney General of New Mexico
North America1 January 19991 January 2007
Florinda Chan
Secretary for Administration
and Justice of Macau
Asia
Karen Freeman-Wilson
Attorney General of Indiana
North America8 June 200014 January 2001
Gale Norton
35th Attorney General of Colorado
North America31 January 200131 March 2006
Elish Angiolini
Solicitor General for Scotland
Europe28 November 200112 October 2006
Judy Jackson
Attorney-General of Tasmania
Australia
Ramona Villagomez Manglona
Attorney General of the Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana IslandsAsiaNovember 2002May 2003
Peg Lautenschlager
42nd Attorney General of Wisconsin
North America3 January 20033 January 2007
Lisa Madigan
41st Attorney General of Illinois
North America13 January 200314 January 2019
Cathy Jamieson
2nd Minister of Justice in Scotland
Europe
Kelly Ayotte
27th Attorney General of New Hampshire
North America15 June 200417 July 2009
Judith Jagdmann
43rd Attorney General of Virginia
North America1 February 200514 January 2006
Linda Lavarch
Attorney-General of Queensland
Australia
Zulima Farber
55th Attorney General of New Jersey
North America30 January 200631 August 2006
Elish Angiolini
Lord Advocate
Europe12 October 200630 April 2011
Catherine Cortez Masto
32nd Attorney General of Nevada
North America1 January 20075 January 2015
Barbara Underwood
Solicitor General of New York
North America1 January 2007Incumbent
Lori Swanson
29th Attorney General of Minnesota
North America2 January 20077 January 2019
Alicia Limtiaco
10th Attorney General of Guam
GuamOceania3 January 200721 June 2010
Martha Coakley
58th Attorney General of Massachusetts
North America17 January 200721 January 2015
Kathleen Ayensu
23rd Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America24 June 200724 June 2010
Patricia Scotland
Attorney General for England and Wales &<br/>Attorney General for Northern Ireland

Europe
Anne Milgram
57th Attorney General of New Jersey
North America29 June 200718 January 2010
Alison Redford
Attorney General of Alberta
North America13 March 200818 February 2012
Nancy H. Rogers
Attorney General of Ohio
North America28 May 20088 January 2009
Lara Giddings
Attorney-General of Tasmania
Australia
Kathleen Weil
Minister of Justice of Quebec
Europe
Janet Mills
55th Attorney General of Maine
North America6 January 20096 January 2011
Paula Dow
58th New Jersey Attorney General
North America18 January 201010 January 2012
Viviane Reding
European Commissioner for Justice,
Fundamental Rights and Citizenship
Europe
Marie-Claude Blais
Minister of Justice and
Attorney General of New Brunswick
North America12 October 201019 September 2013
Kamala Harris
32nd Attorney General of California
North America3 January 20113 January 2017
Pam Bondi
37th Attorney General of Florida
North America4 January 20118 January 2019
Lesley Thomson
Solicitor General for Scotland
Europe19 May 20111 June 2016
Linda Kelly
47th Attorney General of Pennsylvania
North America27 May 201115 January 2013
Shirley Bond
Attorney General of British Columbia
North America18 August 201110 June 2013
Ellen Rosenblum
17th Oregon Attorney General
North America29 June 2012Incumbent
Janet Mills
57th Attorney General of Maine
North America7 January 20132 January 2019
Kathleen Kane
48th Attorney General of Pennsylvania
North America15 January 201317 August 2016
Suzanne Anton
Attorney General of British Columbia
North America10 June 201312 June 2017
Lena Diab
Minister of Justice and
Attorney General of Nova Scotia
North America22 October 201324 July 2015
Vanessa Goodwin
Attorney-General of Tasmania
Australia
Stéphanie Vallée
Minister of Justice of Quebec
North America
Věra Jourová
6th European Commissioner for Justice,
Consumers and Gender Equality
Europe
Sonia Chan
Secretariat for Administration and Justice
Asia
Cynthia Coffman
38th Attorney General of Colorado
North America12 January 20158 January 2019
Leslie Rutledge
56th Arkansas Attorney General
North America13 January 201510 January 2023
Maura Healey
59th Massachusetts Attorney General
North America21 January 20155 January 2023
Yvette D'Ath
Attorney-General of Queensland
Australia
Incumbent
Gabrielle Upton
55th Attorney General of New South Wales
Australia
Kathleen Ganley
27th Minister of Justice
and Attorney General of Alberta
North America24 May 201530 April 2019
Gabriela Bravo
Minister of Justice, Interior and Public Administration
Europe30 June 201519 July 2023
Diana Whalen
Minister of Justice
and Attorney General of Nova Scotia
North America24 July 201530 May 2017
Heather Stefanson
Minister of Justice and
Attorney General of Manitoba
North America3 May 20161 August 2018
Claire Sugden
2nd Minister of Justice of Northern Ireland
Europe25 May 20162 March 2017
Alison Di Rollo
Solicitor General for Scotland
Europe1 June 201622 June 2021
Jahna Lindemuth
31st Attorney General of Alaska
North America8 August 20165 December 2018
Tracy-Anne McPhee
Minister of Justice of Yukon
North America3 December 201614 January 2023
Kathleen Kenealy
Acting Attorney General of California
North America3 January 201724 January 2017
Cara Rodriguez
Acting Attorney General of Oklahoma
North America17 February 201720 February 2017
Teresa Cheng
4th Secretary for Justice of Hong Kong
Hong KongAsia
Vickie Chapman
50th Attorney-General of South Australia
Australia
Elise Archer
Attorney-General of Tasmania
Australia
Barbara Underwood
66th Attorney General of New York
North America8 May 201831 December 2018
Rose Toki-Brown
Minister of Justice
Cook IslandsOceania
Sonia LeBel
Minister of Justice of Quebec
North America
Andrea Anderson-Mason
Minister of Justice and
Attorney General of New Brunswick
North America
Jill Hennessy
54th Attorney-General of Victoria
Australia
Kathy Jennings
46th Attorney General of Delaware
North America1 January 2019Incumbent
Dana Nessel
54th Attorney General of Michigan
North America1 January 2019Incumbent
Letitia James
67th Attorney General of New York
North America1 January 2019Incumbent
Clare E. Connors
16th Attorney General of Hawaii
North America3 January 201910 December 2021
Ashley Moody
38th Attorney General of Florida
North America8 January 2019Incumbent
Bridget Hill
38th Attorney General of Wyoming
North America15 March 2019Incumbent
Caroline Wawzonek
Minister of Justice in the Northwest Territories
North America1 October 20198 November 2021
Naomi Long
3rd Minister of Justice of Northern Ireland
Europe11 January 20207 October 2022
Lynn Fitch
40th Attorney General of Mississippi
North America14 January 2020Incumbent
Mitzie Jessop Taase
Acting Attorney General of American Samoa
American SamoaNorth America
Dawn Smith
27th Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
North America1 October 2020Incumbent
Shannon Fentiman
Attorney-General of Queensland
Australia
Jaclyn Symes
55th Attorney-General of Victoria
AustraliaIncumbent
Ruth Charteris
Solicitor General for Scotland
Europe22 June 2021Incumbent
Holly Shikada
17th Attorney General of Hawaii
North America10 December 20215 December 2022
Susanne Young
27th Attorney General of Vermont
North America5 July 20225 January 2023
Kris Mayes
27th Attorney General of Arizona
North America2 January 2023Incumbent
Brenna Bird
34th Attorney General of Iowa
North America3 January 2023Incumbent
Charity Clark
28th Attorney General of Vermont
North America5 January 2023Incumbent
Andrea Campbell
45th Attorney General of Massachusetts
North America18 January 2023Incumbent
Angela Constance
Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs
Europe29 March 2023Incumbent
Elisa Núñez Sánchez
Minister of Justice, Interior and Public Administration
Europe19 July 2023Incumbent
Liz Murrill
46th Attorney General of Louisiana
North America8 January 2024Incumbent

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Park, Kyung Ae. Tétreault. Mary Ann. Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. https://books.google.com/books?id=X95R043HBJwC&pg=PA182. 1994. University of South Carolina Press. Columbia. 978-1-57003-016-1. Women and Revolution in South and North Korea. Table 7.7.