List of female fellows of the Royal Society explained

Female fellows of the Royal Society
Awarded For:Contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge”[1]
Sponsor:Royal Society
Location:London
Country:United Kingdom
Holder Label:Total percentage of fellows
Holder:Since Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson in 1945, around 9% of fellows of the Royal Society are women[2]

Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".[3] Election to the Fellowship is highly regarded and sought after, bringing prestige to both the individual academically and the institution the Fellow is associated with.[4] For scientists in the United Kingdom, the recognition is considered second only to being awarded the Nobel Prize.[5]

While there was no explicit prohibition of women as Fellow of the Royal Society in its original charters and statutes, election to the fellowships was for much of the Society's history de facto closed to women. As a result of the dissolution of nunneries in connection with the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and female exclusion from schools and universities, the formal education of British girls and women was effectively non-existent throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Women slowly gained admittance to learned societies in the UK starting in the 19th century, with the founding of the Zoological Society of London in 1829 and the Royal Entomological Society in 1833, both of which admitted women fellows from their inception.[6] [7]

The first recorded question of women being admitted to the Royal Society occurred in 1900, when Marian Farquharson, the first female fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, sent a letter to the Council of the Royal Society petitioning that "duly qualified women should have the advantage of full fellowship". In its reply, the Council stated that the question of women fellows "must depend on the interpretation to be placed upon the Royal Charters under which the Society has been governed for more than three hundred years".[6] When Hertha Ayrton was nominated for fellowship in 1902, her candidature was turned down on the basis that as a married woman she had no standing in law.[8] The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 made it illegal for an incorporated society to refuse admission on the grounds of an individual's sex or marital status. While the Society acknowledged the provision of section 1 of the Act in 1925, in reply to a question originally put to them by the Women's Engineering Society three years prior, it was not until 1943 that another woman was nominated for fellowship. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson were duly elected in 1945, after a postal vote amending the Society's statutes to explicitly allow women fellows.[6] [7]

, a total of 198 women have been elected fellows. Two women have been elected under the Society's former Statute 12 regulation and two Honorary Fellows for their service to the cause of science. Another four women, from the British Royal Family, have been either Royal Fellow or Patron of the Society. Thirty six more women have been elected as Foreign Members. Of the approximately 1,600 living fellows and foreign members in 2018, 8.5 per cent are women compared to 0.4% in 1945, according to a historical research project conducted by Aileen Fyfe and Camilla Mørk Røstvik.[9] [10]

Fellows

List of female fellows
Year of electionImageFellowField(s)Notes
1945CrystallographyAwarded the Davy Medal in 1957[11] [12]
Biochemistry, microbiology[13] [14]
1946Botany[15] [16]
1947MathematicsAwarded the Sylvester Medal in 1964[17] [18]
BiochemistryAwarded the Royal Medal in 1956, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964, and the Copley Medal in 1976; delivered the Tercentenary Lecture in 1960 and the Bakerian Lecture in 1972[19] [20]
Protozoology, bacteriology[21] [22]
1948EntomologyHer sister Irene Manton was elected FRS in 1961.[23] [24]
Biochemistry[25] [26]
1952Zoology[27] [28]
NeurologyAwarded the Royal Medal in 1981[29] [30]
1954Biochemistry[31] [32]
1956Plant physiology[33] [34]
1957Zoology, geneticsAwarded the Darwin Medal in 1976[35] [36]
1958Pharmacology[37] [38]
1959Protozoology, parasitology[39] [40]
Endocrinology[41] [42]
1961BotanySister of Sidnie Manton (elected FRS 1948)[43] [44]
1963Marine biology[45] [46]
1964Astrophysics[47]
1965Geology[48]
1966Endocrinology[49]
1967Biophysics[50] [51]
1969BiochemistryAwarded the Royal Medal in 1988[52] [53]
1971Zoology, parasitology[54] [55]
1972Phycology[56] [57]
Hematology, serology[58] [59]
1973Immunology[60]
GeneticsAwarded the Royal Medal in 1984[61]
1975Developmental biology, geneticsForeign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 1991–96, and awarded the Royal Medal in 1990[62]
1976BiochemistryDelivered the Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1979[63]
Nutrition[64] [65]
1977Rheumatology[66]
1979NeuropsychologyDelivered the Humphry Davy Lecture in 1989[67]
Botany[68]
Physiology[69] [70]
Geology[71] [72]
1982Molecular geneticsVice-president of the Royal Society 2002–04, and awarded the Gabor Medal in 1989[73]
1985Genetics[74]
Entomology, botany[75] [76]
Developmental biology[77]
1986BiochemistryBiological Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2008–present[78]
Neuropsychology[79]
1987Crystallography[80]
1988Molecular biology[81]
1989Psychology[82]
1990Biochemistry, crystallography[83]
Astronomy[84]
1991Biophysics[85]
1992Molecular biologyAwarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009[86]
GeneticsAwarded the Royal Medal in 2002[87]
1993Genetics[88]
1994Mathematics[89]
1995Polymer scienceForeign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2001–06, delivered the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2005 and the Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lecture in 2007[90]
Molecular biology[91]
1996Biology[92]
Paleobotany[93]
Genetics, biogerontologyDelivered the Croonian Lecture in 2009[94]
1997ImmunologyAwarded the Wellcome Foundation Prize in 1990[95]
1998GeneticsAwarded the Gabor Medal in 2003[96]
Developmental biology[97]
1999Physiology[98]
Developmental biology[99] [100]
GeneticsForeign Secretary and vice-president of the Royal Society 2006–11, delivered the Rutherford Memorial Lecture in 2008 and the Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lecture in 2009[101]
PhysicsDelivered the Bakerian Lecture in 2006[102]
Bioinformatics[103]
2000Developmental biology[104]
Developmental biology[105]
2001Developmental biology[106]
Mathematics[107]
Medicine[108] [109]
2002Biochemistry[110]
Chemistry, crystallography[111]
Conservation biology, ecology[112]
Mathematics[113]
2003AstrophysicsAwarded the Michael Faraday Prize in 2010[114]
Molecular biology[115]
Genetics[116]
Biochemistry[117]
Mechanical engineering[118]
Parasitology[119]
Cell biology[120]
Molecular biology[121]
Molecular biology[122]
2004Botany[123]
Chemical engineeringAwarded the Bakerian Lecture for 2014[124]
ChemistryAwarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2004, and the Davy Medal in 2010[125]
Biology[126]
2005Evolutionary biology[127]
Developmental psychology[128]
2006Epidemiology[129]
Computational chemistry[130]
Genetics[131]
Molecular biology[132]
2007BiologyDelivered the GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture in 1998[133]
Evolutionary biologyAwarded the Darwin Medal in 2002[134]
BotanyAwarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2007[135]
Molecular biology[136]
Genetics[137]
2008Immunology[138]
Mathematics[139]
2009Palaeontology, evolutionary biology[140]
Computer science[141]
Developmental neuroscience[142]
Mathematical biologyAwarded the Gabor Medal in 2011[143]
Biology[144]
2010Molecular biologyAwarded the Rosalind Franklin Award in 2006[145]
Physical chemistry[146]
Comparative cognition[147]
AstrophysicsDelivered the UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture in 2010[148]
Biology[149]
2011Immunology[150]
ChemistryKavli Medal and Lecture in 2011[151]
Tropical medicine[152]
Gastroenterology[153]
Biology[154]
2012Astrophysics[155]
Molecular biology, cell biology[156]
2013Biochemistry[157]
Cell biology, immunology[158]
Atmospheric physics[159]
Epigenetics[160]
Health economics[161]
Neurology[162]
Immunology[163]
Computer architecture[164]
Physics[165]
2014Psychology[166]
Medicine[167]
Zoology[168]
Biology[169]
Physics[170]
Neuroscience[171]
Biophysics[172]
2015Biophysics[173]
Psycholinguistics[174]
Pharmacology[175]
Helioseismology[176]
Probability[177]
Plant development[178]
Meteorology[179]
Biochemistry[180]
2016Optical communication[181]
Volcanology[182]
Epidemiology[183]
Epidemiology[184]
Neuroscience[185]
Microscopy[186]
Biology[187]
Nuclear power[188]
Chemistry[189]
Climate change[190]
Neuroscience[191]
Mathematics[192]
Plant biochemistry[193]
2017Genome biology[194]
[195]
Climate change[196]
Molecular biology[197]
Engineering[198]
Engineering[199]
Biomedical engineering[200]
Evolutionary biology[201]
Chemistry[202]
Cell biology[203]
Materials science[204]
Physicist[205]
Plant physiology[206]
2018Chemistry[207]
Microbial ecology[208]
Chemistry[209]
Mitochondrial biology[210]
Plant biotechnology[211]
Microbiology[212]
Microbiology[213]
Statistics[214]
Physics[215]
Neurology[216]
Quantum physics[217]
Geology[218]
2019Atmospheric chemistry[219]
Epidemiology[220]
Chemistry[221]
Microbiology[222]
Artificial Intelligence[223]
Computational biology[224]
Microbiology[225]
Geology[226]
Biomedical engineeringOntario's first chief scientist[227]
Bacteriology[228]
2020Geology[229]
Biology, Cancer research[230]
Cognitive neuroscience[231]
Biology, Cancer research[232]
Chemistry[233]
Biomedical engineering[234]
PhysicsNobel Prize winner[235]
Bioinformatics, Biophysics, Genomics, Immunology[236]
[237]
2021Molecular genetics[238]
Medical genetics[239]
Medicine, Genetics of obesity[240]
Molecular biology[241]
Biochemistry, Cell and molecular biology, Molecular medicine[242]
Paleoclimatology[243]
Cell biology (Plant)[244]
Cognitive neuroscience[245]
Oceanography[246]
Evolutionary biology[247]
Pharmacology[248]
Biochemistry, Pharmacology[249]
Zoology[250]
HCI[251]
Mathematics[252]
Chemistry[253]
2022Molecular biology[254]
Computer science[255]
Botany[256]
Structural biology[257]
Physiology[258]
Chemistry[259]
Biogeochemistry (Marine)[260]
Cognitive science, HCI, IxD[261]
Developmental biology[262]
Immunology[263]
Immunology[264]
Geology, Paleobiology[265]
2023Immunology[266]
Anatomy, Forensic anthropology, Forensic science[267]
Astrophysics[268]
Astronomy[269]
Vaccinology[270]
Environmental science[271]
Physics, Materials science[272]
Evolutionary biology[273]
Ecology, Entomology[274]
Molecular biology[275]
Chemistry[276]
Molecular biology[277]
Botany[278]
Structural biology, CryoEM, RNA processing[279]
Chemistry[280]
Mathematical statistics, Population genetics[281]
Neuroscience, Pain, Neuroimaging[282]

Foreign members

List of female Foreign Members
Year of electionImageMemberField(s)Notes
1955Nuclear physics[283]
1969Seismology[284]
1989Developmental biologyDelivered the Claude Bernard Lecture in 1987[285]
CytogeneticsAwarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983[286]
1990Genetics, embryologyAwarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995[287]
1995Biochemistry, pharmacologyAwarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988[288]
Genetics[289]
NeurologyAwarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986[290]
2001Developmental biology[291]
2004Marine biologyUnder Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere of the United States 2010–present[292]
2005Astronomy[293]
2008Molecular biology[294]
Atmospheric chemistry[295]
2010Bacteriology[296]
2011Molecular biology, Cell biology[297]
Neuroscience[298]
2012Molecular biology[299]
2013Developmental biology[300]
2014Molecular biology[301]
2015Olfactory system[302]
Molecular biology[303]
Developmental Biology[304]
2016Biochemistry[305]
Nanotechnology[306]
2017Geophysics[307]
Plant molecular biology[308]
2018Systems biology[309]
Particle physics[310]
2019Ecology[311]
Cell biology[312]
Climatology[313]
2020Bioengineering[314]
Palaeobiology[315]
Microbiology[316]
Geophysics[317]
Microbiology[318]
2021Earth sciences[319]
Biochemistry[320]
Biochemistry[321]
Biochemistry[322]
Mathematics[323]
2022Biochemistry[324]
Immunology[325]
2023Biology[326]
Chemistry[327]
Artificial intelligence[328]
Neuroscience[329]
Mathematics[330]

Honorary and Statute 12 fellows

Between 1903 and 1996, Statute 12 of the Society permitted the council to elect someone who would not otherwise qualify for election under the normal criteria for "conspicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society". Statute 12 Fellows were replaced by the introduction of Honorary Fellows in 1997.[331]

List of female honorary and Statute 12 fellows
Year of electionImageFellowField(s)Notes
1983PoliticsPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)[332]
1988History of scienceDelivered the Wilkins Lecture in 1976[333]
2007Philosophy, politics[334]
2015History[335]
2023Kate Bingham[336]
Fiona Fox[337]

Royal fellows and patrons

Throughout its history, the Royal Society has elected a number of individuals to its Fellowship by virtue of their being a member of the nobility.[338] Such elections were restricted first in 1874 to princes and members of the Privy Council, and subsequently in 1903 to princes of the British Royal Family only.[331] [339] This has since been relaxed to allow the election of any member of the British Royal Family.[340] Those elected by virtue of their royal blood or marriage are known as Royal Fellows.[341] From the beginning of the practice of British royal patronage in the 18th century,[342] the reigning monarch of Great Britain (and since 1801 that of the United Kingdom), starting with King George I,[343] has always served as patron of the Society.

List of female Royal Fellows and Patrons
Year of electionImageFellow / PatronNotes
1838Queen VictoriaNever elected as a Royal Fellow, instead served as Patron of the Society after her reign began as Queen of the United Kingdom and later Empress of India[344]
1947Queen Elizabeth IIQueen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, and patron from 1952[345]
1956Queen Elizabeth The Queen MotherQueen consort of King George VI
1987Princess AnnePrincess Royal[346]

See also

References

General
Specific

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: About elections. The Royal Society . 10 March 2023.
  2. Web site: Goodbye Diversity Committee. Royal Society. Royalsociety.org. Uta. Frith. 2019.
  3. Web site: Election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society . The Royal Society . 22 October 2012.
  4. Book: Ho, Peng Yoke. Reminiscence of a roving scholar : science, humanities, and Joseph Needham. 2005. World Scientific Pub. Co. New Jersey. 9789812565884. 168.
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  6. Mason. J.. The Women Fellows' Jubilee. Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 125–140. 10.1098/rsnr.1995.0009. 1 January 1995. 49. 146357352.
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  8. Ayrton, (Phoebe) Sarah (1854–1923) . Joan Mason . Sep 2010 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/37136 . 21 October 2012.
  9. Fyfe. Aileen. Aileen Fyfe. Røstvik. Camilla Mørk. How female fellows fared at the Royal Society. Nature. 555. 7695. 2018. 159–161. 0028-0836. 10.1038/d41586-018-02746-z. 29517005. 2018Natur.555..159F. 3738121. free.
  10. Web site: Fellowship of the Royal Society. The Royal Society. 28 May 2014.
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  346. List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007, p. 12.

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