List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates explained

The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.

History

19th century

• Lydia Maria Child and Lucretia Mott received one vote apiece for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, a caucus of the abolitionist Liberty Party.^[1] Mott was a candidate for vice president at the rump Liberty Party's 1848 convention, where she finished fifth out of a field of nine candidates.^[2]
• Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to formally run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter to the New York Herald and was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party for the 1872 election.^{[3] [4]} Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president by the convention, but took no part in Woodhull's campaign.^[5] Only 33 at the time of the election, she was thus ineligible to serve as president due to the age requirement established by the United States Constitution. Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections records no votes for Woodhull in any state.^[6]
• Belva Ann Lockwood was twice a candidate for president, in 1884 and 1888. In 1884, she was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party, with Marietta Stow for vice president. In a petition to the United States Congress, Lockwood claimed to have received 4,149 votes in six states; she further alleged that election officials in Pennsylvania had destroyed ballots bearing her name.^[7] The members of the electoral college from Indiana, after voting for Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks as pledged, cast a second, "complimentary vote" for Lockwood and Stow.^[8]

20th century

• Laura Clay and Cora Wilson Stewart received one vote apiece at the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 33rd and 36th ballots, respectively. They were the first women voted for as candidates for president at the national convention of a major American political party.^[9]
• Former Wyoming Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross was a candidate for vice president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention. Her name was mentioned as a potential candidate as early as 1927, and the possibility of her nomination was the subject of serious speculation. Ross was formally nominated at the convention by Mrs. T. S. Oliver of Wyoming, who praised her "honesty, sincerity, and courage;" W. R. Chapman gave the seconding speech. She received 31 votes, finishing third out of a field of eleven candidates.^[10]
• Charlotta Bass was the Progressive Party nominee for vice president in 1952. She was the first Black woman nominated for the office by an American political party.^[11]
• Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith was a candidate for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first woman to seek the nomination of a major party for president. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries and finished second in the Illinois primary with 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the national convention of a major political party.^[12]
• Charlene Mitchell was the first Black woman to run for president and the first to receive valid votes in a general election.^[13] She received 1,076 votes in four states (California, Minnesota, Ohio, and Washington) as the nominee of the Communist Party in the 1968 election.^[14]
• New York Representative Shirley Chisholm was the first woman to run in the Democratic primary, the first Black candidate to contest the nomination of a major party, and the first such candidate to win a primary. She received the votes of 152 delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, placing fourth in a field of 13 candidates. Her campaign drew support from prominent national feminist and civil rights leaders, including Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, who attempted unsuccessfully to stand as Chisholm delegates in the New York presidential primary.^[15]
• Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink was a candidate in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She was the first Asian American woman to run for president.^[16]
• Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice presidential candidate in 1972, was the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride.^[17]
• New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman nominated for vice president by a major political party. Several figures had suggested the nomination of a female candidate ahead of the 1984 presidential election, including Kathy Bonk, communications director for the National Organization for Women, and Thomas E. Donilon, the national campaign coordinator for the Walter Mondale campaign. Ferraro was selected from a field of potential running mates, including Dianne Feinstein, Barbara Mikulski, and Pat Schroeder.^[18] Despite initial enthusiasm following her nomination, the Mondale–Ferarro ticket was defeated in the fall, carrying only Minnesota and Washington, D.C.
• Lenora Fulani became the first Black woman to achieve ballot access in fifty states as the nominee of the New Alliance Party in the 1988 presidential election. Fulani was again a candidate in the 1992 election.^[19]
• Winona LaDuke was the vice presidential nominee of the Green Party in 1996 and 2000 elections.^[20] In 2016, she received a faithless electoral vote for vice president from Washington, the first Indigenous American woman to do so.^[21]
• Former U.S. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew prior to the primaries.^[22]

21st century

• Illinois Senator Carol Mosely Braun ran in the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She withdrew from the race on January 15, 2004, four days before the Iowa caucus.^[23]
• Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was the second woman nominated for vice president by a major party and the first woman nominated by a Republican National Convention. She and her running mate, Arizona Senator John McCain, lost the 2008 United States presidential election to their Democratic challengers, Illinois Senator Barack Obama and Delaware Senator Joe Biden.
• New York Senator Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every state and territory in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries.^[24] Despite narrowly losing the nomination, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any female primary candidate in American history. Clinton later became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and was formally nominated by the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.^{[25] [26]} As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate and the first to carry a state in a general election. Clinton became the first woman to win the national popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million ballots to Donald Trump's 63 million, but lost the electoral college and thus the presidency.^[27]
• The Green Party has run a female candidate for president four times: Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012, 2016, and 2024. Stein's 1.5 million votes in 2016 represent the third-largest total for a female presidential candidate in U.S. history as of 2024. Pat LaMarche in 2004, Rosa Clemente in 2008, Cheri Honkala in 2012, and Angela Nicole Walker in 2020 were Green Party candidates for vice president.
• The Party for Socialism and Liberation has nominated a female presidential candidate in every election which the party has contested: Gloria La Riva in 2008, 2016, and 2020; Peta Lindsay in 2012, and Claudia de la Cruz in 2024. (La Riva in 2016 and 2020 and de la Cruz in 2024 were jointly nominated by the Peace and Freedom Party.)^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}
• Minnesota Representative Michele Bachmann was a candidate in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. On August 13, 2011, she won the Ames Straw Poll with 28.6% of the vote, the first woman to do so.^[33] Despite this, she finished sixth in the Iowa caucus and suspended her campaign shortly thereafter, on January 4, 2012.^[34]
• Roseanne Barr was a candidate in the 2012 Green Party presidential primaries.^[35] She was defeated by Stein, and subsequently ran as the nominee of the Peace and Freedom Party, garnering 67,326 votes.^[36]
• Carly Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries before suspending her campaign on February 10, 2016.^[37] On April 27, Texas Senator Ted Cruz announced Fiorina would be his vice presidential running mate in the event he won the Republican nomination; however, Cruz withdrew from the race on May 3 after losing the Indiana primary.^{[38] [39]}
• Faith Spotted Eagle received a faithless electoral vote from Washington in 2016, becoming the first Indigenous American to receive an electoral vote for president.^[40]
• Six women ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries: Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren, California Senator Kamala Harris, Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar, New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, Hawaii Representative Tulsi Gabbard, and author Marianne Williamson. All six women subsequently participated in at least one televised debate. Prior to 2020, only five women had ever appeared on a major party's primary debate stage (Chisholm in 1972, Braun in 2004, Bachman in 2012, Clinton in 2008 and 2016, and Fiorina in 2016).^[41] The opening night of the first debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, was a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night.^[42] This was the first major party presidential primary in which multiple women competed.^[43]
• Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian nominee for president in 2020. She is the first woman to be nominated for president by that party. Jorgensen's 1.9 million votes represent the second-highest total for a female presidential candidate.
• Harris was subsequently the 2020 Democratic vice presidential candidate. She became the first female, Black, and Asian American vice president upon winning the 2020 election, defeating the Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Mike Pence.^[44] Following Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 election, Harris announced her candidacy for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination.^[45] On July 22, she received enough pledged delegate support to become the presumptive Democratic nominee for president.^[46] She later went on be officially nominated by the Democratic National Convention by roll call on August 6, 2024, and will face former president Donald Trump in the general election.^[47]
• Williamson challenged Biden in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries.^[48] Although did not win pledged delegate support in any contest, her 473,761 votes represented the third-best showing for any candidate, behind Biden and Minnesota Representative Dean Phillips. (Uncommitted delegates received 706,591 votes.)^[49] After twice suspending and resuming her campaign, Williamson ended her candidacy for the last time on June 29, 2024 after deciding not to challenge Harris at the 2024 Democratic National Convention.^[50]
• Former South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley ran in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. She received 97 delegates and over 4 million popular votes, finishing second to the eventual nominee, former President Trump.^{[51] [52]} On March 3, 2024, she became the first woman to win a Republican primary.^[53]

Presidential candidates

Candidates who received electoral college votes

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Electoral votes	Total electoral votes	Winner
2016						Donald Trump
		Not applicable^[54]	Not applicable

General election candidates by popular vote

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.

† Popular vote winner

Year	Picture	Name	Party	data-sort-type="number"	Votes !	Elected president
		Hillary Clinton		65,853,514†	Donald Trump
2020		Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party	1,865,724^[55]	Joe Biden
		Jill Stein		1,457,218	Donald Trump
				468,907^[56]	Barack Obama
		Lenora Fulani		217,219^[57]	George H. W. Bush
		Cynthia McKinney		161,797^[58]	Barack Obama
		Linda Jenness		83,380^[59]	Richard Nixon
		Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	73,714^[60]	Bill Clinton
		Sonia Johnson		72,200^[61]
		Roseanne Barr		67,326^[62]	Barack Obama
		Margaret Wright		49,024^[63]	Jimmy Carter
		Gracie Allen	Surprise Party	42,000^[64]	Franklin D. Roosevelt

Primary election candidates by popular vote

This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes. Note that Kamala Harris, the 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidate, is not listed because she did not participate in the primaries.
Party nominee

Year	Picture	Name	Party	data-sort-type="number"	Votes !	Contests won	Party nominee
		Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	17,857,501^[65]	23	Barack Obama
		Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party	16,914,722^[66]	34	Hillary Clinton
		Nikki Haley		4,381,799	2	Donald Trump
		Elizabeth Warren	Democratic Party	2,780,679^[67]	0	Joe Biden
		Amy Klobuchar	Democratic Party	524,375	0	Joe Biden
		Marianne Williamson	Democratic Party	443,784	0	Kamala Harris
		Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party	430,703^[68]	1^[69]	George McGovern
		Tulsi Gabbard	Democratic Party	261,253	0	Joe Biden
		Margaret Chase Smith	Republican Party	227,007^[70]	0	Barry Goldwater
		Carol Moseley Braun	Democratic Party	103,189^[71]	0	John Kerry
		Elvena Lloyd-Duffie	Democratic Party	91,929^[72]	0	Bill Clinton
		Michele Bachmann	Republican Party	41,170^[73]	0	Mitt Romney
		Carly Fiorina	Republican Party	40,666	0	Donald Trump
		Heather Anne Harder	Democratic Party	29,156^[74]	0	Bill Clinton
		Marianne Williamson	Democratic Party	22,334	0	Joe Biden
		Teresa Bukovinac	Democratic Party	18,931	0	Kamala Harris
		Patsy Mink	Democratic Party	8,286^[75]	0	George McGovern
		Fay Carpenter Swain	Democratic Party	7,140^[76]	0	Lyndon B. Johnson
		Rachel Swift	Republican Party	7,017	0	Donald Trump
		Jo Jorgensen		5,123^[77]	2	Jo Jorgensen

All candidates

Party nominees

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	data-sort-type="number"	Votes !	Ballot access
	Victoria Woodhull			^[78]	0 states
	Belva Ann Lockwood	National Equal Rights Party		4,149	6 states ^[79]
	Belva Ann Lockwood	National Equal Rights Party	First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells^[80]	^[81]
	Gracie Allen		Not applicable	42,000
	Ellen Linea W. Jensen
	Mary Kennery^[82]	American Party
	Agnes Waters
	Charlene Mitchell			1,075	2 states ^[83]
	Linda Jenness	Socialist Workers Party		83,380	25 states
	Evelyn Reed	Socialist Workers Party	Andrew Pulley	13,878
	Margaret Wright			49,024
	Ellen McCormack	Right to Life Party	Carroll Driscoll	32,327
	Maureen Smith	Peace and Freedom Party		18,116
	Deirdre Griswold	Workers World Party	Gavrielle Holmes^[84]	13,300
	Sonia Johnson	Citizens Party		72,200	19 states ^[85]
	Gavrielle Holmes^[86]	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva^[87]	2,656^[88]	2 states
	Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	Joyce Dattner	217,219	34 states
			Wynonia Burke		4 states
			Mamie Moore		9 states
	Willa Kenoyer			3,928
	Lenora Fulani	New Alliance Party	Maria Elizabeth Muñoz	73,714
	Helen Halyard		Fred Mazelis	3,050
	Isabell Masters			327
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party	Larry Holmes	181
1996	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva	29,083
	Marsha Feinland	Peace and Freedom Party	Kate McClatchy	25,332
	Mary Cal Hollis	Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party		4,766
	Diane Beall Templin		Gary Van Horn	1,847
	Isabell Masters	Looking Back Party		752
	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Gloria La Riva	4,795
	Cathy Gordon Brown			1,606
	Diane Beall Templin		Albert B. "Al" Moore	(lost ballot status)
	Cynthia McKinney	Green Party		161,797	32 states
	Gloria La Riva		Eugene Puryear^[89]	7,427
	Diane Beall Templin		Linda Patterson	(lost ballot status)
	Jill Stein	Green Party		468,907	36 states
	Roseanne Barr	Peace and Freedom Party		67,326
	Peta Lindsay	Party for Socialism and Liberation		9,388
	Hillary Clinton	Democratic Party		65,853,516	50 states + DC
	Jill Stein	Green Party		1,457,044	43 states + DC
	Gloria La Riva	Peace and Freedom Party^[90]		43,742	8 states^[91]
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party		10,348	7 states^[92]
	Monica Moorehead	Workers World Party	Lamont Lilly	3,722
	Lynn S. Kahn	Independent	Kathleen Monahan	5,610
	Khadijah Jacob-Fambro	Revolutionary Party	Milton Fambro	748
	Jo Jorgensen			1,865,724
	Barbara Bellar	Republican Party (write-in)	Kendra Bryant		10 states
	Shereen A. Elbaz	Democratic Party (write-in)	None		Washington
	Betsy P. Elgar	Constitution Party (write-in)	None		Washington
	Katherine Forbes	Independent	None		Minnesota, Utah
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party	Malcolm Jarrett	6,791	6 states
	Kathryn Gibson	Independent	None		3 states
	Lois Marie Gillaspie-Greenwood	Independent	None		West Virginia
	Tara Renee Hunter	Independent	None		Michigan
	Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro	Unaffiliated	Khadijah Jacob Sr.		Colorado
	Ricki Sue King	Genealogy Know Your Family History	Dayna R. Chandler		Iowa
	Gloria La Riva	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Sunil Freeman (12 states)/Leonard Peltier (IL, MN, TX)	85,464	15 states
	Susan B. Lochocki	Independent	None		5 states
	Valerie McCray	Independent	None		Indiana
	Deborah Rouse	Independent	Sheila Cannon		11 states
	Jade Simmons^[93]	Independent	Claudeliah Roze (LA, TX)/Melissa Nixon (FL)	6,958	3 states
	Mary Ruth Caro Simmons	Write-in	Sherrie Dow		9 states
	Silvia Stagg	Republican Party (write-in)	None		10 states
	Sheila "Samm" Tittle		David Carl Sandige	1,806	New Mexico
	Sharon Wallace	Democratic Party (write-in)	Karen M. Short		Maryland
	Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser	Independent	Charles Tolbert		Florida
	Karynn Weinstein	Independent	David Weinstein		Connecticut
	Demetra Wysinger	WXYZ New Day	Cedric D. Jefferson		Alaska, Minnesota
	Kamala Harris				50 states + DC
	Claudia De la Cruz	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Karina Garcia		^[94]
Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes	Ballot access

Not nominated by party

Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.

Year	Name	Party	Details	Party nominee
	Abigail Scott Duniway		Rejected nomination.	Belva Ann Lockwood
	Laura Clay	Democratic		James M. Cox
	Cora Wilson Stewart
	Cora Wilson Stewart	Democratic	1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots	John W. Davis
	Anna Milburn^[95]		Declined nomination	John Zahnd
	Margaret Chase Smith^[96]	Republican	Received 227,007 votes in Republican primary and won 27 delegates at the Republican convention	Barry Goldwater
	Fay T. Carpenter Swain	Democratic	7,140 votes in Indiana primary	Lyndon B. Johnson
	Shirley Chisholm	Democratic		George McGovern
	Patsy Mink
	Bella Abzug
	Barbara Jordan	Democratic		Jimmy Carter
	Ellen McCormack		22 votes at national convention
	Koryne Kaneski Horbal	Democratic		Jimmy Carter
	Alice Tripp		2 votes at convention
	Martha Kirkland	Democratic		Walter Mondale
	Mary Ruwart		77 votes at convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at convention (2nd ballot; 3rd place overall)	David Bergland
	Tonie Nathan		53 votes at convention (1st ballot; 4th place)
	Pat Schroeder	Democratic		Michael Dukakis
	Tennie Rogers	Republican	754 votes in Texas primary^[97]	George H. W. Bush
	Georgiana Doerschuck		58 votes in New Hampshire primary^[98]
	Caroline Killeen	Democratic	96 votes in New Hampshire primary^[99]	Bill Clinton
	Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie	Democratic	13,025 votes in AR primary; 10,876 votes (6th place) in TX primary; 40,758 in OK primary (3rd place);^[100] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in LA primary;^[101] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in IL primary	Bill Clinton
	Heather Anne Harder		28,772 votes (3rd place) in TX primary; 376 votes in NH primary and two Republican write-in votes; 6 votes in IL primary
	Caroline Killeen		118 votes in New Hampshire primary
	Susan Gail Ducey	Republican	539 votes (9th place) in AZ primary;^[102] 152 votes (12th place) in NH primary;^[103] 1,092 votes (8th place) in TX primary	Bob Dole
	Isabell Masters		1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary^[104]
	Mary "France" LeTulle		650 votes (9th place) in Texas primary; 290 votes in Nevada primary
	Georgiana Doerschuck		140 votes in New Hampshire primary
	Tennie Rogers		35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes in New Hampshire primary
	Heather Anne Harder	Democratic	1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in NH primary, 1 Republican write-in vote^[105]	Al Gore
	Elizabeth Dole	Republican	231 write-in votes in NH primary^[106]	George W. Bush
	Dorian Yeager		98 votes (10th place) in NH primary^[107]
	Angel Joy Chavis Rocker^[108]		6 votes in Alabama straw poll^[109]
	Lorna Salzman	Green	40 votes at convention (5th place)	David Cobb
	JoAnne Bier Beeman		14 votes at national convention
	Carol A. Miller		10 votes at national convention
	Sheila Bilyeu		2 votes at national convention
	Florence Walker	Democratic	246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C. primary	John Kerry
	Katherine Bateman		68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary^[110]
	Jeanne Chebib		43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C. primary
	Caroline Killeen		31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary
	Mildred T. Glover		11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary
	Carol Moseley Braun		Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes
	Millie Howard	Republican		George W. Bush
	Hillary Clinton	Democratic	Second place in the Democratic primaries, winning 1,726½ delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history.	Barack Obama
	Caroline Killeen		11 votes in New Hampshire primary
	Mary Ruwart	Libertarian	152 votes at convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot)	Bob Barr
	Christine Smith		6 votes at national convention (8th place)
	Kat Swift	Green	38 votes at national convention (3rd place)	Cynthia McKinney
	Elaine Brown		Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place)
	Nan Garrett		Withdrew in February 2007^[111]
	Susan Gail Ducey	Republican	2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll	John McCain
	Susan Gail Ducey	Constitution	15 votes at national convention	Virgil Goode
	Roseanne Barr	Green	72 votes at national convention (2nd place)	Jill Stein
	Michele Bachmann	Republican	Withdrew in January 2012.	Mitt Romney
	Carly Fiorina	Republican	Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes)^[112] ^[113]	Donald Trump
	Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry	Green	13 votes at national convention (3rd place)	Jill Stein
	Souraya Faas		Withdrew before convention.	Rocky De La Fuente
	Elizabeth Warren	Democratic	Withdrew in March 2020 with 83 pledged delegates.^[114]	Joe Biden
	Amy Klobuchar		Withdrew in March 2020 with 7 pledged delegates.
	Tulsi Gabbard		Withdrew in March 2020 with 2 pledged delegates.
	Kamala Harris		Withdrew in December 2019. Became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president, and is the current vice president.
	Kirsten Gillibrand		Withdrew in August 2019.
	Marianne Williamson		Withdrew in January 2020.
	Cherie DeVille		Withdrew in January 2019.^[115]
	Sorinne Ardeleanu	Libertarian	2 write-in votes at convention (1st ballot); 1 write-in vote at convention (4th ballot)	Jo Jorgensen
	Laura Ebke		1 write-in vote at convention (3rd ballot)
	Souraya Faas		Withdrew in May 2020 after failing to qualify in the nomination round.
	Kim Ruff		11 votes in the nomination round.
	Susan Buchser Lochocki	Green		Howie Hawkins
	Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry		11.5 votes at national convention (3rd place)
	Nikki Haley	Republican	Withdrew in March 2024 with 97 pledged delegates	Donald Trump
	Mary Maxwell		287 votes (9th place) New Hampshire primary
	Rachel Swift		7,019 votes
	Marianne Williamson	Democratic	Withdrew in July 2024.^[116]	Kamala Harris
Year	Name	Party	Details	Nomination winner

Vice presidential candidates

Candidates who received electoral college votes

Elected vice president

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Electoral votes	Total electoral votes	Winner
2020						Kamala Harris
2008						Joe Biden
1984		Democratic Party				George H. W. Bush
2016		Not applicable^[117]	Not applicable			Mike Pence
		Not applicable^[118]	Not applicable
		Not applicable^[119]	Not applicable
		Not applicable^[120]	Not applicable
		Not applicable^[121]	Not applicable
1972		Libertarian Party^[122]				Spiro Agnew

General election candidates by popular vote

This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.^[123]
Elected vice president

No.	Year	Picture	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes	Elected vice president
1			Kamala Harris	Democratic Party		81,268,924	Kamala Harris
2			Sarah Palin	Republican Party		59,948,323	Joe Biden
3			Geraldine Ferraro	Democratic Party	Walter Mondale	37,577,352	George H. W. Bush
4			Winona LaDuke	Green Party		2,883,105	Dick Cheney
5						596,780	Al Gore
6			Mindy Finn	Independent		731,991	Mike Pence
7			Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party		485,798	Al Gore
8			Cheri Honkala	Green Party	Jill Stein	469,628	Joe Biden
9			Ezola Foster			449,225	Dick Cheney
10			Angela Walker	Green Party	Howie Hawkins	404,021	Kamala Harris
11			Nancy Lord	Libertarian Party		290,087	Al Gore
12			LaDonna Harris	Citizens Party		233,052	George H. W. Bush
13			Rosa Clemente	Green Party	Cynthia McKinney	161,797	Joe Biden
14			Joyce Dattner	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	143,858	Dan Quayle
15			Charlotta Bass		Vincent Hallinan	140,023	Richard Nixon
16			Pat LaMarche	Green Party		119,859	Dick Cheney

All candidates

Party nominees

Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes
	Marietta Stow^[124]			4,149
	Marie Brehm			56,289
	Florence Garvin		John Zahnd	1,645
	Florence Garvin	Greenback Party	John Zahnd
	Grace Carlson	Socialist Workers Party		13,614
	Charlotta Bass			140,023
	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	10,312
	Vivien Kellems^[125] ^[126]	Constitution Party ^[127]		943*^[128] ^[129] ^[130]
	Georgia Cozzini			44,300
	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	7,797
	Ann Marie Yezo			1,829
	Myra Tanner Weiss	Socialist Workers Party	Farrell Dobbs	60,166
	Georgia Cozzini	Socialist Labor Party		47,521
	Peggy Terry^[131]	Peace and Freedom Party
	Genevieve Gundersen	Socialist Labor Party		53,814
	Tonie Nathan	Libertarian Party	John Hospers	3,674
	Willie Mae Reid	Socialist Workers Party		90,986
	Constance Blomen	Socialist Labor Party		9,616
	La Donna Harris	Citizens Party		233,052
	Wretha Hanson^[132]	Citizens Party	Barry Commoner	8,564^[133]
	Angela Davis	Communist Party		43,871
	Eileen Shearer			41,268
	Matilde Zimmermann	Socialist Workers Party	Andrew Pulley^[134]	40,105
	Elizabeth Cervantes Barron	Peace and Freedom Party		18,106
	Gavrielle Holmes	Workers World Party	Deirdre Griswold	13,213
	Naomi Cohen	Workers World Party	Deirdre Griswold	3,790^[135]
	Diane Drufenbrock	Socialist Party		6,898
	Geraldine Ferraro	Democratic Party		37,577,352
	Maureen Kennedy Salaman			66,168
	Nancy Ross	New Alliance Party		46,852
	Angela Davis	Communist Party		36,386
	Andrea Gonzales^[136]	Socialist Workers Party		24,672
	Matilde Zimmermann	Socialist Workers Party	Melvin T. Mason
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party		15,329
	Helen Halyard^[137]	Socialist Equality Party		10,801
	Jean T. Brust^[138]	Socialist Equality Party	Edward Winn	alight=right
	Emma Wong Mar	Peace and Freedom Party
	Joyce Dattner^[139]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	143,858
	Mamie Moore^[140]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	26,487
	Florence M. Rice			25,109
	Joan Andrews	Right to Life Party		20,504
	Helen Halyard	Socialist Equality Party		18,693
	Kathleen Mickells	Socialist Workers Party		15,604
	Wynonia Burke^[141]	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	11,888
	Vikki Murdock	Peace and Freedom Party		10,370
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party	Larry Holmes	7,846
	Alpha Sunde Smaby^[142]			Eugene McCarthy	5,403
	Maureen Smith^[143]	Peace and Freedom Party	Eugene McCarthy	243
	Emma Wong Mar	Peace and Freedom Party/Ind. Socialist	Herbert G. Lewin	219
	Debra Freeman
	Susan Gardner	Independent	Eugene McCarthy
	Nancy Lord	Libertarian Party		290,087
	Maria Elizabeth Muñoz	New Alliance Party	Lenora Fulani	73,714
	Asiba Tupahache	Peace and Freedom Party		27,961
	Barbara Garson			3,057
	Willie Mae Reid	Socialist Workers Party
	Estelle DeBates	Socialist Workers Party	James "Mac" Warren
	Doris Feimer		Robert J. Smith	292
	Joann Roland		Eugene Arthur Hem
	Winona LaDuke	Green Party		596,780^[144]
	Muriel Tillinghast^[145]	Green Party	Ralph Nader	75,956^[146]
	Anne Goeke^[147]	Green Party	Ralph Nader	12,135^[148]
	Jo Jorgensen	Libertarian Party		485,798
	Kate McClatchy	Peace and Freedom Party	Marsha Feinland	25,332
	Rosemary Giumarra	Independent		8,952
	Laura Garza	Socialist Workers Party		8,476
	Rachel Bubar Kelly			1,298
	Connie Chandler			1,101
	Shirley Jean Masters			752
	Anne Northrop			408
	Winona LaDuke	Green Party	Ralph Nader	2,883,105
	Ezola B. Foster		Pat Buchanan	449,225
	Margaret Trowe	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	7,378
	Mary Cal Hollis	Socialist Party		5,602
	Gloria La Riva	Workers World Party		4,795
	Sabrina R. Allen	Independent	Cathy Gordon Brown	1,606
	Pat LaMarche	Green Party		119,859
	Janice Jordan	Peace and Freedom Party		27,607
	Mary Alice Herbert	Socialist Party		10,837
	Margaret Trowe^[149]	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	7,102
	Arrin Hawkins	Socialist Workers Party		3,689
	Karen Sanchirico^[150]	Independent	Ralph Nader	6,168^[151]
	Jennifer A. Ryan			2,387
	Teresa Gutierrez	Workers World Party	John Parker	1,646
	Marilyn Chambers			946
	Irene M. Deasy	Independent		804
	Sarah Palin	Republican Party		59,948,323
	Rosa Clemente	Green Party	Cynthia McKinney	161,797
	Alyson Kennedy	Socialist Workers Party		7,197
	Andrea Marie Psoras^[152]	Vote Here Party	Jeffrey H. Boss	604
	Patricia Rubacky		Frank McEnulty	^[153]
	Cheri Honkala	Green Party	Jill Stein	469,628
	Cindy Sheehan	Peace and Freedom Party	Roseanne Barr	67,326
	Maura DeLuca	Socialist Workers Party	James Harris	4,117
	Virginia Abernethy			2,701
	Phyllis Scherrer	Socialist Equality Party		1,279
	Mindy Finn	Independent		449,640
	Angela Nicole Walker	Socialist Party USA		2,540
	Hannah Walsh			334
	Kathleen Monahan	Independent	Lynn S. Kahn	5,610
	Dawn Neptune Adams			5,403
	Karla Ballard	Independent		49,700
	Margaret Bayliss	Dirigo	M. D. Mitchell
	Anne Beckett	Independent	Robert Morrow
	Kendra Bryant	Republican Party (write-in)	Barbara Bellar
	Sheila Cannon	Independent	Deborah Rouse
	Dayna Chandler	Genealogy Know Your Family History	Ricki Sue King
	Sherrie Dow	None (write-in)	Mary Ruth Caro Simmons
	Veronica Ehrenreich	Independent	Ryan Ehrenreich
	Susan C. Fletcher	Independent	Timothy A. Stevens
	Kamala Harris	Democratic Party	Joe Biden	81,281,888
	Alyssa Howard	Independent	Shawn Howard
	Taja Yvonne Iwanow	Independent American	Kyle Kopitke
	Khadijah Jacob Sr.	Unaffiliated	Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
	Jennifer Jairala	Independent	Abram Loeb
	Tiara Lusk	Life and Liberty Party	J. R. Myers	1,372^[154]
	Cynthia McKinney			3,291
	Melissa Nixon	Independent	Jade Simmons	181^[155]
	Liz Parrish		Charlie Kam
	Raechelle Pope	Independent	Michael Laboch
	Darlene Raley	Republican Party (write-in)	Albert Raley
	Claudeliah Roze	Independent	Jade Simmons	6,777
	Norissa Santa Cruz	Socialist Equality Party
	Karen M. Short	Democratic Party (write-in)	Sharon Wallace
	Elizabeth Storm	Independent	Joe McHugh	2,843
	Jennifer Tepool	Unaffiliated	Jordan "Cancer" Scott
	Michelle Tidball	Birthday Party		70,294
	Angela Nicole Walker	Green Party/Socialist Party USA		404,021
	Rachel Wells	Independent	Kasey Wells
	Karina Garcia	Party for Socialism and Liberation	Claudia De la Cruz
Year	Name	Party	Running mate	Votes

Not nominated by party

Year	Name	Party	Details	Nomination winner
	Lucretia Mott^[156]		5 of 84 votes	Charles C. Foote
	Clemence S. Lozier		Declined nomination.	Marietta Stow
	Lena Springs	Democratic Party		Charles W. Bryan
	Nellie Tayloe Ross	Democratic Party		Joseph T. Robinson
	India Edwards	Democratic Party		John Sparkman
	Sarah T. Hughes
	Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party		Thomas Eagleton
	Frances Farenthold		405 votes in National convention
	Martha Griffiths		1 vote in National convention
	Patricia Harris		1 vote in National convention
	Eleanor McGovern		1 vote in National convention
	Martha Mitchell		1 vote in National convention
	Maggie Kuhn		declined nomination	Benjamin Spock
	Anne Armstrong	Republican Party		Bob Dole
	Barbara Jordan	Democratic Party		Walter Mondale
	Nancy Palm	Republican Party		Bob Dole
	Shirley Chisholm	Democratic Party		Geraldine Ferraro
	Jeane J. Kirkpatrick	Republican Party		George H. W. Bush
	Susan K.Y. Shargal	Democratic Party	1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary	Al Gore
	Mary Ruwart	Libertarian Party	129 votes at convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at convention (2nd ballot)	Nancy Lord
	Gail Lightfoot^[157]	Libertarian Party	7 votes at convention (1st ballot; 6th place)	Art Olivier
	Tamara Millay^[158]	Libertarian Party	220 votes at convention (2nd place)	Richard Campagna
	Mary Alice Herbert	Socialist Party		Stewart Alexander
	Susan Gayle Ducey	Constitution Party	8 votes at convention (5th place)	Darrell Castle
	Alicia Dearn	Libertarian Party	29 votes at convention (5th place)	William Weld
	Carly Fiorina	Republican Party	Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; campaign suspended six days later	Mike Pence
	Sorinne Ardeleanu	Libertarian Party	3 write-in votes at convention in 3 ballots (1 per ballot)	Spike Cohen
	Laura Ebke		1 write-in vote at convention (1st ballot)

See also

• List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
• List of female governors in the United States
• Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States")
• Female president of the United States in popular culture

External links

• Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
• Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.

Notes and References

1. Liberty League . Niles' National Register . July 10, 1847 . 22 . 19 . 296 .
2. Book: Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention . 1848 . S.W. Green . Utica, NY . 5 .
3. News: Woodhull . Victoria . The Coming Woman . July 24, 2024 . New York Herald . April 2, 1870.
4. Katz . Elizabeth D. . Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office . Yale Journal of Law and Feminism . 2022 . 33 . 2 . 134 .
5. Book: Brody . Miriam . Victoria Woodhull: Free Spirit for Women's Rights . 2003 . Oxford University Press . New York . 107 .
6. Book: Congressional Quartlerly's Guide to U.S. Elections . 1985 . Congressional Quartlerly . Washington, D.C. . 338; 367 .
7. Lockwood . Belva A. . How I Ran for the Presidency . National Magazine . March 1903 . 7 . 6 . 729; 733 .
8. News: Meeting of the Electoral College . Indianapolis News . December 3, 1844.
9. News: First Woman to Get Vote for President -- Laura Clay. 26 September 2017. Chicago Tribune. 6 July 1920.
10. Book: Scheer . Teva J. . Governor Lady: The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross . 2005 . University of Missouri Press . Columbia, Missouri . 113; 132–133 .
11. John H. . Johnson . March 20, 1952 . Charlotta Bass named for presidential ticket . Jet . 1 . 21 . 9 . Johnson Publishing Company, Inc. . Chicago, Illinois .
12. The Unfavored Daughter: When Margaret Chase Smith Ran in the New Hampshire Primary . The New Yorker . 2022-03-20.
13. News: Risen . Clay . Charlene Mitchell, 92, Dies; First Black Woman to Run for President . 24 December 2022 . . December 23, 2022.
14. Congressional Quarterly, 374.
15. Book: Winslow . Barbara . Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, 1926–2005 . 2014 . Westview Press . Boulder . ix; 107; 115 .
16. Cruz . Tania . Yamamoto . Eric K. . A Tribute to Patsy Takemoto Mink . Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal . Summer 2003 . 4 . 2 . 590 .
17. Web site: Tonie Nathan, R.I.P. (The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President). Doherty, Brian. March 20, 2014. November 22, 2017. Reason.
18. Book: Clift . Eleanor . Madam President: Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling . 2000 . Scribner . New York . 16; 60–62 .
19. Web site: Lenora B Fulani . Archives of Women's Political Communication . Iowa State University . July 31, 2024.
20. Web site: Brandman . Mariana . Winona LaDuke . National Women's History Museum . July 31, 2024.
21. News: Pearce . Matt . How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President . July 31, 2024 . Los Angeles Times . December 20, 2016.
22. Web site: Dole announces presidential exploratory committee - March 10, 1999 . CNN. 29 May 2021 . 10 March 1999.
23. Web site: Braun Quits Race and Endorses Dean for Presidential Nomination. Jodi. Wilgoren. Kirk. Semple. January 15, 2004. The New York Times.
24. Web site: Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus . Findingdulcinea.com . 2016-11-28.
25. http://elections.gatehousemedia.com/why-sanders-will-ultimately-back-clinton/ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton
26. Web site: Hillary's Woman Problem . Politico . February 12, 2016.
27. Web site: Clinton's Popular-Vote Lead Now Exceeds 1.5 Million—and It's Growing . The Atlantic . 20 November 2016. 2022-03-20.
28. Web site: Federal Elections 2008 . . July 2009 . live . December 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185441/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2008.pdf . June 1, 2023 .
29. Web site: Federal Elections 2012 . . July 2013 . live . December 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185341/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2012.pdf . June 1, 2023 .
30. Web site: Federal Elections 2016 . . December 2017 . live . December 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185336/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2016.pdf . June 1, 2023 .
31. Web site: Federal Elections 2020 . . October 2022 . live . November 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104044534/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2020.pdf . June 1, 2023 .
32. News: Gabbatt . Adam . 'We are working-class women of color': the long-shot socialist run for the White House . January 7, 2024 . . January 7, 2024.
33. http://campaign2012.washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/bachmann-wins-ames-straw-poll Bachmann wins Ames straw poll
34. News: Goldman. Russell. Michele Bachmann Drops Out of Presidential Race. ABC News. January 4, 2012.
35. News: Roseanne Barr is officially running for president. Washington Post. February 2, 2012. February 3, 2012. February 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120205080552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/roseanne-barr-is-officially-running-for-president/2012/02/03/gIQAitrgmQ_blog.html?tid=pm_entertainment_pop. live.
36. Web site: 2012 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for All Candidates Listed on at least one State Ballot. https://web.archive.org/web/20140123112628/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/2012pres.pdf . 2014-01-23 . live . November 6, 2016. Federal Election Commission.
37. News: Bradner. Eric. Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid. cnn.com. CNN. 10 February 2016.
38. Web site: Ted Cruz to name Carly Fiorina as VP. Tal Kopan, John Berman and Sunlen Serfaty. CNN. 2016-04-27.
39. Web site: Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race. Politico.
40. News: Pearce . Matt . How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President . July 31, 2024 . Los Angeles Times . December 20, 2016.
41. Web site: Women running for president is the new normal. Vox. March 12, 2019.
42. Web site: The 2019 Democratic debate shows how striking it is to have more representation onstage. Vox. June 28, 2019.
43. Vox, March 12, 2019.
44. Web site: Kamala Harris: The Vice President . 2024-07-24 . The White House. January 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120170519/https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/ . live .
45. News: Klein . Betsy . July 21, 2024 . Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240721193836/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750 . July 21, 2024 . July 21, 2024 . CNN.
46. News: Hutzler . Alexandra . Reinstein . Julia . Peller . Lauren . El-Bawab . Nadine . Sarnoff . Leah . July 22, 2024 . Election 2024 updates: Harris secures enough delegates to become presumptive nominee . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240724153603/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/biden-drops-out-updates/?id=112113289 . July 24, 2024 . July 22, 2024 . ABC News.
47. News: Nehamas . Nicholas . Harris Officially Secures Democratic Party’s Nomination for President . 8 August 2024 . The New York Times . 6 August 2024.
48. News: Weissert . Will . Marianne Williamson opens long shot 2024 challenge to Biden. March 4, 2023 . . . March 4, 2023.
49. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Nationwide Popular Vote, excluding MO, MS, IN,. The Green Papers . July 4, 2024.
    • News: Mississippi Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . March 21, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Missouri Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . March 28, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . May 8, 2024 . NBC News.

    Write-in vote totals are excluded from the above election data reporting for the following states, and are added to the total number of votes for candidates for the purposes of candidate vote share calculations:

    • News: Massachusetts Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . March 21, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Illinois Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . March 21, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Washington Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . March 21, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Rhode Island Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . April 2, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Wisconsin Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . April 2, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Pennslvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . April 24, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . April 24, 2024 . NBC News.
    • News: New Jersey Presidential Primary Election Results 2024 . June 6, 2024 . NBC News.
50. News: July 29, 2024. Marianne Williamson Ends Longshot 2024 Presidential Bid . July 29, 2024. . . en. Lowenkron. Hadriana.
51. Web site: Election 2024 delegate tracker . Associated Press . July 25, 2024.
52. Web site: Republican Convention 2024 . The Green Papers . July 25, 2024.
53. News: Krieg . Gregory . Haley Wins DC GOP Primary . July 25, 2024 . CNN . March 4, 2024.
54. Faith Spotted Eagle was not a candidate for president in 2016, but received one electoral vote from a faithless elector.
55. Web site: Official 2020 presidential general election results . . 6 February 2021 . 1 February 2021.
56. Web site: 2012 Presidential Election Results (Updated) . Poliscinews.wordpress.com . 2016-11-28.
57. Web site: Statistical Abstract of the United States . 1990 . 2016-11-28.
58. Web site: 2008 presidential vote . 2009-02-03 . December 7, 2008 . Federal Election Commission.
59. In 1972 in Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party. A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources don't count these votes for Jenness.
60. Larry J. Sabato, Howard R. Ernst, Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Election, Infobase Publishing, 2014.
61. Web site: 1984 Sonia Johnson . . 2016-11-28.
62. Sieczkowski, Cavan. "Roseanne Barr Places 6th in Presidential Election", Huffington Post, 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
63. Book: Student's Guide to Elections . 3 June 2008. 9781452267401 . 2016-11-28. Schulman . Bruce J. . CQ Press .
64. Book: Comediennes: Laugh Be a Lady . September 2012. 9781480329744 . 2016-11-28. Littleton . Darryl J. . Littleton . Tuezdae . Hal Leonard Corporation .
65. Web site: Democratic Convention 2008 . Thegreenpapers.com . 2016-11-28.
66. Web site: Democratic Convention 2016 . Thegreenpapers.com . 2016-11-28.
67. Web site: Democratic Convention - Nationwide Popular Vote. The Green Papers. March 19, 2020.
68. Book: African Americans and the Presidency: The Road to the White House . 4 December 2009. 9781135194345 . 2016-11-28. Glasrud . Bruce A. . Wintz . Cary D. . Routledge .
69. Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn. At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana, neither of which held primaries. See Presidential Elections 1789–2008 (5th ed.). Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2005. pp. 366–369 (primaries), 652–653 (convention).
70. Book: Broad Influence: How Women Are Changing the Way Washington Works . 5 January 2016. 9781618933232 . 2016-11-28. Newton-Small . Jay . Time Inc. Books .
71. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?f=0&year=2004&elect=1 2004 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results
72. Jone Johnson Lewis, "Women Who Ran for President"
73. Web site: Republican Convention 2016 . Thegreenpapers.com . 2016-11-28.
74. http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/personal.html#harder New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates
75. Web site: US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07, 1972 . Our Campaigns . 2016-11-28.
76. https://archive.today/20130204161837/http://www.tribstar.com/opinion_columns/local_story_117191351.html MARK BENNETT: The Indiana Primary carries an interesting background into this » Mark Bennett Opinion » News From Terre Haute, Indiana
77. • Web site: Shields . Brian . Results – 2020 Libertarian Presidential Preference Primary . Libertarian Party of New Hampshire . 18 July 2020 . 14 January 2020 .
    • Web site: Howe . Joseph . Libertarian Party Of Iowa Presidential Caucus Winner And Results . Libertarian Party of Iowa . 18 July 2020 . 8 February 2020 .
    • Web site: We had ranked choice voting for our caucus, but a lot of people are interested in our first choice vote totals. This is how it broke down statewide. . Libertarian Party of Minnesota . Facebook . 18 July 2020 . 26 February 2020 .
    • Web site: Summary of Statement of Vote . Presidential Primary Election - Statement of Vote, March 3, 2020 . California Secretary of State . 18 July 2020 .
    • Web site: 2020 President Libertarian Primary . Massachusetts Election Statistics . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . 18 July 2020 . 3 March 2020 .
    • Web site: PRESIDENTIAL PREFERENCE - LIB (VOTE FOR 1) . OFFICIAL LOCAL ELECTION RESULTS - STATEWIDE . North Carolina State Board of Elections . 18 July 2020 . 3 March 2020 .
    • Web site: 2020 Ohio presidential caucus. Vote Free Ohio. Libertarian Party of Ohio. 11 April 2020. 12 April 2020. 15 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200415065414/https://votefreeohio.com/2020-ohio-presidential-caucus/. dead.
    • Web site: For President of the United States - Libertarian . Unofficial Primary Results - May 12, 2020 . Nebraska Secretary of State . 18 July 2020 .
    • Web site: OFFICIAL RESULTS Primary Election - June 2, 2020 . New Mexico - Election Night Results . New Mexico Secretary of State . 18 July 2020 . 19 June 2020 .
78. Victoria Woodhull's votes don't appear to have been counted. See, e.g. Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit to Run the White House for more information.
79. Steven Seidman, "First Women to Run for U.S. President", Ithaca College Blog, April 16, 2009.
80. Lockwood first ran with Love, but when he dropped out of the race, she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate.
81. Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149. See Frances A. Cook, Belva Ann Lockwood: For Peace, Justice, and President.
82. The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1952, p. 583.
83. http://www.ballot-access.org/2007/01/22/women-running-for-president-in-the-general-election/ Ballot Access News » Blog Archive » Women Running for President in the General Election
84. Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold's running mate Gavrielle Holmes
85. http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/829/157/226559/ "Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton, Petitioners, v. Federal Communications Commission..."
86. Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes.
87. Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states, including Iowa and Ohio.
88. The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only.
89. Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states.
90. News: 2016 Elections: Growing support for socialism, people prepare to fight Trump. Gloria La Riva for President 2016. March 4, 2017.
91. Web site: Who is on the presidential ballot where? . Chris Powell . August 3, 2016 . September 9, 2016.
92. Web site: Who is on the presidential ballot where? . Chris. Powell . August 3, 2016 . September 9, 2016.
93. News: Native Charlestonian Jade Simmons Running For President 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200716195402/https://www.charlestonchronicle.net/2020/07/09/native-charlestonian-jade-simmons-running-for-president-2020/. usurped. July 16, 2020. July 9, 2020. August 18, 2020. The Charleston Chronicle.
94. News: Party for Socialism and Liberation Announces 2024 Presidential Ticket . 8 August 2024 . Independent Political Report.
95. Facts about the States By Joseph Nathan Kane
96. http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Candidates1870.htm "Female presidential candidates 1870-1990"
97. https://texasalmanac.com/topics/elections/presidential-elections-and-primaries-texas-1848-2012 Texas Vote in Presidential Elections, Primaries: 1848–2012
98. http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/personal.html#doerschuck New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates
99. http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/personal.html#killeen New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates
100. http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectID=11&articleID=20080107_1_A13_BIELW23647 2008 presidential primaries
101. http://www.ballot-access.org/1996/0403.html Ballot Access News - April 3, 1996
102. http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe1996/presprim.htm 1996 Presidential primary election results
103. http://politics1.com/p2008-gop.htm 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates (P2008)
104. Web site: 1996 Republican Race for President. www.ok.gov . https://web.archive.org/web/20080709194210/http://www.ok.gov/~elections/96rpres.html . July 9, 2008.
105. Web site: Politics1: Presidency 2000 - the Other Democratic Candidates. www.politics1.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20080516173748/http://www.politics1.com/otherdem2k.htm . May 16, 2008.
106. http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/2000presprim.htm Federal Elections 2000: Presidential Primary Election Results by State
107. Web site: Politics1: Presidency 2000 - the Other Republican Candidates. www.politics1.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20080516173740/http://www.politics1.com/othergop2k.htm . May 16, 2008.
108. https://web.archive.org/web/20090201163609/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/39997626.html?dids=39997626:39997626&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+24%2C+1999&author=&pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&desc=White+House+bid+wants+attention+Series%3A+AROUND+THE+STATE&pqatl=google "White House bid wants serious attention"
109. Web site: Republican upset in deep south poll | Independent, the (London) | Find Articles at BNET . 2009-05-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090201173021/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990830/ai_n14247867 . 2009-02-01 .
110. Web site: Politics1 - Guide to the Inactive 2004 Democratic Presidential Prospects. politics1.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20080515223015/http://politics1.com/dems04.htm . May 15, 2008.
111. http://www.nangarrett.org/index.php Nan Garrett for President, 2008
112. Web site: Bradner . Eric . Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid . Edition.cnn.com . 2016-02-10 . 2016-11-28.
113. http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P16/R Republican Convention
114. Web site: Democratic Delegate Count. Real Clear Politics. March 5, 2020.
115. Web site: Porn star ends 2020 presidential bid after 17 months, endorses 'my love, Bernie' . Fox News . January 31, 2019 . January 21, 2020.
116. News: July 29, 2024. Marianne Williamson Ends Longshot 2024 Presidential Bid . July 29, 2024. . . en. Lowenkron. Hadriana.
117. Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote each from faithless electors in Hawaii and Washington.
118. Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
119. Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
120. Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector.
121. Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
122. Tonie Nathan and John Hospers received one electoral vote from a Virginia faithless elector.
123. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/21/opinion/l-let-s-go-back-to-a-separate-vice-president-vote-021588.html "Let's Go Back to a Separate Vice President Vote".
124. [Belva Ann Lockwood]
125. News: Austin Bureau . MacArthur, Mrs. Kellems Put on Ballot . Dallas Morning News . September 10, 1952 . 14 .
126. Web site: Time Capsule: Promising a 'Hard War but a Happy Peace,' Clare Boothe Luce Declares for Congress. . Richardson . Darcy G. . September 3, 2012 . Uncovered Politics . was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right-wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952..
127. The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice presidential candidate.
128. The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur-Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur-Byrd ticket. The MacArthur-Kellems ticket's total might have been higher than 943.
129. News: Final Texas Election Count Shows Ike Won by 138,479 . Dallas Morning News . November 13, 1952 . 2 . This final report includes complete returns from all 254 counties of Texas [...] MacArthur-Kellems....... 765 .
130. News: Herbert L. Phillips . 5,209,692 Vote In November Set California High . Sacramento Bee . November 12, 1952 . 1 . Here is the secretary of state's official tabulation of the votes for president: [...] Constitution Party (MacArthur-Kellems writein)—178.
131. [Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd]
132. Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner's official running mate La Donna Harris.
133. The vote total is for the Commoner-Hanson ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State
134. [Richard Congress|Richard H. Congress]
135. The vote total is for the Griswold-Cohen ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State
136. Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states, including Ohio.
137. Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
138. Web site: Socialist Equality Party - Third Party Encyclopedia. https://web.archive.org/web/20060323091807/http://www.thirdpartywatch.com/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Socialist_Equality_Party. 2006-03-23.
139. Three male candidates were alternates for Dattner in three states, including California and Oregon.
140. Mamie Moore was an alternate candidate for Dattner in nine states, including Hawaii.
141. Burke was an alternate candidate for Dattner in four states, including Alaska.
142. Smaby was on the ballot only in Minnesota.
143. Smith was on the ballot as a write-in only in California.
144. Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa, New York, and Vermont.
145. Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
146. Vote total for the Nader-Tillinghast ticket in New York only.
147. Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
148. Vote total for the Nader-Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only.
149. Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins.
150. Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Peter Camejo.
151. The vote total is for the Nader-Sanchirico ticket in Montana only.
152. http://apsoras1.wordpress.com/2014/04/14/andrea-psoras-bio/ Andrea Psoras’ “Bio”.
153. Rubacky was McEnulty's running mate in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine, though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado. McEnulty had nine other running mates.Web site: New American Independent Party - V.P. MAP . 2008-11-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080905143005/http://www.newamericanindependent.com/VPMAP.html . 2008-09-05 .
154. Vote total is for the Myers-Lusk ticket in Arkansas only.
155. Vote total is for the Simmons-Nixon ticket in Florida only.
156. http://library.syr.edu/digital/collections/g/GerritSmith/453.htm "Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention, held at Buffalo, N.Y."
157. Web site: Libertarian Party National Convention. July 2, 2000. C-SPAN. November 24, 2017.
158. Web site: Libertarian's Congressional bid nothing new for her. Eason, Brian. October 22, 2008. November 24, 2017.