List of female United States Cabinet members explained

The Cabinet of the United States, which is the principal advisory body to the President of the United States, has had 65 female members altogether, with seven of them serving in multiple positions for a total of 72 cabinet appointments. Of that number, 38 different women held a total of 41 permanent cabinet posts, having served as the Vice President or heads of the federal executive departments; 31 more women held cabinet-level positions, which can differ under each president; and four officeholders served in both cabinet and cabinet-rank roles. No woman held a presidential cabinet position before the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which prohibits the federal government or any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of sex.[1]

Frances Perkins became the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of Labor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933. Patricia Roberts Harris was the first African-American woman and the first woman of color to serve in a presidential cabinet when she was named Secretary of Housing and Urban Development by President Jimmy Carter in 1977. Two years later, Carter tapped her for Secretary of Health and Human Services, therefore making her the first woman to hold two different cabinet positions. Madeleine Albright, who was born in Czechoslovakia, became the first foreign-born woman to serve in a president's cabinet when she was picked by President Bill Clinton for United States Ambassador to the United Nations, a cabinet-rank position, in 1993. She was elevated to Secretary of State four years later, during Clinton's second term, thus becoming the highest-ranking woman in the federal government's history at the time.

On January 26, 2005, Condoleezza Rice assumed the post of Secretary of State under President George W. Bush, which made her the highest-ranked woman among cabinet secretaries to enter the presidential line of succession, standing fourth. Nancy Pelosi surpassed Rice on January 4, 2007, when her election as the first female Speaker of the House put her second in line to the presidency.[2] Kamala Harris replaced Pelosi to become the highest-ranking woman ever to be in the line of succession upon being inaugurated as the first female Vice President on January 20, 2021, alongside President Joe Biden.

President Joe Biden named the most women as secretaries to his first-term Cabinet, with five: former Chair of the Federal Reserve Janet Yellen as Secretary of the Treasury; U.S. representative Deb Haaland (D-NM) as Secretary of the Interior; Rhode Island governor Gina Raimondo as Secretary of Commerce; U.S. representative Marcia Fudge (D-OH) as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; and Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm as Secretary of Energy, exceeding by one the record set by President Barack Obama.[3] However, including cabinet reshuffles during his second term in office, Obama still holds the record for most women appointed to permanent cabinet positions with eight, the most of any presidency, therefore surpassing George W. Bush's previous record of six appointees.

The Department of Labor has had the most female secretaries, with seven.[4] The Department of Health and Human Services has had five; the Department of Commerce has had four; the Departments of Education, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, State, and Transportation have had three; the Departments of Energy, Homeland Security, and Justice have had two; and the Departments of Agriculture and Treasury have had one.[4] The Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs are the only existing executive departments that do not have female secretaries yet.[5] [6]

The totals for this list include only women presidential appointees confirmed (if necessary) by the U.S. Senate to cabinet or cabinet-level positions and taking their oath of office; they do not include acting officials or nominees awaiting confirmation.

Permanent cabinet members

The following list includes women who have held permanent cabinet positions, all of whom are in the line of succession to the presidency. The table below is organized based on the beginning of their terms in office. Officeholders whose terms begin the same day are listed according to the presidential order of succession.

denotes the first female holder of that particular office

PortraitNameOfficeSuccession[7] Term startTerm endPartyAdministration(s)
1Secretary of Labor11DemocraticRoosevelt[8]
Truman
2Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare12RepublicanEisenhower[9]
3Secretary of Housing and Urban Development13Ford[10]
4Secretary of Commerce10DemocraticCarter[11]
4Secretary of Housing and Urban Development13[12]
Secretary of Health and Human Services12
6Secretary of Education16[13]
7Secretary of Transportation14RepublicanReagan[14]
8data-sort-value="Heckler, Margaret" Secretary of Health and Human Services12[15]
9data-sort-value="McLaughlin, Ann" Secretary of Labor11[16]
(7)data-sort-value="Dole, Elizabeth" Secretary of Labor11Bush Sr.[17]
10data-sort-value="Martin, Lynn Morley" Secretary of Labor11[18]
11data-sort-value="Franklin, Barbara" Secretary of Commerce10[19]
12data-sort-value="Shalala, Donna" Secretary of Health and Human Services12DemocraticClinton[20]
12Secretary of Energy15[21]
14Attorney General7[22]
15Secretary of State4[23]
16data-sort-value="Herman, Alexis" Secretary of Labor11[24]
17Secretary of Agriculture9RepublicanBush Jr.[25]
18data-sort-value="Chao, Elaine" Secretary of Labor11[26]
19Secretary of the Interior8[27]
20data-sort-value="Spellings, Margaret" Secretary of Education16[28]
21data-sort-value="Rice, Condoleezza" Secretary of State4[29]
22data-sort-value=Peters, Mary E." Secretary of Transportation14[30]
23data-sort-value="Clinton, Hillary" Secretary of State4DemocraticObama[31]
23Secretary of Homeland Security18[32]
25data-sort-value="Solis, Hilda" Secretary of Labor11[33]
26data-sort-value="Sebelius, Kathleen" Secretary of Health and Human Services12[34]
27data-sort-value="Jewell, Sally" Secretary of the Interior8[35]
28data-sort-value="Pritzker, Penny" Secretary of Commerce10[36]
29data-sort-value="Burwell, Sylvia Mathews" Secretary of Health and Human Services12[37]
30data-sort-value="Lynch, Loretta" Attorney General7[38]
(18)data-sort-value="Chao, Elaine" Secretary of Transportation14RepublicanTrump[39]
31data-sort-value="DeVos, Betsy" Secretary of Education16[40]
32data-sort-value="Nielsen, Kirstjen" Secretary of Homeland Security18[41]
33Vice President1IncumbentDemocraticBiden[42]
34Secretary of the Treasury5Incumbent[43]
35data-sort-value="Granholm, Jennifer" Secretary of Energy15Incumbent[44]
36data-sort-value="Raimondo, Gina" Secretary of Commerce10Incumbent[45]
37data-sort-value="Fudge, Marcia" Secretary of Housing and Urban Development13March 22, 2024[46]
38data-sort-value="Haaland, Deb" Secretary of the Interior8Incumbent[47]

Former permanent cabinet members

Cabinet-level positions

The president may designate or remove additional officials as members of the cabinet. These positions have not always been in the cabinet, so some female officeholders may not be listed.

The following list includes women who have held cabinet-level positions, which can vary under each president. They are not in the line of succession and are not necessarily officers of the United States. The table below is organized based on the beginning of their terms in office while it was raised to cabinet-level status. Officeholders whose terms begin the same day are listed alphabetically by last name.

denotes the first female holder of that particular office

PortraitNameOfficeTerm startTerm endPartyAdministration(s)
1Counselor to the PresidentRepublicanNixon[53]
Ford
2United States Ambassador to the United NationsReagan[54]
3United States Trade RepresentativeBush Sr.[55]
4data-sort-value="Browner, Carol" Administrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyDemocraticClinton
5data-sort-value="Albright, Madeleine" United States Ambassador to the United Nations
6Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers[56]
7Director of the Office of Management and Budget[57]
8data-sort-value="Yellen, Janet" Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers[58]
9data-sort-value="Álvarez, Aida" Administrator of the Small Business Administration
10data-sort-value="Barshefsky, Charlene" United States Trade Representative[59]
11data-sort-value="Whitman, Christine Todd" Administrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyRepublicanBush Jr.
12data-sort-value="Schwab, Susan" United States Trade Representative[60]
13data-sort-value="Jackson, Lisa P." Administrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyDemocraticObama[61]
14data-sort-value="Rice, Susan" United States Ambassador to the United Nations[62]
15data-sort-value="Romer, Christina" Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers[63]
16data-sort-value="Mills, Karen" Administrator of the Small Business Administration[64]
17data-sort-type="Burwell, Sylvia Mathews" Director of the Office of Management and Budget[65]
18data-sort-value="McCarthy, Gina" Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency[66]
19data-sort-value="Power, Samantha" United States Ambassador to the United Nations[67]
20data-sort-value="Contreras-Sweet, Maria" Administrator of the Small Business Administration[68]
21data-sort-value="Haley, Nikki" United States Ambassador to the United NationsRepublicanTrump[69]
22data-sort-value="McMahon, Linda" Administrator of the Small Business Administration[70]
23Director of the Central Intelligence Agency[71]
24data-sort-value="Carranza, Jovita" Administrator of the Small Business Administration[72]
25Director of National IntelligenceIncumbentDemocraticBiden[73]
26data-sort-value="Thomas-Greenfield, Linda" United States Ambassador to the United NationsIncumbent[74]
27data-sort-value="Rouse, Cecilia" Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers[75]
28data-sort-value="Guzman, Isabel" Administrator of the Small Business AdministrationIncumbent[76]
29data-sort-value="Tai, Katherine" United States Trade RepresentativeIncumbent[77]
30data-sort-value="Young, Shalanda" Director of the Office of Management and BudgetIncumbent[78]
31Director of the Office of Science and Technology PolicyIncumbent[79]

Pending nominees for cabinet secretaries and cabinet-level positions

NomineeOfficeAnnouncedPartyAdministration
Secretary of LaborFebruary 28, 2023DemocraticBiden[80]
March 22, 2024Biden

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11–27 . . November 14, 2008 . October 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009201001/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html . live .
  2. News: Benenson . Bob . January 4, 2007 . Pelosi Officially Elected Speaker of the U.S. House . live . . https://archive.today/20210714194048/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/04/cq_2079.html?pagewanted=print . July 14, 2021 . July 5, 2007.
  3. News: Beckwith . Karen . Franceschet . Susan . January 15, 2021 . Biden will have more women in his Cabinet than any president ever. Other countries still do better. . live . . https://archive.today/20210202103534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/15/biden-will-have-more-women-his-cabinet-than-any-president-ever-other-countries-still-do-better/ . February 2, 2021 . January 16, 2021.
  4. Web site: Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets . March 16, 2022 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20221218043319/https://cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/womenapptdtoprescabinets.pdf . December 18, 2022 . live . March 17, 2022 .
  5. Web site: Secretaries of Defense . 2021-11-19 . history.defense.gov . 2021-04-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210428130212/https://history.defense.gov/DOD-History/Secretaries-of-Defense/ . live .
  6. Web site: History - Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) . 2021-11-19 . va.gov . 2021-10-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211031143255/https://www.va.gov/HISTORY/VA_History/Overview.asp . live .
  7. Web site: Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Feerick . John . . July 3, 2018 . August 22, 2020 . https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession . live.
  8. Web site: . Frances Perkins first woman as Cabinet member . live . https://archive.today/20211231184027/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1933/03/05/Frances-Perkins-first-woman-as-Cabinet-member/8061583113847/ . December 31, 2021 . . March 5, 1933 . January 15, 2001.
  9. News: Barron . James . August 17, 1995 . Oveta Culp Hobby, Founder of the WACs And First Secretary of Health, Dies at 90 . live . . https://archive.today/20210713124656/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/17/obituaries/oveta-culp-hobby-founder-of-the-wacs-and-first-secretary-of-health-dies-at-90.html . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  10. News: Madden . Richard L. . March 11, 1975 . Ford Praises Mrs. Hills as Oath is Administered . live . . https://archive.today/20210713112649/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/11/archives/ford-praises-mrs-hills-as-oath-is-administered.html . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  11. News: McFadden . Robert D. . July 7, 2010 . Juanita M. Kreps, Commerce Secretary, Dies at 89 . live . . https://archive.today/20120910002047/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/us/08kreps.html?_r=1&hpw . September 10, 2012 . July 8, 2010.
  12. News: Williams . Juan . March 24, 1985 . Patricia R. Harris Dies at 60 . live . . https://archive.today/20210713121857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/03/24/patricia-r-harris-dies-at-60/fc328a6a-5758-4713-8747-95f75069fbc5/ . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  13. News: . Secretary of Education Is Confirmed by 81 to 2 . live . https://archive.today/20210713135151/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/01/archives/secretary-of-education-is-confirmed-by-81-to-2.html . July 13, 2021 . . December 1, 1979 . January 15, 2001.
  14. Web site: Elizabeth Dole, her nomination unanimously confirmed by the Senate,... . Gerstel . Steve . February 2, 1983 . . https://archive.today/20210713152226/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/02/02/Elizabeth-Dole-her-nomination-unanimously-confirmed-by-the-Senate/4062413010000/ . July 13, 2021 . live . January 15, 2001.
  15. News: . Margaret Heckler Takes Oath as U.S. Secretary of Health . live . https://archive.today/20210713134404/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/10/us/margaret-heckler-takes-oath-as-us-secretary-of-health.html . July 13, 2021 . . March 10, 1983 . January 15, 2001.
  16. News: Noble . Kenneth B. . December 17, 1987 . McLaughlin Expects Scrutiny in Labor Post . . live . https://archive.today/20210713114943/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/18/us/mclaughlin-expects-scrutiny-in-labor-post.html . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  17. News: Phillips . Don . Dewar . Helen . January 26, 1989 . Senate Unanimously Confirms Baker, Dole, Darman . live . . https://archive.today/20210713115223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/01/26/senate-unanimously-confirms-baker-dole-darman/77b9f16f-137d-44d4-ab8a-c74256185ad2/ . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  18. News: . Senate Confirms Martin as Labor Secretary . live . https://archive.today/20210713132913/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/08/us/senate-confirms-martin-as-labor-secretary.html . July 13, 2021 . . February 8, 1991 . January 15, 2001.
  19. News: Brisgone . Gina . February 28, 1992 . Franklin Confirmed as Commerce Secretary . live . . https://archive.today/20221017153315/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1992-02-28-0000205274-story.html . October 17, 2022 . September 20, 2022.
  20. Web site: URGENT Fast-Moving Senate Confirms 13 More Clinton Aides . Fram . Alan . January 21, 1993 . . https://archive.today/20210713190053/https://apnews.com/article/7bbdb31e513c20e0e2f2c0df1bc2939e . July 13, 2021 . live . January 15, 2001.
  21. Web site: . 4 Clinton Cabinet Members To Resign . live . https://archive.today/20221213015053/https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9611/06/cabinet.resignations/ . December 13, 2022 . . November 6, 1996 . October 31, 2022.
  22. Web site: Reno confirmed to become first female attorney general . Henderson . Greg . March 11, 1993 . . https://archive.today/20210713151506/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/03/11/Reno-confirmed-to-become-first-female-attorney-general/9599731826000/ . July 13, 2021 . live . January 15, 2001.
  23. News: McFadden . Robert D. . March 23, 2022 . Madeleine Albright, First Woman to Serve as Secretary of State, Dies at 84 . live . . https://archive.today/20220323190908/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/23/us/madeleine-albright-dead.html . March 23, 2022 . March 24, 2022.
  24. News: Gray . Jerry . May 1, 1997 . After Impasse, Senate Confirms Clinton's Choice for Labor Post . live . . https://archive.today/20210713115544/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/01/us/after-impasse-senate-confirms-clinton-s-choice-for-labor-post.html . July 13, 2021 . January 15, 2001.
  25. Web site: Energy, education, agriculture secretaries resigning . November 15, 2004 . . . https://archive.today/20230110092233/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6492183 . January 10, 2023 . live . November 16, 2004.
  26. Web site: Chao confirmed by unanimous consent motion . Snow . Kate . January 29, 2001 . . https://archive.today/20210713204346/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/29/chao.confirmed/ . July 13, 2021 . live . January 30, 2001.
  27. News: Alvarez . Lizette . January 31, 2001 . Senate Confirms Nominees For E.P.A. and Interior Posts . live . . https://archive.today/20210713125730/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/us/senate-confirms-nominees-for-epa-and-interior-posts.html . July 13, 2021 . February 1, 2001.
  28. Web site: Spellings Promises to Push Bush Agenda . Feller . Ben . January 31, 2005 . . https://archive.today/20210713151311/https://apnews.com/article/89b5c5ee3079e84b2ebab8f27b3d61ff . July 13, 2021 . live . February 1, 2005.
  29. Web site: . Rice Confirmed By Senate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210525235744/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rice-confirmed-by-senate/ . May 25, 2021 . . January 26, 2005 . January 27, 2005.
  30. Web site: Senate Confirms Mary Peters as Transportation Secretary . September 30, 2006 . . . https://archive.today/20210713152431/https://www.foxnews.com/story/senate-confirms-mary-peters-as-transportation-secretary . July 13, 2021 . live . October 1, 2006.
  31. News: Richter . Paul . January 22, 2009 . Hillary Clinton approved as secretary of State . https://archive.today/20210713145635/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-22-na-clinton-confirmation22-story.html . live . . July 13, 2021 . January 23, 2009.
  32. Web site: Janet Napolitano resigning . Condon . Stephanie . July 12, 2013 . . https://archive.today/20210713152633/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/janet-napolitano-resigning/ . July 13, 2021 . live . July 13, 2013.
  33. News: Cole . Rebecca . February 25, 2009 . Solis confirmed as Labor secretary . https://archive.today/20210713151836/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-25-na-solis25-story.html . live . . July 13, 2021 . February 26, 2009.
  34. News: Pear . Robert . April 28, 2009 . Senate Confirms Sebelius as Health Secretary . live . . https://archive.today/20210713134754/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/us/politics/29sebelius.html . July 13, 2021 . April 29, 2009.
  35. Web site: . Senate confirms Sally Jewell nomination for interior secretary . live . https://archive.today/20221207072900/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-senate-jewell-idUSBRE9391AB20130410 . December 7, 2022 . . April 11, 2013 . April 12, 2013.
  36. News: Hicks . Josh . June 25, 2013 . Senate confirms Penny Pritzker to head Commerce Department . live . . https://archive.today/20221207075310/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2013/06/25/senate-confirms-penny-pritzker-to-head-commerce-department/ . December 7, 2022 . April 12, 2013.
  37. News: Goldstein . Amy . June 5, 2014 . Senate Confirms Sylvia Mathews Burwell as New Secretary of HHS . live . . https://archive.today/20210713122545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/senate-poised-to-confirm-burwell-as-new-secretary-of-hhs/2014/06/05/bbd79400-ec06-11e3-9f5c-9075d5508f0a_story.html . July 13, 2021 . June 6, 2014.
  38. News: Steinhauer . Jennifer . April 23, 2015 . Senate Confirms Loretta Lynch as Attorney General After Long Delay . live . . https://archive.today/20150423205942/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/us/politics/loretta-lynch-attorney-general-vote.html?_r=0 . April 23, 2015 . April 24, 2015.
  39. News: Mann . Ted . January 31, 2017 . Senate Confirms Elaine Chao as Transportation Secretary . live . . https://archive.today/20210714172334/https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-confirms-elaine-chao-as-transportation-secretary-1485887021 . July 14, 2021 . February 1, 2017.
  40. News: Huetteman . Emmarie . Alcindor . Yamiche . February 7, 2017 . Betsy DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary; Pence Breaks Tie . live . . https://archive.today/20210713124039/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/politics/betsy-devos-education-secretary-confirmed.html?_r=0 . July 13, 2021 . February 8, 2017.
  41. News: Nixon . Ron . December 5, 2017 . Kirstjen Nielsen, White House Aide, Is Confirmed as Homeland Security Secretary . live . . https://archive.today/20210713124346/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/us/politics/kirstjen-nielsen-confirmed-homeland-security-secretary.html . July 13, 2021 . December 6, 2017.
  42. News: Schaff . Erin . November 7, 2020 . Kamala Harris Makes History as First Woman and Woman of Color as Vice President . live . . https://archive.today/20210713131350/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/us/politics/kamala-harris.html . July 13, 2021 . November 8, 2020.
  43. News: Rappeport . Alan . January 26, 2021 . Janet Yellen, the first woman to be Treasury secretary, is sworn in by the first woman to be vice president. . https://archive.today/20210713125113/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/26/us/politics/janet-yellen-treasury.html . live . . July 13, 2021 . January 27, 2021.
  44. News: Plumer . Brad . February 25, 2021 . Jennifer Granholm is confirmed as energy secretary. . live . . https://archive.today/20210713123650/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/25/climate/jennifer-granholm-is-confirmed-as-energy-secretary.html . July 13, 2021 . February 26, 2021.
  45. News: Swanson . Ana . March 2, 2021 . Gina Raimondo is confirmed as commerce secretary. . live . . https://archive.today/20210713150404/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/us/politics/gina-raimondo-commerce-secretary.html . July 13, 2021 . March 3, 2021.
  46. News: Jan . Tracy . March 11, 2021 . Marcia Fudge confirmed as first Black woman to lead HUD in more than 40 years . live . . https://archive.today/20210713112935/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/10/hud-secretary-marcia-fudge-confirmation/ . July 13, 2021 . March 12, 2021.
  47. News: Davenport . Coral . March 16, 2021 . Deb Haaland Becomes First Native American Cabinet Secretary . live . . https://archive.today/20210713130031/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/15/climate/deb-haaland-confirmation-secretary-of-interior.html . July 13, 2021 . March 17, 2021.
  48. News: . U.S. Postal Service Selects First Female Postmaster General . live . https://archive.today/20210713202725/https://time.com/3585604/usps-megan-brennan-mail-patrick-donahoe/ . July 13, 2021 . . November 14, 2014 . November 19, 2018.
  49. Web site: Origins: 1776-1913 . December 20, 2022 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164654/https://www.commerce.gov/about/history/origins . December 22, 2022 . September 20, 2022 . live . President William Taft signed legislation on March 4, 1913, his last day in office, splitting the combined department. Labor was given Cabinet status and the designation of the Department of Commerce and Labor was changed to the Department of Commerce..
  50. Web site: Senate confirms Wormuth as first female Army secretary . Baldor . Lolita C. . May 27, 2021 . . https://archive.today/20210713202909/https://apnews.com/article/army-government-and-politics-4e17a655ffedc3de579e414c55a80768 . July 13, 2021 . live . May 28, 2021.
  51. Web site: Susan Morrisey Livingstone, First Female Acting Secretary of the Navy . . February 16, 2021 . live . https://archive.today/20221031202153/https://www.history.navy.mil/news-and-events/news/2021/susan-morrisey-livingstone--first-female-acting-secretary-of-the.html . October 31, 2022.
  52. News: . Woman Confirmed as Air Force Boss . live . https://archive.today/20210713203106/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1993-08-07-9308071119-story.html . July 13, 2021 . . August 7, 1993 . January 15, 2001.
  53. News: Grimes . William . July 31, 2008 . Anne Armstrong, Presidential Adviser and Pioneering Politician, Dies at 80 . live . . https://archive.today/20210713185636/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/washington/31armstrong.html . July 13, 2021 . August 1, 2008.
  54. News: Branigin . William . December 8, 2006 . Ex-Ambassador Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Dies . live . . https://archive.today/20210713185850/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2006/12/08/ex-ambassador-jeane-j-kirkpatrick-dies/34e7f247-28d2-4c32-a1e6-c660285074de/ . July 13, 2021 . December 9, 2006.
  55. News: Uchitelle . Louis . June 10, 1990 . A Crowbar for Carla Hills . live . . https://archive.today/20221214104716/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/10/magazine/a-crowbar-for-carla-hills.html . December 14, 2022 . October 31, 2022.
  56. News: Greenhouse . Steven . March 15, 1993 . Washington at Work; As Economists Snipe, An Adviser Presses On . live . . https://archive.today/20221211235438/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/15/us/washington-at-work-as-economists-snipe-an-adviser-presses-on.html . December 11, 2022 . October 31, 2022.
  57. News: . OMB Director Confirmed . live . https://archive.today/20210713190928/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-08-mn-47771-story.html . July 13, 2021 . . . October 8, 1994 . January 15, 2001.
  58. Web site: . Yellen, Alvarez Confirmed In Unanimous Senate Vote . live . https://archive.today/20210713190810/https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/02/14/confirm/ . July 13, 2021 . . February 14, 1997 . January 15, 2001.
  59. News: . U.S. Trade Official Wins Confirmation, And a Related Vote . live . https://archive.today/20210713191130/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/06/us/us-trade-official-wins-confirmation-and-a-related-vote.html . July 13, 2021 . . . March 6, 1997 . January 15, 2001.
  60. News: . Trade Representative Nominee Is Confirmed . live . https://archive.today/20210713191541/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/09/washington/09trade.html . July 13, 2021 . . . June 9, 2006 . June 10, 2006.
  61. News: Hebert . H. Josef . Jackson confirmed for EPA . . . January 23, 2009 . January 24, 2009 . June 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214602/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/nation_world/20090123_Jackson_confirmed_for_EPA.html?outputType=amp . live .
  62. Web site: . U.S. Senate confirms Rice as U.N. ambassador . live . https://archive.today/20210713192003/https://www.reuters.com/article/obama-nominees-idUSN2226571320090123 . July 13, 2021 . . January 23, 2009 . January 24, 2009.
  63. Web site: . Senate confirms retired admiral as spy chief . live . https://archive.today/20210713192153/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-cabinet-confirmations/senate-confirms-retired-admiral-as-spy-chief-idUSTRE50S0CM20090129 . July 13, 2021 . . January 29, 2009 . January 30, 2009.
  64. News: Maltby . Emily . January 13, 2012 . Obama to Elevate SBA Chief . live . . https://archive.today/20210713192328/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204542404577158552529949064 . July 13, 2021 . January 14, 2012.
  65. Web site: Senate confirms OMB director . Kim . Seung Min . April 24, 2013 . . https://archive.today/20210713192540/https://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/sylvia-mathews-burwell-omb-senate-confirmation-090573 . July 13, 2021 . live . April 25, 2013.
  66. News: Eilperin . Juliet . July 18, 2013 . Senate confirms Gina McCarthy as EPA administrator . live . . https://archive.today/20210713192719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2013/07/18/senate-confirms-gina-mccarthy-as-next-epa-administrator-in-59-to-40-vote/ . July 13, 2021 . July 19, 2013.
  67. News: Peters . Jeremy W. . August 1, 2013 . Senate Easily Approves Obama's U.N. Nominee . live . . https://archive.today/20210713192928/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/us/politics/senate-approves-un-nominee.html . July 13, 2021 . August 2, 2013.
  68. News: Pizzanghera . Jim . March 27, 2014 . Maria Contreras-Sweet confirmed as SBA chief . live . . https://archive.today/20210713193136/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-sba-confirmation-20140328-story.html . July 13, 2021 . March 28, 2014.
  69. Web site: Nikki Haley easily confirmed as UN ambassador . Barrett . Ted . January 25, 2017 . . https://archive.today/20210713193350/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/24/politics/nikki-haley-confirmation-vote-un-ambassador/index.html . July 13, 2021 . live . January 26, 2017.
  70. Web site: Senate confirms former wrestling exec McMahon to lead SBA . Kevin . Freking . February 14, 2017 . . https://archive.today/20210713193544/https://apnews.com/article/327914a652ab4d268955a11f6b672279 . July 13, 2021 . live . February 15, 2017.
  71. News: Harris . Shane . Demirjian . Karoun . May 17, 2018 . Gina Haspel confirmed as CIA chief despite scrutiny of her role in interrogation program . live . . https://archive.today/20210713193727/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/gina-haspel-confirmed-as-cia-chief-despite-scrutiny-of-her-role-in-interrogation-program/2018/05/17/c1b47ec2-59f5-11e8-b656-a5f8c2a9295d_story.html . July 13, 2021 . May 18, 2018.
  72. News: Jagoda . Naomi . January 7, 2020 . Senate confirms Trump pick for small business chief . live . . https://archive.today/20210713193937/https://thehill.com/policy/finance/477152-senate-confirms-trump-pick-for-small-business-chief . July 13, 2021 . January 8, 2020.
  73. Web site: Senate confirms Avril Haines, Biden’s pick to lead U.S. spy agencies . Macias . Amanda . January 20, 2021 . . https://archive.today/20210713194153/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/20/senate-confirms-avril-haines-first-biden-cabinet-member.html . July 13, 2021 . live . January 21, 2021.
  74. Web site: Senate confirms Linda Thomas-Greenfield as UN ambassador . Lee . Matthew . February 23, 2021 . . https://archive.today/20210713194332/https://apnews.com/article/linda-thomas-greenfield-confirmed-2ebb93df845e455c7200df76cf6998fd . July 13, 2021 . live . February 24, 2021.
  75. News: Lane . Sylvan . March 2, 2021 . Senate confirms Rouse as Biden’s top economist . live . . https://archive.today/20221223012017/https://thehill.com/policy/finance/541302-senate-confirms-rouse-as-bidens-top-economist/ . December 23, 2022 . March 3, 2021.
  76. News: Arora . Rohit . March 19, 2021 . Isabella Casillas Guzman Confirmed As 27th SBA Administrator; Takes Over At Critical Time For Small Business . live . . https://archive.today/20210713195010/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rohitarora/2021/03/19/isabella-casillas-guzman-confirmed-as-27th-sba-administrator/ . July 13, 2021 . March 20, 2021.
  77. News: Hayashi . Yuka . March 17, 2021 . Katherine Tai Confirmed as Biden’s Trade Representative . live . . https://archive.today/20210713194728/https://www.wsj.com/articles/katherine-tai-confirmed-as-bidens-trade-representative-11615999050 . July 13, 2021 . March 18, 2021.
  78. Web site: Shalanda Young becomes first Black woman to lead White House budget office following Senate confirmation . Sullivan . Kate . Zaslav . Ali . March 15, 2022 . . https://archive.today/20220318063256/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/15/politics/shalanda-young-confirmed-omb-director-senate-vote/index.html . March 18, 2022 . live . March 16, 2022 .
  79. Web site: . Applied Physicist Arati Prabhakar Confirmed as OSTP Director . live . https://archive.today/20221219115220/https://www.aps.org/policy/analysis/prabhakar.cfm . December 19, 2022 . . October 6, 2022 . October 7, 2022.
  80. . President Biden Nominates Julie Su for Secretary of the Department of Labor . Washington, D.C. . The White House . February 28, 2023 . February 28, 2023 . February 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228184520/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/28/president-biden-nominates-julie-su-for-secretary-of-the-department-of-labor/ . live .